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To clarify the dissolution patterns of pathogenic microorganisms in rainwater runoff, a laboratory-simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to flush soil treated with earthworm castings. Propidium monoazide(PMA)combined with quantitative PCR(qPCR)was used to investigate changes in the abundance of viable fecal indicator bacteria(FIB). The results exhibited that after rainfall, the concentrations of electrical conductivity, ammonia, nitrate, and total phosphorus(TP)in the mixed soil matrix decreased by 51.34%, 45.20%, 99.09%, and 26.22%, respectively. In runoff water, the concentrations of ammonia, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand(COD)exhibited a trend of initially rising and then falling, with peak values occurring within the first 15minutes. The qPCR quantification results for four fecal indicator bacteria—total coliforms(TC), fecal coliforms(FC), Escherichia coli(EC), and Enterococcus spp(ES)—also displayed a similar trend of increasing and then decreasing. A significant positive correlation was found between the PMA-qPCR results and the culture method(Spearman r=0.723, P<0.001). The fecal coliform counts in all runoff samples exceeded the limits specified in the "Surface Water Quality Standard"(40000CFU/L). The study indicates that viable pathogenic microorganisms can be washed into water bodies through rainfall and are widely dispersed during initial runoff, increasing the risk of their environmental transmission.

, correspAuthors=Kui HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bang-chi WANG, Kui HUANG, Zhi-quan YAN, Qun-feng CHEN, Tong-huan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057222382383671, articleId=1241057217454075943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=蚯蚓粪肥农用土壤中活体病原菌随雨水径流的溶出特性, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确病原微生物在雨水径流中的溶出规律,采用室内人工模拟降雨,冲刷蚯蚓粪施用的土壤.使用叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)结合荧光定量PCR,探究其中活体粪便指示菌(FIB)的丰度变化.结果显示,混合土壤基质中的电导率、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总磷(TP)的浓度在降雨后分别下降了51.34%、45.20%、99.09%和26.22%.在径流水中,氨氮、TP和化学需氧量(COD)的浓度均呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,且峰值都出现在前15min(含15min).总大肠菌(TC)、粪大肠菌(FC)和大肠杆菌(EC)和肠球菌(ES)四个FIB的qPCR定量结果都呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,并且PMA-qPCR与培养法之间有着显著的正相关性(Spearman r=0.723,P<0.001).所有径流中的FC数量均超过了《地表水环境质量标准》中的限值(40000个/L).研究表明活性病原微生物可通过降雨冲刷进入水体,并在初期径流中大量扩散,增加其环境传播风险.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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王邦驰(2000-),男,甘肃陇南人,兰州交通大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为雨水径流污染控制..

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王邦驰(2000-),男,甘肃陇南人,兰州交通大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为雨水径流污染控制..

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Environmental pollution2023338:122700., articleTitle=Fecal bacteria contamination in the Adriatic Sea: Investigating environmental factors and modeling to manage recreational coastal waters, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057232889115101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, awardId=52100016, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52100016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241057233035915762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, awardId=2024CXPT-14; 22JR9KA034, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省科技计划项目(2024CXPT-14; 22JR9KA034), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057222696956503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057222705345113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, companyId=1241057222696956503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057222717928029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, companyId=1241057222696956503, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.兰州交通大学环境与市政工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057222864728689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057222868922995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, companyId=1241057222864728689, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Water Resource Comprehensive Utilization in Cold and Arid Regions, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057222877311603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, companyId=1241057222864728689, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.寒旱地区水资源综合利用教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057223003140740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057223011529350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, companyId=1241057223003140740, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057223049278092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, companyId=1241057223003140740, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.甘肃省黄河水环境重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057228485095513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus, figureFileSmall=6Po6oT/c5SWk2rWqYUBLyQ==, figureFileBig=C/zFJKGXSGfdtWdN/LzCEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057228602536037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验装置示意, figureFileSmall=6Po6oT/c5SWk2rWqYUBLyQ==, figureFileBig=C/zFJKGXSGfdtWdN/LzCEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057230284451974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in physicochemical properties and number of fecal coliforms of the homogenized substrate pre- and post-experiment, figureFileSmall=NJjXLlNniRwE3C4D0wjGXQ==, figureFileBig=rofAib64BFfBbJfB8TiTtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057230385115281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图2, caption=模拟降雨前后混合土壤基质理化性质和粪大肠菌群数量的变化

*表示由T检验得出的P.*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=NJjXLlNniRwE3C4D0wjGXQ==, figureFileBig=rofAib64BFfBbJfB8TiTtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057230599024813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Principal component analysis of soil samples based on physicochemical properties and microbial abundance and absolute abundance of bacterial 16S rDNA, figureFileSmall=GERwtBF4I10RNqvB9LPNuw==, figureFileBig=c7GPzGVjsS1EJEd1D9SvDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057230737436860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于理化性质和微生物丰度的土样主成分分析和细菌16S rDNA丰度

图c中EC是指电导率,*表示由单因素方差分析得出的P.*P<0.05,**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=GERwtBF4I10RNqvB9LPNuw==, figureFileBig=c7GPzGVjsS1EJEd1D9SvDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057230863265999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in physicochemical properties of runoff water at different sampling times, figureFileSmall=3MbH7qA24+L/aAqqiH+x7A==, figureFileBig=W7kzKhW/3Luk4zMSf6HSTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057230976512223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同取样时间径流水理化性质的变化, figureFileSmall=3MbH7qA24+L/aAqqiH+x7A==, figureFileBig=W7kzKhW/3Luk4zMSf6HSTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231089758451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in the absolute abundance of viable FIB in runoff water, figureFileSmall=uEpStFeV7xDe1rJrZhHaIg==, figureFileBig=FkGpjtus989Ro3G//Ccbog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231215587589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图5, caption=径流水中活性FIB绝对丰度的变化, figureFileSmall=uEpStFeV7xDe1rJrZhHaIg==, figureFileBig=FkGpjtus989Ro3G//Ccbog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231337222423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in the relative abundance of viable FIB in runoff water, figureFileSmall=q/OI2haqGXLhxwfZi7l4Kg==, figureFileBig=5alRBRde5IruohHHHGwK9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231433691429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图6, caption=径流水中活性FIB相对丰度的变化, figureFileSmall=q/OI2haqGXLhxwfZi7l4Kg==, figureFileBig=5alRBRde5IruohHHHGwK9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231538549043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Correlation between fecal coliform culture method and PMA-qPCR method in runoff water, figureFileSmall=Or2dlsuSOWCEkKL8JNS8vA==, figureFileBig=Q4aiV27hPmtVL1Tm7DZ82g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231693738313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图7, caption=径流水中FC培养法和PMA-qPCR法之间的相关性

虚线表示多管发酵法定量结果,实线表示PMA-qPCR法定量结果;Spearman r=0.723,P<0.001表示计算得出的斯皮尔曼相关性系数rP

, figureFileSmall=Or2dlsuSOWCEkKL8JNS8vA==, figureFileBig=Q4aiV27hPmtVL1Tm7DZ82g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231811178842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Principal component analysis of runoff water based on physicochemical properties and FIB abundance, figureFileSmall=tA5vFsdHBDJ/oqt2aYsyaA==, figureFileBig=S3Uu+tSRY8hO7yR4Nur/9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057231928619374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于理化性质和FIB丰度的径流水主成分分析

P=0.001 ***,表示差异极显著;PERMANOVA R2=0.496,表示多元方差分析对样品差异的解释度

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Physicochemical properties of the selected samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标样品
土壤蚯蚓粪
pH值8.12±0.197.02±0.11
电导率(µS/cm)166.60±0.51690.00±3.27
氨氮(mg/g)0.36±0.011.99±0.02
硝酸盐氮(g/g)0.15±0.011.01±0.02
总氮(g/g)2.00±0.2113.73±1.24
总磷(g/g)0.29±0.012.27±0.04
含水率(%)11.46±0.1332.23±1.50
有机质含量(%)10.03±0.1640.08±0.13
FC(MPN/g)20.67±4.923.87×106±1.04×106
), ArticleFig(id=1241057232478073266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试样品理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标样品
土壤蚯蚓粪
pH值8.12±0.197.02±0.11
电导率(µS/cm)166.60±0.51690.00±3.27
氨氮(mg/g)0.36±0.011.99±0.02
硝酸盐氮(g/g)0.15±0.011.01±0.02
总氮(g/g)2.00±0.2113.73±1.24
总磷(g/g)0.29±0.012.27±0.04
含水率(%)11.46±0.1332.23±1.50
有机质含量(%)10.03±0.1640.08±0.13
FC(MPN/g)20.67±4.923.87×106±1.04×106
), ArticleFig(id=1241057232591319488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primer and TaqMan probe sequences in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原微生物功能序列(5'→3')参考文献
Total coliforms前引物GTTGTAAAGCACTTTGAGTGGTGAGGAAGG[23]
后引物GCCTCAAGGGCACAACCTCCAAG
Fecal coliforms前引物AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG[24]
后引物CGGGTAACGTCAATGAGCAAA
Escherichia coli前引物GGGGCGGTGACGCAG[25]
后引物CCTGGTGAGTCGGAATGGTG
探针*1CGATGATGCGCGGCG
Enterococcus spp前引物TCTCATCGGCTCCTACCTATC[23]
后引物AAGCTGTGGACTACACCATTAG
), ArticleFig(id=1241057232717148614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217454075943, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

引物及探针序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原微生物功能序列(5'→3')参考文献
Total coliforms前引物GTTGTAAAGCACTTTGAGTGGTGAGGAAGG[23]
后引物GCCTCAAGGGCACAACCTCCAAG
Fecal coliforms前引物AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG[24]
后引物CGGGTAACGTCAATGAGCAAA
Escherichia coli前引物GGGGCGGTGACGCAG[25]
后引物CCTGGTGAGTCGGAATGGTG
探针*1CGATGATGCGCGGCG
Enterococcus spp前引物TCTCATCGGCTCCTACCTATC[23]
后引物AAGCTGTGGACTACACCATTAG
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蚯蚓粪肥农用土壤中活体病原菌随雨水径流的溶出特性
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王邦驰 1 , 黄魁 1, 2, 3, * , 闫志泉 1 , 陈群丰 1 , 李同欢 1
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2569-2576
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2569-2576
蚯蚓粪肥农用土壤中活体病原菌随雨水径流的溶出特性
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王邦驰1 , 黄魁1, 2, 3, * , 闫志泉1, 陈群丰1, 李同欢1
作者信息
  • 1.兰州交通大学环境与市政工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2.寒旱地区水资源综合利用教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 3.甘肃省黄河水环境重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 王邦驰(2000-),男,甘肃陇南人,兰州交通大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为雨水径流污染控制..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Leaching characteristics of viable pathogenic bacteria from earthworm manure-amended soil with rainwater runoff
Bang-chi WANG1 , Kui HUANG1, 2, 3, * , Zhi-quan YAN1, Qun-feng CHEN1, Tong-huan LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2.Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Water Resource Comprehensive Utilization in Cold and Arid Regions, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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为明确病原微生物在雨水径流中的溶出规律,采用室内人工模拟降雨,冲刷蚯蚓粪施用的土壤.使用叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)结合荧光定量PCR,探究其中活体粪便指示菌(FIB)的丰度变化.结果显示,混合土壤基质中的电导率、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总磷(TP)的浓度在降雨后分别下降了51.34%、45.20%、99.09%和26.22%.在径流水中,氨氮、TP和化学需氧量(COD)的浓度均呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,且峰值都出现在前15min(含15min).总大肠菌(TC)、粪大肠菌(FC)和大肠杆菌(EC)和肠球菌(ES)四个FIB的qPCR定量结果都呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,并且PMA-qPCR与培养法之间有着显著的正相关性(Spearman r=0.723,P<0.001).所有径流中的FC数量均超过了《地表水环境质量标准》中的限值(40000个/L).研究表明活性病原微生物可通过降雨冲刷进入水体,并在初期径流中大量扩散,增加其环境传播风险.

蚯蚓粪  /  粪大肠菌群  /  径流  /  降雨  /  面源污染

To clarify the dissolution patterns of pathogenic microorganisms in rainwater runoff, a laboratory-simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to flush soil treated with earthworm castings. Propidium monoazide(PMA)combined with quantitative PCR(qPCR)was used to investigate changes in the abundance of viable fecal indicator bacteria(FIB). The results exhibited that after rainfall, the concentrations of electrical conductivity, ammonia, nitrate, and total phosphorus(TP)in the mixed soil matrix decreased by 51.34%, 45.20%, 99.09%, and 26.22%, respectively. In runoff water, the concentrations of ammonia, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand(COD)exhibited a trend of initially rising and then falling, with peak values occurring within the first 15minutes. The qPCR quantification results for four fecal indicator bacteria—total coliforms(TC), fecal coliforms(FC), Escherichia coli(EC), and Enterococcus spp(ES)—also displayed a similar trend of increasing and then decreasing. A significant positive correlation was found between the PMA-qPCR results and the culture method(Spearman r=0.723, P<0.001). The fecal coliform counts in all runoff samples exceeded the limits specified in the "Surface Water Quality Standard"(40000CFU/L). The study indicates that viable pathogenic microorganisms can be washed into water bodies through rainfall and are widely dispersed during initial runoff, increasing the risk of their environmental transmission.

earthworm castings  /  fecal coliforms  /  runoff  /  rainfall  /  non-point source pollution
王邦驰, 黄魁, 闫志泉, 陈群丰, 李同欢. 蚯蚓粪肥农用土壤中活体病原菌随雨水径流的溶出特性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2569 -2576 .
Bang-chi WANG, Kui HUANG, Zhi-quan YAN, Qun-feng CHEN, Tong-huan LI. Leaching characteristics of viable pathogenic bacteria from earthworm manure-amended soil with rainwater runoff[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2569 -2576 .
雨水在径流过程中会通过冲刷地表不透水路面或人畜粪便携带大量的病原微生物[1].已有研究表明,对径流雨水的不妥当处置,其中的肠球菌、大肠杆菌等病原微生物会对公共健康造成极大危害,引起肠胃、呼吸道等方面的相关疾病[2].因此,雨水径流中病原微生物的归趋特性值得重点关注.
禽畜粪污作为一种生物有机废弃物,已成为我国最主要且高品质的有机肥资源[3].蚯蚓粪因其富含大量的氮磷钾等土壤养分和有益的微生物[4-8],已被作为一种绿色粪肥广泛应用于农业生产[9-10].虽然蚯蚓已被证明可以有效减少一些粪便微生物的细菌负荷,包括总大肠菌(Total coliforms,TC)、粪大肠菌(Fecal coliforms,FC)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,EC)[11].然而,蚯蚓粪中活体粪便指示菌(Fecal indicator bacteria,FIB)的含量并不稳定.以往的研究只探讨了蚯蚓粪农用土壤在降雨时养分的流失特征[12],蚯蚓粪农用土壤在雨水径流中FIB的溶出变化特征却鲜有研究.
值得注意的是,只有活体微生物才能进行代谢和转录等生命活动[13],因此活体FIB的丰度和变化更为重要.叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)可选择性通过受损细胞膜进入细胞内,修饰其中的DNA从而无法进行PCR扩增[14],目前被广泛应用于各种活性微生物的检测[15].因此,本研究选择总大肠菌(TC)、粪大肠菌(FC)、大肠杆菌(EC)、肠球菌(Enterococcus spp,ES)四种FIB替代病原微生物,使用PMA对样品进行预处理,结合荧光定量PCR和多管发酵法辅助测定,分析径流水中活性病原微生物的丰度变化规律及其与理化因子的相关性,旨在为控制雨水径流污染提供科学依据.
所选土壤取自兰州市安宁区,选取的污泥型蚯蚓粪取自本实验室脱水污泥蚯蚓堆肥15d(腐熟期)的堆肥产物,供试土壤和蚯蚓粪的理化性质详见表1.实验装置为购自淘宝的矩形塑料盒(60cm×40cm×15cm)矩形盒正前方削去8cm.在塑料盒前方放置导流板用于降低喷嘴压力并且便于形成径流,实验装置示意图如图1所示.
选取的模拟降雨装置为农意农业生产资料有限公司(兰州)生产的电动喷雾器,出水量100mm/h,喷嘴压力0.3MPa.使用纯水(pH值:6.83±0.03,电导率:(3.90±0.20)μS/cm)替代雨水.
将所取的18kg土壤去除杂草以及石块后投加至实验装置中,装置中土壤高度约为8cm,坡度为3.33%.按照混施的方式投加2kg蚯蚓粪(10%质量占比).即:将表层5cm的土壤取出并与蚯蚓粪拌合均匀,随后将混合土壤基质投加进装置内,将表面压实平整.在模拟降雨前静置3d并每天喷洒一定量的水,使混合土壤基质中的微生物种群得到稳定.实验在室温下进行(25~30℃),模拟降雨时长共计1h 4min 27s.模拟降雨时,等待装置表面形成稳定地表径流(约4min 27s)后开始计时,并在第0,2,6,10,15,20,30,40,60min使用200mL聚乙烯收集雨水2瓶.用于理化性质的测定、粪大肠菌群的培养法定量以及PMA处理后的DNA提取,同时取土壤、蚯蚓粪、模拟降雨实验前后的混合土壤基质用于后续的测定.
采用重量法测定含水率(HJ 613-2011)[16].采用灼烧减量法测定样品有机质(HJ 761-2015)[17].对于固体样品,将样品风干研磨后与去离子水混合(1/50,w/V),磁力搅拌30min后测定混合液的pH值(雷磁,PHS-3C,上海),以及电导率(雷磁,DDS-307,上海).混合液和液体样品通过0.45 μm滤膜进行抽滤.氨氮采用纳氏试剂分光光度法(HJ 535-2009)测定[18],硝酸盐氮采用紫外分光光度法(HJ/T 346-2007)测定[19].化学需氧量采用快速消解分光光度法(HJ/T 399-2007)测定[20].具体测定方法参照段自豪等[21]方法进行.
取1g新鲜样品加入10mL磷酸盐缓冲液(0.01mol/L,pH=7.4),以300r/min磁力搅拌30min,取2mL混合液转移至2mL离心管.对于液体样品,取适量样品在8000g离心力下离心5min并收集沉淀,随后转移至2mL离心管.按照Carini等[22]的方法,对于2mL混合液加入5µLPMA(20mmol/L),使PMA的终浓度超过40μmol/L.充分混匀后,在4℃冰箱中静置10min.随后将溶液在发光二极管光解装置(Takara,EM200,日本)中光解20min.每隔5min将离心管取出摇匀一次,以确保PMA能充分与死菌DNA结合.
PMA处理后使用TIANamp Soil DNA Kit(天根生化科技,北京)试剂盒提取DNA.使用Qubit 4(Thermo Fisher,美国)测定DNA浓度,以确保后续qPCR的足够浓度.根据Duan等[26]的方法使用Thermal Cycle Dice Real-Time System Lite(Takara,TP700,日本)进行qPCR扩增.对于细菌16S rDNA、总大肠菌16S rRNA、粪大肠菌16S rRNA和肠球菌23S rRNA使用染料法进行定量,而对于大肠杆菌tnaA基因使用探针法进行定量.引物和探针序列如表2所示.所有引物和探针均购置于生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司.绘制标准曲线的标准品为携带目的基因的质粒(Takara,pMD20-T,大连),详细制备过程见文献[27].
在GraphPad Prism 9.5.0软件中,使用T检验和单因素方差分析以及主成分分析.以P<0.05为显著性水平,分析了实验前后两组样本之间的差异.采用Spearman相关性检验分析培养法和PMA-qPCR方法的相关性.使用GraphPad Prism 9.5.0和R Studio(version 4.3.1)绘制PCA图和Mantel test图.
表1可知实验前混合土壤的电导率、硝酸盐氮和有机质的浓度均高于土壤,并且蚯蚓粪中的粪大肠菌群数量远远高于土壤中的.这表明,蚯蚓粪农用不仅给土壤带来了一部分N、P等营养元素,同时也引入了大量的病原微生物.虽然蚯蚓可以减少一些反应病原菌的负荷,但是其对于粪大肠菌群的去除效果不稳定[28],在果蔬废弃物堆肥15d后的基质中,粪大肠菌群的数量仍高达约5×105MPN/g.为使蚯蚓粪满足中国肥料的限量要求(GB 38400-2019[29],粪大肠菌≤100MPN/g),利用蚯蚓堆肥削减堆肥基质中病原微生物仍需进一步研究.
值得注意的是,实验前混合土壤的氨氮、总氮(TN)以及总磷(TP)的浓度均略低于土壤样品,与浓度的理论值(0.9×土壤+0.1×蚯蚓粪)不一致.分析认为是蚯蚓粪中丰富的微生物在进入新环境后的3d稳定时间里大量繁殖造成的结果.黄福义等[30]的研究表明,禽畜粪肥等有机肥的施用给土壤带来了大量的有机质与肠道微生物,增加了细菌的多样性,尤其是蚯蚓粪中含有丰富的好氧硝化细菌和氨氧化细菌会加快硝化反应速率,使氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮[31-32].并且细菌16S rDNA的荧光定量PCR结果也证实了这一观点(图3b).相比于土壤,实验前后的混合土壤基质拥有更高的细菌丰度,从而加快了氮素的转化.
图2所示,实验前后混合土壤基质的理化性质发生了不同程度的变化.其中,电导率、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、TP均显著(P<0.05)下降了51.34%±2.29%、45.20%±12.72%、99.09%±0.52%和26.22%±2.42%;含水率和细菌16S显著(P<0.01)增加了59.65%±5.59%和112.22%±28.52%;而pH值和FC的数量没有发生明显变化.细菌16S与FC呈现出不同的变化,可能是由于二者的在土壤中的分布模式不同造成的.相比于细菌,FC在土壤内部的分布更为均匀,从而导致其在降雨后的丰度没有产生明显变化.
土样的主成分分析如图3所示.实验前后的土样与土壤、蚯蚓粪也存在着明显的差异.前两个PCA成分可以解释土样理化性质变化的87.49%.以上结果表明,蚯蚓粪的加入使得土壤的营养元素和微生物数量产生了显著(P<0.01)的增加.而降雨产生的地表径流将会携带走土壤中大量的营养元素,使得土壤肥力降低,对农业生产造成不利影响.甘贤民等[33]的研究也发现在降雨初期,TN和TP的流失主要以土壤入渗为主;当入渗达到稳定时,表面径流是TP、TN流失的主要原因.图3c图3d展示了各个变量对PC1和PC2的贡献度,其中PC1主要受到pH值、有机质、氨氮、硝酸盐氮等理化性质的影响,而PC2主要受到细菌16S、含水率和FC的影响.PC1的解释度(67.35%)明显高于PC2的解释度(19.84%),可见理化性质的变化对土壤造成的影响要大于微生物.
图4所示径流雨水的pH值呈现出先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势,从约7.20逐渐上升并最终稳定在8.20左右,与混合土壤的pH值相近.出现这种情况可能是随着径流雨水的不断冲刷,深层的土壤逐渐暴露从而使得pH值不断上升,最终与土壤相近.径流雨水中的电导率和TN则为先下降后趋于平稳的趋势,最终分别稳定在约32.00μS/cm和1.60mg/L.硝酸盐氮呈现急剧下降的变化规律,除第0min的值较高(0.99mg/L)外,其余时间点的浓度均在最低值0附近波动.氨氮、TP和化学需氧量(COD)均呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,且三者的峰值均出现在15min或更早时段,分别为:4.86mg/L(2min)、0.88mg/L(15min)、33mg/L(15min).王祥等[34]的研究也得出了类似的结果:在90mm/h的降雨强度和6%的坡度条件下(与本实验100mm/h、坡度3.3%的条件相似),地表径流中的TP和TN随径流时间的延长逐渐下降并趋于稳定.相较于坡度,降雨强度对TN和TP流失的贡献度更大[35].
径流水中活性FIB的绝对丰度和相对丰度的qPCR定量结果如图5图6所示.TC的丰度从第0min的(7.74×107±2.80×107)copies/mL增加到第15min的(6.53×108±3.31×108)copies/mL,在30min时骤降到(2.38×107±1.27×107)copies/mL,在第60min时又回归到(7.50×107±2.42×107)copies/mL,与第0min的丰度相近.其余3个活性FIB的绝对丰度也呈现出相似的变化趋势,其峰值均出现在第6~20min的时间段内,同时在第30min时其丰度又急剧下降.径流末期水样中的4个活性FIB绝对丰度均稳定在与径流初期水样相接近的数值范围.出现这种结果可能是表层土壤水分挥发较快,其表面较为干燥,含有的FIB较少,在径流初期所溶出的数量也较少.而随着径流时间的延长,表层土壤也被冲刷殆尽,径流开始冲刷较深层的土壤,而其中含有更丰富的FIB.随后溶于径流中的FIB逐步增加,最后随着径流时间的进一步延长,FIB的丰度也随之慢慢降低并保持稳定.
虽然有部分时间点位的EC丰度高于FC丰度,但是二者的变化趋势相似并且其基因拷贝量的绝对数值均在同一个量级.同时考虑到因二者引物以及扩增效率的不同所导致的误差,认为数据可靠.如图6所示,TC的相对丰度呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,与其绝对丰度的变化规律相似.其相对丰度在所选FIB中占绝对优势,而其余三个FIB占比相对较小,同时相对丰度也呈现出不规则的变化趋势.由图6可知在FC中以大肠杆菌E.Coli为主,Duan等[26]的研究也发现了类似的结果.相对于肠杆菌科,肠球菌的丰度很低,这表明蚯蚓粪农用土壤中的地表径流里病原微生物主要以肠杆菌科为主而非肠球菌科.
分别使用多管发酵法和PMA-qPCR法对水样中的FC进行定量.如图7所示,培养法与PMA-qPCR法之间呈现出显著的正相关性(Spearman r=0.723,P<0.001),这表明PMA-qPCR定量方法的结果可靠.在培养法的定量结果中不难发现,径流水中FC数量均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)[36]中第V类水的要求(40000个/L).已有研究表明,雨水中存在大量的FIB和肠道病原体[2],导致受纳水体中FC和EC浓度的增加,在雨天河道内大肠杆菌的浓度甚至高达2.49×103MPN/mL[37].在雨水中通常会发现粪便污染的混合来源(人类和动物粪便),目前关于混合源粪便污染对人类健康影响的流行病学数据比较缺乏,这可能会带来不同的人类健康风险[38].因此需要更加经济有效的设施来应对由雨水径流而引起病原微生物污染问题.
虽然现有国标方法使用是培养法[39-40].但是考虑到部分细菌存在不可培养或培养难度较大的特性,因此后续数据分析选择使用PMA-qPCR方法获得的数据.径流水的主成分分析如图8所示.将径流水按照取样时间分为前(0,2,6min),中(10,15,20min),后(30,40,60min)三个时间段.由图8中边际贡献图可知,前中后期的水样在PC1和PC2两个主成分上均有显著性差异(P<0.01).这表明随着径流时间的延长,水体中的污染物质以及病原微生物的浓度均有显著(P<0.01)的降低,并且径流污染主要集中在前中期(30min).有研究指出,在降雨初期大量的气态污染物会溶解到雨水中并排入河流导致河流严重污染,并且部分初期雨水的污染程度已经远远超过生活污水[41].初期雨水所引起的环境污染问题急需处理和应对.
图9所示,TN与TP、COD与氨氮之间均呈现显著的正相关性,这表明二者在径流水中有着相似的溶出特性.电导率与ES、氨氮与FC也表现出较显著的正相关性,而硝酸盐氮与TC呈现出负相关关系.Paule-Mercado等[42]指出无论是哪种土地利用类型,温度与FIB的浓度均呈现出显著的正相关性.因为大多数FIB都是耐热细菌(20~45℃),温度的升高有利于其在水环境中的存活[42].而Antonella等[43]在对Neretva河与Cetina河的调查中发现,ES与TN呈负相关,EC与氨浓度呈正相关;其余环境因子,如降雨量、盐度、温度、溶解氧等对FIB的浓度均有不同程度的影响.由此可见,需要更加全面和深入的研究来探讨环境因子与FIB浓度的相关性,探明并理解这些相关性有助于通过采取相应措施来控制病原菌的扩散,以削弱其所带来的环境风险.
3.1 降雨产生的径流水将显著(P<0.05)降低蚯蚓粪农用土壤中的氨氮、硝酸盐氮、TN含量,造成养分的大量流失,对农业生产造成不利影响.
3.2 径流水中各理化因子呈现出不同的溶出特性.氨氮、TP和COD均呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,电导率和TN则呈现出先下降随后保持稳定的变化趋势.径流污染主要集中在初期径流.
3.3 径流水中的TC、FC、EC、ES四个活性FIB的丰度均呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,其峰值都出现在30min之前(含30min).径流中的FC数量远超相关标准的限值.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52100016)
  • 甘肃省科技计划项目(2024CXPT-14; 22JR9KA034)
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52100016)
甘肃省科技计划项目(2024CXPT-14; 22JR9KA034)
作者信息
    1.兰州交通大学环境与市政工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    2.寒旱地区水资源综合利用教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730070
    3.甘肃省黄河水环境重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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