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To enhance the acid production efficiency of sludge anaerobic fermentation, based on the established evidence that the inclusion of syngas improved waste activated sludge(WAS)fermentation performance, this study investigated the effects of different chemical pretreatments combined with a syngas-mediated WAS fermentation system. The results showed that the free nitrous acid combined with peracetic acid(FNA/PAA)experimental group had the highest production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)((5520.20±204.99)mg COD/L). However, the FNA/PAA group exhibited only 50.4% and 35.8% utilization rates for H2 and CO, respectively. In contrast, the TAP group demonstrated efficient utilization of syngas, with H2 and CO utilization rates reaching 99.8%and 95.8%, respectively. Moreover, the production of SCFAs in the TAP group achieved a significant level of(4663.67±163.86)mg COD/L. At the same time, the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum showed that TAP group had better extracellular polymer stripping and WAS lysis efficiency. TAP group also enhanced the enrichment of acid-producing functional bacteria in the anaerobic fermentation process, and significantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes to 59.0%. In addition, Romboutsia, which can metabolize acetic acid, ethanol and H2, accounted for the highest proportion in alkali pretreatment(AP)and TAP groups(19.2% and 21.3%).

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为提升污泥厌氧发酵产酸效能,在已证实合成气的参与能提升污泥发酵效能基础上,考察了不同化学预处理联合合成气介导污泥发酵体系的影响.结果表明,游离亚硝酸盐联合过氧乙酸(FNA/PAA)实验组的短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)产量最高((5520.20±204.99)mg COD/L);然而,FNA/PAA组仅50.4%和35.8%的H2和CO利用率,热碱预处理(TAP)实验组能有效利用合成气(H2利用率99.8%;CO利用率95.8%),且SCFAs产量达到(4663.67±163.86)mg COD/L.三维荧光光谱结果表明:TAP组具备更优的剥离胞外聚合物及剩余污泥溶胞效能,同时该实验组实现了厌氧发酵进程中产酸功能菌群的高度富集,Firmicutes占比高达59.0%.此外,能够代谢合成乙酸、乙醇和H2Romboutsia菌属在碱预处理(AP)和TAP组中占比最高,分别为19.2%和21.3%.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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谭慧杰(1976-),男,山西晋城人,太原理工大学博士研究生,主要从事废弃生物质资源化利用研究.发表论文5篇..

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谭慧杰(1976-),男,山西晋城人,太原理工大学博士研究生,主要从事废弃生物质资源化利用研究.发表论文5篇..

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谭慧杰(1976-),男,山西晋城人,太原理工大学博士研究生,主要从事废弃生物质资源化利用研究.发表论文5篇..

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caption=不同预处理下溶解性有机底物(DOM)、松散附着型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和紧密附着型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)的三维荧光光谱, figureFileSmall=mJx3oBoF0TMS/G98Uwr4Iw==, figureFileBig=3UUyJMBHbQpNOOUSb4L0qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057232100585855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217277915157, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in soluble protein(a)and carbohydrate(b)concentrations during anaerobic fermentation process, figureFileSmall=RegPWJ0oGud2H3JlOfoWaw==, figureFileBig=M6I9fdEECUZqK/r2XC4B9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057232222220686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217277915157, language=CN, label=图4, caption=厌氧发酵过程中溶解性蛋白质(a)和碳水化合物(b)浓度变化, figureFileSmall=RegPWJ0oGud2H3JlOfoWaw==, figureFileBig=M6I9fdEECUZqK/r2XC4B9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057232389992872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217277915157, language=EN, label=Fig.5, 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Characteristics of raw waste activated sludge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污泥指标实际数值
总悬浮固体(TSS, g/L)27.74±0.2
挥发性悬浮固体(VSS, g/L)12.93±0.3
pH值7.35±0.1
总化学需氧量(TCOD, g /L)25.6±0.2
可溶性化学需氧量(SCOD, g/L)0.45±0.07
溶解性碳水化合物(mg COD/L)14.15±1.2
溶解性蛋白质(mg COD/L)320.46±24.7
短链脂肪酸(SCFAs, mg COD/L)90.55±16.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241057235086930494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217277915157, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

剩余污泥特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污泥指标实际数值
总悬浮固体(TSS, g/L)27.74±0.2
挥发性悬浮固体(VSS, g/L)12.93±0.3
pH值7.35±0.1
总化学需氧量(TCOD, g /L)25.6±0.2
可溶性化学需氧量(SCOD, g/L)0.45±0.07
溶解性碳水化合物(mg COD/L)14.15±1.2
溶解性蛋白质(mg COD/L)320.46±24.7
短链脂肪酸(SCFAs, mg COD/L)90.55±16.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241057235229536838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217277915157, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of anaerobic fermentation efficiency of syngas sludge with different pretreatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别气体分压变化(始/末)(bar)VSS(g/L)有机物变化量(+增-减)(mg COD/L)
H2COCO2碳水化合物蛋白质SCFAs产量
Control0.405/0.0070.405/0.0440.203/0.12011.80+22.06+159.751959.84±248.20
AP0.405/0.0060.405/0.0420.203/0.09910.81-56.30-687.753895.76±389.25
TAP0.405/0.0010.405/0.0170.203/0.0969.20-85.09-1172.34663.67±163.86
PF/SF0.405/0.0020.405/0.0740.203/0.0448.38-97.98-336.753311.74±19.34
FNA/PAA0.405/0.2010.405/0.2600.203/0.0597.52-192.38-2160.85520.20±204.99
), ArticleFig(id=1241057235367948882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217277915157, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同预处理协同合成气污泥厌氧发酵效能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别气体分压变化(始/末)(bar)VSS(g/L)有机物变化量(+增-减)(mg COD/L)
H2COCO2碳水化合物蛋白质SCFAs产量
Control0.405/0.0070.405/0.0440.203/0.12011.80+22.06+159.751959.84±248.20
AP0.405/0.0060.405/0.0420.203/0.09910.81-56.30-687.753895.76±389.25
TAP0.405/0.0010.405/0.0170.203/0.0969.20-85.09-1172.34663.67±163.86
PF/SF0.405/0.0020.405/0.0740.203/0.0448.38-97.98-336.753311.74±19.34
FNA/PAA0.405/0.2010.405/0.2600.203/0.0597.52-192.38-2160.85520.20±204.99
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预处理协同合成气强化剩余污泥发酵产酸效能及机理
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谭慧杰 1, 2 , 于德林 1 , 李沈卓 1 , 段燕青 3 , 魏瑶丽 1 , 周爱娟 1, * , 岳秀萍 1
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(5): 2577-2586
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(5): 2577-2586
预处理协同合成气强化剩余污泥发酵产酸效能及机理
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谭慧杰1, 2 , 于德林1, 李沈卓1, 段燕青3, 魏瑶丽1, 周爱娟1, * , 岳秀萍1
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学土木工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.山西山安立德环保科技有限公司,山西 太原 030032
  • 3.太原工业学院环境与安全工程系,山西 太原 030008
  • 谭慧杰(1976-),男,山西晋城人,太原理工大学博士研究生,主要从事废弃生物质资源化利用研究.发表论文5篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Performance and mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids production from waste activated sludge fermentation enhanced by pretreatment synergistic syngas
Hui-jie TAN1, 2 , De-lin YU1, Shen-zhuo LI1, Yan-qing DUAN3, Yao-li WEI1, Ai-juan ZHOU1, * , Xiu-ping YUE1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2.Shanxi Shanan Lide Environmental Science & Technology Co., LTD, Taiyuan 030032, China
  • 3.Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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为提升污泥厌氧发酵产酸效能,在已证实合成气的参与能提升污泥发酵效能基础上,考察了不同化学预处理联合合成气介导污泥发酵体系的影响.结果表明,游离亚硝酸盐联合过氧乙酸(FNA/PAA)实验组的短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)产量最高((5520.20±204.99)mg COD/L);然而,FNA/PAA组仅50.4%和35.8%的H2和CO利用率,热碱预处理(TAP)实验组能有效利用合成气(H2利用率99.8%;CO利用率95.8%),且SCFAs产量达到(4663.67±163.86)mg COD/L.三维荧光光谱结果表明:TAP组具备更优的剥离胞外聚合物及剩余污泥溶胞效能,同时该实验组实现了厌氧发酵进程中产酸功能菌群的高度富集,Firmicutes占比高达59.0%.此外,能够代谢合成乙酸、乙醇和H2Romboutsia菌属在碱预处理(AP)和TAP组中占比最高,分别为19.2%和21.3%.

剩余污泥  /  预处理  /  合成气  /  厌氧发酵  /  短链脂肪酸

To enhance the acid production efficiency of sludge anaerobic fermentation, based on the established evidence that the inclusion of syngas improved waste activated sludge(WAS)fermentation performance, this study investigated the effects of different chemical pretreatments combined with a syngas-mediated WAS fermentation system. The results showed that the free nitrous acid combined with peracetic acid(FNA/PAA)experimental group had the highest production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)((5520.20±204.99)mg COD/L). However, the FNA/PAA group exhibited only 50.4% and 35.8% utilization rates for H2 and CO, respectively. In contrast, the TAP group demonstrated efficient utilization of syngas, with H2 and CO utilization rates reaching 99.8%and 95.8%, respectively. Moreover, the production of SCFAs in the TAP group achieved a significant level of(4663.67±163.86)mg COD/L. At the same time, the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum showed that TAP group had better extracellular polymer stripping and WAS lysis efficiency. TAP group also enhanced the enrichment of acid-producing functional bacteria in the anaerobic fermentation process, and significantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes to 59.0%. In addition, Romboutsia, which can metabolize acetic acid, ethanol and H2, accounted for the highest proportion in alkali pretreatment(AP)and TAP groups(19.2% and 21.3%).

waste activated sludge(WAS)  /  pretreatment  /  syngas  /  anaerobic fermentation  /  short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)
谭慧杰, 于德林, 李沈卓, 段燕青, 魏瑶丽, 周爱娟, 岳秀萍. 预处理协同合成气强化剩余污泥发酵产酸效能及机理. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2577 -2586 .
Hui-jie TAN, De-lin YU, Shen-zhuo LI, Yan-qing DUAN, Yao-li WEI, Ai-juan ZHOU, Xiu-ping YUE. Performance and mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids production from waste activated sludge fermentation enhanced by pretreatment synergistic syngas[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2577 -2586 .
近年来,剩余污泥(WAS)产量随我国污水处理能力的提高而逐年增长[1].厌氧发酵作为剩余污泥资源化处理的主要途径之一[2],包含水解、酸化、产氢产乙酸和产甲烷4个阶段[3].短链挥发性脂肪酸(SCFAs)作为商业化学品、高附加值化合物的前体[4]及脱氮除磷的优质碳源[5],可以参与高附加值产品(如生物聚合物、生物柴油)的合成[6];就污水处理厂运营而言,SCFAs可以进一步厌氧生物转化生成甲烷,也可以积累,参与反硝化和厌氧聚磷过程.然而污泥厌氧发酵产酸效率低仍然是现阶段我们需要解决的问题.目前,研究发现影响厌氧发酵产酸效率的因素主要包括底物、pH值、温度、HRT等[7],研究者提高SCFAs产量主要通过:提高水解速率[8]、促进产酸过程[9]、去除抑制因素[10]等.
剩余污泥细胞具有半刚性细胞壁结构且被胞外聚合物(EPS)紧密包裹,这使得非溶解性的高分子有机物难以被微生物直接利用,成为限制剩余污泥高效产酸的主要因素.预处理可以有效破坏污泥絮体的胞体结构、降解EPS、使有机物溶出,并将难降解有机材料转化为可生物降解物质改善水解限速,为酸化阶段进一步合成SCFAs提供有利条件[11-12].目前已有大量研究证实超声[13]、热[14]、电解[15]和高级氧化等预处理技术均可实现SCFAs产量的提升,而且不同预处理技术的应用也会对剩余污泥破壁及溶胞产生不同的效果.此外,剩余污泥低C/N的组成特性也导致有机底物的生物可给性和转化效能不理想,这也是限制SCFAs产量提高的另一重要因素.合成气(H2、CO和CO2)作为一种难降解固体废弃物的气化产物,可以作为外加碳源拉动污泥底质的代谢利用,从而进一步提高SCFAs产量,解决碳源来源问题同时也有助于实现碳平衡[16].合成气主要通过乙酰辅酶A途径参与厌氧发酵产羧酸过程,相比传统化学合成更具有优势[17].但是,预处理技术与合成气促进产SCFAs的耦合效能尚未有研究报道,同时,协同作用机理也需要进一步分析.
因此,本文采用碱处理(AP)、热碱处理(TAP)、高铁酸活化亚硫酸氧化(PF/SF)、游离亚硝酸盐协同过氧乙酸(FNA/PAA)4种技术预处理剩余污泥,探究不同预处理技术协同合成气对污泥厌氧发酵产酸效能的影响,并优化其匹配模式.通过对SCFAs产量与组分、有机底物和酶活性变化、微生物群落结构差异分析,阐释了预处理协同合成气强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵的作用机制,为剩余污泥资源化处理及利用提供了理论基础.
本实验剩余污泥取自山西省晋中市正阳污水净化厂的二沉池,过40目筛子滤除大粒径杂质,于4℃静置24h,去除上清液,放入4℃冰箱保存备用.剩余污泥经10000r/min离心10min,上清液经0.45µm滤膜过滤,分析测定相关指标.剩余污泥基本指标特性如表1所示.
本研究涉及的厌氧发酵实验均在发酵瓶内进行,反应器总容积500mL,实际有效容积400mL,设置5个实验组:未预处理空白对照组、碱处理(AP)实验组、热碱处理(TAP)实验组、高铁酸活化亚硫酸氧化处理(PF/SF)实验组、游离亚硝酸盐协同过氧乙酸处理(FNA/PAA)实验组,每组设置3个平行.首先用高浓度NaOH母液(0.09g NaOH/g TS)进行AP处理;后放置于85℃水浴锅中加热60min进行TAP处理;基于硫酸盐自由基氧化的PF/Na2SO3法预处理污泥(物质的量比2:3,2h)后完成PF/SF处理;将游离亚硝酸(FNA:2.13mg/L)加入污泥预处理24h,后再加入过氧乙酸(PAA:100mg/g VSS)完成FNA/PAA处理[18].
将预处理后污泥与原污泥以9:1(体积比)混合,调节初始pH值至10.0±0.1,将400mL混合污泥分别加入五组反应器,通氮气净化10~15min以保证严格厌氧环境,之后于取样口向反应器内通入1L合成气,合成气的主要成分是H2、CO和CO2,原始比例为4:4:2[19],并接入1L气袋.发酵瓶放置于恒温振荡箱中((35±1)°C,120r/min),厌氧发酵10d,取样周期1d.混合泥样经10000r/min离心10min,后用0.45μm滤膜过滤上清液,测定指标包含溶解性蛋白质、溶解性碳水化合物、SCFAs、气体、pH值变化、发酵第2d水解酶(α-葡糖苷酶和蛋白酶)活性及菌群结构差异.
TSS、VSS、COD测定采用国标法[20];溶解性蛋白质浓度测定采用改良型BCA法;溶解性碳水化合物浓度测定采用苯酚-硫酸法[21];溶解性蛋白质和碳水化合物COD转换系数分别为1.50,1.06g COD/g[22];SCFAs采用安捷伦6890气相色谱仪测定(配备氢火焰检测器FID),包括乙酸(HAc)、丙酸(HPr)、异丁酸(iso-HBu)、正丁酸(n-HBu)、异戊酸(iso-HVa)、正戊酸(n-HVa),同样将其转化为COD计算,换算因子分别为1.07,1.51,1.82,2.04g COD/g[21].厌氧发酵过程主要监测了H2、CO、CO2和CH4 4种气体,由配备热导检测器(TCD)的气相色谱仪(安捷伦7890B)测定;pH值测定采用HANNA精密pH计;α-葡萄糖苷酶[23]和蛋白酶[24]的计算如式(1)和式(2),其中S0表示空白样品吸光度,S1S2分别表示两个平行样品的吸光度;原污泥及不同发酵体系的微生物群落采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序平台分析其多样性.
不同预处理条件下合成气污泥厌氧发酵体系中的SCFAs产量及组分如图1所示.在为期10d的发酵过程中,FNA/PAA组SCFAs产量最高达(5520.20±204.99)mg COD/L;其次分别为:(4663.67±163.86)mg COD/L(TAP)>(3895.76±389.25)mg COD/L(AP)>(3311.74±19.34)mg COD/L(PF/SF)>(1959.84±248.20)mg COD/L(Control).FNA/PAA组SCFAs大量产生导致其pH值处于较低水平(图1(c)[25].SCFAs组分分析(图1(d))结果表明乙酸占比最高,其中FNA/PAA组乙酸浓度高达(3661.48±63.30)mg COD/L(图1(b)),分别为Control、AP、TAP、PF/SF组的3.00,1.79,1.45和2.04倍.FNA/PAA组乙酸占比73.94%,较其他实验组分别提高了8.11%(Control)、22.38%(AP)、20.64%(TAP)和6.82%(PF/SF).以上结果表明,针对污泥难水解的壁垒,FNA/PAA预处理有较为显著的产酸效能和乙酸得率,该联合预处理方式能够有效强化水解,为产酸微生物提供更丰富的代谢基质,协同合成气强化污泥厌氧发酵体系产SCFAs,尤其是乙酸;TAP协同合成气在污泥短程发酵中也表现优异.同样,预处理一定程度上能改变SCFAs组成[26],小分子羧酸成为污泥厌氧发酵的主要产物[27].
不同发酵体系内气体组分变化如图2.H2作为一个重要的还原力参与到厌氧发酵产酸过程[28],不同实验组氢气分压均呈降低趋势,尤其是AP组,氢气消耗速率最快.发酵10d,氢气基本被完全消耗.然而对于FNA/PAA组,最终氢气分压保留在(0.20±0.02)bar,可能由于发酵过程产生部分氢气导致出现上升再下降的趋势.CO和CO2作为碳源受氢气还原力的影响,参与乙酰辅酶A的合成[13].CO消耗速率与氢气变化一致,其中TAP组CO消耗最彻底,而FNA/PAA组CO分压最终维持在0.26bar,这可能由于发酵中后段产乙酸菌活性变低,而产甲烷菌则因pH值降低处于较适宜的条件使得甲烷产量增加.CO2分压在发酵初期快速降低,FNA/PAA组CO2消耗速率最快,其次是PF/SF、AP、TAP、Control.此时发酵体系具备充足的还原力及活跃的产乙酸菌群,同时预处理又为厌氧微生物提供足够的底物用于自身代谢转化[29].最终CO2分压趋于平稳.以上结果表明FNA/PAA预处理虽有助于发酵产生大量SCFAs,但其利用气体能力不足,部分反应气体会余留体系内;而TAP组则能有效利用合成气,且在短程发酵中具有相对可观的SCFAs产量.此外,甲烷化过程会消耗乙酸等酸类物质,通常需利用初始阶段较高的pH值来抑制产甲烷菌的活性.
不同预处理对污泥破壁及溶胞的影响可通过胞外聚合物的变化而体现.如图3所示,预处理能够有效破坏污泥胞壁,增加DOM层的有机物,其中TAP组荧光强度最高,表明热碱预处理溶胞效果较好,能为体系进行厌氧发酵提供充足底物.PF/SF组DOM层荧光较弱,这一定程度上抑制了其前期产酸能力,不利于合成气高效转化.FNA/PAA组荧光同样较弱,可能是预处理过程中已有大量溶解性有机物转化为酸类物质,从而导致三维荧光光谱呈现较弱的荧光强度.从LB-EPS三维荧光结果来看,TAP和AP组荧光强度高于其他组,主要是由于碱的强化学作用破坏了污泥结构,导致内容物持续溶出,部分有机物尚且存留在LB层或正向DOM层传递[30].TB-EPS层则显示了后续污泥厌氧发酵受限程度[31],对照组(Control)荧光强度最高,匹配该组SCFAs产量最低,AP和TAP组TB层荧光强度很弱,尤其是热碱预处理,表明大部分有机物已溶出供厌氧菌代谢,PF/SF有部分未溶出有机物,结合LB-EPS层荧光结果能表明其预处理效果不如热碱预处理.
污泥经过预处理后,水解速率大大提高,其中挥发性固体悬浮物(VSS)能够很好的描述污泥中的有机物浓度.预处理之后VSS均降低,其中FNA/PAA组VSS浓度最低,相较对照组(原污泥)减少了36.27%,其他预处理组对比原污泥分别减少了8.43%(AP)、22.03%(TAP)、28.98%(PF/SF).由此可见FNA/PAA联合预处理对剩余污泥溶胞效果更强.
图4呈现了不同发酵体系内溶解性蛋白质和碳水化合物浓度变化情况.其中FNA/PAA组溶解性蛋白质浓度((3572.94±114.55)mg COD/L)最高(图4(a)),分别是其余实验组的7.43(Control)、2.31(AP)、1.67(TAP)、2.64(PF/SF)倍.FNA/PAA组第1d蛋白质浓度急速下降,表明该阶段蛋白质消耗速率远高于溶出速率,水解酶将其水解为小分子物质(氨基酸),被厌氧发酵微生物代谢利用.另外,TAP组蛋白质浓度也处于较高水平,在发酵初期该组蛋白质被大量消耗,同样的现象也发生在AP组.图4(b)呈现了发酵过程中溶解性碳水化合物的浓度变化,FNA/PAA组碳水化合物浓度高达(242.80±46.80)mg COD/L,也反映了该预处理方式对污泥较强的破壁能力,其余实验组分别为(175.33±70.90)(PF/SF)、(132.64±4.86)(TAP)、(93.97±12.96)(AP)、(11.32±2.23)(Control)mg COD/L.碳水化合物浓度在发酵前5d骤降,主要被水解为小分子(葡萄糖)参与反应.其转化率从高到低依次为FNA/PAA>PF/SF>TAP>AP>Control.综上所述,FNA/PAA联合预处理,能够一定程度上缓解污泥水解受限,从而有效促进溶解性有机物释放.
厌氧发酵过程中溶解性有机物随着水解酶活性的改变而变化,蛋白酶能够催化多肽或蛋白质水解成小分子氨基酸,α-葡萄糖苷酶可以水解葡萄糖苷键释放出葡萄糖作为产物.如图5(a),厌氧发酵第2d,TAP组蛋白酶活性较高,比其他实验组高出11.21%(Control)、2.92%(AP)、2.77%(PF/SF)、1.56%(FNA/PAA).该结果也与溶解性蛋白质的浓度变化一致,第2d TAP组蛋白质消耗量(82.00mg COD/L)高于其他实验组.FNA/PAA组蛋白酶活性虽略低于TAP组,但仍高于其他预处理实验组.如图5B,α-葡萄糖苷酶活性从高到低为:FNA/PAA>PF/SF>TAP>AP>Control,厌氧发酵第2d FNA/PAA组溶解性碳水化合物消耗量为76.35mg COD/L,表明此时大量碳水化合物在α-葡萄糖苷酶的作用下被水解为小分子物质(葡萄糖)进入厌氧微生物代谢路径,作为能源物质支持酸化过程[32],也导致该组产生大量SCFAs.水解酶活性分析结果表明FNA/PAA和TAP组具有较好的水解优势,大分子物质在高水解酶活性条件下被快速水解消耗,有助于合成气生物合成过程[33],综合来看,这两组同样也表现出较好的SCFAs生产效率.
微生物多样性测序结果表明原污泥菌群主要分布在Actinobacteriota(29.1%)和Proteobacteria(25.6%)两菌门.经合成气厌氧发酵后Firmicutes丰度增加13.5%,而AP、TAP和FNA/PAA预处理污泥协同合成气发酵后Firmicutes丰度大幅提高,其中TAP组占比高达59.0%,表明热碱预处理强化了该菌门内功能菌属的富集. Firmicutes是厌氧发酵体系内常见菌门,同型产乙酸菌和乙酰共氧化细菌都属于该菌门[34].属于Clostridia、Bacteroidia、Gammaproteobacter 3种菌纲的微生物在厌氧发酵中能利用溶解性有机物物合成SCFAs[35].AP、TAP和FNA/PAA 3个实验组Clostridia丰度相较Control组显著提高18.7%~30.4%,TAP组丰度高达52.8%.Clostridia主要通过降解碳水化合物生成产物乙酸、丁酸等[36].
属水平上的菌群分布如图6(a)所示.Candidatus_Microthrix在原污泥和未预处理污泥合成气发酵中丰度较高,达到17.7%和16.7%,其具有使用一氧化碳作为能源的潜力[37]Romboutsia是一种嗜热厌氧菌,能利用纤维素代谢合成乙酸、乙醇和H2[38],在AP(19.2%)和TAP(21.3%)组占比最高;Proteiniclasticum(Clostridia纲)在合成气发酵中广泛存在,相比Control组(6.2%),其他实验组丰度提高5.2%(AP)、3.4%(TAP)、2.3%(PF/SF)、6.7%(FNA/PAA).Proteiniclasticum也是一种溶解性蛋白质水解菌,表明FNA/PAA组倾向于富集该菌属,也有利于溶解性蛋白质的高效利用并促进SCFAs的生成.Acetobacterium作为典型的同型产乙酸菌,在AP和TAP合成气厌氧发酵中主要将CO2和H2合成为乙酸[39].
功能菌群与环境因子相关性分析如图6(b),厌氧发酵菌(AFB)与体系pH值呈显著相关性(P<0.05),表明SCFAs积累使得体系pH值处于较低水平,这可能限制了SCFAs的合成效率.其中,同属于AFB的TerrisporobacterBrassicibacter呈显著正相关(P<0.05),表面它们在发酵产酸过程中互相利用,而反硝化菌(DNB)与SCFAs、pH值相关性较高(P<0.01),其中Candidatus_Microthrix与SCFAs呈现显著负相关,可能由于反硝化菌利用乙酸等小分子羧酸作为碳源,进行反硝化脱氮,这在一定程度上会消耗乙酸.此外,合成气的主要组分H2、CO、CO2与AFB、DNB、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)相关性较弱(P≥0.05),特别是Desulfovibrio与其他环境因子呈现不显著的相关性,这可能是由于合成气作为补充碳源辅助了污泥厌氧发酵过程,预处理后污泥含有大量有机底物,AFB在代谢底物合成SCFAs过程中发挥了主要作用.
污泥厌氧发酵的核心代谢路径为丙酮酸代谢,图7展示了合成气促进污泥厌氧发酵产SCFAs机理.污泥胞壁被破除后大分子有机物(蛋白质、碳水化合物)溶出,水解微生物将其代谢为氨基酸和葡萄糖并转运到厌氧微生物细胞内,通过丙酮酸代谢转化为乙酰辅酶A(acyl-CoA),进而合成SCFAs.合成气参与厌氧发酵过程则主要通过乙酰辅酶A途径,厌氧微生物在几种重要酶的作用下利用H2、CO和CO2合成乙酰辅酶A,参与脂肪酸合成.首先,CO、CO2通过乙酰辅酶A途径的甲基支路和羧基支路,在还原力H2作用下消耗ATP,经一系列反应被还原成甲基和羧基基团;之后CoA、甲基、羧基基团后在乙酰辅酶A合成酶及CODH(一氧化碳脱氢酶)作用下合成乙酰辅酶A;紧接着乙酰辅酶A被逐步还原为乙醇和乙酸,或转化为细胞物质[40].H2在整个代谢过程中扮演重要角色,包括CO在内的碳源利用H2在氢化酶作用下产生的还原力转化,此时碳转化率相对较高;氢化酶被抑制或缺乏H2时,CO不仅作为碳源,还要在CODH作用下被氧化为CO2提供还原力,对比前者碳转化率有所降低.氢化酶、一氧化碳脱氢酶和乙酰辅酶A合成酶是参与代谢途径的关键酶.氢化酶氧化H2产生还原力,影响到后续代谢及碳转化率;一氧化碳脱氢酶一方面将CO氧化成CO2,另一方面协同乙酰辅酶A合成酶催化CoA、甲基和羧基基团合成乙酰辅酶A,最终在厌氧微生物作用下转化为乙酸.
合成气的加入使得污泥厌氧发酵体系内H2、CO2、CO被大量消耗,H2被完全消耗时CO同时作为还原力参与乙酰辅酶A的合成过程;合成气的加入改善了厌氧发酵体系的还原力缺失问题,促进合成气及代谢产生CO2的进一步生物转化,强化了污泥厌氧发酵产SCFAs;合成气加入一定程度上改变了发酵过程中α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,加快了微生物代谢利用与碳水化合物水解,促进SCFAs合成.
为了优化预处理协同合成气强化污泥厌氧发酵过程的匹配模式,表2主要从气体(H2、CO、CO2)分压变化、VSS、有机物变化量等指标对比了几种不同预处理技术.结果表明,各预处理技术均能有效破坏污泥絮体,充分释放有机物.气体分压结果表明TAP组转化了更多的H2、CO、CO2生产乙酸,气体分压最低,在发酵末期分别为0.001,0.017,0.096bar,表明TAP协同合成气能高效转化气体和有机底物,提高SCFAs产量.此外,FNA/PAA组VSS低于其他预处理组,能为厌氧微生物提供充足的底物.从有机物变化量看,FNA/PAA组消耗192.38,2160.8mg COD/L的碳水化合物和蛋白质,TAP组同样转化较多蛋白质.从SCFAs合成效率看,FNA/PAA组SCFAs产量最高,TAP组SCFAs产量同样较高.综上所述,FNA/PAA和TAP有较强利用污泥细胞溶出有机物质转化为目标产物的能力.
另外,从微生物群落的变化比较预处理对污泥菌群结构的影响,表明TAP组有效实现了厌氧发酵功能菌群的富集;AP、TAP和FNA/PAA组污泥厌氧发酵后Firmicutes丰度大幅提高且TAP组最为显著,表明热碱预处理有助于Firmicutes富集;Romboutsia在AP和TAP组中占比最高,表明TAP改变了污泥群落结构,进而通过优势厌氧发酵细菌利用合成气和有机物高效合成SCFAs.
图8展示了不同预处理协同合成气强化污泥厌氧发酵机理,主要包括污泥破壁、胞内有机物溶出、厌氧发酵菌群利用有机底物/合成气合成SCFAs.FNA/PAA组碳水化合物/蛋白质溶出率和转化效率最高,表明FNA/PAA预处理能较大程度破坏污泥结构,促使有机物大量释放,为厌氧微生物代谢转化提供充足底物.酸化阶段厌氧发酵菌将小分子有机物(氨基酸、葡萄糖等)转化为SCFAs,也体现了有机物溶出率对发酵产酸的影响[41].TAP组有机物溶出率仅次于FNA/PAA组,结合合成气的利用来看,TAP组能更加高效利用H2、CO2、CO,通过乙酰辅酶A合成乙酸,TAP协同合成气能有效促进污泥厌氧发酵产SCFAs.
3.1 FNA/PAA预处理协同合成气污泥厌氧发酵SCFAs产量最高,达到(5520.20±204.99)mg COD/L,乙酸浓度达到Control、AP、TAP、PF/SF组的3.00、1.79,1.45,2.04倍;TAP预处理则在短程发酵中表现优异,SCFAs产量达到(4663.67±163.86)mg COD/L.
3.2 FNA/PAA组利用气体能力不足,最终H2分压为(0.20±0.02)bar,CO分压为0.26bar;TAP组H2利用率为99.8%,CO利用率为95.8%,能有效利用合成气.
3.3 热碱预处理改变了合成气厌氧发酵体系菌群分布,强化了厌氧发酵产酸功能菌群富集.AP、TAP、FNA/PAA组微生物群落中Firmicutes丰度大幅提升且TAP组高达59.0%,表明热碱预处理有助于富集Firmicutes;能代谢合成乙酸、乙醇和H2Romboutsia菌属在AP和TAP组中占比高达19.2%和21.3%.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52470156; 52070139)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52470156; 52070139)
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    1.太原理工大学土木工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.山西山安立德环保科技有限公司,山西 太原 030032
    3.太原工业学院环境与安全工程系,山西 太原 030008

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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