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This paper studied the characteristics and formation mechanisms of local photochemical pollution in Beijing during summer. Firstly, based on the meteorological observations, we obtained four typical meteorological clusters(M1~M4)based on the meteorological observations by using the K-means clustering algorithm and found the significant O3 pollution difference among M1~M4. Then, under 2021 emissions of this city, we further simulated the local photochemical evolution of Beijing urban plumes respectively for four meteorological clusters, via a 0-D box model with the MCM(v3.3.1). The simulation results showed the daytime-averaged net O3 production rate was 7.91×10-9(M1), 7.58×10-9(M2), 7.18×10-9(M3), 3.55×10-9(M4)·h-1, but O3 formation & loss pathways were very similar. O3 formation was in the VOCs-limited regime, but its sensitivity to VOCs apparently decreased from M1 to M4. However, the simulated HCHO and CH3CHO had a little differences between various meteorological conditions, as well as their production rates and formation & loss pathways. The linear response of HCHO to VOCs indicated it could be as the good tracer for VOCs level. Finally, we calculated the O3 increment reactivity(IR)of 65 VOCs species for each meteorological cluster, and found the differences in IR between low-reactivity and high-reactivity VOCs became significantly smaller under the M1 compared to M4, implying the importance of strengthening the control of low-reactivity components VOCs in on O3 pollution days.

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围绕北京市夏季局地光化学污染特征与机制开展研究.首先,基于该市历年夏季气象观测数据,利用K-means方法得到了典型的气象聚类M1~M4,发现其对光化学污染形成影响的重要差异.在该市2021年排放条件下,利用箱式反应模型,开展了各气象聚类的局地光化学污染过程模拟.模拟显示:各气象聚类下O3产率昼间均值为7.91×10-9(M1),7.58×10-9(M2),7.18×10-9(M3),3.55×10-9(M4)·h-1,O3生消途径十分相似,均处于VOCs敏感区,但对VOCs的敏感度呈递减趋势.而HCHO与CH3CHO的模拟浓度、产率、生消途径、及对VOCs线性响应均未呈现显著的气象聚类差异,显示了很好的VOCs示踪性.最后,计算了各聚类下65个VOCs组分的O3增量反应IR,发现低活性组分与高活性组分的IR差异在M1条件显著变小,暗示了O3污染日加强低活性组分控制对O3浓度改善的重要性.

, correspAuthors=魏巍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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刘莹莹(2001-),女,山东菏泽人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境规划与区域污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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刘莹莹(2001-),女,山东菏泽人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境规划与区域污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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刘莹莹(2001-),女,山东菏泽人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境规划与区域污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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figureFileSmall=aU5tzokP3RIj/RbZ6husvA==, figureFileBig=bX3JouED7P84QFRXc66jaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057232343855519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217173057546, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Daytime observation and simulation results of photochemical precursors and products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质气象条件SimObsMBMENMB(%)NME(%)
HCs
(×10-9
M113.114.8-1.21.6-7.310.0
M213.212.11.83.014.323.6
M313.415.8-0.93.2-5.920.2
M415.718.2-2.53.2-13.016.2
NOx
(×10-9
M113.813.00.12.60.717.5
M212.311.00.72.85.522.0
M39.79.50.61.45.913.9
M416.213.71.74.311.528.9
OH·(×106molecule/cm3M1~M41.8~4.94.9*-3.1~-0.10.1~3.1-62.7~0.50.5~62.7
HO2·(×108molecule/cm3M1~M40.3~1.41.1*-0.8~0.30.1~0.868.8~24.54.7~68.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241057232473878962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057217173057546, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光化学前体物与产物的昼间观测、模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质气象条件SimObsMBMENMB(%)NME(%)
HCs
(×10-9
M113.114.8-1.21.6-7.310.0
M213.212.11.83.014.323.6
M313.415.8-0.93.2-5.920.2
M415.718.2-2.53.2-13.016.2
NOx
(×10-9
M113.813.00.12.60.717.5
M212.311.00.72.85.522.0
M39.79.50.61.45.913.9
M416.213.71.74.311.528.9
OH·(×106molecule/cm3M1~M41.8~4.94.9*-3.1~-0.10.1~3.1-62.7~0.50.5~62.7
HO2·(×108molecule/cm3M1~M40.3~1.41.1*-0.8~0.30.1~0.868.8~24.54.7~68.8
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典型城市光化学污染在不同气象条件聚类下的特征与机制
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刘莹莹 1, 2 , 陈赛赛 1, 2 , 栾和润 3 , 林洲月 1, 2 , 尼霞次仁 4 , 袁跃甫 4 , 魏巍 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2413-2422
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中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2413-2422
典型城市光化学污染在不同气象条件聚类下的特征与机制
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刘莹莹1, 2 , 陈赛赛1, 2, 栾和润3, 林洲月1, 2, 尼霞次仁4, 袁跃甫4, 魏巍1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学环境科学与工程学院,北京 100124
  • 2.北京工业大学,区域大气复合污染防治北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 3.北京工业大学计算机学院,北京 100124
  • 4.西藏自治区生态环境监测中心,西藏 拉萨 850000
  • 刘莹莹(2001-),女,山东菏泽人,北京工业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为环境规划与区域污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Characteristics and mechanisms of photochemical pollution in typical urban areas under different meteorological clusters
Ying-ying LIU1, 2 , Sai-sai CHEN1, 2, He-run LUAN3, Zhou-yue LIN1, 2, Tsring NYIXIA4, Yue-fu YUAN4, Wei WEI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 3.College of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 4.Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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围绕北京市夏季局地光化学污染特征与机制开展研究.首先,基于该市历年夏季气象观测数据,利用K-means方法得到了典型的气象聚类M1~M4,发现其对光化学污染形成影响的重要差异.在该市2021年排放条件下,利用箱式反应模型,开展了各气象聚类的局地光化学污染过程模拟.模拟显示:各气象聚类下O3产率昼间均值为7.91×10-9(M1),7.58×10-9(M2),7.18×10-9(M3),3.55×10-9(M4)·h-1,O3生消途径十分相似,均处于VOCs敏感区,但对VOCs的敏感度呈递减趋势.而HCHO与CH3CHO的模拟浓度、产率、生消途径、及对VOCs线性响应均未呈现显著的气象聚类差异,显示了很好的VOCs示踪性.最后,计算了各聚类下65个VOCs组分的O3增量反应IR,发现低活性组分与高活性组分的IR差异在M1条件显著变小,暗示了O3污染日加强低活性组分控制对O3浓度改善的重要性.

臭氧(O3)  /  甲醛(HCHO)  /  乙醛(CH3CHO)  /  气象条件  /  生成机制

This paper studied the characteristics and formation mechanisms of local photochemical pollution in Beijing during summer. Firstly, based on the meteorological observations, we obtained four typical meteorological clusters(M1~M4)based on the meteorological observations by using the K-means clustering algorithm and found the significant O3 pollution difference among M1~M4. Then, under 2021 emissions of this city, we further simulated the local photochemical evolution of Beijing urban plumes respectively for four meteorological clusters, via a 0-D box model with the MCM(v3.3.1). The simulation results showed the daytime-averaged net O3 production rate was 7.91×10-9(M1), 7.58×10-9(M2), 7.18×10-9(M3), 3.55×10-9(M4)·h-1, but O3 formation & loss pathways were very similar. O3 formation was in the VOCs-limited regime, but its sensitivity to VOCs apparently decreased from M1 to M4. However, the simulated HCHO and CH3CHO had a little differences between various meteorological conditions, as well as their production rates and formation & loss pathways. The linear response of HCHO to VOCs indicated it could be as the good tracer for VOCs level. Finally, we calculated the O3 increment reactivity(IR)of 65 VOCs species for each meteorological cluster, and found the differences in IR between low-reactivity and high-reactivity VOCs became significantly smaller under the M1 compared to M4, implying the importance of strengthening the control of low-reactivity components VOCs in on O3 pollution days.

O3  /  HCHO  /  CH3CHO  /  meteorological conditions  /  formation mechanism
刘莹莹, 陈赛赛, 栾和润, 林洲月, 尼霞次仁, 袁跃甫, 魏巍. 典型城市光化学污染在不同气象条件聚类下的特征与机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2413 -2422 .
Ying-ying LIU, Sai-sai CHEN, He-run LUAN, Zhou-yue LIN, Tsring NYIXIA, Yue-fu YUAN, Wei WEI. Characteristics and mechanisms of photochemical pollution in typical urban areas under different meteorological clusters[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2413 -2422 .
大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)与氮氧化物(NOx)是生成近地面臭氧(O3)和大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的关键前体物,PM2.5组分主要是由VOCs等一次污染物通过大气氧化过程、成核过程、凝结和气/粒分配过程及非均相反应等化学过程生成[1-3];光化学O3是由VOCs反应引起HOx循环,HOx循环继而驱动NOx循环,再基于NO2不断光解而累积形成的[4].近年来,我国先后实施“大气污染防治行动计划”、“打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划”和“空气质量持续改善行动计划”,取得了一次污染物的显著改善[5].就首都北京市而言,2023年一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)的年均浓度较2015年下降48.0%~77.8%,同时PM2.5的年均浓度较2015年下降60.3%,均达到我国环境空气质量二级标准(GB 3095-2012)[6];但夏季北京市O3日均值上升12.1%,2023年夏季北京市O3超标天数为64d,以O3为代表的光化学污染形势仍然严峻,O3污染控制成为了我国大气污染防治的重要工作和主要内容.
光化学污染是VOCs和NOx在光照条件下,经过一系列光化学反应,形成O3、甲醛(HCHO)、乙醛(CH3CHO)、过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PAN)等二次污染物的过程,故不仅受前体物浓度的影响,还对气象条件十分依赖.诸多研究关注了2015年以来我国重点地区O3年际变化受气象波动的影响,结果认为:在2013~2020年中国大部分城市O3上升主要受气温和太阳辐射等气象要素的影响,气象波动可解释约57%~80%的O3变化[7];在华北地区,O3日最大8h滑动平均(MDA8O3)在2015~2019年夏季平均上升20.7%,气象波动贡献了其中的6.4%[8-9];在华南地区,MDA8O3在2015~2021年以4.29µg/(m3·a)速度增长[10],气象变化主导了地表臭氧的增加[11],其可解释64.3%的O3增加趋势[10].可见,气象因素对O3浓度变化具有重要的影响.在诸气象要素中,温度(T)和太阳短波入地辐射(SR)通过影响化学反应与光解反应速率影响光化学污染过程,风速(WS)、边界层高度(BLH)通过影响前体物与产物的稀释扩散而影响光化学污染强度,相对湿度(RH)、降水量(PR)主要基于水汽对SR的吸收作用,通过辐射强迫影响而间接影响光化学污染,此外,RH可基于水分子与O3或其他物质的反应生成OH自由基而影响光化学污染[12-14].而我国东部受东亚季风影响[15],这些气象要素不仅存在显著的季节差异,且在一个季节内也存在很大的逐日波动.如,根据北京市54433气象站点地面气象观测,2015~2023年夏季T、WS、RH的日均值分别在17.7~33.6℃、1.1~4.0m/s、18.1%~91.8%的范围内,其相对标准偏差(CV)为11.4%~30.3%.这也直接导致了光化学污染水平的逐日波动,如2015~2023年夏季北京市MDA8O3平均浓度(体积分数)在32.1×10-9~165.8×10-9范围内.因此,在一个O3污染季开展不同气象条件下的光化学污染特征及形成机制研究,具有十分重要的意义.
本文以北京市城区气团光化学污染过程为研究对象,采用K-means分类方法,获得了夏季典型的气象条件特征;而后构建包含MCM(v3.3.1)机制的箱式反应模式,探究不同气象条件下该城区气团老化过程的光化学污染特征,重点构建O3、HCHO、CH3CHO的生消机制、对前体物的响应,并估算了VOCs主要组分的O3增量反应.本文研究成果可为我国城市光化学污染的特征机制理解与控制策略制定提供参考和支撑.
本文所选取的研究区域为北京市城六区.该区域全年地区生产总值达32246.7亿元,常住人口总量为1094.8万人(https://www.stats.gov.cn),人口密集,污染物排放负荷高.据Li等[16]研究计算的京津冀区域大气污染物排放清单数据,该区域1km×1km网格VOCs、NOx、CO排放强度的均值±标准偏差分别为(0.24±0.15),(0.13±0.16),(0.40±0.34)t/d,VOCs/NOx排放比值达(2.0±0.8)t/t.并且观测数据表明,该研究区域夏季NO2月均浓度(体积分数)为11.2×10-9~16.0×10-9,比周边区域高6.4×10-9~10.7×10-9,属于高NOx大气条件[17-18].而VOCs排放中,烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和含氧组分的质量占比分别为30.2%,18.6%,35.9%,9.7%,前十组的物种分别为甲苯、苯、乙烯、间,对二甲苯、异戊烷、1,2,4-三甲基苯、乙烷、邻二甲苯、丙烯、乙醛,其排放强度均值分别为1.9×10-2,1.3×10-2,1.2×10-2,1.0×10-2,8.5×10-3,7.6×10-3,6.5×10-3,6.4×10-3,5.8×10-3,4.7×10-3t/d.上述污染物的排放强度均值,将应用于后续的局地光化学污染过程模拟研究中.
本文所使用的气象数据来自中国气象中心(https://data.cma.cn/)的54433气象站点(39.95°N,116.50°E),收集气象要素包括T,RH,WS和PR;同时基于ECMWF ERA5再分析数据(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/),提取研究区域范围内的SR数据.常规空气污染物(O3、CO、NO2)地面浓度数据来自国家环境观测中心空气质量实时发布平台(http://106.37.208.233:20035)的万寿西宫、东四、天坛、农展馆、官园、海淀区万柳、奥体中心站,并以7个站点的均值代表研究区域大气污染水平.上述气象和空气质量观测站位置如图1(b)所示,其数据时间分辨率均为1h.
VOCs组分不包括在常规空气质量观测中.本研究采用气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)在线分析系统,于2023年6月在北京东南城区(39.88°N,116.48°E)开展HCs组分观测,观测点位如图1(b)所示.该分析系统包含了GC 5000VOCs、GC 5000BTX两套分析仪,可满足1h分辨率的HCs组分观测.两类分析仪检出组分共包括28种C2~C12烷烃、10种C2~C6烯烃、1种炔烃(乙炔)、及16种C6~C9芳香烃,其检出限为0.01×10-9mol/mol.观测期间使用PAMS混合标气(Linde Gas North America LLC公司)以外标法绘制标准曲线,其线性相关系数(r)多大于0.95,并每周以10×10-9mol/mol的PAMS标气进行两次仪器稳定性检测.实验结果表明,绝大多数组分的准确度在-8.9%~9.2%,精密度在1.2%~9.0%,满足环境空气挥发性有机物气相色谱连续监测系统技术要求(HJ 1010-2018)[19].
K-means是最常见的一种聚类方法,具有操作简单、聚类效果较好等优点,在大气环境数据分类研究中得到了广泛应用[20].算法首先需要确定最佳分类簇数(K),计算每个样本(x)与其各自的聚类质心点(u)之间的欧氏距离,即损失函数,如公式(1);而后循环迭代运算,使得各个簇的组内误差平方和最小,组间误差平方和最大;当损失函数获得最小值时,即为最优运算结果[21-22].本研究基于SPSS软件采用K-means聚类方法,对2015~2023年北京市夏季6月的气象条件进行分类,通过肘部图分析,得到最佳簇数K为4,迭代7次后,找到气象数据之间的类簇,从而得到四个类型的气象条件(M1~M4).
式中:K为分类簇;n为分类样本;xi为第i个样本;uK为与第K个分类簇的聚类中心.
本研究采用耦合了MCM(v3.3.1)机制的零维拉格朗日箱式模式,探究研究地区大气污染物排放气团老化过程的局地光化学反应过程.所提取的MCM机制包含了143种初级VOCs前体物,及O3、NO2、HONO、NO、CO、SO2等46种无机前体物,共涉及11864个反应.此外,本文补充了NO2在气溶胶和地面上的非均相反应[23],并基于SR进行了35个主要光解反应的光解速率系数修正[24].物理过程方面,主要依据BLH设计箱体高度[25],体现垂直扩散对箱体大气组分浓度的影响;而鉴于研究区域前体物排放强度和浓度显著偏高,约为周边水平的3.5~6.5倍,故还增加了水平风场扩散对箱内前体物的稀释,该稀释过程依据公式(2~3)构建[24].
式中:Kd为稀释系数,s-1;WS为地面风速,m/s;D为箱体水平尺寸,m;α为箱体内外体积浓度比,mol/mol,由前体物在周边的浓度Cout与研究区域的浓度Cin获得;对于前体物CO与NOx,浓度来自空气质量站点观测,对于前体物VOCs,箱体内外浓度差来自TROPOMI的对流层大气HCHO柱浓度数据.
模型分别依据K-means获得的各类气象条件开展运行,以理解不同气象下城区气团老化过程的光化学污染特征.运行中,前体物和O3初始条件均来自相应气象聚类日0:00时的平均观测浓度,其中O3初始条件(体积分数)为34.4×10-9~56.6×10-9,该值反映了O3的背景水平,OVOCs初始浓度,参考本团队前期2021年夏季北京市城区观测结果[26-27].前体物的逐时排放数据源自Li等[16],其排放强度在各类气象条件下保持一致.
2015~2023年北京城区O3昼间(6:00~18:00)均值(体积分数)φ(O3_obs)呈6月(54.9×10-9~76.0×10-9)>7月(47.3×10-9~60.3×10-9)、8月(42.6×10-9~61.0×10-9),所以本文选择6月为代表月进行夏季研究.本文基于北京市2015~2023年6月270个有效天的T、RH、WS、SR日均数据,利用K-means聚类分析模型,获得了该市夏季代表月典型的四类气象条件.对O3污染影响较大的气象要素有T、RH、WS、SR、风向(WD)、BLH[28-30],因本文聚焦于局地光化学反应贡献的O3,不考虑远距离O3输送,故在气象聚类中未包含WD;BLH无直接观测数据,所以本文在气象聚类时亦未引入BLH.各类型的天数占比及主要气象要素的日变化曲线如图2(a~e)所示.聚类得到的T、RH、WS、SR组间均方差分别为44.8℃、58.9%、51.3m/s、52.9J/m2,组内均方差分别为0.5℃、0.3%、0.4m/s、0.4J/m2,组内均方差均低于组间均方差,显著性P<0.05,分类结果可信度高,聚类合理.
其中,第一类气象条件(M1)9年期间的出现频率为26.3%,呈现强辐射、高温、低湿与高风速的气象特征;第二类气象条件(M2)出现频率为39.3%,呈现较强辐射、较高温、中湿与低风速的气象特征;第三类气象条件(M3)出现频率为9.6%,呈现较强辐射、较高温、中湿与高风速的气象特征;第四类气象条件(M4)出现频率为24.8%,呈现低辐射、低温、高湿与低风速的气象特征.鉴于近年来北京市及周边地区进行了强有力的大气污染排放控制,大气污染物浓度具有显著的年际差异,本文重点考察典型气象特征下的光化学污染特征及形成机制,故仅关注了2022~2023年四类气象聚类日的光化学污染前体物及产物浓度.观测显示,φ(O3_obs)分别为74.9×10-9,69.8×10-9,58.7×10-9,51.4×10-9;NO2昼间均值(体积分数)φ(NO2_obs)分别为11.7×10-9,10.0×10-9,8.4×10-9,11.9×10-9,HCs昼间均值(体积分数)φ(HCs_obs)分别为14.8×10-9,12.1×10-9,15.8×10-9,18.2×10-9,前体物浓度差异低于O3浓度差异,显示了不同气象条件对光化学污染形成的重要影响.其中φ(O3_obs)呈现M1>M2>M3>M4的趋势,所以对于光化学污染形成的影响,M1是最有利的,其次是M2,M3;而M4为光化学污染形成的最不利条件.
继而,本文基于K-means获得的各气象聚类下的T、RH、WS、SR条件(图2),利用箱式反应模型分别开展了典型气象条件下,研究城区气团老化过程的光化学污染过程模拟,其模拟结果见表1.鉴于箱式反应模型未包含O3输送物理过程、不反映真实O3浓度,本文仅依据前体物进行模型效果评估.在M1~M4四类气象条件模拟情景下,VOCs和NOx的昼间平均模拟浓度分别为13.1×10-9~15.7×10-9和9.7×10-9~16.2×10-9,平均偏差(MB)分别为-2.5×10-9~+1.8×10-9和+0.1×10-9~+1.7×10-9,标准化平均偏差(NMB)分别为-13.0%~+14.3%和+0.7%~+11.5%.模型系统很好地反映了四类气象聚类下的北京市城区VOCs和NOx前体物水平,可准确体现前体物链式反应引发的局地光化学污染演化过程.
模式模拟中,M1~M4四类气象聚类下,OH自由基的昼间均值φ(OH_sim)分别为4.9,4.8,3.3,1.8×106molecule/cm3,HO2自由基的昼间均值φ(HO2_sim)分别为1.2,1.2,1.4,0.3×108molecule/cm3.而华北地区有限的自由基观测发现φ(OH)与φ(HO2)的昼间均值分别为4.9×106,1.1×108molecule/cm3[31],本研究模拟结果与观测基本在同一数量级水平.自由基水平在四个聚类下呈M1>M2>M3>>M4的趋势,与辐射强度的趋势相似,这主要源于自由基生成主要源于光解反应,对辐射强度较为敏感[13-14,31-34].
就光化学污染产物而言,四个气象聚类条件下O3昼间平均模拟浓度(体积分数)φ(O3_sim)分别为56.2×10-9,53.0×10-9,49.3×10-9,25.5×10-9,较其相应的观测浓度φ(O3_obs)分别偏差-18.7×10-9,-16.9×10-9,-9.5×10-9,-25.9×10-9,均显示了M1~M4条件下周边对该市O3污染的传输贡献.对于化学消耗更快、寿命更短的醛类中间产物,HCHO昼间平均模拟浓度(体积分数)φ(HCHO_sim)在四类气象条件下分别为5.2×10-9,5.3×10-9,5.4×10-9,5.1×10-9,CH3CHO的昼间平均模拟浓度(体积分数)φ(CH3CHO_sim)分别为2.9×10-9,2.9×10-9,2.9×10-9,3.2×10-9.本文对于C1~C2醛类的模拟结果与其观测水平相近,根据文献研究,在夏季,北京城区HCHO、CH3CHO的观测浓度(体积分数)分别为4.1×10-9~16.0×10-9、1.0×10-9~9.2×10-9[27,34-39].体现了HCHO与CH3CHO大气寿命短、不易远距离输送的特性.
在上述四类典型气象条件下,研究城区局地光化学污染过程模拟基础上,本文计算了O3、HCHO及CH3CHO的生消机制,计算结果如图3所示.对O3而言,M1~M4四类气象条件下其生成速率昼间均值分别为10.42×10-9,9.87×10-9,8.90×10-9,4.70×10-9h-1,均以RO2·+NO和HO2·+NO反应贡献为主;而O3损失速率的昼间均值分别为2.52×10-9,2.29×10-9,1.72×10-9,1.15×10-9h-1,均以·OH+NO2反应贡献为主.最终,四类气象条件下,O3化学净产率的昼间均值分别为7.91×10-9,7.58×10-9,7.18×10-9,3.55×10-9h-1,数值差异较大,但O3生消途径并无显著变化.
M1~M4四类气象条件下,HCHO生成速率昼间均值分别为1.80×10-9,1.70×10-9,1.56×10-9,0.84×10-9h-1,CH3O·+O2与RO·+O2(Alkenes)反应是主要生成路径;M1~M3的HCHO生成速率为M4的1.65~1.79倍,该差异主要源于M4条件下CH3O·+O2反应贡献的显著下降.相比于M1~M3,M4的φ(CH3O2)下降了71.24%~75.70%,其与φ(OH)的显著降低有关.与此同时,RO·+O2(Alkenes)反应在M1~M4差异较小,这主要源于烯烃化学反应活性强,具有OH消耗竞争优势,故在M4自由基较低的情况下,其反应的HCHO贡献变化不大.HCHO损失速率的昼间均值分别为1.49×10-9,1.40×10-9,1.27×10-9,0.60×10-9h-1,以OH氧化和光解为主.最终,四类气象条件下化学净产率的昼间均值分别为0.31×10-9,0.30×10-9,0.30×10-9,0.24×10-9h-1.对于CH3CHO,M1~M4四类气象条件下其生成速率昼间均值分别为0.75×10-9,0.72×10-9,0.67×10-9,0.40×10-9h-1,M1~M3条件下C2H5O·+O2是最主要的贡献者,M4条件下基于烯烃贡献的RO·+O2反应成为了最大的贡献者,这主要源于烯烃的OH消耗竞争优势,RO·+O2(Alkenes)反应变化较小,C2H5O·+O2反应贡献随着自由基浓度的减少呈显著下降趋势.CH3CHO损失速率的昼间均值分别为0.74×10-9,0.72×10-9,0.65×10-9,0.32×10-9h-1,由于乙醛直接光解,其光解速率系数较低,对辐射敏感性较弱,故CH3CHO主要的损失路径始终为·OH氧化为主.最终,四类气象条件下CH3CHO化学净产率的昼间均值分别为0.01×10-9,0.01×10-9,0.02×10-9,0.08×10-9h-1.总体上,甲醛和乙醛产率受气象影响的差异较小,且呈现了午前为正、午后为负或趋于零的趋势,体现了两类产物化学消耗快、浓度不易累积、日变化幅度不明显的特征.
基于四个基础情景模拟,本文进一步通过改变前体物初始条件与排放速率,研究三类光化学污染主要产物对前体物的响应机制.O3模拟结果如图4(a~b)所示,在M1~M4四类气象条件下,当削减NOx时,φ(daytime O3)呈先上升后下降趋势,拐点在45%(M1~M3)和60%(M4)的NOx削减处;当削减VOCs,φ(daytime O3)呈持续下降趋势,且同等削减比例下其变幅高于NOx的变幅,可见四类气象条件下局地光化学O3均处于VOCs控制区,这主要源于各气象类型下前体物VOCs和NOx比值大体相近(1.0~1.4mol/mol),故O3生消机制相似.但四类气象条件下O3对VOCs变化的敏感性呈现M1>M2,M3>M4的趋势,可见VOCs削减对于O3污染日的O3浓度改善效果将更为显著.HCHO和CH3CHO对前体物的响应曲线如图4(c~h)所示,因VOCs排放包含了两类醛组分的排放,故设计了VOCs全组分削减情景(图4d图4g)、HCHO除外的VOCs组分削减情景(图4e)、CH3CHO除外的VOCs组分削减情景(图4h).模拟结果显示,醛对NOx变化不甚敏感,在NOx75%削减内,φ(daytime HCHO)与φ(daytime CH3CHO)分别在-8.5%~3.5%和-14.2%~-1.7%范围内波动;而两类醛均对VOCs线性响应(R2>0.99),且响应斜率在四类不同气象条件下差异很小,可见醛的浓度对气象条件不敏感,HCHO与CH3CHO可以作为示踪剂反映VOCs水平[40-42].图4d图4e对比发现,在<45%削减内,后者模拟值较前者高出4.3%~31.9%;而在>75%削减下,后者模拟值约为前者的1.8~3.9倍,两者差异在M4条件显著高于其他气象条件.同样,图4g图4h的对比,也呈现了相同的趋势.可见,当前排放条件下大气环境C1~C2醛的水平主要受化学过程控制;而当VOCs大幅削减后,排放对于甲醛和乙醛大气浓度的作用将越来越重要.
最后,鉴于O3对VOCs前体物响应受气象条件的重要影响,本文利用箱式反应模型分别计算了四类典型气象条件下65种VOCs主要组分的O3增量反应IR(O3).IR(O3)是指单位VOCs浓度变化所带来的O3峰值变化.在本文计算IR时主要为以下步骤:①依据KR确定相应的VOCs浓度增量(ΔVOCs),VOCs浓度变化(MOLRCT)以VOCs反应额外增加0.5×10-9为准,如公式(6)所示;②在模式中依据KR与Final(TRACE)确定额外增加的VOCs组分排放强度(VOCadded),以获得所需的ΔVOCs增量,如公式(5)所示;③观测模拟O3峰值变化ΔO3,基于公式(7)获得VOCs组分的O3增量反应值.其中KR与Final(TRACE)的计算方法如下,在四类基础情景中依次添加与65种目标VOCs有相同初始条件和排放速率,但不参与任何反应的示踪组分(TRACE),从而得到VOCs组分的化学反应损失率(KR),如公式(4)所示.在基准情景中加入只有1mol/(m2·d)排放数据的TRACE,最后得到TRACE浓度即为转换系数Final(TRACE).
式中:TRACE为与VOCs初始条件和排放速率相当,但不参与反应的示踪组分;KR为VOCs的反应降解率,mol/mol;Final(TRACE)为累积浓度对排放速率的转化系数,10-9mol/(m2·d);MOLRCT为已反应的VOCs总量(体积分数),本文设为0.5×10-9.
图5详细介绍了主要VOCs组分的IR.大体上,乙烷、C3~C12烷烃、C2~C8烯烃、苯、C7~C9芳香烃、C1~C3醇、C1~C5醛、丙酮、C4~C6酮,在M1条件下其IR分别为0.06,0.08~0.40,0.03~1.58,0.10,0.32~1.66,0.17~0.38,0.45~0.93,0.01,0.32~0.61g/g,上述各类组分在M2条件下将分别变化44.0%,-36.4%~194.9%,-26.7%~498.3%,-7.5%,-18.1%~15.2%,-37.4%~-19.7%,-24.6%~5.0%,216.3%,-22.1%~7.3%,并在M3条件下降20.0%,62.8%~16.5%,30.0%~0.8%,29.8%,34.8%~5.9%,47.1%~36.7%,35.0%~4.1%,-139.9%(丙酮IR值较低,可能存在模拟误差),45.1%~10.2%,而M4条件下上述组分的IR值将分别变为M1条件的0.36,0.08~0.69,0.65~0.96,0.64,0.53~0.85,0.31~0.40,0.47~0.75,1.66,0.31~0.69倍.可见,VOCs组分的IRs整体呈M1>M2>M3>M4趋势,而从M1到M4条件各组分IR的相对变幅则呈烯烃类<芳香烃类<醛类<醇酮类<烷烃类趋势.这主要源于烷烃类和醇酮类与OH自由基反应速率常数偏小,反应活性偏低,对各类气象条件下的OH自由基浓度变化更为敏感.与最大增量反应活性(MIR)[43]相比,本文计算的IRs为MIRs的0.10~0.13倍,低活性组分与高活性组分间的IR差异在M4条件下与MIRs更为接近,但在M1、M2、M3条件下,其差异有所减小.这意味着在O3污染日,基于低活性组分减排的O3控制策略应得到重视.
3.1 通过K-means方法识别出研究城市夏季四种典型的气象条件(M1~M4),发现四类条件下该市O3浓度显著不同,而前体物浓度却未表现较大的聚类差异,暗示了典型气象条件下的局地光化学污染演化特征的差异性.
3.2 昼间O3模拟浓度为观测浓度的0.50~0.84倍,局地反应对该市O3污染贡献突出,在M1~M3条件偏高,在M4条件偏低.
3.3 O3、HCHO、CH3CHO的生消途径未呈现明显的气象聚类差异,但O3产率在M1~M3条件下偏高,为M4的2.02~2.23倍;而醛类产率在四个气象聚类下十分相近,受气象波动影响较小.很好地解释了夏季O3浓度较大的日波动变化,与醛类浓度较小的日波动变化.
3.4 M1~M4四类气象条件下O3均处于VOCs控制区,但对VOCs变化的敏感性呈现M1>M2,M3>M4的趋势差异.而四类气象条件下HCHO与CH3CHO均对NOx不甚敏感,对VOCs高度敏感,且对VOCS的敏感性不受气象条件影响,显示了醛类作为VOCs示踪剂的可靠性.
3.5 烷烃类和醇酮类低活性组分的IR值对气象变化更为敏感,M1~M3条件下低活性与高活性组分的IR差异显著低于M4条件,因此在O3污染日,基于低活性VOCs组分减排的O3污染控制应得到重视.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23A2031)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23A2031)
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    1.北京工业大学环境科学与工程学院,北京 100124
    2.北京工业大学,区域大气复合污染防治北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
    3.北京工业大学计算机学院,北京 100124
    4.西藏自治区生态环境监测中心,西藏 拉萨 850000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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