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The scouring of sediment deposits in sewer system constitutes a critical factor in overflow pollution. By integrating rainfall intensity variations, stratified anti-scouring characteristics, and dynamic pollutant transport, a dynamic transport model was developed to evaluate stratified sediment scouring under different rainfall intensities and its impact on water quality transformation. Experimental results demonstrate significant disparities in sediment scouring efficacy across varying rainfall intensities. Under light rainfall conditions, the scouring rate measured 6.04m3/h, primarily removing superficial sediment layers. Moderate and heavy rainfall events induced substantial enhancement of flow shear forces, with pipe discharge reaching 71.08m3/h during intense precipitation, capable of mobilising larger particles from underlying sediment strata. A pronounced "initial phase effect" was observed across all rainfall intensities, characterised by rapid pollutant concentration peaking during precipitation onset. Under heavy rainfall, sulphate concentrations surged to 17.89mg/L within 1min before stabilising at 8.95mg/L, while Total Chemical Oxygen Demand(TCOD)exhibited a swift ascent to 2106.3mg/L followed by stabilisation at 1056.6mg/L. In contrast, light rainfall conditions yielded markedly lower peak values of 10.29mg/L for SO42- and 1100.60mg/L for TCOD, though similarly demonstrating rapid initial concentration escalation followed by gradual stabilisation.

, correspAuthors=Ji-na SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin ZHANG, Xuan SHI, Xiao-qing CHEN, Jian-shuang HAN, Peng-kang JIN, Ji-na SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057224131408635, articleId=1241057216392917968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=不同降雨强度下管道沉积物的动态运移及水质转化特征, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

排水管道中沉积物的冲刷是溢流污染的关键因素.通过结合降雨强度变化、分层抗冲刷特性和污染物动态运移,构建了动态输运模型,用以评估不同降雨强度下沉积物分层冲刷及其对水质转化的影响.结果表明,不同降雨强度下沉积物的冲刷效果存在显著差异.小雨时,冲刷速率为6.04m3/h,主要清除表层沉积物.中、大雨条件下的水流剪切力显著提升,大雨时,管道流量达到71.08m3/h,可冲起底层大颗粒沉积物.不同降雨强度下的“初期效应”明显,降雨初期污染物浓度迅速达到峰值.大雨时,硫酸盐(SO42-)浓度在1min内迅速地升至17.89mg/L,随后稳定在8.95mg/L,总化学需氧量(TCOD)则快速上升至2106.3mg/L,最终稳定于1056.6mg/L.小雨时,SO42-和TCOD的峰值分别仅为10.29和1100.60mg/L,同样在初期迅速达到峰值后逐渐趋于稳定.

, correspAuthors=宋吉娜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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张劲(1999-),男,河北石家庄人,河北工程大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为管道沉积物溢流..

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张劲(1999-),男,河北石家庄人,河北工程大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为管道沉积物溢流..

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张劲(1999-),男,河北石家庄人,河北工程大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为管道沉积物溢流..

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Self-prepared rainwater potions(1000L example)

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污染物药剂用药量(g)
COD葡萄糖960.00
TN尿素320.00
TP磷酸二氢钾1.00
SO42-硫酸钠3.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241057232889115102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

自配雨水用药(以1000L为例)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物药剂用药量(g)
COD葡萄糖960.00
TN尿素320.00
TP磷酸二氢钾1.00
SO42-硫酸钠3.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241057233002361322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mean pollutant concentrations in experimental aquatic systems(mg/L)

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水体TCODTNTPSO42-
自配雨水1320.11±40.6563.25±2.339.78±1.0512.11±0.35
实际污水357.16±11.1330.39±1.128.78±0.959.33±0.28
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实验水体污染物平均浓度(mg/L)

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水体TCODTNTPSO42-
自配雨水1320.11±40.6563.25±2.339.78±1.0512.11±0.35
实际污水357.16±11.1330.39±1.128.78±0.959.33±0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241057233212076553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sediment characterization data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积物分层特征粒径d(mm)EPS粘度值
ηEPS
[10−4(Pa⋅s)/g]
相对堆积密度物理-生物粘性系数A'(N/m2分层临界剪切应力τ(N/m2
表层0.0631.441.0117.910.01
中层1.154.871.0443.400.98
底层3.241.321.0264.024.54
), ArticleFig(id=1241057234705248796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分层沉积物数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积物分层特征粒径d(mm)EPS粘度值
ηEPS
[10−4(Pa⋅s)/g]
相对堆积密度物理-生物粘性系数A'(N/m2分层临界剪切应力τ(N/m2
表层0.0631.441.0117.910.01
中层1.154.871.0443.400.98
底层3.241.321.0264.024.54
), ArticleFig(id=1241057234831077928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Critical thresholds for stratified sediment resuspension

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积物分层启动临界剪切力(N/m2流速(m/s)流量(m3/h)
表层0.010.0494.45
中层0.980.2219.73
底层4.540.5045.57
), ArticleFig(id=1241057234956907062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

分层沉积物冲刷启动数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积物分层启动临界剪切力(N/m2流速(m/s)流量(m3/h)
表层0.010.0494.45
中层0.980.2219.73
底层4.540.5045.57
), ArticleFig(id=1241057235095319103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Rainfall intensity-dependent pipe flow rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨类型降雨强度(mm/24h)平均径流量(m3/h)旱天流量(m3/h)总流量(m3/h)中试系统对应流量(m3/h)
小雨<1082.896.666.04
中雨10~25430.813.86444.6627.79
大雨25~501123.51137.3671.08
), ArticleFig(id=1241057235233731146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216392917968, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同降雨强度对应的管道流量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨类型降雨强度(mm/24h)平均径流量(m3/h)旱天流量(m3/h)总流量(m3/h)中试系统对应流量(m3/h)
小雨<1082.896.666.04
中雨10~25430.813.86444.6627.79
大雨25~501123.51137.3671.08
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不同降雨强度下管道沉积物的动态运移及水质转化特征
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张劲 1 , 石烜 2 , 陈晓晴 1 , 韩剑霜 3 , 金鹏康 2 , 宋吉娜 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2503-2512
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2503-2512
不同降雨强度下管道沉积物的动态运移及水质转化特征
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张劲1 , 石烜2, 陈晓晴1, 韩剑霜3, 金鹏康2, 宋吉娜1, *
作者信息
  • 1.河北工程大学能源与环境工程学院,河北 邯郸 056038
  • 2.西安交通大学人居环境与建筑工程研究院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 张劲(1999-),男,河北石家庄人,河北工程大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为管道沉积物溢流..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Dynamic transport of sewer sediments and water quality transformation characteristics under different rainfall intensities
Jin ZHANG1 , Xuan SHI2, Xiao-qing CHEN1, Jian-shuang HAN3, Peng-kang JIN2, Ji-na SONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
  • 2.Institute of Human Settlements and Building Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
  • 3.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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排水管道中沉积物的冲刷是溢流污染的关键因素.通过结合降雨强度变化、分层抗冲刷特性和污染物动态运移,构建了动态输运模型,用以评估不同降雨强度下沉积物分层冲刷及其对水质转化的影响.结果表明,不同降雨强度下沉积物的冲刷效果存在显著差异.小雨时,冲刷速率为6.04m3/h,主要清除表层沉积物.中、大雨条件下的水流剪切力显著提升,大雨时,管道流量达到71.08m3/h,可冲起底层大颗粒沉积物.不同降雨强度下的“初期效应”明显,降雨初期污染物浓度迅速达到峰值.大雨时,硫酸盐(SO42-)浓度在1min内迅速地升至17.89mg/L,随后稳定在8.95mg/L,总化学需氧量(TCOD)则快速上升至2106.3mg/L,最终稳定于1056.6mg/L.小雨时,SO42-和TCOD的峰值分别仅为10.29和1100.60mg/L,同样在初期迅速达到峰值后逐渐趋于稳定.

污水管网  /  管道沉积物  /  降雨强度  /  冲刷运移  /  污染物模型

The scouring of sediment deposits in sewer system constitutes a critical factor in overflow pollution. By integrating rainfall intensity variations, stratified anti-scouring characteristics, and dynamic pollutant transport, a dynamic transport model was developed to evaluate stratified sediment scouring under different rainfall intensities and its impact on water quality transformation. Experimental results demonstrate significant disparities in sediment scouring efficacy across varying rainfall intensities. Under light rainfall conditions, the scouring rate measured 6.04m3/h, primarily removing superficial sediment layers. Moderate and heavy rainfall events induced substantial enhancement of flow shear forces, with pipe discharge reaching 71.08m3/h during intense precipitation, capable of mobilising larger particles from underlying sediment strata. A pronounced "initial phase effect" was observed across all rainfall intensities, characterised by rapid pollutant concentration peaking during precipitation onset. Under heavy rainfall, sulphate concentrations surged to 17.89mg/L within 1min before stabilising at 8.95mg/L, while Total Chemical Oxygen Demand(TCOD)exhibited a swift ascent to 2106.3mg/L followed by stabilisation at 1056.6mg/L. In contrast, light rainfall conditions yielded markedly lower peak values of 10.29mg/L for SO42- and 1100.60mg/L for TCOD, though similarly demonstrating rapid initial concentration escalation followed by gradual stabilisation.

sewer systems  /  pipeline sediments  /  rainfall intensity  /  scouring transport  /  pollutant model
张劲, 石烜, 陈晓晴, 韩剑霜, 金鹏康, 宋吉娜. 不同降雨强度下管道沉积物的动态运移及水质转化特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2503 -2512 .
Jin ZHANG, Xuan SHI, Xiao-qing CHEN, Jian-shuang HAN, Peng-kang JIN, Ji-na SONG. Dynamic transport of sewer sediments and water quality transformation characteristics under different rainfall intensities[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2503 -2512 .
随着排水系统的复杂化,排水管道内沉积物的积累问题日益严峻[1-2].这些沉积物的堆积不仅降低管道水力性能,还通过降雨期间的再悬浮与冲刷作用成为污染物的重要来源,导致下游水体水质恶化[3-4].因此,深入研究管道内沉积物在不同水力条件下的冲刷运移行为以及污染物的释放机制,对于提高城市排水系统的管理和优化具有重要的理论和现实意义[5-7].
城市排水管道中的沉积物通常由有机物、无机颗粒以及氮磷污染物组成[8].在降雨尤其是强降雨期间,沉积物容易被冲刷进入下游的污水处理系统或直接排放至自然水体[9-10].目前的研究大多集中于物理因素对沉积物启动的影响,如流速和剪切力等,而较少考虑生物因素的作用[11-12].此外,现有研究通常将沉积物视为一个整体,忽略了不同层次沉积物的分层结构及其物理-生物耦合效应对冲刷行为的影响[13-14].实际上,沉积物的分层特性不仅决定了冲刷过程的进行,还在显著影响了污染物的释放速率.在强降雨条件下,污染物在水流驱动下发生对流输运,同时伴随扩散、吸附和解吸等化学反应,进一步改变了管道内的水质转化特征[15].然而,目前对于不同降雨强度下水质转化过程的研究稍显不足,这也导致现有水质模型在精度上存在一定局限.在城市排水管道内污染物浓度的研究中,前人广泛采用了概念性水质模型、水力-水质耦合模型以及SWMM模型[16-18].概念性水质模型由于公式简化.难以精确预测复杂降雨条件下的污染物浓度变化[19-20].水力-水质耦合模型虽然结合了水力学与水质变化.但在处理多相反应、化学变化及微观过程时精确性不足[21].SWMM模型通常忽略管道内的扩散效应.难以模拟缓慢流速条件下的污染物迁移特性[22].为揭示不同降雨强度下管道沉积物的动态运移及水质转化特征,本研究提出了SED-ARD模型.SED-ARD模型通过捕捉沉积物逐层冲刷对水质的影响,补足了现有模型,为复杂降雨条件下的污染物输运管理提供了新视角.
本研究旨在通过实验与模型相结合的方式,系统探讨不同降雨强度下城市排水管道内沉积物的冲刷运移规律及其对水质转化的影响.通过构建并验证基于降雨强度变化的分层抗冲刷特性模型,深入揭示沉积物分层结构随时间推移的逐层冲蚀规律,为优化城市排水系统提供科学依据.预期成果将有助于提高管网运行效率,降低溢流污染发生风险,并为水质保护与环境治理策略提供量化支持.
所用的管道沉积物采集自西安市市政污水管道内.采样时,按垂直方向将沉积物均匀分为三层,每层厚度约为2cm,使用铲子依次从上至下进行分层取样.各层样品分别装入塑料桶中密封保存,随后立即运回水厂,并在实验装置中进行铺设操作.
该实验装置用于探究不同降雨强度对于管道沉积物冲刷启动以及管道污染物变化的机制(图1).主要由污水池、沉积物铺设处、溢流污染物水池、控制阀门组成.两端水池尺寸为1.2m×1.2m×0.8m.圆柱形管道由一根长6m的DN200的有机玻璃管组成.管道内壁适当打磨以控制沿程阻力系数及雷诺数,使管道内壁粗糙度与实际混凝土管的粗糙系数接近[24].冲刷过程中,污水由实验装置所在污水厂提供,再经装置进入污水池.
实验前将实际管道中的沉积物按照表层、中层和底层的顺序由上到下分层铺设于中试管道中,并对其进行稳定培养.培养稳定的判断依据包括:在低流速条件下(平均流速0.1m/s,雷诺数约为1700),沉积物未发生显著悬浮现象,沉积层厚度逐渐增加,同时对污染物的降解速率趋于稳定.培养过程中选用实际废水作为介质,模拟真实管网中的水质特性和污染物成分,通过低速循环模式维持培养.中试管网的运行条件为坡度0.5‰,水深约5mm,水力停留时间控制在8~10h.沉积物培养稳定后,通过逐步提升水流流速,模拟不同强度降雨条件下的冲刷过程,以研究沉积物的动态响应.使用流速仪测量流速.测速仪为LS-300A(ANDREW REED,中国)手持式便携流速仪,手持测量杆浸入流动污水,于显示仪器读数.模拟不同降雨强度下的冲刷场景.每组实验重复3次,确保数据的可靠性和可重复性.
根据气象部门降雨强度等级分类,24h降雨量0.1~9.9mm归为小雨,10.0~24.9mm归为中雨,25.0~49.9mm归为大雨[25].
为尽可能模拟实际不同降雨强度下合流制管道内的雨污混流的情况,本研究采用自配雨水.由于雨污混流具有高污染物浓度的特点,自配雨水的配方设计具有以下两方面的合理性:一是其成分能够有效模拟自然降水的主要化学特征,从而提升实验结果的真实性和参考价值;二是配方设计简单,便于控制,确保了实验操作的可行性和数据的可重复性[8,26-27].自配雨水的具体配方见表1,实际污水取自污水处理厂调节池,其污染物浓度数据见表2.
将过滤后的沉积物样品(10g)与0.05% NaCl溶液(30mL,70℃)混合5min后,以4000g离心10min.随后丢弃上清液,将剩余的沉淀物重新悬浮于0.05% NaCl溶液中,并在60℃水浴中加热30min.然后再次以4000r/min离心15min,上清液通过0.45 μm滤膜过滤以收集紧密结合层EPS(TB-EPS)[28-29].
使用具有能量耗散监测的石英晶体微量天平(QSense E1,Biolin Scientific)监测EPS在金芯片表面的吸附[30].所有测量均在流速为0.1mL/min、温度为25°C的条件下进行.使用6个泛音(3,5,7,9,11和13)来测量EPS粘附过程中频率(Δf,Hz)和耗散(ΔD)的变化,并使用第三个谐波的实验数据进行分析[31].
利用Qsense Dfind软件中的Voigt-Voinova模型,将Δf和ΔD的变化拟合为膜粘度变化[32].本模型所用溶液的密度和粘度分别设定为1g/cm3和10-3Pa·s.根据建议,将吸附层的密度设定1.030g/cm3[33].
粒径分布采用马尔文2000激光粒度仪(Hydro2000MU,英国)进行测量.测试过程中,搅拌速度设定为2000r/min,遮光度控制在5%,超声处理时间为1min.
实验中测得的常规水质指标为总化学需氧量(TCOD),总氮(TN),总磷(TP)和硫酸盐(SO42-)均采用《水和废水监测分析方法》中规定的标准方法进行分析测试[34].TCOD采用重铬酸钾法测定;TN采用碱性过硫酸钾消解法测定;TP采用钼锑抗分光光度法测定;SO42-采用铬酸钡光度法测定.
实验采集的样品都采用随取随测的原则,且每个取样点的分析都设置3组平行样测定,取平均值作为最终有效数据.
在先前的研究中,提出了关于沉积物在物理-生物耦合影响下分层启动的剪切力公式.根据该公式,可以推算出分层沉积物冲刷启动所需的剪切力.具体公式如下[13]
式中:τ是临界启动剪切应力,N/m2τ0是无粘性沙临界剪切应力,N/m2ρsρ分别为沙颗粒和水的真密度,kg/m3d为颗粒粒径,m;g为重力加速度,取9.8N/kg;A′是物理-生物耦合影响因子;d是沉积物分层特征粒径,mm;ηEPS为沉积物分层EPS粘度值,10-4Pa∙s/g;是相对堆积密度.
通过分层临界剪切力公式,推算出分层沉积物启动对应的冲刷流速以及流量,从而确定不同降雨强度下各层沉积物的起动条件:
式中:u*分别为平均和摩阻流速,m/s;R是水力半径,m;χ是校正系数;ks为粗糙度,m;Qs是沉积物冲刷启动所需流量,m3/h.
根据我国小、中和大雨的降雨强度的定义,利用SCS-CN模型可以得到不同降雨情形下的平均径流量[35].
式中:Qp是不同降雨强度下的管道流量,mm;P是降水量,mm;S为截留量,mm;Ia是初损量,一般认为为0.2S.
不同降雨强度下分层抗冲刷特性-污染物动态运移耦合的一维模型[23]
式中:Cs是降雨时不同污染物的浓度,mg/L;Ds是不同污染物的扩散系数,m2/s;Cw为分层沉积物中的污染物浓度,mg/L;Eit)是第i层的质量冲刷速率,kg/s·m2τc,i是第i层的临界剪切力,N/m2kj,i是第i层的冲刷速率常数;()τrt是降雨剪切力,N/m2.
特征线模型:
当管道中污染物浓度处于特征线上时,其浓度仅随时间变化,不再依赖空间变量.
污染物反应模型:
由于氮磷在管网中的反应程度较低[36],因此这里只考虑TCOD和SO42-转化为CH4和H2S的过程.基于二者的半经验模型[20],计算两种污染物的反应情况.
式中:k1k2分别为1.898和0.224.
Manning公式:
公式拟合主要使用MATLAB软件进行.通过polyfit函数构建多项式模型,并根据已有数据绘制相应的函数曲线.选择决定系数(R2)最大的多项式函数,以保证模型的最佳拟合.在数据处理阶段,利用MATLAB软件导入数据,选择不同类型的数学函数或自定义数学函数,拟合相关系数最高的公式.
误差分析采用下式[37]
式中:R2为决定系数;yii个样本的实际值;是所有实际值的平均值.r为….
选择其中R2最大的作为拟合公式.
首先,为了确定不同降雨强度下管道内分层沉积物的启动情况,需要分别计算出分层沉积物的临界启动剪切应力和不同降雨强度下管道内的水力剪切力.根据物理-生物耦合因素影响下的沉积物分层剪切力公式(1)~(2),得出分层沉积物启动所需的临界剪切力,如表3所示.
通过中试系统的规格以及对应的分层临界剪切力,根据公式(3)~(5)推算出分层沉积物启动所需的冲刷流速和流量,如表4所示.
基于不同的降雨强度,使用SCS-CN模型公式(6)和(7)计算管道内的总流量.结合旱天时的流量13.86m3/h[38],得出中试系统管道在不同降雨强度下的流量,具体结果详见表5.
图2展示了不同降雨强度下管道沉积物的临界启动情况,数据表明,随着降雨强度的增加,管道内的流速和剪切力显著提高,从而导致沉积物层的冲刷速率快速增加.在小雨条件下,管道内的流量为6.04m3/h.此时的剪切力仅足以冲刷表层较为松散的沉积物,底层沉积物基本保持稳定,冲刷深度有限.随着降雨强度的提升,在中雨条件下,管道流量达到27.79m3/h,高剪切力逐渐加剧,对沉积物层的侵蚀逐步深入,能够冲刷中层较为紧密的沉积物.特别是在大雨条件下,管道流量显著上升至71.08m3/h,高流速与强剪切力的叠加作用使得底层沉积物中的大颗粒也能被轻松冲刷.这种情况表明,降雨强度直接决定了管道沉积物的冲刷深度与冲刷质量.
降雨强度较大时导致冲刷速率显著提升的原因主要在于以下几个方面:一是降雨强度增加直接提高了管道内的水流流速,流速提升使得水体对沉积物层的剪切力成倍增加;二是高流速形成的湍流作用增强了底部沉积物颗粒的紊动,从而降低了沉积物颗粒间的黏结力;三是持续的高剪切力作用逐步侵蚀了沉积物的紧密层结构,显著加快了质量冲刷速率.
在不同强度的降雨条件下,观察到了沉积物自表层至底层的分层冲刷现象.如图3所示,大雨对于SO42-和TCOD的影响尤为显著.具体表现为,在降雨初期的1min内,SO42-浓度迅速升至17.89mg/L,并在5min内降至11.58mg/L,随后稳定在约8.95mg/L,显著高于平常水平.TCOD在1min内激增至2106.3mg/L,随后逐渐下降,最终稳定在1056.6mg/L,约为降雨前水平的2~3倍.同时,TN与TP浓度分别在1min内达到最高值69.71mg/L和9.40mg/L.之后,TN浓度逐渐增加,而TP浓度则呈现下降趋势.这一现象与降雨导致的流量增加及其稀释效应相关,尤其是对磷的稀释效果更为明显,这可能与磷吸附于较细颗粒物的特性有关.这种现象说明,大雨条件下强烈的水动力作用能够快速扰动并深度侵蚀沉积物,从表层到底层颗粒物均被冲刷,释放出大量有机物和吸附污染物,显著提升管道中的污染物浓度.
在中雨条件下,SO42-的最高浓度为11.59mg/L,虽然高于小雨条件下的10.30mg/L,但低于大雨时的17.89mg/L.相比之下,溶解性TN和TP的最高浓度分别为35.46和11.98mg/L,均高于大雨时的29.73和9.36mg/L.值得注意的是,降雨10min时,TN浓度骤降至7.54mg/L.这一结果表明,在中雨条件下,初期冲刷作用显著,导致SO42-浓度相对较高.此外,随着污水逐步汇入,降雨未能有效稀释氮、磷类溶解性污染物,导致其浓度在中雨条件下甚至偶尔超过大雨.随着降雨接近尾声,TN和TP浓度的降低可能与其附着在细小颗粒物上并随污水排出有关.TCOD的最高浓度为2015.68mg/L,随后浓度稳定在600~750mg/L,表明中雨时TCOD的释放已达到峰值,且随着冲刷强度的增加,浓度变化不会显著增加.
在小雨条件下,除TP外,各类污染物的平均浓度普遍低于中高降雨强度.特别是颗粒性污染物如TCOD和SO42-,其最高浓度仅为1100.60和10.29mg/L.这反映了小雨条件下地表冲刷作用较弱,难以将大量颗粒物带入污水系统,导致SO42-和TCOD的整体浓度较低.同时,TN和TP的浓度随时间变化不显著,表明即使在较低的降雨强度下,冲刷作用依然足以扰动水体,增强固液界面间溶解性污染物的交换通量.然而,后续汇入的雨水对溶解性污染物的稀释作用较弱,尤其是在TP浓度上的表现更为明显,反映出污水中TN和TP更倾向于以溶解态存在.
无论降雨强度高低,各类污染物浓度在降雨初期均表现出迅速上升至峰值的趋势,这可以被视为沉积物的“初期效应”.在初始的强烈水流冲刷下,大量沉积物中的污染物被释放到污水中,导致其浓度在短时间内达到峰值.随着降雨的持续和后期雨水的稀释作用,沉积物的冲刷强度逐渐减弱,污染物释放速率下降,最终使污染物浓度趋于稳定.
此外,如果未能考虑“初期效应”,可能会导致对降雨初期污染物浓度峰值及其对排水系统影响的评估不足,从而影响模型构建的准确性和可靠性.具体而言,忽略初期效应可能导致模型无法反映污染物浓度的快速变化特征,尤其是在降雨初期污染物短时高峰的捕捉上出现偏差,进而影响对污染负荷动态的全面描述.同时,由于初期效应主导了降雨早期的污染物释放强度和速率,忽略这一过程可能使模型在峰值预测和时序变化趋势的拟合上产生较大误差.相反,若充分考虑“初期效应”,模型能够更精确地再现降雨初期污染物的浓度峰值和随时间的动态变化特征,从而提高预测结果与实测数据的匹配度,增强模型在不同降雨条件下的适用性和准确性,为科学分析污染物迁移转化过程提供更为可靠的理论依据.
在前两节中,已研究了小雨、中雨和大雨条件下管道分层沉积物的冲刷临界条件及不同降雨强度下污染物的变化.本节将详细分析不同降雨强度下沉积相对分层沉积物中污染物迁移的影响.表层沉积物因其较低的临界剪切力,在低强度降雨下更容易被冲刷;而底层沉积物则需要更高的剪切力才能启动.这种分层结构的冲刷特性导致了污染物释放的时间差异,进而影响了管道内水质的时空分布.
基于降雨强度、分层沉积物的临界启动条件以及污染物浓度的变化,结合对流-扩散-反应模型,构建了不同降雨强度下分层沉积物抗冲刷特性与污染物动态迁移耦合的一维模型.将特征线上的空间污染物浓度变化与半经验模型相结合,考虑到扩散系数较小基本可以忽略,最终的结果为:
将已有的入口污染物浓度和管道末端不同时间点的出口污染物浓度代入模型,模拟了不同降雨强度下的污染物浓度变化情况,结果如图4(a)所示.经过计算,模型的决定系数(R2)均在0.85至0.95之间,表明模型具有较好的拟合度.
为了进一步验证模型的预测效果,本研究引入了一组实际测量数据进行对比.首先重新采集了真实管道中的沉积物,经过预处理去除大粒径石砾和杂物后,将沉积物均匀铺设至实验管道并进行100d的稳定培养.随后,在不同降雨强度下对沉积物进行冲刷测试.与模型中使用的输入条件不同,此次实验未添加外源物质(碳源等).在数据处理过程中,进行了数据对齐,以确保实验数据与模型预测值在时间上的可比性.
实际测量数据与模型预测结果的对比如图4(b)所示.对比分析表明,尽管初始输入条件存在一定差异,模型的预测仍然具有较高的准确性.污染物在小雨条件下的模拟结果与实际测量数据高度吻合,表明模型能够准确反映低强度降雨下沉积物的冲刷与污染物释放特性.然而,在中雨和大雨条件下,模型预测值略低于实际测量数据,尤其是在降雨初期.这种偏差主要体现在污染物浓度的快速上升阶段,实验结果显示,大雨初期污染物浓度的增长速度显著高于模型预测值.这可能是由于实验中沉积物中有机质和吸附性污染物在强剪切力作用下快速释放,而模型中假设沉积物均质分布,并未充分考虑这种快速释放的动态过程,从而导致释放速率的低估.尽管如此,随着降雨的持续,模型预测结果与实际测量数据在中后期逐渐趋于一致,这表明模型在描述污染物迁移的总体趋势方面具有良好的准确性,特别是在动态释放和稀释平衡阶段.
这种偏差的主要原因包括输入条件的差异以及模型参数的适用性.实验过程中沉积物的颗粒分布和有机物含量可能与模型假设的均质条件存在偏差,导致污染物释放速率与实际不符.此外,污染物反应模型中的参数k1k2并未完全根据实验场景校正,可能低估了不同降雨强度下沉积物冲刷引发的动态反应过程.总体而言,模型的拟合效果理想,能够较好地描述分层沉积物在不同降雨强度下的污染物释放与迁移特性.
本研究通过构建中试管道系统,深入探讨了不同降雨条件下管道内沉积物的逐层冲蚀及污染物的动态迁移机制.通过构建的分层抗冲刷特性-污染物动态迁移模型,系统分析了不同水力冲刷情景下沉积物迁移对水质转化的影响.研究结果表明,随着降雨强度的增加,沉积物分层结构逐层受到冲蚀,尤其在大雨条件下,这一现象更加明显.这与管道内的水力剪切力直接相关,并导致不同沉积层污染物释放行为的显著差异.
在降雨初期,沉积物中的污染物浓度迅速达到峰值,呈现显著的“初期效应”.已有研究表明,降雨初期的强烈水动力作用是污染物快速释放的关键驱动因素[16].本研究通过分层实验深入揭示了这一现象的动态特征,不仅量化了表层、中层和底层沉积物的释放规律,还发现不同层次沉积物的抗剪切力差异对释放速度产生重要影响.具体而言,表层沉积物因剪切力较低在降雨初期迅速释放污染物,而底层沉积物则需要更高的剪切力才能启动,其释放时间显著滞后于表层.相比于此前主要关注沉积物中整体冲刷效应的研究[4],本研究通过全层次分析扩展了对污染物释放机制的理解,并系统揭示了剪切力变化如何动态调控分层沉积物的释放强度和持续时间.
本研究构建的SED-ARD模型引入了沉积物分层冲刷的物理-生物耦合效应,全面整合了不同沉积层的抗冲刷特性,将污染物释放行为与降雨强度动态变化紧密联系.相比于忽略分层结构及剪切力作用的传统模型[21-22],SED-ARD能够更精准地捕捉降雨初期污染物浓度的峰值变化,并在动态模拟污染物浓度变化方面表现出更高的适用性,为复杂水力条件下的污染物迁移预测提供了可靠支持.
尽管本研究构建的模型在评价和预测不同水力冲刷条件下管道沉积物迁移行为及其对水质影响方面具有较高准确性,仍存在一些局限性.首先,实验采用的缩小比例管道系统可能无法完全反映实际复杂管道系统的运行情况,尤其在大规模管网中,模型的适用性可能受到限制.其次,尽管模型验证结果表现良好,但在某些情况下,实际数据与预测结果仍存在差异.这些差异可能源于模型中某些参数的简化处理,例如沉积物颗粒大小的均一化假设以及流体动力学条件的理想化.此外,污染物浓度的变化特征是否与降雨水质、管道状态等因素相关,是未来需要深入探讨的方向.例如,降雨水质中的颗粒物含量、化学成分以及污染物的初始浓度可能对污染物释放速率和峰值浓度产生显著影响;管道的表面粗糙度、沉积物分布特性以及坡度变化则可能进一步影响剪切力与沉积物冲刷的相互作用.这些因素对模型的适用性与精确性可能具有重要影响.
未来研究可通过优化模型参数,并纳入更多复杂因素(如沉积物多样性、降雨变化引发的水力波动以及降雨水质和管道状态的影响),进一步提高模型对污染物迁移与转化过程的预测精度和适用范围.这将为复杂排水管网的优化设计和污染物控制提供更可靠的理论支持.
4.1 沉积物的分层结构在不同降雨强度下逐层被冲蚀,随着降雨强度增加,冲刷效应加剧,特别是在大雨情况下,底层大颗粒污泥也被冲起.
4.2 在降雨初期,不论降雨强度高低,沉积物中的污染物浓度均会迅速达到峰值,随后在持续降雨和稀释作用下趋于稳定.
4.3 随着降雨强度的变化,沉积物中污染物的释放和迁移模式显著不同.小雨主要冲刷表层沉积物,释放较少污染物;而在中雨和大雨条件下,较深层沉积物被逐步冲刷,导致更多污染物进入水体,显著影响水质.
4.4 通过构建不同降雨强度下的分层抗冲刷特性-污染物动态运移模型,实现不同水力冲刷场景下管道沉积物冲刷运移和污染物浓度变化的准确评价与预测.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52200117)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2022M722527)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(xzy012022079)
  • 陕西省教育厅科学研究计划项目资助(20JK0730)
  • 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07313001)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-06
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52200117)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2022M722527)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目(xzy012022079)
陕西省教育厅科学研究计划项目资助(20JK0730)
国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07313001)
作者信息
    1.河北工程大学能源与环境工程学院,河北 邯郸 056038
    2.西安交通大学人居环境与建筑工程研究院,陕西 西安 710049
    3.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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