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The discovery of complete ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(comammox)provided a novel direction for improving nitrification efficiency in wastewater treatment systems. The potential of their metabolic pathways and functional genes for efficient nitrogen an d carbon removal from wastewater was demonstrated. However, strategies to achieve robust comammox enrichment remained controversial. Further investigations were required to characterize the specific contributions to ammonia removal and nitrous oxide(N2O)production during the nitrification process. The technical strategies for efficient comammox enrichment and the impacts of key factors including environmental substrate concentration, dissolved oxygen, operational processes, and temperature on the selective enrichment of comammox were summarized. Chlorate was employed as a specific inhibitor targeting comammox in combination with 1-octyne to construct a dual-inhibitor experimental system, which was capable of clarifying the nitrification contribution and N2O emission potential of comammox in wastewater treatment systems.

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完全氨氧化细菌(comammox)的发现为污水处理系统硝化工艺提质增效提供了全新思路.它的代谢途径与功能基因具备实现污水高效脱氮减碳的潜力.但如何实现comammox的高效富集尚无定论,comammox在硝化工艺运行中对氨氮去除与氧化亚氮(N2O)产生的贡献有待进一步探究.综述了高效富集comammox的技术手段,并探讨了环境底物浓度、溶解氧、运行工艺和温度等因素对comammox选择性富集的影响.以氯酸盐作为comammox的专性抑制剂,结合1–辛炔,构建双抑制剂实验体系,能够阐明污水处理系统内comammox的硝化贡献与N2O释放能力.

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赫梓轩(1999-),男,甘肃金昌人,武汉理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水低碳处理脱氮研究..

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赫梓轩(1999-),男,甘肃金昌人,武汉理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水低碳处理脱氮研究..

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赫梓轩(1999-),男,甘肃金昌人,武汉理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水低碳处理脱氮研究..

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Water Research2021202:117426., articleTitle=Sustained nitrogen loss in a symbiotic association of comammox nitrospira and anammox bacteria, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057223502254106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, awardId=52100061; 42477068, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52100061; 42477068), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241057223611306024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, awardId=JCYJ20230807121305010, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市科技创新委员会基础研究面上项目(JCYJ20230807121305010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057218150322720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057218158711330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, companyId=1241057218150322720, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057218217431595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, companyId=1241057218150322720, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.武汉理工大学关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057218305511993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057218313900601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, companyId=1241057218305511993, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057218322289211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, companyId=1241057218305511993, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉理工大学深圳研究院,广东 深圳 518000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057221803561845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of ammonia concentration on the rate of nitrification in comammox(Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata), AOA(N. gargensis)and AOB(N. spp.)[6], figureFileSmall=6aYgIcMs3wFzqDDM8239eQ==, figureFileBig=vPOZUf9zO5KVvmKpreZBdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221908419460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=CN, label=图1, caption=氨浓度对comammox(Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata)、AOA(N.gargensis)和AOB(N.spp.)硝化速率的影响[6], figureFileSmall=6aYgIcMs3wFzqDDM8239eQ==, figureFileBig=vPOZUf9zO5KVvmKpreZBdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222415930283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Maximum ammonia oxidation rate(rmax)and oxygen affinity coefficient(KO)of biofilm comammox obtained by enrichment in high dissolved oxygen environment[65], figureFileSmall=5p8yurzQXRRlXC95l7/OMg==, figureFileBig=1k5IBV5TCf1BdQ+JWx/ZYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222533370805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高溶解氧环境下富集得到的生物膜comammox的最大氨氧化速率(rmax)与氧亲和系数(KO[65], figureFileSmall=5p8yurzQXRRlXC95l7/OMg==, figureFileBig=1k5IBV5TCf1BdQ+JWx/ZYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222675977157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comammox enrichment reactor operating parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应器类型溶解氧(mg O/L)总氮负荷(mg N/(L·d))稳定阶段HRT(h)comammox
相对丰度(%)
绝对丰度*(%)
参考文献
MBBR>5138462.4[44]
>5276266
2.5±0.5276253.9
MBR~4790[30]
MBR493.3~27036~31[40]
MBR无曝气1.42490.4[45]
SBR0.2~0.54~16602.4*[46]
SBBR16*
SBR0.5±0.18012~42.9[47]
SBR<0.6~82432.3[48]
SBR无曝气62492[49]
62485
MBBR61508~17.9[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222768251860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Comammox富集反应器运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应器类型溶解氧(mg O/L)总氮负荷(mg N/(L·d))稳定阶段HRT(h)comammox
相对丰度(%)
绝对丰度*(%)
参考文献
MBBR>5138462.4[44]
>5276266
2.5±0.5276253.9
MBR~4790[30]
MBR493.3~27036~31[40]
MBR无曝气1.42490.4[45]
SBR0.2~0.54~16602.4*[46]
SBBR16*
SBR0.5±0.18012~42.9[47]
SBR<0.6~82432.3[48]
SBR无曝气62492[49]
62485
MBBR61508~17.9[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222902469603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design and conclusions of comammox nitrification inhibitor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源体系硝化抑制剂抑制目标comammox硝化能力comammoxN2O释放能力参考文献
纯菌50µmol/L ClO3-Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata(comammox)[31]
沿海湿地50µmol/L ClO3-Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata(comammox)17.45ng N/(g·h)0.0083µmol/(L·h)[9]
200µmol/L PTION. gargensis(AOA)
200µmol/L ATUN. nitrosa Nm90(AOB)
人工湿地20mmol/L KClO3comammox+NOB
AOB
0.228mg N/(kg·d)[10]
0.3% V/V1-辛炔
湖泊0.13mol/L KClO3comammox+NOB
AOB
0.131~3.793mg N/(kg·d)[8]
2kPa 1-辛炔
土壤1mmol/L NaClO3comammox+NOB
AOB
13.65~6.38mg N/(kg·d)[16]
4µmol/L 1-辛炔
土壤10mmol/L NaClO3NOB[95]
0.0125%wt SVSAOA
0.075mmol/L DMPPAOB
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223024104430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

comammox硝化抑制剂实验设计与结论

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源体系硝化抑制剂抑制目标comammox硝化能力comammoxN2O释放能力参考文献
纯菌50µmol/L ClO3-Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata(comammox)[31]
沿海湿地50µmol/L ClO3-Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata(comammox)17.45ng N/(g·h)0.0083µmol/(L·h)[9]
200µmol/L PTION. gargensis(AOA)
200µmol/L ATUN. nitrosa Nm90(AOB)
人工湿地20mmol/L KClO3comammox+NOB
AOB
0.228mg N/(kg·d)[10]
0.3% V/V1-辛炔
湖泊0.13mol/L KClO3comammox+NOB
AOB
0.131~3.793mg N/(kg·d)[8]
2kPa 1-辛炔
土壤1mmol/L NaClO3comammox+NOB
AOB
13.65~6.38mg N/(kg·d)[16]
4µmol/L 1-辛炔
土壤10mmol/L NaClO3NOB[95]
0.0125%wt SVSAOA
0.075mmol/L DMPPAOB
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223179293691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of N2O emission factors of nitrifying microorganisms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComammoxAOAAOB参考文献
释放因子(%)释放速率(ng N/(g·d))释放因子(%)释放速率(ng N/(g·d))释放因子(%)释放速率(ng N/(g·d))
0.070±0.0060.07~0.090.095~0.21[102]
0.030.130.23[103]
0.083±0.0030.067±0.0060.199±0.006[104]
0.120.21±0.48~0.093.3±0.330.463.27±0.57[15]
0.220.76±0.040.020.79±0.020.134.32±0.19
~0.140.76±0.190.135.25±0.14~0.212.93±0.19
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223296733192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057216258691459, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

硝化微生物N2O释放因子对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComammoxAOAAOB参考文献
释放因子(%)释放速率(ng N/(g·d))释放因子(%)释放速率(ng N/(g·d))释放因子(%)释放速率(ng N/(g·d))
0.070±0.0060.07~0.090.095~0.21[102]
0.030.130.23[103]
0.083±0.0030.067±0.0060.199±0.006[104]
0.120.21±0.48~0.093.3±0.330.463.27±0.57[15]
0.220.76±0.040.020.79±0.020.134.32±0.19
~0.140.76±0.190.135.25±0.14~0.212.93±0.19
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污水处理系统中全程氨氧化细菌的研究进展
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赫梓轩 1 , 陈诗 1, * , 徐一峰 1 , 梁川州 1 , 彭来 1, 2, **
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2546-2557
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2546-2557
污水处理系统中全程氨氧化细菌的研究进展
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赫梓轩1 , 陈诗1, * , 徐一峰1, 梁川州1, 彭来1, 2, **
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.武汉理工大学深圳研究院,广东 深圳 518000
  • 赫梓轩(1999-),男,甘肃金昌人,武汉理工大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水低碳处理脱氮研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,博士,
Progress of complete ammonia oxidization throughout the wastewater treatment system
Zi-xuan HE1 , Shi CHEN1, * , Yi-feng XU1, Chuan-zhou LIANG1, Lai PENG1, 2, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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完全氨氧化细菌(comammox)的发现为污水处理系统硝化工艺提质增效提供了全新思路.它的代谢途径与功能基因具备实现污水高效脱氮减碳的潜力.但如何实现comammox的高效富集尚无定论,comammox在硝化工艺运行中对氨氮去除与氧化亚氮(N2O)产生的贡献有待进一步探究.综述了高效富集comammox的技术手段,并探讨了环境底物浓度、溶解氧、运行工艺和温度等因素对comammox选择性富集的影响.以氯酸盐作为comammox的专性抑制剂,结合1–辛炔,构建双抑制剂实验体系,能够阐明污水处理系统内comammox的硝化贡献与N2O释放能力.

完全氨氧化细菌(comammox)  /  硝化作用  /  污水处理  /  N2O

The discovery of complete ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(comammox)provided a novel direction for improving nitrification efficiency in wastewater treatment systems. The potential of their metabolic pathways and functional genes for efficient nitrogen an d carbon removal from wastewater was demonstrated. However, strategies to achieve robust comammox enrichment remained controversial. Further investigations were required to characterize the specific contributions to ammonia removal and nitrous oxide(N2O)production during the nitrification process. The technical strategies for efficient comammox enrichment and the impacts of key factors including environmental substrate concentration, dissolved oxygen, operational processes, and temperature on the selective enrichment of comammox were summarized. Chlorate was employed as a specific inhibitor targeting comammox in combination with 1-octyne to construct a dual-inhibitor experimental system, which was capable of clarifying the nitrification contribution and N2O emission potential of comammox in wastewater treatment systems.

complete ammonia oxidation bacteria(comammox)  /  nitrification  /  wastewater treatment  /  N2O
赫梓轩, 陈诗, 徐一峰, 梁川州, 彭来. 污水处理系统中全程氨氧化细菌的研究进展. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2546 -2557 .
Zi-xuan HE, Shi CHEN, Yi-feng XU, Chuan-zhou LIANG, Lai PENG. Progress of complete ammonia oxidization throughout the wastewater treatment system[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2546 -2557 .
氮元素在自然界中分布广泛,不仅是生物体氨基酸的基本组成元素,也以无机盐的形式存在于水体、土壤和大气中.污水处理系统是氮循环的关键环节之一,负责将水中的有机氮和无机氮转化为气体形式的氮氧化合物并释放到大气中.这一复杂的生化过程主要通过硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的协同作用完成.传统的硝化作用一直被认为是由氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化两个过程完成[1].第一步:氨氮(NH4+)首先被氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)等硝化微生物氧化为亚硝态氮(NO2-),这一过程中氨单加氧酶(AMO)和羟胺脱氢酶(HAO)发挥了重要作用.第二步:NO2-被亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)继续转化为硝态氮(NO3-),该过程的主要功能酶是亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶(NXR)[2].学术界广泛认可这多种微生物的协同作用实现了硝化过程,而完全氨氧化细菌(comammox)的发现改变了传统的分步式硝化理念.comammox同时具备实现硝化作用的上述基础功能基因,它能够一步完成硝化作用,这为人们提供了全新见解.根据预测,comammox可能广泛存在于环境中[3],但如何通过工程方法实现comammox的有效富集,分析污水处理系统中comammox对硝化作用的贡献,以及评估comammox在硝化过程中产生副产物氧化亚氮(N2O)的能力,这些问题依旧没有定论.
基于此,本文综述了选择性富集comammox的成功案例,总结了不同环境底物浓度、溶解氧和运行工艺等运行参数下,实现comammox高效富集的潜在机理.为了量化comammox在硝化过程中的作用及其N2O减排潜力,研究人员在土壤和自然水体中进行了双抑制剂实验.这些实验方法和发现为污水系统中comammox相关研究的量化实验提供了新思路,有助于填补污水体系中comammox硝化能力的研究空白.
2006年,Costa等[3]根据动力学分析提出了完全氨氧化的可能性.他们认为在理想的代谢途径下,NH4+可以通过更短的路径在功能微生物体内完全氧化至NO3-.这一过程可释放更多能量,由此赋予功能微生物更高的比生长速率.2015年Daims等[4]与Van Kessel等[5]分别在《Nature》上报道了能够实现完全氨氧化的微生物,将其统称为comammox.Daims[4]在石油井热水管道内的生物膜上采集污泥样本,通过培养与分子生物学技术确定了一种comammox的存在,将其命名为Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata.宏基因组分析结果显示该菌株的编码基因包含进行硝化的AMO、HAO和NXR.同一时间Van Kessel等[5]在水产养殖系统中发现了两种comammox,分别命名为Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosaCandidatus Nitrospira nitrificans.虽然接种污泥来自不同的环境,但发现的3种comammox通过基因组分析确认是Nitrospira属的不同物种微生物.2017年Kits等[6]Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata进行纯化分离,利用宏基因组学完整分析了单一菌株的功能基因,并将得到的纯菌株与4种AOA菌株进行动力学对照实验,证实了Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata菌株比生长速率高与NH4+亲和力强的生理特性.
目前已经在湖泊河滩[7-8]、湿地[9-10]和土壤[11-16]等多种自然环境,以及污水处理系统[4-5,17-20]、饮用水系统[21-24]和水产养殖系统[25]等工程环境中验证了comammox的存在.Zheng等[18]在8个污水处理厂进行amoA基因转录活性分析,发现comammox的amoA基因转录水平最高可达到AOB的24倍,说明comammox在污水处理厂中可能有较高的硝化贡献.在低NH4+自然生态环境中也检测到了comammox[16,26-29].Xu等[7]在武汉汤逊湖的5个采样点中分别测定comammox、AOA、AOB和厌氧氨氧化细菌(Anammox)的种群丰度,发现comammox广泛分布于富营养湖泊环境并处于优势生态位,但在富营养较严重水域其生长会受到抑制. Sakoula等[30]发现了全新comammox菌株Candidatus Nitrospira kreftii,该菌株表现的高NH4+亲和力和低NH4+耐受性,可能是comammox在寡营养环境中占据优势生态位的决定因素,也解释了在较高NH4+环境内comammox生长受抑制的现象.
学术界根据不同comammox菌种的氨转运蛋白亲和力,将comammox分类为Clade A与Clade B,其中Clade A amoA基因存在于多种生态系统中,Clade B amoA基因大部分仅在土壤和沉积物样品中能够检测到[31].根据Wang等[32]的研究,活跃于污水处理系统中的comammox很可能属于Clade A.2016年Gonzalez等[33]检测后认为comammox在污水处理厂中相对丰度低,并不是硝化的主要贡献者.但随着comammox检测方法的完善[34-35],污水处理系统中comammox的相关报道也逐渐增多.Yang等[36]发现污水处理厂中的comammox活性高并拥有利用尿素、氢、甲酸和亚硫酸盐等多种电子供体的代谢途径.Wang等[35]发现在污水处理厂中,comammox的amoA基因拷贝数是AOB的182.7倍.而在部分拥有生物膜工艺的污水处理厂的报导中,comammox占据绝对优势[37]或与AOB紧密共存[38].总体来说,comammox较高的相对丰度与丰富的代谢途径使得它成为在污水处理体系中持续培养的理想目标.
Comammox富集的污水硝化反应器表现出良好的性能.Roots等[39]实现了58.6mg NH4+-N/(L·d)的NH4+去除,比污水处理厂中的工艺反应器高出1.54倍.Sakoula等[30]实现了最高99%的NH4+去除率,同时NO-积累始终低于检测限,实现了完全的NO-23转化.Li等[40]报道的最高凯氏氮去除量达188mg N/(L·d),NO3-转化率接近100%.Fujitani等[41]在固定床连续流反应器内富集了comammox硝化颗粒,NH4+和NO2-去除率可达100%,证明了comammox颗粒污泥工艺的可行性.Cui等[42]发现在升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)内,comammox与厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)共同作用能实现92.9%±1.1%的氮去除效率,表明comammox不仅能作用于完全硝化反应器,还能实现与厌氧氨氧化的耦合.而Shao等[43]在膜生物反应器中实现了comammox与AnAOB的稳定共生,氮峰值负荷达到0.36g N/(L·d)的情况下,实现了80%的氮去除率.随着对comammox的研究报道增多,证明了comammox硝化反应器对硝化过程的强化作用,同时与comammox耦合的新型工艺有潜力成为碳中和背景下的高效绿色污水处理工艺.
目前,研究重点逐渐转向实现comammox的高效富集与稳定运行.同时,准确探究污水处理系统内comammox的硝化贡献与N2O减排潜力也是一项挑战,需要进一步的研究和探索.
由于comammox具有低生长速率和对NH4+的低耐受性,通过工程手段对其进行选择性富集面临挑战.表1汇总了comammox富集的成功案例,并记录了相应的反应器运行参数.这些方法利用了comammox对NH4+的高亲和力、相对较快的比生长速率以及其倾向附着或团聚生长的特性.
在成功案例中,反应器运行特征包括:缓慢泵入进水以维持寡营养状态,不设特定污泥排出以减少生物质损失.相对丰度达90%以上的高丰度富集,原因在于严格的寡营养环境和comammox利用亚硝酸盐或尿素的特性.文献总结指出,成功富集comammox的关键是创造有利寡营养环境和采用适当工艺保留comammox生物质.当前研究聚焦于通过调节NH4+浓度、溶解氧、运行工艺和环境温度来优化comammox富集.
Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata纯菌株的动力学分析表明comammox氨半饱和常数远低于已知的AOB和绝大部分AOA,根据图1所示的硝化速率曲线,推测认为在寡营养条件下comammox相比其他硝化微生物更具底物竞争优势[51],Zhang等[52]也发现活跃在污水处理系统中的comammox Clade A的丰度与NH4+浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05).
在已知的工程环境中,砂滤池与饮用水系统(NH4+<0.6mg N/L[53])内发现的高丰度comammox验证了这一假设,但Zheng[18]与Emilie等[54]在污水处理厂中2.0~29.8mg N/L的水体NH4+浓度下,也观察到了高水平的comammox amoA转录活性.这表明在污水处理系统中,comammox并不严格要求寡营养环境就能进行有效的硝化作用.Huang等[44]使用含(23±3)mg N/L NH4+的主流人工合成废水培养,发现comammox amoA的转录数占总数的比例为53.9%~66.0%.Guo等[55]则在不同NH4+浓度(40,20和10mg N/L)下运行反应器以富集comammox,最终在3个梯次中分别获得了0.03%、3.33%和22.79%的comammox相对丰度.这些研究证明环境NH4+浓度对comammox富集与表达有着显著影响,同时在污水处理系统中的主流废水环境下,comammox能够实现有效富集与稳定硝化能力.
2021年Li等[56]在反应器中添加尿液作为底物,仅用200天就成功实现了comammox的有效富集,并发现了3种新的comammox物种,这些被富集comammox群落的相对丰度比传统AOA和AOB高出30%.在实验过程中,研究人员发现尿素分解产生的NH4+浓度会升至(8.4±0.9)mg N/L,然后在2.5h内降至0mg N/L,这一现象证实了comammox编码脲酶蛋白和相应的ABC转运系统能有效利用环境中的尿素[6],并在利用尿素过程中产生少量NH4+营造寡营养环境,从而取得竞争优势[3].同年,Zhao等[57]的研究表明,使用6mg N/L的NO2-和尿素作为底物,可以在390d内有效富集comammox,这一发现与Kits[6]的预测相矛盾,他们曾认为comammox不能利用NO2-.然而,现有的功能预测主要基于Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的宏基因组分析,因此comammox无法利用NO2-的观点可能并不准确.
综合研究表明,comammox不仅能在主流污水的NH4+环境中实现有效富集,还能利用尿素营造寡营养环境占据优势生态位.其底物利用的多样性和对NH4+的高亲和力,使comammox有望在多样的工程环境中实现有效富集.此外,部分研究中comammox amoA基因的高转录丰度表明,comammox在硝化过程中可能发挥重要作用.
宏基因组分析显示,Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata相比AOA与AOB具有更高的氧亲和力[4],原因在于该菌株通过还原性三羧酸(rTCA)循环固定CO2,这一过程比其他硝化菌(AOA和AOB)使用的循环更节省氧气[58],除此之外,comammox还含有一种特殊的细胞色素bd样末端氧化酶,其氧亲和力高于其他氨氧化微生物使用的细胞色素[59].因此,以Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata为代表的comammox种群更适合在低氧环境中生存.Zhang等[60]发现,在污水处理厂(WWTP)的曝气段(溶解氧浓度1.7~8.0mg O/L)中,comammox的丰度与溶解氧呈负相关,而AOB呈正相关.Roots等[39]在溶解氧低于1mg O/L的SBR中实现了comammox的高度富集(占硝化微生物的94%),并通过与其他研究对比,认为低溶解氧和低NH4+条件下,comammox可成为主要的硝化贡献者.其他研究也报告了在溶解氧浓度通常低于1mg O/L的条件下成功富集comammox[4-6,55-56,61-64],这与Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的生态位预测一致.这表明,在低溶解氧环境中,由于comammox具有更高的氧亲和力,它在硝化作用中可以获得竞争优势.
但近年来的新研究指出comammox种群对溶解氧的需求并不限于严格低氧状态.Zhao等[65]在2022年的研究中,使用约50mg N/L的主流废水培养MBBR,通过高强度曝气保持反应器溶解氧浓度在6mg O/L以上,经过438d成功富集相对丰度达22.6%~38.8%的comammox种群.荧光电镜分析显示,这些富集的菌群主要分布在生物膜表面以争夺氧气,暗示可能存在一种与Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata不同的comammox菌种,具有较低的氧亲和力(如图2).Huang等[44]在MBR中,也以5mg O/L的溶解氧条件成功富集comammox菌群,相对丰度达28.4%~43.4%.Zheng等[64]通过设置不同溶解氧浓度的反应器实验发现,虽然低溶解氧环境有利于comammox的富集,但也存在像Candidatus Nitrospira nitrificans这样偏好高溶解氧条件的comammox菌种.Dimitra等[61]和Li等[56]的工作也表明,在高溶解氧状态(≥4mg O/L)下可以成功富集新的comammox物种.
目前尚不清楚溶解氧是否是comammox占据生态优势位的主要原因.然而,高溶解氧条件确实可以增强硝化过程,从而在反应器中形成寡营养环境.Zhao等[65]提出,高溶解氧策略可能是形成寡营养环境的诱因,而极低的NH4+浓度是成功富集的关键.溶解氧作为污水处理系统中一个关键调控参数,对硝化作用和反硝化作用中的电子传递过程具有直接影响[66].在低氧和高氧条件下,都已实现comammox有效富集.然而,高氧条件下comammox的相对丰度通常低于60%,这可能表明存在不同种类的comammox,它们对氧的亲和力有显著差异,具有不同的底物竞争能力.这暗示完全氨氧化过程可能在污水处理的不同阶段发生,改变我们对硝化微生物组成、N2O释放及微生物群落硝化贡献的传统理解.
Comammox菌群在不同的污水处理运行工艺条件下表现出差异性.这些条件对微生物群落结构产生显著影响[67],包括污泥生长方式(悬浮或附着生长)、水力停留时间(HRT)、污泥停留时间(SRT)以及水体环境因素[1,5,17-19,54,65,68].
Irmarie等[69]在2020年对14个全规模脱氮系统进行研究,发现随着SRT的延长,comammox的种群丰度更高,但这种正相关关系仅存在于主流工艺与同步硝化反硝化等工艺中.此外,国内外的研究指出,在三级旋转生物接触器(RBC)[54,70]、生物膜流化床反应器(MBBR)[65,71]和固定床膜生物反应器(MBR)[72-73]等生物膜工艺中,也能观察到高丰度comammox群落或其功能基因高度表达.生物膜系统相比活性污泥系统能够理论上延长SRT,为comammox提供附着生长区域,并增强生物保留能力,从而解决了comammox因代谢周期长而生长缓慢[3]的富集难题.HRT与污水处理负荷紧密相关,How等[74]探究了HRT与SRT参数对SBR好氧-缺氧(OA)工艺运行的影响,发现延长SRT与HRT可实现稳定的comammox主导硝化工艺,而缩短HRT会导致硝化效率下降21%~35%,并破坏低NH4+的寡营养环境,从而抑制comammox的生长.Li等[75]发现,降低HRT后硝化速率降低了15%,硝化菌群由33%降低至15%.由于硝化性能对HRT与SRT更敏感,因此在污水处理体系中调节适当的HRT并合理延长SRT,对实现comammox主导工艺的长期稳定运行意义重大.表1中显示,实现comammox富集的反应器通常保持HRT在10h以上,以确保稳定的完全硝化,而SRT则尽可能延长,以保证comammox的有效生长.
Huang等[44]在MBR中使用聚氨酯海绵作为载体,理论上将SRT延长至1000d以上,从而成功富集了comammox.Zhao等[65]使用新型载体AnoxKTMZ-Z200,增强了微生物的附着生长和保留能力,有效地实现了comammox的富集.Zhao等[76]在研究中使用空心球和石英砂这两种不同填料的生物膜反应器,成功富集了相对丰度为79%~97%的comammox菌群.通过网络分析和基因组箱分析,揭示了comammox可能与生物膜中的其他菌种存在共生关系,这一发现为生物膜能够有效富集comammox提供了底层逻辑的解释.在SBR中成功富集comammox的研究也有报道.Guo等[55]和Hou等[62]在SBR工艺中未设置排泥阶段,以延长污泥停留时间(SRT),在絮状污泥中成功富集了comammox,但较长的富集周期暗示了硝化微生物间存在激烈的生存竞争.Kits等[6]的研究显示,Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata这种comammox具有紧密盘绕的螺旋状结构,它能在水中自由生长或在表面附着生长,通常以集合体或絮体的形式存在.这表明,在不同的污水处理工艺中,comammox可以通过附着生长或形成絮体的生长方式,来克服自身生长缓慢的问题.
值得注意的是,Zhu等[68]通过实验数据校准模型,模拟了不同进水NH4+,SRT、溶解氧和接种污泥下运行CSTR与SBR,发现仅有CSTR在合适的控制条件下(10~100g N/m3,避免较低溶解氧并延长SRT至40d以上)实现了稳定的高丰度comammox富集,相对丰度达70.5%.这表明,类似CSTR这样的连续流工艺,通过延长SRT(40~100d)的技术方法,可以在絮状污泥中实现comammox的生长富集.这可能是因为连续流工艺具有较高的稀释率,能够在反应器内提供持续的低NH4+环境,而延长SRT能够为代谢周期长、比生长速率高的comammox提供了充足的生长时间,从而获得数量优势.类似的连续流生物膜反应器已经有相关文献报道[44,50],实现了comammox的有效富集.
温度对污水处理厂内复杂的生化过程有重要影响.根据报道,Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的最适宜温度为37℃,而Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosaCandidatus Nitrospira nitrificans最适宜温度为23℃[78].说明不同种comammox对温度存在偏好.因此讨论温度变化对comammox实现在不同污水环境下的竞争优势有积极指导意义.
Fowler等[77]指出,温度升高对Nitrospira spp.的积极影响,但未明确区分Nitrospira属中包含的comammox与NOB.Zhou等[78]通过长期监测污水处理厂,发现多种comammox amoA基因在大部分时间占主导(46%~100%),但其种群多样性随温度的变化不稳定.在高温时comammox可能失去竞争优势,但在低温下可通过通过复杂的群落复合体存活并成为主要硝化菌.相反,Pan等[79]在寒冷季节研究发现,AOA是主要的硝化贡献者,comammox的相对丰度远低于AOA和AOB.Li等[80]报导称,在4℃的污水反应器中,comammox数量级显著下降,但在选择性加热后可迅速恢复.现有研究中,comammox富集反应器通常保持在约25℃,而污水处理系统的温度随季节变化.Zhou等[78]测量发现污水水体夏季水温为(28±2)℃,冬季为(16.8±1.3)℃,在此温度范围内,Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosaCandidatus Nitrospira nitrificans等comammox表现出良好的环境适应性,并具有较高的amoA基因表达,有利于污水系统内的富集.这表明环境温度是影响comammox高效富集的关键因素之一,实际运行中需考虑温度波动的影响.同时,comammox在低温环境下可能因其丰度和代谢途径具有一定的恢复能力.
参考已有文献报道,在适宜温度环境下,利用生物膜工艺的生物质保留优势,结合连续流反应器延长HRT缓慢供给氮源,营造长期稳定的寡营养环境体系,可能是高效富集comammox的有效手段.
硝化过程是氮循环中的一个关键环节,其中N2O作为硝化细菌的副产物,是一种具有显著温室效应的气体,其在大气中的生命周期可长达121年[81].自comammox被发现以来,对其在自然和人工环境中的分布与量化研究已取得显著进展.然而,作为硝化细菌,如何准确有效地评估comammox在硝化过程中的氨氧化贡献,以及其在该过程中N2O的释放能力,仍是当前研究的一个挑战.
数学模型已被广泛用于预测污水中氮的去除率.这些模型的基本假设通常将comammox对NH4+的代谢途径简化为一步或两步过程,并根据创建者的理解进行校准和验证.然而,模型的预测能力往往与创建者的数据相符,但与文献中的其他数据不一致[82]. Mehrani等[83]假设NH4+可被comammox直接氧化为NO3-,模拟结果显示comammox可转化20%以上的进水NH4+负荷.Yang等[84]等构建的合成硝化群落模型发现,在低氨氮浓度下,comammox主导硝化作用,因为它在特定底物浓度区间内,拥有更高的底物亲和力和比生长速率.Mehrani等[85]在活性污泥模型中解释了comammox与NOB的生存竞争,校正后的数据显示comammox对NH4+与NO2-的转化贡献小于5%.Mei等[86]等在ASM2d模型中拆分硝化过程以模拟comammox的代谢过程,校准数据显示,在comammox高度富集的硝化体系中,NH4+去除率可达99%.
为了在不同污水研究体系内实现高拟合度,需要对不同模型的信息进行进一步统合研究.因此,研究comammox的硝化贡献和N2O释放等问题通常采用标记无机碳(或氮)的掺入方法,或使用不同的硝化抑制剂来区分各种硝化细菌的硝化活性和N2O释放能力[87].然而,针对污水处理系统中的comammox菌群,目前尚缺乏足够的研究报道.
根据文献报道,在活性污泥体系内检测出的amoA基因中,comammox的amoA基因占据较大的比重(14%~34%)[88],但功能基因的转录活性无法准确量化硝化贡献.为了有效区分不同硝化微生物在硝化过程中的作用,使用硝化抑制剂来选择性抑制特定硝化菌是一种简单可行的方法.在土壤与沿岸水体的硝化能力研究中,硝化抑制剂已经被广泛采用[11,13-14,16],这种方法也为污水处理系统中的类似探究提供了参考.常见的硝化抑制剂包括双氰胺(DCD)、3,4-甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、乙炔(C2H2)、氯酸钾(KClO3)等,其中氯酸盐因能够选择性抑制亚硝化过程[89],被认为是comammox的潜在特异性抑制剂.稳定同位素探测(SIP)通过在硝化菌可利用的底物中掺入稳定同位素,然后靶向检测同位素的生物代谢转变形式,可用于探索复杂微生物群落中硝化菌的活性.[90-93]这是一种强有力的方法,但同时也存在高成本和多种微生物交叉利用相同同位素的挑战[94].
目前,在污水处理系统中进行硝化抑制实验的研究较为有限.Shao等[43]在实现comammox与AnAOB耦合的前提下,利用1-辛炔抑制AOB,证实comammox对进水NH4+实现了33.1%的NO2-转化与7.3%的NO3-转化.在表2总结的文献报道中,孙东耀[31]通过Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata纯菌株实验,证明水体内50 μmol/L浓度的氯酸盐可以有效抑制comammox的硝化能力.2022年Sun等[9]使用氯酸盐作为抑制剂,发现在沿海湿地中comammox的硝化能力为17.45ng N/(g·h)(占硝化总量的26.9%),N2O产量为0.0083μmol/(L·h)(占比28.5%).Zhang等[10]通过双抑制剂(氯酸盐与1-辛炔联用)方法,测量了人工湿地水体中comammox硝化速率为0.228mg N/(kg·d)(约占43.26%).Ye等[8]的双抑制剂法研究则表明,太湖水体中comammox的硝化贡献率在45.06%~91.43%之间,这种波动可能源于采样点的水质情况和pH值的差异,与Zhang等[16]在农业土壤中观察到comammox硝化贡献率从34%增加到75%的现象一致,这表明环境因素可能对comammox的硝化活性有显著影响.张齐春等[95]通过联用NaClO3、DMPP和辛伐他汀(SVS)等硝化抑制剂,组成了一种测量土壤comammox硝化贡献的方法,可能在污水活性污泥体系内同样适用.
DNA/RNA-SIP技术通过定位同位素,能够更准确地了解硝化微生物的硝化活性.Zheng等[96]接种来自不同污水处理厂的活性污泥,这些污泥根据comammox与AOB的丰度占比,划分为1~10,10~100,>100等3个实验组,在不同实验组内分别添加NaH12CO3和NaH13CO3配置的培养基,经过微生物培养后,提取不同浮力密度的DNA,定向检测包含12C与13C的硝化微生物amoA基因,结果显示在上述3种不同污泥中,comammox相比AOB的硝化贡献分别高出6,33和108倍.Zhang等[10]通过DNA-SIP技术,发现河底沉积物与岸边污泥中,comammox的氨氧化速率相比AOB分别高出1.43和2倍.RNA-SIP能够提供更多活跃转录的微生物信息[97].Metch等[90]通过RNA-SIP技术,发现comammox在污水寡营养环境中是唯一保持功能RNA相对丰度恒定的硝化菌,说明了comammox在寡营养环境中的重要硝化贡献,但并未进行量化分析.Gülay等[92]通过RNA-SIP证明了在地下水反应器的复杂微生物群落内,comammox有显著的亚硝化与硝化贡献.使用硝化抑制剂可特异性抑制部分硝化微生物,结合DNA/RNA-SIP技术分析目标微生物的功能基因表达,有效解决了DNA/RNA-SIP技术的主要问题,成为探究不同硝化微生物活性的有力工具.
尽管目前对于污水系统中comammox的硝化贡献的研究还不够充分,但comammox在其他生态系统中展现的活跃硝化能力,表明其在污水处理系统中的贡献可能同样重要.在现有研究中,使用硝化抑制剂和DNA/RNA-SIP技术在污水体系中进行研究面临挑战.虽然文献指出氯酸盐是Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的特异性抑制剂[89],但不同污水中comammox的种类存在差异,需实验验证氯酸盐是否也抑制这些comammox.复杂的污水环境中,DNA/RNA-SIP技术难以区分不同硝化微生物的贡献,还有成本高与样品保存困难的问题,RNA样品的稳定性较差,使得实验可行性需要着重考虑.未来研究可考虑构建双抑制剂体系、改进专性抑制剂或在纯菌株系统使用DNA/RNA-SIP技术.这些方法有助于准确评估comammox在污水处理中的作用及其对N2O排放的影响.考虑到可行性和成本,硝化抑制剂实验方案简单可靠,使用氯酸盐结合1-辛炔构建双抑制剂体系可能是最佳选择.
Comammox的N2O释放量与在硝化过程中的贡献密切相关.Liu等[98]在对comammox进行富集培养时,首次观察到N2O的产生,然而comammox本身的释放能力并未明确.Kits[99]等在对纯培养Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的研究中发现,由于缺乏一氧化氮(NO)还原酶,该菌株在硝化过程中不能通过NO还原途径生成N2O,因此,Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata在硝化过程中产生的N2O主要来源于羟胺(NH2OH)化学转化的非生物途径,且释放因子(N2O释放总量/ NH4+消耗量)为(0.070±0.006)%,与AOA菌种N.viennensis相当(0.07%~0.09%),远远低于AOB菌种N. europaeaN.multiformis(约0.095%~0.21%).Li等[100]在低酸性环境下搭建了高溶解氧(>2mg O/L)和低溶解氧(0.5mg O/L)的反应器,并发现在低溶解氧条件下的N2O释放率为0.12%~0.08%,比高溶解氧反应器低20%.分子生物学分析表明,低溶解氧反应器中comammox amoA基因数量是AOB amoA基因的17.1倍,这表明comammox的功能基因表达在N2O减排中起着关键作用.Ren等[101]通过建立AOB和comammox富集反应器,分析不同条件下的N2O产量.结果显示,AOB反应器的平均N2O释放能力为2.19%,而comammox反应器仅为0.35%.在批次实验中,通过控制短时间的低溶解氧和添加NO2-,AOB反应器的释放能力显著增加,而comammox反应器未表现出明显变化,这表明,在NO2-胁迫和低溶解氧冲击下,comammox能有效抑制N2O的过量释放.Hou等[62]在SBR反应器内富集comammox后,发现N2O和NO的产量显著降低,排放因子分别为(0.136±0.026)%和(0.023±0.013)%,远低于传统硝化反应器的水平.以上研究结果表明,comammox富集菌液的N2O释放因子远低于AOB富集菌液,具有减少N2O排放的潜力.目前主流的理论解释是comammox不具备产生N2O相关的细胞色素酶与NO还原酶表达基因[99].
但污水系统运行中,comammox的N2O释放能力尚没有明确探究,也没有具体分析comammox对N2O减排的具体贡献.Wan等[103]在岩性土壤中,使用1-辛炔选择性抑制AOB的硝化活性,使用DMPP同时抑制AOB与comammox的硝化活性,N2O测定结果表明石灰岩土壤内comammox的N2O释放因子约为0.03%,AOB约为0.23%,AOA约为0.13%.根据表3中的部分研究结果[15,103-104],使用硝化抑制剂可以探究土壤中comammox的N2O释放能力.构建不同的双抑制剂体系可能是揭示污水系统中comammox N2O减排潜力的有效方法.这些抑制剂不仅抑制硝化作用,还阻断N2O的生物合成.实验发现,氯酸盐和1-辛炔的双抑制剂体系能区分comammox、AOB和AOA的硝化活性,并可能用于量化N2O的生物生成量.
在污水处理过程中,功能微生物群落的组成和运行参数等因素会影响N2O的生成量.污水处理厂是N2O的主要来源之一[105],因此改进污水处理工艺以实现N2O减排至关重要.目前,常用的调控措施包括降低曝气速率以减少N2O的逸散[106]、分段进水以降低中间体的累积[107]和避免局部缺氧[108]等.Comammox作为硝化功能菌,具有适应复杂溶解氧和温度条件的潜力,可能在上述调控措施下稳定存活,实现稳定的NH4+去除和N2O减排.多项comammox富集的报导证明了以comammox为主导的硝化工艺拥有N2O减排的潜力[62,100-101].这不仅因为comammox本身缺乏N2O生成途径[99],也可能由于comammox主导的完全硝化工艺由于对NO2-的高效利用[30,41],有效减少了NO2-主导的N2O生成总量.同时comammox-Anammox和comammox颗粒污泥等新型工艺的提出[109-112],具有实现污水高效脱氮和N2O减排的应用潜力,但目前还需要继续探究稳定运行的技术方法.
4.1 Comammox在多种生态系统中广泛存在且可能涉及多个不同物种,这说明comammox在不同污水处理工程环境中可能有较大的硝化贡献.
4.2 环境底物浓度,溶解氧及运行工艺是调控comammox富集的关键因子,其中构建寡营养环境为核心策略.生物膜工艺耦合缓慢连续进水模式,可优化底物通量并模拟寡营养生态位,实现comammox高效富集.
4.3 Comammox在水体系统中的硝化贡献显著.氯酸盐和1-辛炔构成的双抑制剂体系,可能是区分污水环境内硝化微生物贡献难题的有效工具.
4.4 Comammox-Anammox等新型耦合工艺的提出,加深了学界对comammox应用潜力的理解.为了验证新工艺的效率和潜在问题,需要更深入地了解comammox在硝化过程中的具体贡献及稳定富集方法.
  • 国家自然科学基金(52100061; 42477068)
  • 深圳市科技创新委员会基础研究面上项目(JCYJ20230807121305010)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
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国家自然科学基金(52100061; 42477068)
深圳市科技创新委员会基础研究面上项目(JCYJ20230807121305010)
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    1.武汉理工大学关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.武汉理工大学深圳研究院,广东 深圳 518000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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