Article(id=1241057216040587633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726070400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820698032, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820698032, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820698032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820698032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2849, endPage=2856, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057216334188938, articleId=1241057216040587633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Performance study of chloramphenicol degradation by UV/O3/peroxysulfate process, columnId=1240689620866887794, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Emerging Contaminants, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The UV/O3/PS process was used for the degradation experiments of chloramphenicol, the degradation performance of the combined UV/O3/PS process, UV/PS, O3/PS and UV/O3 processes was investigated, the contribution of major active free radicals to CAP degradation was analyzed for the reaction system, the effects of PS concentration, O3 concentration, pH, and the common inorganic anions and natural organics on the degradation were examined respectively, the degradation pathway of CAP and the formation potential of disinfection by-products were clarified, also the calculation of energy consumption for the UV/O3/PS process was discussed. The results showed that the CAP removal by the combined UV/O3/PS process was 90.41% at 60min. 1O2, HO· and SO4- were the three main active species in the reaction system, and their contributions to CAP degradation were 53.85%, 25.64% and 12.82% in turn. the increase of PS and O3 concentrations favored the degradation of CAP, and alkaline conditions could promote the degradation of CAP, co-existing Cl-, HCO3- and humic acid inhibited the degradation of CAP. the degradation mechanism of CAP by the UV/O3/PS system mainly involved the hydroxylation, amino oxidation and C-N bond breaking or something. The formation potential of trichloromethane and trichloroacetonitrile was significantly increased through CAP pre-oxidation treatment, the formation potential for trichloromethane increased from 30.35µg/L to 48.08µg/L and that of trichloroacetonitrile from 12.31µg/L to 20.97µg/L. Energy consumption evaluation showed that the UV/O3/PS process has a better overall efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Xian LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao CHANG, Xian LU, Wen-fang WU, Lei DING, Zhi-miao ZHAO, Yin-jiang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057226052391062, articleId=1241057216040587633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=紫外/O3/过硫酸盐降解氯霉素的性能研究, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用UV/O3/PS工艺对氯霉素进行降解实验,研究了UV/O3/PS联合工艺、UV/PS、O3/PS及UV/O3工艺对CAP的降解特性,分析了反应体系中主要活性自由基对氯霉素降解的贡献,分别考察了PS浓度、O3浓度、pH值以及常见无机阴离子和天然有机物对降解的影响,探究了CAP的降解路径及消毒副产物的生成潜能,并计算了UV/O/PS工艺的能耗大小.结果表明,UV/O/PS联合工艺在60min时对氯霉素的去除率为90.41%;1O、HO·和SO•-3324为反应体系中3种主要的活性物种,其对氯霉素降解的贡献率依次为53.85%、25.64%和12.82%;PS和O3浓度的增加有利于CAP的降解,碱性条件可促进CAP的降解,共存的Cl-、HCO3-及腐殖酸对CAP降解存在抑制作用;氯霉素在UV/O3/PS反应体系中降解机理主要包括羟基化、氨基氧化、C-N键断裂等步骤;CAP预氧化处理后其三氯甲烷和三氯乙腈的生成潜能显著增加,三氯甲烷生成潜能由30.35µg/L增加至48.08µg/L三氯乙腈生成潜能由12.31µg/L增长至20.97µg/L,能耗分析结果表明UV/O3/PS工艺具有较好的综合效益.

, correspAuthors=鲁仙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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常涛(2000-),男,山东威海人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为微污染水的深度处理技术..

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常涛(2000-),男,山东威海人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为微污染水的深度处理技术..

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常涛(2000-),男,山东威海人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为微污染水的深度处理技术..

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紫外/O3/过硫酸盐降解氯霉素的性能研究
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常涛 1 , 鲁仙 1, 2, * , 吴文芳 1 , 丁磊 3 , 赵志淼 1 , 张饮江 1
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(5): 2849-2856
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(5): 2849-2856
紫外/O3/过硫酸盐降解氯霉素的性能研究
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常涛1 , 鲁仙1, 2, * , 吴文芳1, 丁磊3, 赵志淼1, 张饮江1
作者信息
  • 1.上海海洋大学海洋科学与生态环境学院,上海 201306
  • 2.同济大学环境科学与工程学院污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 3.安徽工业大学生物膜法水质净化及利用技术教育部工程研究中心,安徽 马鞍山 243032
  • 常涛(2000-),男,山东威海人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为微污染水的深度处理技术..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Performance study of chloramphenicol degradation by UV/O3/peroxysulfate process
Tao CHANG1 , Xian LU1, 2, * , Wen-fang WU1, Lei DING3, Zhi-miao ZHAO1, Yin-jiang ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 3.Engineering Research Center of Biofilm Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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采用UV/O3/PS工艺对氯霉素进行降解实验,研究了UV/O3/PS联合工艺、UV/PS、O3/PS及UV/O3工艺对CAP的降解特性,分析了反应体系中主要活性自由基对氯霉素降解的贡献,分别考察了PS浓度、O3浓度、pH值以及常见无机阴离子和天然有机物对降解的影响,探究了CAP的降解路径及消毒副产物的生成潜能,并计算了UV/O/PS工艺的能耗大小.结果表明,UV/O/PS联合工艺在60min时对氯霉素的去除率为90.41%;1O、HO·和SO•-3324为反应体系中3种主要的活性物种,其对氯霉素降解的贡献率依次为53.85%、25.64%和12.82%;PS和O3浓度的增加有利于CAP的降解,碱性条件可促进CAP的降解,共存的Cl-、HCO3-及腐殖酸对CAP降解存在抑制作用;氯霉素在UV/O3/PS反应体系中降解机理主要包括羟基化、氨基氧化、C-N键断裂等步骤;CAP预氧化处理后其三氯甲烷和三氯乙腈的生成潜能显著增加,三氯甲烷生成潜能由30.35µg/L增加至48.08µg/L三氯乙腈生成潜能由12.31µg/L增长至20.97µg/L,能耗分析结果表明UV/O3/PS工艺具有较好的综合效益.

氯霉素  /  紫外  /  过硫酸盐  /  臭氧  /  降解机理

The UV/O3/PS process was used for the degradation experiments of chloramphenicol, the degradation performance of the combined UV/O3/PS process, UV/PS, O3/PS and UV/O3 processes was investigated, the contribution of major active free radicals to CAP degradation was analyzed for the reaction system, the effects of PS concentration, O3 concentration, pH, and the common inorganic anions and natural organics on the degradation were examined respectively, the degradation pathway of CAP and the formation potential of disinfection by-products were clarified, also the calculation of energy consumption for the UV/O3/PS process was discussed. The results showed that the CAP removal by the combined UV/O3/PS process was 90.41% at 60min. 1O2, HO· and SO4- were the three main active species in the reaction system, and their contributions to CAP degradation were 53.85%, 25.64% and 12.82% in turn. the increase of PS and O3 concentrations favored the degradation of CAP, and alkaline conditions could promote the degradation of CAP, co-existing Cl-, HCO3- and humic acid inhibited the degradation of CAP. the degradation mechanism of CAP by the UV/O3/PS system mainly involved the hydroxylation, amino oxidation and C-N bond breaking or something. The formation potential of trichloromethane and trichloroacetonitrile was significantly increased through CAP pre-oxidation treatment, the formation potential for trichloromethane increased from 30.35µg/L to 48.08µg/L and that of trichloroacetonitrile from 12.31µg/L to 20.97µg/L. Energy consumption evaluation showed that the UV/O3/PS process has a better overall efficiency.

chloramphenicol  /  ultraviolet  /  persulfate  /  ozone  /  degradation mechanism
常涛, 鲁仙, 吴文芳, 丁磊, 赵志淼, 张饮江. 紫外/O3/过硫酸盐降解氯霉素的性能研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2849 -2856 .
Tao CHANG, Xian LU, Wen-fang WU, Lei DING, Zhi-miao ZHAO, Yin-jiang ZHANG. Performance study of chloramphenicol degradation by UV/O3/peroxysulfate process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2849 -2856 .
氯霉素作为一种广谱类抗生素,因其价格相对低廉、药效较好,被广泛应用于生物、医学等各个领域,产生了积极影响[1-2].然而,氯霉素的大量摄入可造成不可逆的再生障碍性贫血、肝肾损害、视神经萎缩、骨髓造血功能障碍等严重问题[3].与此同时,部分氯霉素在代谢过程中会通过尿液或粪便等形式排放到自然水环境中[4].目前,传统的水处理工艺难以将其有效去除[5].因此,开展水环境中氯霉素高效去除研究具有重要意义.
近些年来,高级氧化工艺在去除水中微污染物方面展现出较好的前景,其通过产生活性自由基来去除难降解污染物(如药物)[6].羟基(HO·)和硫酸根自由基(SO4•-)作为两种主要活性自由基,表现出较强的氧化能力[7],尤其是强氧化性、较长半衰期的SO4•-对多种有机物都具有较高的反应活性,因此更加受到人们的关注[8].此外,在目前众多方法中,臭氧化及与其他工艺结合被认为是最有效的高级氧化工艺之一,可有效地去除水环境中多数顽固类污染物[9-10].同时,紫外也作为一种工艺常与过硫酸盐或臭氧化结合产生具有强氧化能力的SO4•-或HO·.研究表明,UV和臭氧联合(UV/O3)来激活过硫酸盐(PDS)可同时产生上述两种自由基[11].Dong等[12]在研究时也同样发现UV/O3/PS工艺处理海洋含油废水的效能优于其它工艺(UV/PS、UV/O3和O3/PS).Tan等[13]利用UV/PS工艺降解氯霉素,120min时降解率为66%.闫霄珂等[1]利用紫外亚硫酸盐降解氯霉素,50min时对CAP的去除率为88.5%.迄今为止,研究UV/O3/PS联合工艺降解水环境中PPCPs报道较少,特别是系统研究氯霉素在UV/O3/PS工艺中的降解特性与机理尚不明确.值得注意的是,水环境中的氯霉素在水处理过程中会与消毒剂反应形成存在健康风险的消毒副产物[14-15],深入探究UV/O3/PS氧化降解CAP对其消毒副产物生成的影响具有实践价值.
因此,在本次实验中采用紫外联合臭氧激活过硫酸盐降解氯霉素,比较了UV/O3/PS、UV/PS、O3/PS及UV/O3工艺对氯霉素的降解效能,分别研究了过硫酸盐浓度、臭氧浓度、pH值、无机阴离子及天然有机物对工艺降解CAP的影响.基于自由基淬灭实验计算并讨论了反应体系中主要自由基贡献,分析并推测了氯霉素的降解路径,深入探究了CAP预氧化对其消毒副产物的生成潜能的影响,评估了UV/O3/PS工艺的能耗,研究结果可为基于过硫酸盐高级氧化工艺应用于处理水中有机污染物提供理论支撑.
(氯霉素,纯度≥98%)、甲醇(纯度≥99.9%)、糠醇(FFA,纯度≥99.9%)、过硫酸钠(Na2S2O8,纯度≥99.5%)、氯化钠(NaCl,纯度≥99.5%)、碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3,纯度≥99.8%)、腐殖酸(Humic acid,纯度≥99.5%)、次氯酸钠(NaClO)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE,纯度≥99.9%))均购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司.(乙醇(EtOH,纯度≥97%)、叔丁醇(TBA,纯度≥99.5%)、氢氧化钠(NaOH,纯度≥90%)和抗坏血酸(纯度≥99.7%))均购自上海国药化学试剂有限公司.三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙腈(HANs)标准品购自上海百灵威化学技术有限公司.实验过程中所使用的均为超纯水.
UV检测器(LS125-UVA-X1Probe)、低压汞灯(TUV G36TB,8W,PHILIPS)、臭氧发生器(JZ-K10G,上海诺乔科学仪器有限公司).
氯霉素降解实验:反应前先将紫外灯预热30min,将含有100mL反应液的培养皿于磁力搅拌器上置于紫外灯下进行CAP降解实验,紫外光经灯筒垂直照射到培养皿上,指定时间取1mL反应液并加入50μL乙醇淬灭终止反应,随后立即进行液相色谱检测分析,氧化降解实验重复三次取平均值.
消毒副产物生成潜能:取预氧化后的水样20mL于TOC瓶中,加20mg/L NaClO溶液并进行消毒培养,恒温遮光反应24h后,加入一定剂量抗坏血酸淬灭余氯,随后加入4mL甲基叔丁基醚,震荡5min并静置30min后,取其上层于进样瓶中在气相色谱仪中检测.
氯霉素和臭氧浓度检测:氯霉素检测采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和二极管阵列检测器(DAD)(1290Infinity II LC系统,美国安捷伦公司),检测波长为280nm,检测在C18色谱柱(5µm,4.6mm×250mm)上进行,进样量为25μL,色谱柱柱温为30℃.流动相为甲醇和水,比例为70:30(V/V),流速为1mL/min.臭氧浓度检测采用碘量法测定.
消毒副产物检测:采用气相色谱法GC 7890A,柱子:HP-5MS UI,升温程度:初始温度40℃,保持0min;以10℃/min升至70℃,保持0min;以20℃/min升至120℃,保持0min;以10℃/min升至200℃,保持0min;以20℃/min升至240℃,保持0min,进样体积1μL.
实验条件:CAP初始浓度为10mg/L、PS浓度为1mmol/L、臭氧浓度为0.6mg/L、紫外光强度为40μW/cm2,pH值为7、温度为25℃.
设置了不同体系的对照实验,60min时单独UV、单独PS和单独O3对氯霉素的降解效率分别为11.09%、6.32%和4.21%,这也表明,单独工艺难以有效去除氯霉素.如图1所示,在组合工艺中,经60min降解,O3/PS体系对氯霉素的降解率仅为7.55%,表明PDS难以被臭氧激活[16],而UV/O3、UV/PS和UV/O3/PS三种体系的降解率分别为72.18%、77.41%、90.41%.不难看出紫外光可以较好的激活过硫酸盐(式(1)),对比反应速率常数可以发现,UV/ O3/PS的速率常数为0.039min-1,远高于其他工艺.Qin等[17]在阿特拉津的研究中也得到了类似的结论,这也进一步说明了紫外联合臭氧激活过硫酸盐的优越性.
UV/O3/PS工艺中可能产生SO4•-、HO·和1O2等活性自由基,为了确认各活性物种在CAP降解中的贡献,进行自由基淬灭实验.分别采用叔丁醇淬灭SO4•-,甲醇淬灭HO·和SO4•-,糠醇(FAA)淬灭HO·和1O2[18].如图2(a),经3种淬灭剂淬灭后,CAP降解速率Kobs分别降至0.029,0.024和0.008min-1.其中,相比甲醇和叔丁醇,糠醇对CAP的降解影响显著,间接表明反应体系中主要存在三种自由基,分别为1O2、HO·和SO4•-.根据公式(2)~(5),可以计算出各主要自由基的贡献[19].如图2(b)所示,HO·、SO4•-1O2的贡献分别为25.64%、12.82%和53.85%.可以看出,1O2对氯霉素的降解贡献率最大.这可能是因为1O2通过电子转移与含氮原子化合物发生反应,氯霉素分子结构存在的氮原子有利于该电子转移过程.此外,在磺胺甲硝锉的研究中也表明,根据密度泛函理论[20],磺胺甲硝锉的福井函数f-值最高的原子位于氨基氮原子上,表明该原子最容易失去电子受到亲电性1O2的攻击[21],而氯霉素中的氨基氮原子与之类似,因此,容易失去电子而受到亲电性1O2的攻击.不仅如此,1O2对富电子的双键化合物、苯胺、酚类和硫化物具有更高的反应活性,同样是一种选择性较高的活性物质.氯霉素因具备酮基(C=O),因此会更容易受到1O2的攻击[22].Liu等[23]在氧氟沙星的降解中也发现了1O2对降解的贡献占大多数这一现象.总的来说,自由基与非自由基在降解过程中都发挥着重要作用,而其中非自由基1O2起主要作用.
图3(a)所示,当PS浓度由0.5mmol/L增加至1mmol/L时,反应速率常数Kobs由0.0256min-1上升至0.0391min-1和0.0442min-1.随着PS浓度升高,体系中产生更多的SO4•-,从而加速了氯霉素的降解[24].值得注意的是,当PS浓度继续升至2mmol/L时,降解效率增长缓慢,这可能是由于较高含量的SO4•-对自身会起到自由基清除作用,生成氧化能力较差的S2O82-,因此降解效率增加不显著,这与相关的研究报道一致[25].总的来说,PS浓度的增加促进了CAP的氧化降解,然而,过高剂量的氧化剂从某种程度上来说也可能不利于其降解.
图3(b)所示,随着O3剂量增加,体系中可利用的O3含量增加,在紫外的作用下,活性氧物种(ROS)含量的增加促进了氯霉素的降解.随之生成的HO·含量增加(式(6)~(8)),氯霉素的降解效率也随之上升[26].研究报道,过量的臭氧会对HO·起清除作用[27].因此,随着臭氧浓度的持续增加(>0.6mg/L),氯霉素的降解速率并不显著增加.
pH值作为影响降解的关键因素,如图4(a)所示,当pH值由酸性变为碱性时,氯霉素的降解效率随之上升.这是因为体系中的HO·会与H2O2反应生成起主要降解贡献的1O2(式(9)),并且当反应体系为酸性时,SO4•-为主要优势自由基,在氯霉素的降解中起主导作用,而当体系变为碱性时,OH-促进O3分解产生更多HO·(式(10)),此外,生成的O2•-也会与H2O反应生成1O2和HO2•-(式(11)),而HO2•-也会与O2•-反应继续生成1O2(式(12)),同时SO4•-通过与OH-电子转移促进HO·的生成(式(13)),因此在碱性条件下HO·作为主要自由基.此外,在碱性条件下,H+对SO4•-和HO·的清除作用减弱[28].总的来说,酸性条件下SO4•-占主导地位,碱性条件下SO4•-和HO·同时存在于体系中,其中HO·占主导地位,而HO·对氯霉素的反应活性高于SO4•-,因此,碱性条件更有利于目标物的降解.
复杂的水基质对CAP的降解有着重要影响.本文采用Cl-、HCO3-作及腐殖酸来探究其对氯霉素降解的影响.图4(b)~(d)所示,随着氯离子浓度升高,降解逐渐被抑制.这是因为随着Cl-的加入,Cl-开始对SO4•-和OH·起清除作用(式14~15),而Cl-浓度的不断升高也使得清除作用更加显著.碳酸氢根和氯离子类似,HCO3-对SO4•-和HO·同样存在自由基清除机制(式16~17).相较于两种离子,HA对降解的抑制效果更加显著,当HA浓度增加至1、5、10mg/L时,氯霉素降解效率分别由90.41%下降至82.3%、75.88%和71.25%.这是因为HA会吸收紫外光子,从而减少SO4•-和HO·接收光子的数量,间接产生抑制作用[29],并且HA还会与氯霉素竞争SO4•-和HO·[30],因此,以腐殖酸为代表的天然有机物往往会抑制目标物的降解.总的来说,复杂的水基质一定程度上抑制了CAP的降解,但整体来看,该工艺受影响程度较小,始终保持60%以上的去除效率,这可能和1O2较强的抗背景物干扰能力有关[31],而经2.2讨论证明1O2是该工艺对氯霉素起降解作用的主要物质,因此也进一步说明该工艺具有较好的稳定性.
实验采用LC-MS/MS对反应过程中生成的中间产物进行质谱扫描分析.根据文献调研结果,氯霉素主要分为硝基苯环、丙二醇和二氯乙酰胺三部分[32].化学键能量越低,化学键越活跃,即更容易失电子以及被活性物种攻击[33].如图5所示,氯霉素在UV/O3/PS中的降解涉及多个反应步骤:两个Cl被H取代生成P1;随后其羟基被氧化成醛基,侧链上C-N键断裂,氨基被氧化生成硝基后转化为P2;之后进一步氧化断键生成P3;最后C-C键断裂生成P7(对硝基苯酚).对硝基苯酚的生成似乎是主要的光降解途径之一[34].此外,氯霉素在羟基作用下生成P4,之后C-N键断开产生P5,之后生成P6,随后进一步氧化生成P8,最终羟基化生成P7.氯霉素还可通过羟基化生成P9,随后氢化生成P10.最终,转化为CO2、H2O、Cl-等小分子物质.
研究测定了UV/O3/PS预氧化对氯霉素在后续氯化过程中THM和HAN两大类消毒副产物的生成潜能.结果如图6所示,氯霉素单独氯化过程中生成了TCM和TCAN消毒副产物.经过预氧化处理,TCM和TCAN的浓度都有所上升,这说明了CAP在降解过程中产生了较多的中间产物,这些中间产物作为消毒副产物前体物,大大提高了消毒副产物的生成潜力[35].经预氧化后,TCM生成潜能由35.26μg/L增加至48.08μg/L,这也和多数研究报道的结果一致[36-37].TCAN的生成可归结为氯霉素分子结构中含有的N元素,经UV/O3/PS工艺预处理后,由于多种降解产物(图5)中含有N原子,TCAN前体物的种类大大增加,使得TCAN的生成潜能得到增加,然而各CAP降解产物对TCM和TCAN生成的贡献大小值得进一步深入研究.
采用每单位电能能耗(EE/O)对工艺进行能耗评价.EE/OUV、EE/OPS和EE/OO3分别由公式(18-20)计算得到.经计算,单独UV、单独PS和单独O3的单位能耗依次是534.9,20.34,0.16kW⋅h/m3.组合工艺中,UV/O3,UV/PS,O3/PS的单位能耗分别为2.42,4.60,48.36kW⋅h/m3图7).图中可以看出,UV/PS,O3/PS的单位能耗均高于UV/O3/PS,上述单独UV和单独PS的单位能耗也高于UV/O3/PS.单独O3和UV/O3的能耗虽然较小,但其降解率分别为4.21%和72.81%,而UV/O3/PS对氯霉素的降解率为90.41%,其显著高于上述工艺.综合来看,UV/O3/PS具有更好的综合效益.
式中:EE/OUV为UV的电能;EE/OOxidant为氧化剂消耗的电能,包括EE/OPS和EE/OO2P为灯的电能消耗功率,W;t为反应时间,h;V为反应体积,L;C0为CAP的初始浓度;Ct为反应t时间后的浓度;Eqoxidant单位转换器将氧化剂量转化为电能单位(EqO3=0.015kW⋅h/g和EqPS=1.64×10−3kW⋅h/(mmol⋅L)[38-39];[oxidant]是O3和PS的浓度.
3.1 与UV/O3,UV/PS和O3/PS工艺相比,UV/O3/PS联合工艺可以有效地降解氯霉素,60min时对氯霉素的降解效率为90.41%.
3.2 甲醇、叔丁醇、糠醇的自由基淬灭试验结果表明反应体系中3个主要活性物种1O2、HO·和SO4•-对氯霉素降解的贡献分别为53.85%,25.64%和12.82%.
3.3 降解动力学研究结果表明,氯霉素降解率随PS和O3浓度的升高而升高,同时,有着较宽的pH值适应范围且碱性能促进CAP降解,而共存的Cl-、HCO3-和天然有机物会抑制氯霉素的降解,并且浓度越高抑制越显著.
3.4 通过LC-MS-MS检测氯霉素降解产物,路径分析表明氯霉素降解的机理主要包括羟基化、氨基氧化、C-N键断裂等步骤.
3.5 氯霉素经预氧化处理,TCM和TCAN的生成潜能显著增加;综合能耗分析表明UV/O3/PS工艺具有更好的综合效益.
  • 国家自然科学基金(52000128)
  • 上海市青年科技英才扬帆计划(2019YF1990)
  • 生物膜法水质净化及利用技术教育部工程研究中心项目(BWPU2021KF04)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(52000128)
上海市青年科技英才扬帆计划(2019YF1990)
生物膜法水质净化及利用技术教育部工程研究中心项目(BWPU2021KF04)
作者信息
    1.上海海洋大学海洋科学与生态环境学院,上海 201306
    2.同济大学环境科学与工程学院污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室,上海 200092
    3.安徽工业大学生物膜法水质净化及利用技术教育部工程研究中心,安徽 马鞍山 243032

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* 责任作者,副教授,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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