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This study investigated the functional characteristics of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Celosia argentea Linn., a Cd-hyperaccumulator. A strain with high tolerance to Cd2-, Pb2-, and Zn2- was isolated. This strain was identified using physiological and biochemical characteristics analysis and sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA and nrdA functional genes. The effects of various culture conditions on the strain's growth and heavy metal removal capabilities, as well as its potential for promoting plant growth were examined. This strain was identified as Achromobacter sp., designated WL-37. The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC)of Cd2-, Pb2-, and Zn2- for strain WL-37 were determined to be 600, 1800, and 1000mg/L, respectively. Under optimized conditions(e.g., pH values and inoculation amounts), the strain achieved maximum removal rates of 69% for Cd2+, 95% for Pb2+, and 62% for Zn2+. Moreover, WL-37 exhibited multiple plant-promoting traits, including nitrogen fixation, ACC deaminase production, and siderophore production. In summary, the high-efficiency strain identified in this study represents a valuable resource for the remediation of multi-metal contaminated soils and supports the development of plant-microbe combined remediation technologies.

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为探究超富集植物根际促生菌的功能特性,从镉超富集植物青葙根际土壤中分离出一株能同时耐高浓度Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的菌株,通过生理生化特性分析、16S rDNA及nrdA功能基因序列分析鉴定其种属,探究了不同培养条件对菌株耐受和去除重金属能力的影响,并评估了该菌株潜在的促生特性.该菌株被鉴定为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.),命名为WL-37.Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+对WL-37的最低抑制浓度分别为600,1800和1000mg/L.通过优化pH值、接种量等条件,发现WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的最佳去除效率分别达到69%、95%和62%.WL-37还具备固氮、产ACC脱氨酶和产铁载体等多种促生能力.筛选得到的高效功能菌株为重金属复合污染土壤修复提供了良好的菌种资源,为发展植物-微生物联合修复技术提供了技术支撑.

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* 责任作者,副教授,
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王桉祺(2000-),女,福建福州人,桂林理工大学硕士研究生,从事土壤重金属污染治理方面研究..

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王桉祺(2000-),女,福建福州人,桂林理工大学硕士研究生,从事土壤重金属污染治理方面研究..

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王桉祺(2000-),女,福建福州人,桂林理工大学硕士研究生,从事土壤重金属污染治理方面研究..

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不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),下同

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图(b)、图(c)中左侧离心管为对照组,右侧离心管为处理组

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Physicochemical properties of tested soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位数值
pH值6.26±0.21
有机质%2.46±0.11
阳离子交换量cmol/kg8.71±0.56
总Cdmg/kg4.87±0.27
总Pbmg/kg1580.83±17.56
总Znmg/kg1175.83±18.56
), ArticleFig(id=1241057231379157602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215759569243, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位数值
pH值6.26±0.21
有机质%2.46±0.11
阳离子交换量cmol/kg8.71±0.56
总Cdmg/kg4.87±0.27
总Pbmg/kg1580.83±17.56
总Znmg/kg1175.83±18.56
), ArticleFig(id=1241057231504986737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215759569243, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Preparation of culture medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基试剂pH值
LB培养基胰蛋白胨10g/L,酵母提取物5g/L,氯化钠10g/L,固体培养基另加琼脂10~20g/L7.0~7.2
天门冬氨酸培养基酵母提取物5g/L,L-天门冬氨酸2g/L,K2HPO4 1g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g/L7.0~7.2
SMS培养基蔗糖10g/L,K2HPO4 2g/L,(NH42SO4 1g/L,MgSO4 0.5g/L,酵母粉0.5g/L,CaCO3 0.5g/L,氯化钠0.1g/L,L-色氨酸0.5g/L7.0~7.2
DF固体培养基KH2PO4 4g/L,Na2HPO4 6g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,FeSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,葡萄糖2g/L,葡萄糖酸2mL,柠檬酸2g/L,(NH42SO4 2g/L,琼脂10~20g/L7.5
ADF固体培养基以3mmol/L ACC代替DF培养基中的(NH42SO4为唯一氮源7.5
Ashby无氮固体培养基KH2PO4 0.2g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,氯化钠0.2g/L,CaCO3 5.0g/L,甘露醇10g/L,CaSO4 0.1,琼脂10~20g/L6.8~7.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241057231655981698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215759569243, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

培养基的制备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养基试剂pH值
LB培养基胰蛋白胨10g/L,酵母提取物5g/L,氯化钠10g/L,固体培养基另加琼脂10~20g/L7.0~7.2
天门冬氨酸培养基酵母提取物5g/L,L-天门冬氨酸2g/L,K2HPO4 1g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g/L7.0~7.2
SMS培养基蔗糖10g/L,K2HPO4 2g/L,(NH42SO4 1g/L,MgSO4 0.5g/L,酵母粉0.5g/L,CaCO3 0.5g/L,氯化钠0.1g/L,L-色氨酸0.5g/L7.0~7.2
DF固体培养基KH2PO4 4g/L,Na2HPO4 6g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,FeSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,葡萄糖2g/L,葡萄糖酸2mL,柠檬酸2g/L,(NH42SO4 2g/L,琼脂10~20g/L7.5
ADF固体培养基以3mmol/L ACC代替DF培养基中的(NH42SO4为唯一氮源7.5
Ashby无氮固体培养基KH2PO4 0.2g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,氯化钠0.2g/L,CaCO3 5.0g/L,甘露醇10g/L,CaSO4 0.1,琼脂10~20g/L6.8~7.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241057231756645010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215759569243, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

BIOLOG G3 identification results of strain WL-37

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物结果底物结果
1%乳酸钠+D-葡(萄)糖酸+
梭链孢酸+葡糖醛酰胺+
利福霉素 SV+粘液酸+
二甲胺四环素+D-葡糖二酸+
L-丙氨酸+万古霉素+
L-天(门)冬氨酸+四唑紫+
L-谷氨酸+四唑蓝+
L-丝氨酸+p-Hydroxy-苯乙酸+
林可霉素+L-乳酸+
硫酸四癸钠+柠檬酸+
α-Keto-戊二酸+β-Hydroxy-D,L-丁酸+
D-羟基丁二酸+丙酸+
L-羟基丁二酸+醋酸+
萘啶酮酸+甲酸+
亚碲酸钾+氨曲南+
γ-Amino-丁酸+丁酸钠+
pH值=5.0+1%NaCl+
pH值=6.0+4%NaCl+
), ArticleFig(id=1241057231869891233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215759569243, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌株WL-37的BIOLOG G3鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物结果底物结果
1%乳酸钠+D-葡(萄)糖酸+
梭链孢酸+葡糖醛酰胺+
利福霉素 SV+粘液酸+
二甲胺四环素+D-葡糖二酸+
L-丙氨酸+万古霉素+
L-天(门)冬氨酸+四唑紫+
L-谷氨酸+四唑蓝+
L-丝氨酸+p-Hydroxy-苯乙酸+
林可霉素+L-乳酸+
硫酸四癸钠+柠檬酸+
α-Keto-戊二酸+β-Hydroxy-D,L-丁酸+
D-羟基丁二酸+丙酸+
L-羟基丁二酸+醋酸+
萘啶酮酸+甲酸+
亚碲酸钾+氨曲南+
γ-Amino-丁酸+丁酸钠+
pH值=5.0+1%NaCl+
pH值=6.0+4%NaCl+
), ArticleFig(id=1241057231995720369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215759569243, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

API 20 NE identification results of strain WL-37

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物反应/酶结果
硝酸钾硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐+
硝酸盐还原成氮气+
葡萄糖酸钾同化(葡萄糖酸钾)+
羊蜡酸同化(羊蜡酸)+
己二酸同化(己二酸)+
苹果酸同化(苹果酸)+
枸橼酸钠同化(枸橼酸钠)+
苯乙酸同化(苯乙酸)+
), ArticleFig(id=1241057232121549509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215759569243, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌株WL-37的API 20NE鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物反应/酶结果
硝酸钾硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐+
硝酸盐还原成氮气+
葡萄糖酸钾同化(葡萄糖酸钾)+
羊蜡酸同化(羊蜡酸)+
己二酸同化(己二酸)+
苹果酸同化(苹果酸)+
枸橼酸钠同化(枸橼酸钠)+
苯乙酸同化(苯乙酸)+
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超富集植物青葙根际耐镉、铅、锌菌株的筛选鉴定与特性研究
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王桉祺 1 , 林华 1, 2, 3 , 刘杰 1, 2 , 林毅 1 , 杨雪萌 1 , 赖才星 1 , 董梓涵 1 , 俞果 1, 4, *
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2631-2642
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2631-2642
超富集植物青葙根际耐镉、铅、锌菌株的筛选鉴定与特性研究
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王桉祺1 , 林华1, 2, 3, 刘杰1, 2, 林毅1, 杨雪萌1, 赖才星1, 董梓涵1, 俞果1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.桂林理工大学,广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林 541006
  • 2.桂林理工大学,岩溶地区水污染控制与用水安全保障协同创新中心,广西 桂林 541006
  • 3.桂林理工大学,广西农业面源污染综合治理工程研究中心,广西 桂林 541006
  • 4.清华大学环境学院,北京 100084
  • 王桉祺(2000-),女,福建福州人,桂林理工大学硕士研究生,从事土壤重金属污染治理方面研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Isolation, identification, and characterization of a strain resistant to cadmium, lead, and zinc from the rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Celosia argentea Linn
An-qi WANG1 , Hua LIN1, 2, 3, Jie LIU1, 2, Yi LIN1, Xue-meng YANG1, Cai-xing LAI1, Zi-han DONG1, Guo YU1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
  • 2.Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
  • 3.Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
  • 4.School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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为探究超富集植物根际促生菌的功能特性,从镉超富集植物青葙根际土壤中分离出一株能同时耐高浓度Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的菌株,通过生理生化特性分析、16S rDNA及nrdA功能基因序列分析鉴定其种属,探究了不同培养条件对菌株耐受和去除重金属能力的影响,并评估了该菌株潜在的促生特性.该菌株被鉴定为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.),命名为WL-37.Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+对WL-37的最低抑制浓度分别为600,1800和1000mg/L.通过优化pH值、接种量等条件,发现WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的最佳去除效率分别达到69%、95%和62%.WL-37还具备固氮、产ACC脱氨酶和产铁载体等多种促生能力.筛选得到的高效功能菌株为重金属复合污染土壤修复提供了良好的菌种资源,为发展植物-微生物联合修复技术提供了技术支撑.

菌株鉴定  /  重金属污染  /  去除效率  /  生物修复  /  促生能力

This study investigated the functional characteristics of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Celosia argentea Linn., a Cd-hyperaccumulator. A strain with high tolerance to Cd2-, Pb2-, and Zn2- was isolated. This strain was identified using physiological and biochemical characteristics analysis and sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA and nrdA functional genes. The effects of various culture conditions on the strain's growth and heavy metal removal capabilities, as well as its potential for promoting plant growth were examined. This strain was identified as Achromobacter sp., designated WL-37. The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC)of Cd2-, Pb2-, and Zn2- for strain WL-37 were determined to be 600, 1800, and 1000mg/L, respectively. Under optimized conditions(e.g., pH values and inoculation amounts), the strain achieved maximum removal rates of 69% for Cd2+, 95% for Pb2+, and 62% for Zn2+. Moreover, WL-37 exhibited multiple plant-promoting traits, including nitrogen fixation, ACC deaminase production, and siderophore production. In summary, the high-efficiency strain identified in this study represents a valuable resource for the remediation of multi-metal contaminated soils and supports the development of plant-microbe combined remediation technologies.

strain identification  /  heavy metal pollution  /  removal efficiency  /  bioremediation  /  growth-promoting capabilities
王桉祺, 林华, 刘杰, 林毅, 杨雪萌, 赖才星, 董梓涵, 俞果. 超富集植物青葙根际耐镉、铅、锌菌株的筛选鉴定与特性研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2631 -2642 .
An-qi WANG, Hua LIN, Jie LIU, Yi LIN, Xue-meng YANG, Cai-xing LAI, Zi-han DONG, Guo YU. Isolation, identification, and characterization of a strain resistant to cadmium, lead, and zinc from the rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Celosia argentea Linn[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2631 -2642 .
镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)等重金属污染问题日益严峻[1-2].开发和应用有效的重金属污染修复技术,对于缓解环境压力、保障生态系统健康和人类安全具有重要意义.重金属污染修复技术主要包括物理化学法和生物修复法.物理化学法直接且高效,但成本高、容易引发二次污染等问题,限制了这些方法的广泛应用[3-4].相比之下,生物修复技术具有不破坏原场地、能耗低和成本低等优点,在重金属污染修复领域展现出良好的应用前景[5].生物修复技术主要通过超富集植物和微生物对重金属的吸收、转运和富集等作用,有效降低重金属的浓度或毒性,从而改善生态环境.重金属的生物有效性以及植物和微生物对重金属的代谢能力是决定修复效率的关键[6].
目前,已发现多种能够耐受单一重金属的微生物.例如,从污染地区土壤中分离出的肠球菌(Enterococcus sp. Cdq4-2)和根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium sp. C10)能分别耐受100mg/L Cd2+和125mg/L Zn2+[7-8].然而,环境中的重金属污染往往以复合污染为主[9-10].当前,能够同时耐受和去除多种重金属的微生物种类相对较少,且已知的超富集植物普遍存在生长缓慢和生物量较低等缺陷[11-12].而施用根际促生菌能够提高超富集植物的生物量和土壤中重金属的有效性,增强植物修复的效率[13].因此,筛选开发能够耐受复合重金属的根际促生菌株具有重要的现实意义.它们可以通过固氮、产吲哚乙酸(IAA)生长激素、产铁载体和产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶等途径促进植物生长,提高植物对外界环境胁迫的耐受能力[14-15].此外,一些具有耐重金属能力的根际微生物还能直接参与重金属的转化,增加土壤中重金属的有效性[16-17].例如,耐Cd2+的青霉菌属菌株(Penicillium janthinellum ZZ-2)产生的IAA生长激素使百慕大草(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)根部的生长速率和土壤中Cd2+的有效态含量显著增加[18];施加巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)后,青葙根际土壤酶活性和地上部分的Cd2+含量显著增加[19].由此可见,在植物-微生物联合修复体系中,耐重金属的根际促生菌扮演着重要角色.这些细菌通过与植物共生,不仅增强了植物对重金属的耐性,还促进了植物的生长,共同作用于污染土壤的修复过程.
本文从生长于铅锌尾砂矿区的青葙根际土壤中,筛选出一株耐Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+菌株,并对其进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定.研究内容包括评估菌株对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的耐受能力和去除能力,并探索优化去除效率的条件.同时,明确了菌株潜在的固氮、产铁载体和产ACC脱氨酶等植物促生能力.本文旨在丰富可用于修复镉、铅、锌污染的微生物资源,为植物-微生物联合修复提供潜在的优良菌剂.
供试材料为生长于桂林市阳朔县兴坪镇铅锌矿尾砂库(110°33'37''E,24°58'22''N)的超富集植物青葙的根际土壤.该地区长期受到冲洗矿石废水的污染,土壤中的Cd、Pb和Zn总量均超过国家污染土壤风险管控标准(表1).土壤采集后,采用富集纯化法分离耐受Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的菌株[20].
实验所需培养基为:LB培养基,用于菌株活化及培养;天门冬氨酸培养基,用于菌株产铁载体能力测定;SMS培养基,用于菌株产IAA能力测定;DF、ADF固体培养基,用于菌株产ACC脱氨酶能力测定;Ashby无氮固体培养基,用于菌株固氮能力测定.具体配方如表2所示.
取3g根际土壤,在无菌条件下,于三角瓶中加入无菌水配制成土壤悬液.将悬液在37℃、180r/min条件下振荡培养30min后,对富集后的上清液进行梯度稀释.从中取0.1mL涂布在含有50mg/L Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的LB固体培养基上.培养48h后,观察到多个形态相似的菌落,挑取其中的单菌落进行反复划线纯化.梯度增加重金属浓度并重复以上操作.直至转接到含250mg/L Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的LB固体培养基时,菌株的生长受到明显抑制.挑取该培养基上单菌落在100mg/L Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的固体LB培养基上进行划线纯化.传代至少3次,直至获得纯菌株,并保存于4℃冰箱中.菌株WL-37目前已保存在广东省微生物保藏中心(GDMCC),登记号GDMCC No.24175.
为了确定分离纯化菌株的属种,进行了16S rDNA基因序列比对分析.首先,使用DNA提取试剂盒(北京麦克罗科技)提取细菌DNA.随后,采用细菌通用引物27F/1492R(27F:5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3'和(1492R:5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3')进行PCR扩增[21].将获得的PCR产物纯化后,委托北京麦克罗有限公司进行测序.通过国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库进行比对分析,利用MEGA 7.0软件,采用邻接法构建相关种的系统发育树,并进行1000次相似度重复计算.菌株WL-37的序列数据已提交至GenBank数据库,登录号为PP972325.
为了获得更高的系统发育分辨率,进一步对比分析了菌株的nrdA功能基因序列.以细菌DAN为模板,使用细菌通用引物F/R(F:5'-ACTGGATTCCCGACCTGTTC-3')和(R:5'-TTCGATTTGACGTACAAGTTCTGG-3')进行PCR扩增[22].将获得的PCR产物纯化后,委托北京麦克罗科技有限公司进行测序.利用MEGA7.0软件,采用邻接法构建相关种的系统发育树,并进行1000次相似度重复计算.
为了更好地了解菌株的代谢特征和生理生化特性,采用革兰氏染色法[23]进行染色分析并对菌株进行BIOLOG G3微孔板检测和API 20NE检测,相关实验耗材购自北京麦克罗科技有限公司.将接种液加入G3微孔板的96孔中,恒温培养24h.以孔板中的A1阴性对照孔为参照,孔板中的颜色深浅表明了菌株对底物的可利用或敏感程度,通过BIOLOG系统软件(Microlog-M,MicroStation)进行识别[24]. API 20NE检测则根据API 20NE鉴定手册进行.
将处于指数生长期的菌液以1%的接种量接种到含有单种重金属离子的LB培养基中,其中,Cd2+的浓度为25,50,75,100,200,300,400和600mg/L;Pb2+的浓度为50,200,400和600mg/L;Zn2+的浓度为50,200,400和600mg/L.以不加菌的培养基作为对照,每个处理重复3次.在37℃、180r/min的摇床中培养,每隔24h取样.取3mL的菌液于紫外分光光度计(上海仪电分析仪器有限公司)600nm处检测其吸光度(OD600),以此确定菌体的浊度(或浓度).使用电感-等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES,PerkinElmer Optima 7000DV)测定培养基中的剩余Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的含量.监测菌株的生长情况(24~168h)和培养基中Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+浓度的变化(24~120h),以此确定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和菌株对Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的去除能力.MIC被认为是完全抑制细菌生长的最低重金属浓度,采用微量稀释法,通过在LB培养基中稀释重金属离子至一系列浓度,在一周培养时间内使菌株无法生长的最小浓度即为该重金属对细菌的最小抑制浓度[25].
3种重金属离子的浓度均为50mg/L,在37℃、pH值=7.0、180r/min,初始接种量为1%,2%,5%,8%和10%条件下于LB培养基中进行培养,每隔24h取样;筛选出最佳接种量后,在37℃、180r/min,初始pH值为5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0和9.0条件下进行培养,每隔24h取样.所取样品离心后,收集上清液,测定菌株的生长和重金属去除率的变化.以上试验均设置3个重复.
将保存的菌株在37℃、pH值=7.0、180r/min条件下于LB培养基中活化12h.随后对菌株的植物促生能力进行测定.每组实验设置3个重复.
将活化的菌液以1%的接种量接种于天门冬氨酸培养基中(37℃、180r/min),分别在48、72和96h时取菌液.经8000r/min离心15min,收集发酵上清液与CAS染液(1:1V/V)发生变色反应[26].在变色反应结果中,蓝色表示阴性,红色表示阳性.以未接种菌株的培养基上清液作为空白对照,常温避光反应3h后测定OD630.利用公式1计算产铁载体活性单位[27].
式中:Su为铁载体活性单位,%;Ar为空白对照组的OD630As为加菌处理组的OD630.
Arnow实验[28]:在第48h取1mL发酵上清液,依次加入1mL 0.5mol/L盐酸和1mL 10%钼酸钠-亚硝酸钠溶液.如果溶液变黄,再加入1mL 1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液;若颜色继续变红且至少保持1h不变色,则表明发酵上清液中含有儿茶酚型铁载体.高氯酸铁实验[29]:在第48h取0.5mL发酵上清液,加入2.5mL 5mmol/L的高氯酸铁溶液,如果颜色变为红色或者橙色,则说明发酵上清液中含有异羟肟酸类铁载体.空白对照用蒸馏水代替发酵上清液,其余操作相同.
将活化的菌液以1%的接种量接种于SMS培养基中,在37℃、180r/min条件下培养4d.经8000r/min离心15min,取1mL上清液与2mL Salkowski试剂混合,避光反应40min后测定OD530[30].
将活化的菌液划线接种于ADF固体培养基,放入37℃培养箱中培养3d,观察菌株的生长情况.挑取ADF培养基上的单菌落,继续划线接种于ADF固体培养基,并重复以上操作2次.通过反复验证菌株可以利用ACC作为唯一氮源的生长特性,证明该菌株有产生ACC脱氨酶的能力[31].
将活化的菌液划线接种于Ashby无氮固体培养基上,放入37℃培养箱中培养3~4d,观察菌株的生长情况.如果菌株在Ashby无氮固体培养基上显示生长迹象,则表明其能够利用大气中的氮气生长,证明该菌株具备固氮能力[32].
使用Microsoft Excel 2016计算平均值和标准差,使用GraphPad Prism10.1.2作图,并通过SPSS 26.0进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)以评估组间差异的显著性(P<0.05).
根据梯度稀释涂布的结果,本研究筛选出一株耐重金属的菌株,命名为WL-37,该菌株对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+复合污染的耐受浓度可达250mg/L.根据一周培养时间内LB培养基浊度的变化,Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+对菌株WL-37的最小抑制浓度(MIC)分别为:600、1800和1000mg/L.在本研究中,菌株WL-37展现出较强的重金属抗性.因此,进一步研究其在修复重金属污染方面的潜力.
菌株WL-37的菌落形态和革兰氏染色特征见图1.菌株WL-37在LB平板上(含100mg/L Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+)形成淡黄色的圆形菌落(图1(a)),且该菌株为革兰氏阴性杆菌(图1(b)).通过16S rDNA测序并上传NCBI进行同源性分析,使用Mega7.0软件构建菌株WL-37的系统发育树(图2(a)).结果表明,菌株WL-37归属于无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)且与木糖氧化无色杆菌属(Achromobacter xylosoxidans NBRC 15126T)的系统发育距离最近,同源性为99.5%.通过nrdA基因测序,构建的系统发育树(图2(b))显示菌株WL-37与Achromobacter veterisilvae LMG 30378T的系统发育距离最近,同源性为96.7%.菌株WL-37的16S r DNA序列已上传至NCBI数据库,登录号为PP972325.
BIOLOG G3(BIOLOG GEN III MicroPlate)和API 20NE(Analytical Profile Index 20NE)在微生物种水平鉴定中被广泛应用[24].BIOLOG G3的测试结果分为:阳性(菌株可生长)、弱阳性(生长临界状态)和阴性(无法生长).如表3所示,菌株WL-37能够利用L-丙氨酸、L-天门冬氨酸和L-谷氨酸等碳源,对万古霉素、四唑紫和丁酸钠等化学物质不敏感;在1%和4%NaCl浓度下能够良好生长.API 20NE的测试结果也分为三类,表明菌株对特定底物的代谢情况.如表4所示,菌株WL-37能够同化乙二酸和苹果酸等,并将硝酸盐还原为氮气.通过综合两个试验结果,能够更全面地揭示菌株WL-37特有的生理生化特征.
菌株WL-37在Cd2+(25~600mg/L)、Pb2+(50~600mg/L)和Zn2+(50~600mg/L)中的生长情况如图3(a)~3(d)所示.如图3(a)所示,当Cd2+浓度超过75mg/L时,菌株的生长受到抑制.图3(b)显示,在168h内,600mg/L的Cd2+完全抑制了菌株的生长.由图3(c)可知,WL-37在所设定的Pb2+浓度范围内均表现出良好的生长能力.如图3(d)所示,随着Zn2+浓度的增加,WL-37生长受到明显的抑制.在48h内,600mg/L的Zn2+严重抑制菌株WL-37的生长.以上结果表明,高浓度的重金属可能对菌株WL-37的生长产生负面影响.
在中低浓度(25~100mg/L)和高浓度(200~400mg/L)Cd2+处理下,菌株WL-37的去除效果如图4(a)所示.在120h内,WL-37对50mg/L Cd2+的去除率最高,达到59%.前48h,菌株对Cd2+的去除率随着时间的延长而增加.然而,48h后,50和100mg/L Cd2+去除率略有下降,随后保持稳定.对于高浓度组,在前48h内去除率较低(1%~15%),但随着培养时间延长至72h后,高浓度组的去除率逐渐接近100mg/L Cd2+处理组.此外,菌株WL-37对50和75mg/L Cd2+的去除率显著高于25mg/L(P<0.05),表明菌株对不同浓度Cd2+均具备一定的去除能力.
在50,200,400和600mg/L Pb2+处理下,菌株WL-37的去除效果如图4(b)所示.在24~72h内,WL-37对Pb2+的去除率整体呈上升趋势.其中在第72h时,WL-37对600mg/L Pb2+的去除效率最高,达到93%.此外,在48~120h内,400和600mg/L Pb2+的去除率显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),表明该菌株在高浓度Pb2+环境中具备较强的去除能力.
在50,200,400和600mg/L Zn2+处理下,菌株WL-37的去除效果如图4(c)所示.随着培养时间的延长,菌株WL-37对Zn2+的去除率呈上升的趋势.120h内,对Zn2+去除率最高可达54%.此外,在72~120h内,菌株WL-37对50mg/L Zn2+的去除率显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),表明菌株对低浓度Zn2+的去除效果更显著.
图5显示,在1%~10%的接种量范围内,菌株WL-37在不同重金属离子的胁迫下表现出良好的生长特性.然而,WL-37的生长和对Cd2+、Pb2+及Zn2+的去除效果并未随着接种量的增加而提升.图6(a)和6(b)表明,当接种量为2%时,WL-37对Cd2+和Pb2+的去除率最高分别达到60%和67%;由图6(c)可知,当接种量为8%时,WL-37对Zn2+的去除率最高达到61%.
依据2.4.1节的结果,确定了菌株WL-37去除Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最佳接种量.由图可知,前4h内,Cd2+对菌株WL-37生长的抑制作用最明显.图7(a)显示,在pH值=9.0时的前48h内,菌株WL-37的生长受到Cd2+的严重抑制.但在后续培养中,WL-37能在不同的酸碱性环境中良好生长.图7(b)和7(c)显示,在Pb2+或Zn2+处理下的前8h内,菌株WL-37对酸性环境敏感.但随着培养时间延长,WL-37在pH值=5.0~9.0的环境中均表现出良好的生长特性.图8(a)显示,在pH值=9.0的条件下,菌株WL-37对Cd2+的去除能力在前48h内受到显著的抑制.在48h后,WL-37能保持稳定的Cd2+去除效率. 120h内,pH值=5.0且接种量为2%时,WL-37对Cd2+的去除率最高为69%.此外,WL-37在酸性环境中的去除能力显著优于碱性环境(P<0.05).图8(b)显示,pH值=9.0且接种量为2%时,WL-37对Pb2+的去除率最高为95%.在碱性环境下,对Pb2+的去除效果显著优于中性和强酸性环境(P<0.05).图8(c)显示,pH值=7且接种量为8%时,WL-37对Zn2+去除率最高为62%,表明在中性环境下对Zn2+的去除效果最佳(P<0.05).
对菌株WL-37的多种促生能力进行测定,结果如图9图10所示.WL-37不具备产IAA生长激素的能力.WL-37的产铁载体能力如图9(a)和9(b)所示.在天门冬氨酸培养基中,WL-37的发酵上清液可以与CAS染色剂发生变色反应,在48、72和96h的铁载体产量分别为66%、88%和86%.Arnow实验结果(图9(c))显示,WL-37的发酵上清液变红,且1h内颜色保持不变,表明其所产铁载体中含有儿茶酚型铁载体.在高氯酸铁实验中,WL-37的发酵上清液未与高氯酸铁溶液发生变色反应,说明其所产铁载体不含异羟肟酸型铁载体.
图10第一行两个培养基,菌株WL-37可以在Ashby无氮固体培养基上生长.表明该菌株具有固氮能力,可以将空气中的氮元素转化为用于生长的氮源[33].同时,如图10第二行培养基(从左至右为连续3次接种单菌落的ADF固体培养基),WL-37可以在以ACC为唯一氮源的ADF固体培养基上生长,证明其具备产生ACC脱氨酶的能力[33].
重金属污染的治理与修复是当今社会广泛关注的环境问题,而具有重金属耐性的微生物在生物修复中发挥重要的作用[11,34].本研究从铅锌矿污染区分离出的新型Achromobacter sp.菌株WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的耐受能力分别为600、1800和1000mg/L.研究表明,重金属污染进入不同环境介质后,当地微生物的重金属抗性会受到显著影响[35].例如,在尾矿土中分离出的产孢霉甲杆菌(Methylobacterium sp. EM2)对Pb2+的抗性达到800mg/L[36];从矿石山表层土壤中筛出的蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp. MZ-11)对Pb2+和Zn2+的抗性分别为1000和1200mg/L[37];在镉污染农田中筛选出的尼古丁节杆菌(Paenarthrobactor nitroguajacolicus)、梭形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)和臂甲基芽孢杆菌(Methyllobacium brachiatum),对Cd2+的抗性分别为100、100、50和50mg/L[38].微生物的耐受水平可能与其周围环境中的重金属浓度有关,但自身固有的耐受能力和适应性将决定它们修复修金属的能力[38].以上结果表明,菌株WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的耐受能力处于较高水平,其在重金属污染修复中的潜力值得进一步研究.
本研究中,菌株WL-37对50mg/L Cd2+和Zn2+的最大去除率分别为59%和54%,对600mg/L Pb2+的最大去除率为95%.与先前研究相比,WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的去除率均处于较高水平.例如,Wang等[39]从电镀废水中分离出的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis TR1)对50mg/L Cd2+去除率接近35%;Xu等[40]从铅锌废水中分离出的波兰青霉菌(Penicillium polonicum)对4mmol/L Pb2+的去除率为90%;张祖烨等[41]从红树林表层土中分离的新型放线菌(Agromyces sp. CS16)对75mg/L Zn2+的去除率接近40%,通过以上可以看出菌株WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+有较强的去除能力.
为了探究生物修复的最大潜力,首先要考虑到生存环境的变化对微生物的影响.包括金属离子的浓度、初始接种量和pH值等,这些因素都会对生物修复过程产生重大影响[42-43].菌株WL-37对不同浓度的Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+去除率分别为,50mg/L(59%、57%和54%)、200mg/L(23%、92%和39%)和400mg/L(26%、91%和29%).WL-37对200和400mg/L Pb2+的去除率显著高50mg/L(P<0.05).这可能是因为培养液中金属离子浓度升高,促进了金属离子向细胞内的转移,提高了细菌的吸收率[44].对于Cd2+和Zn2+,去除率均在50mg/L时达到最高,随着初始浓度的增加,去除率反而下降.这可能是由于高浓度的Cd2+和Zn2+对细菌具有较强的毒性,同时较高的初始浓度减少了细菌可结合的活性位点,导致去除效果受到抑制[45-46].综合WL-37在不同浓度Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+中的生长情况和去除能力,Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+对WL-37的毒性排序为:Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+[47].
在不同初始接种量的环境中,菌株WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的去除效率并未随着接种量的增加而提高.这可能是由于“壳效应”,这一机制保护了生物吸附剂的活性结合位点,阻止金属离子占据部分位点[48].此外,细菌在生长过程中会对营养物质产生竞争作用,这也可能导致去除率下降[49].在不同初始pH值的环境中,菌株对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的最佳去除率分别在pH值为5.0,9.0和7.0时达到.在Yin[50]等人的研究中也发现了类似结果.过高或过低的pH值都会降低金属的结合能力,使菌株达到最佳去除率的pH值范围可能与重金属种类及菌株特性有关[51-52].
菌株WL-37与木糖氧化无色杆菌属菌株NBRC 15126T的同源性高达99.5%.先前研究表明,转运蛋白介导的外排和生物絮凝剂的吸附是无色杆菌属吸收重金属离子的主要机制.例如,木糖氧化无色杆菌属菌株A8的pbt基因是其耐受Pb2+和Cd2+的关键基因,pbtABCpbtFpbtY在受到Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+胁迫时会显著上调,而P1B型跨膜蛋白PbtA对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+具有外排转运功能[53].Suman等[54]也证实,当菌株A8体内的PbtA在酵母菌(S.cerevisiae CM137和DTY168)中异源表达时,两株菌株的Pb2+和Zn2+耐受性变强,同时对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的积累量增加.Subudhi等[55]从炼油厂废水中分离出能够产生生物絮凝剂的无色杆菌属菌株TERI-IASST N,对Pb2+和Zn2+具有良好的吸附效果.而菌株WL-37对Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的耐受及去除机制可能与上述菌株相似,但仍需进一步研究.
目前,植物与微生物协同修复重金属污染被认为是一种有效的修复手段[56].其中,无色杆菌属在重金属和有机物污染的治理中发挥了重要的作用,但对具有促生能力的无色杆菌属菌株研究相对匮乏[57-59].本研究发现的无色杆菌属菌株WL-37具备多种植物促生能力.首先,WL-37的铁载体产量可达88%.王慧等[60]从稻田耕作层中筛出的菌株,铁载体产量在4%~69%之间,相比之下,WL-37有较强的产铁载体能力.同时,WL-37的铁载体产量在培养初期升高后逐渐稳定,这与陈伟等[61]的发现相似,这可能与菌株的生长和络合能力的变化有关.其次,WL-37还具有固氮和产ACC脱氨酶的能力.ACC的降解是促进植物生长重要特征,而ACC脱氨酶在此过程中发挥关键作用,利用能产生ACC脱氨酶的微生物可以有效提高植物的抗逆性和生物量[62].此外,植物不能直接利用空气中的氮气,而具备固氮能力的微生物可以将空气的氮转化为可供植物利用的氨[63].综上所述,菌株WL-37在植物-微生物联合修复方面具备良好的应用前景.
4.1 从生长于铅锌复合污染矿区的超富集植物青葙根际土壤中,分离得到一株耐Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+菌株,该菌株为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)内一新物种,命名为WL-37.
4.2 菌株WL-37对不同浓度Cd2+、Pb2+和Zn2+均有一定的去除能力,且去除率均高于一般水平.在固定重金属浓度(Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+均为50mg/L)、温度(37℃)和转速(180r/min)的条件下,WL-37在pH值=5.0且接种量为2%时,对Cd2+的最佳去除率为69%;在pH值=9.0且接种量为2%时,对Pb2+的最佳去除率为95%;在pH值=7.0且接种量为8%时,对Zn2+的最佳去除率为62%.菌株WL-37在Cd、Pd、Zn等重金属污染修复中具有较好的潜力.
4.3 菌株WL-37具备良好的植物促生能力.菌株WL-37的铁载体产量可达88%,同时具有固氮能力和产ACC脱氨酶的能力.
  • 国家自然科学基金(52200189; 52230006; 52070051; 32271700)
  • 广西自然科学基金(2021GXNSFBA220055)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
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国家自然科学基金(52200189; 52230006; 52070051; 32271700)
广西自然科学基金(2021GXNSFBA220055)
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    1.桂林理工大学,广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林 541006
    2.桂林理工大学,岩溶地区水污染控制与用水安全保障协同创新中心,广西 桂林 541006
    3.桂林理工大学,广西农业面源污染综合治理工程研究中心,广西 桂林 541006
    4.清华大学环境学院,北京 100084

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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