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In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to simulate soil contaminated with varying levels of cadmium(Cd), arsenic(As), and lead(Pb)to investigate the changes in biomass, the absorption and accumulation of mineral nutrients, as well as the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals under different contamination conditions. Furthermore, soil threshold for Cd, As, and Pb in acidic soil were derived to ensure the safe production of cherry radish. The results indicated that cherry radish exhibited significant toxic effects when heavy metals content added in soil reached the risk control threshold. The contents of iron(Fe), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn)in root of cherry radish increased initially and then decreased as the level of heavy metals contamination increased, while manganese(Mn)content continuously increased. The root of cherry radish had the highest enrichment and translocation ability for Cd, with average bioconcentration factors(BCF)being 18.6 and 115 times higher than those for As and Pb, respectively. The average translocation factors(TF)for Cd were 4.02 and 2.41 times higher than those for Pb and As, respectively. Based on the National Food Safety Standard(GB2762—2022), and considering the safety of both the roots and shoots of cherry radishes, the derived soil threshold values for safe cherry radish production in acidic soil were 0.30mg/kg for Cd, 171.1mg/kg for As, and 27.5mg/kg for Pb.

, correspAuthors=Zhong ZHUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao QI, Xiang-yu QIAN, Ya-nan WAN, Hua-fen LI, Qi WANG, Zhong ZHUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057217890275859, articleId=1241057215331750211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=复合污染土壤中樱桃萝卜对镉、砷和铅的富集特征及其安全生产阈值, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过模拟不同污染程度的镉(Cd)、砷(As)和铅(Pb)复合污染土壤的盆栽试验,分析了樱桃萝卜在不同重金属污染条件下的生物量变化、矿质营养元素的吸收累积特征以及重金属累积特征,并进一步推导了酸性土壤中樱桃萝卜安全生产的土壤Cd、As和Pb阈值.结果表明:当土壤添加重金属浓度达到风险管制值时,樱桃萝卜表现出明显的毒害作用;樱桃萝卜根部的铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)含量随重金属污染程度的升高先增加后减少,而锰(Mn)含量则不断增加;樱桃萝卜根部对Cd的富集能力和转移最强,Cd的富集系数(BCF)平均值分别是As和Pb的18.6和115倍,Cd的转移系数(TF)平均值分别是Pb和As的4.02和2.41倍,樱桃萝卜根部对重金属的富集以及转移能力会受土壤中重金属浓度的影响;依据食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2022)中规定限值,综合考虑樱桃萝卜根部和地上部的安全生产,推导出酸性土壤中樱桃萝卜安全生产的Cd、As和Pb阈值分别为0.30、171.1和27.5mg/kg.

, correspAuthors=庄重, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,助理研究员,
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祁浩(1999-),男,山西临汾人,中国农业大学博士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染与修复研究..

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祁浩(1999-),男,山西临汾人,中国农业大学博士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染与修复研究..

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祁浩(1999-),男,山西临汾人,中国农业大学博士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染与修复研究..

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数据表示均值±标准误差(n=3),不同小写字母表示不同处理间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=DAnFbi+U4fRpJiWvNNO8Vg==, figureFileBig=OsSYzOlYHN9F/ppdVmTGeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223061853170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trace elements content in shoot and root of cherry radish, figureFileSmall=wigtAzb41t2cR3EC36mRVA==, figureFileBig=+rN8nlemqWO5T0YKj/W7Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223212848128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=CN, label=图2, caption=樱桃萝卜地上部和根部微量元素含量

数据表示均值±标准误差(n=3),不同小写字母表示不同处理间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=wigtAzb41t2cR3EC36mRVA==, figureFileBig=+rN8nlemqWO5T0YKj/W7Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223347064846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heavy metals content of shoot and root in cherry radish(a)and single factor pollution index of heavy metals in the shoot and root of cherry radish(b), figureFileSmall=6X4qYLzIp7uK2pLVCTL1vA==, figureFileBig=S7n47112biVwNlGTExrpng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223531614236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=CN, label=图3, caption=樱桃萝卜地上部和根部的重金属含量(a)以及重金属单因子污染指数(b)

数据表示均值±标准误差(n=3),不同小写字母表示不同处理间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=6X4qYLzIp7uK2pLVCTL1vA==, figureFileBig=S7n47112biVwNlGTExrpng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223678414895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The distribution of heavy metals in the shoot and root of cherry radish, figureFileSmall=M+9vteC8h8ceQTp2znsWmw==, figureFileBig=u66uOwkrmkB9dZIgLp4CXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223883935809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=CN, label=图4, caption=樱桃萝卜中重金属在地上部和根部的累积比例

数据表示均值±标准误差(n=3),不同小写字母表示同一部位不同处理间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=M+9vteC8h8ceQTp2znsWmw==, figureFileBig=u66uOwkrmkB9dZIgLp4CXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057224139788374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Linear relationship between heavy metals content in different parts of cherry radish and soil heavy metals content, and safe production thresholds, figureFileSmall=F9kbXEADvE+D6Nd2/HN0wA==, figureFileBig=dH79fR1qTZ7d1ibN/Un9qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057225679097959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=CN, label=图5, caption=樱桃萝卜不同部位重金属含量与土壤重金属含量的线性关系及安全生产阈值, figureFileSmall=F9kbXEADvE+D6Nd2/HN0wA==, figureFileBig=dH79fR1qTZ7d1ibN/Un9qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057225838481529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical and chemical properties of the tested soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH值全氮(g/kg)有效磷(mg/kg)速效钾(mg/kg)有机质(g/kg)CEC(cmol/kg)全镉(mg/kg)全砷(mg/kg)全铅(mg/kg)
6.10.6448.13408.3824.1910.920.1610.4321.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241057225964310665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试土壤基本理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH值全氮(g/kg)有效磷(mg/kg)速效钾(mg/kg)有机质(g/kg)CEC(cmol/kg)全镉(mg/kg)全砷(mg/kg)全铅(mg/kg)
6.10.6448.13408.3824.1910.920.1610.4321.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241057226085945498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The content of added heavy metals in soil and the corresponding standards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理镉(mg/kg)砷(mg/kg)铅(mg/kg)依据标准(GB 15618—2018)
S1000
S20.12050低于筛选值
S30.34090等于筛选值
S41.0100300介于筛选值和管制值
S52.0150500等于管制值
S65.02001000高于管制值
), ArticleFig(id=1241057226220163244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土壤添加重金属浓度及依据标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理镉(mg/kg)砷(mg/kg)铅(mg/kg)依据标准(GB 15618—2018)
S1000
S20.12050低于筛选值
S30.34090等于筛选值
S41.0100300介于筛选值和管制值
S52.0150500等于管制值
S65.02001000高于管制值
), ArticleFig(id=1241057226325020859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The bioconcentration factor and transfer factor of heavy metals of cherry radish

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理BCFTF
CdAsPbCdAsPb
S10.0372±0.0122c0.0010±0.0003c0.0006±0.0002b11.46±5.94a1.95±0.65ab13.28±3.70a
S20.1331±0.0031b0.0045±0.0012bc0.0014±0.0003ab3.98±0.23a0.76±0.30b1.45±0.35b
S30.1862±0.0105b0.0085±0.0011b0.0020±0.0001a3.54±0.16a0.53±0.07b0.60±0.05b
S40.2824±0.0189a0.0064±0.0011bc0.0025±0.0002a6.77±0.73a1.62±0.34ab0.58±0.01b
S50.3464±0.0311a0.0103±0.0004b0.0022±0.0004a10.88±0.10a3.01±0.41a0.96±0.16b
S60.3257±0.0111a0.0399±0.0034a0.0027±0.0006a5.54±0.20a0.94±0.08b0.63±0.10b
), ArticleFig(id=1241057226450849992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215331750211, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

樱桃萝卜对重金属的富集系数和转移系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理BCFTF
CdAsPbCdAsPb
S10.0372±0.0122c0.0010±0.0003c0.0006±0.0002b11.46±5.94a1.95±0.65ab13.28±3.70a
S20.1331±0.0031b0.0045±0.0012bc0.0014±0.0003ab3.98±0.23a0.76±0.30b1.45±0.35b
S30.1862±0.0105b0.0085±0.0011b0.0020±0.0001a3.54±0.16a0.53±0.07b0.60±0.05b
S40.2824±0.0189a0.0064±0.0011bc0.0025±0.0002a6.77±0.73a1.62±0.34ab0.58±0.01b
S50.3464±0.0311a0.0103±0.0004b0.0022±0.0004a10.88±0.10a3.01±0.41a0.96±0.16b
S60.3257±0.0111a0.0399±0.0034a0.0027±0.0006a5.54±0.20a0.94±0.08b0.63±0.10b
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复合污染土壤中樱桃萝卜对镉、砷和铅的富集特征及其安全生产阈值
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祁浩 , 钱相宇 , 万亚男 , 李花粉 , 王琪 , 庄重 *
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2598-2607
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2598-2607
复合污染土壤中樱桃萝卜对镉、砷和铅的富集特征及其安全生产阈值
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祁浩 , 钱相宇, 万亚男, 李花粉, 王琪, 庄重*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学资源与环境学院,农田土壤污染防控与修复北京市重点实验室,北京 100193
  • 祁浩(1999-),男,山西临汾人,中国农业大学博士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染与修复研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,助理研究员,
Accumulation characteristics of Cd, As, and Pb in cherry radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radculus pers) grown in composite polluted soil and its safe production thresholds
Hao QI , Xiang-yu QIAN, Ya-nan WAN, Hua-fen LI, Qi WANG, Zhong ZHUANG*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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通过模拟不同污染程度的镉(Cd)、砷(As)和铅(Pb)复合污染土壤的盆栽试验,分析了樱桃萝卜在不同重金属污染条件下的生物量变化、矿质营养元素的吸收累积特征以及重金属累积特征,并进一步推导了酸性土壤中樱桃萝卜安全生产的土壤Cd、As和Pb阈值.结果表明:当土壤添加重金属浓度达到风险管制值时,樱桃萝卜表现出明显的毒害作用;樱桃萝卜根部的铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)含量随重金属污染程度的升高先增加后减少,而锰(Mn)含量则不断增加;樱桃萝卜根部对Cd的富集能力和转移最强,Cd的富集系数(BCF)平均值分别是As和Pb的18.6和115倍,Cd的转移系数(TF)平均值分别是Pb和As的4.02和2.41倍,樱桃萝卜根部对重金属的富集以及转移能力会受土壤中重金属浓度的影响;依据食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2022)中规定限值,综合考虑樱桃萝卜根部和地上部的安全生产,推导出酸性土壤中樱桃萝卜安全生产的Cd、As和Pb阈值分别为0.30、171.1和27.5mg/kg.

重金属  /  蔬菜  /  矿质元素  /  复合污染  /  安全生产阈值

In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to simulate soil contaminated with varying levels of cadmium(Cd), arsenic(As), and lead(Pb)to investigate the changes in biomass, the absorption and accumulation of mineral nutrients, as well as the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals under different contamination conditions. Furthermore, soil threshold for Cd, As, and Pb in acidic soil were derived to ensure the safe production of cherry radish. The results indicated that cherry radish exhibited significant toxic effects when heavy metals content added in soil reached the risk control threshold. The contents of iron(Fe), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn)in root of cherry radish increased initially and then decreased as the level of heavy metals contamination increased, while manganese(Mn)content continuously increased. The root of cherry radish had the highest enrichment and translocation ability for Cd, with average bioconcentration factors(BCF)being 18.6 and 115 times higher than those for As and Pb, respectively. The average translocation factors(TF)for Cd were 4.02 and 2.41 times higher than those for Pb and As, respectively. Based on the National Food Safety Standard(GB2762—2022), and considering the safety of both the roots and shoots of cherry radishes, the derived soil threshold values for safe cherry radish production in acidic soil were 0.30mg/kg for Cd, 171.1mg/kg for As, and 27.5mg/kg for Pb.

heavy metals  /  vegetable  /  mineral elements  /  composite pollution  /  safety production threshold
祁浩, 钱相宇, 万亚男, 李花粉, 王琪, 庄重. 复合污染土壤中樱桃萝卜对镉、砷和铅的富集特征及其安全生产阈值. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2598 -2607 .
Hao QI, Xiang-yu QIAN, Ya-nan WAN, Hua-fen LI, Qi WANG, Zhong ZHUANG. Accumulation characteristics of Cd, As, and Pb in cherry radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radculus pers) grown in composite polluted soil and its safe production thresholds[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2598 -2607 .
过量的土壤重金属会威胁生物多样性并降低农田的整体生产力[1-3].我国菜田在过去30年间快速发展[4],密集的农艺措施如频繁灌溉、高复种、化肥和农药的过度使用[5-6],同时伴随着种植年限增加,重金属在菜田土壤中的累积及其对蔬菜产品的影响应当受到重视.镉(Cd)、砷(As)和铅(Pb)是菜地土壤中危害性较强的3种主要重金属污染物,并且经常以复合污染的形式出现[7-8].Cd、As和Pb在蔬菜中的累积会对蔬菜的产量和品质产生重要影响,进而对人体健康造成威胁.目前国内外对土壤-蔬菜系统中重金属的迁移累积特征已经有较多研究,蔬菜对于重金属的富集能力存在种间差异,依据蔬菜的主要食用器官分类一般表现为:叶菜类>根茎类>茄果类[9-11].
樱桃萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.var.radculus pers)是国内当前广泛栽培的根菜类作物之一,可作为蔬菜或水果而食用,具有营养价值高、适应性强、生长速度快和生长周期短等特点,并且经济效益明显,是种植大户和普通百姓常常考虑种植的作物[12-13].由于其肉质根为主要食用部位,根系直接接触土壤,易吸收并富集重金属元素[14-15].樱桃萝卜的地上部,即茎叶部分又称萝卜缨,可以通过爆炒、油炸及凉拌等方式加工成熟食直接食用.然而,少有研究对樱桃萝卜地上部进行可食用安全性评价.
因此本文考虑到实际菜地土壤中可能存在多种重金属复合污染的问题,通过设置不同污染程度的Cd、As和Pb复合污染土壤处理,模拟在3种重金属复合污染情况下,探究樱桃萝卜在不同重金属污染条件下的生物量变化、矿质元素吸收累积的影响以及Cd、As和Pb的富集特征,结合樱桃萝卜地上部和根部均可食用的特性,综合分析了其不同食用部位的重金属累积差异,并进一步推导樱桃萝卜的安全生产土壤重金属阈值,以全面评估其不同部位的重金属污染风险,从而为农产品安全管理提供科学依据.
供试土壤取自山东省泰安市农田0~20cm表层土壤(36°12′ N,116°56′ E),其基本理化性质及重金属背景含量见表1.依照《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)[16]中土壤pH值为5.5~6.5时的筛选值和管制值,分别设置6个重金属处理,分别为不外源添加重金属、重金属浓度低于筛选值、等于筛选值、高于筛选值但低于管制值、等于管制值、高于管制值.将重金属以溶液的形式充分混入土壤中,将试剂配置成相同浓度的母液,并补充去离子水,确保加入液体体积一致,对照加等量去离子水.
添加Cd浓度(以Cd计)分别为0,0.1,0.3,1.0,2.0和5.0mg/kg,添加砷浓度(以砷计)分别为0,20,40,100,150和200mg/kg,添加铅浓度(以铅计)分别为0,50,90,300,500和1000mg/kg,共6个处理(表2),加入花盆土壤中的Cd、As和Pb分别用分析纯Cd(NO32·4H2O、分析纯Na2HAsO4·7H2O和分析纯Pb(NO32,每个处理3个重复,陈化2年后使用.
盆栽试验于2022年10月在中国农业大学温室中进行,将上述污染土壤过2mm筛后,装入花盆中,每盆装土3kg.每个盆中加入1.03g尿素、0.27g氯化钾和0.99g过磷酸钙,与土壤混合均匀后,在保持田间持水量约75%的情况下平衡一周.
供试蔬菜为樱桃萝卜,种子购买自山东寿禾种业有限公司.挑选籽粒饱满的樱桃萝卜种子用去离子水洗净,经过10% H2O2消毒30min后用饱和硫酸钙浸泡4h,最后用去离子水清洗干净种子.将种子半浸入去离子水中,待种子露白后播种至盆中,待樱桃萝卜出苗后及时间苗,每盆樱桃萝卜定植4株.根据天气状况控制适宜的水分,蔬菜整个生长期用去离子水进行浇灌,高温时期早晚各浇一次水,保持土壤湿润,生长期内及时清除盆内杂草,并在四周放置粘虫板,樱桃萝卜生长40d后收获,采集樱桃萝卜地上部和地下部样品.
植株样品的制备参考张好等[17]的方法,樱桃萝卜样品收获后,将樱桃萝卜植株的地上部和根部分开先用自来水冲洗干净,然后用去离子水清洗,用吸水纸拭干后,称量其地上部和根部鲜重.然后将样品在105℃下杀青半小时,在75℃下烘干48h,称量干重,烘干后的植株样品用粉碎机磨碎处理后待用.
土壤样品称取0.2000g,加入8mL王水(HCl:HNO3=3:1,体积比),冷消化过夜,使用电热消解仪消解.植株样品称取0.2500g,加入8mL HNO3(优级纯),冷消化过夜,使用电热消解仪消解.消解程序为:先在80℃下加热1.5h,继续升温至120℃加热1.5h,再升温至150℃加热3h.继续将温度升至160~180℃进行赶酸,加热直至消解管中仅剩1mL消解液.待消解管冷却后,取下消解管塞,直接在消解管里加高纯水定容至50mL,过滤到15mL离心管中,样品标记待后续测定.使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS 7700;Agilent Technologies,美国)测定消解液中元素的浓度,测定过程中采用标准物质(GBW 07456张家港长江沉积物;GBW 10049大葱)和空白样品进行全程质量控制,元素测定回收率范围为82%~118%.
富集系数(BCF)用于表示樱桃萝卜根部对重金属的富集能力,计算公式如下:
式中:Croot表示樱桃萝卜根部重金属含量,mg/kg;Csoil表示土壤中重金属总量(外源添加重金属含量与背景值含量之和),mg/kg.
转移系数(TF)用于表示樱桃萝卜将重金属从根部转移到地上部的能力,计算公式如下:
式中:Cshoot表示樱桃萝卜地上部重金属含量,mg/kg;Croot表示樱桃萝卜根部重金属含量,mg/kg.
樱桃萝卜重金属污染评价采用单因子污染指数法,具体计算公式如下:
式中:Pi为单因子污染指数;Ci为污染物的实测含量,mg/kg;Si为食品中污染物限量标准,mg/kg.当Pi≤1时,表示樱桃萝卜未受污染;当Pi>1时,表示樱桃萝卜受到污染.
试验数据采用Microsoft Excel 2016进行预处理,使用SPSS 22.0进行方差分析(多重比较采用Duncan法),使用Origin 2024进行图形的绘制.
生物量是衡量植物生长状况的重要指标之一,能够直观地反映出重金属对植物生长的影响.在受到Cd、As和Pb复合污染土壤中,樱桃萝卜地上部和根部生物量随污染程度的变化如图1所示.结果表明,在不同污染程度土壤中,樱桃萝卜地上部和根部生物量范围分别为1.07~11.77g/株和0.31~12.56g/株.当土壤添加重金属浓度达到或超过风险管制值时(对应S5和S6土壤),樱桃萝卜表现出明显的毒害作用,主要表现为植株矮小和生长缓慢.与S1土壤相比,S5和S6土壤中樱桃萝卜地上部生物量分别显著下降了61.6%和89.9%,根部生物量分别显著下降了42.4%和97.6%(P<0.05).在风险管制值以下的土壤中,虽然樱桃萝卜地上部和根部生物量没有显著差异,但随着污染程度的增加,根部生物量呈现出下降趋势.
图2可以看出,复合重金属污染土壤对樱桃萝卜根部Fe、Cu和Zn含量的影响基本一致,均表现为先增加后降低的趋势.在S2处理组中,根部Fe、Cu和Zn元素含量分别达到峰值,分别为14.70、0.23和4.04mg/kg,随后随外源重金属浓度的进一步增加有所下降,其中Fe和Zn含量下降至低于S1组,而Cu含量则仍高于S1组.樱桃萝卜地上部Zn含量受复合重金属污染处理的影响较小,地上部Fe和Cu含量的变化与根部相似,地上部Fe和Cu含量分别在S4和S5处理组中达到峰值,显著高于S1处理组(P<0.05).与此同时,与S1组相比,S4、S5和S6处理组中樱桃萝卜根部中的Mn元素含量显著增加了3.1、4.2和7.2倍,(P<0.05),地上部Mn含量的变化与根部类似,与S1组相比,地上部Mn元素含量显著增加了4.0、3.5和2.8倍(P<0.05).
樱桃萝卜在不同污染程度的土壤中各部位重金属含量如图3(a)所示,樱桃萝卜地上部Cd、As和Pb含量范围分别为0.03~9.32,0.01~7.77和0.12~1.60mg/kg,根部Cd、As和Pb含量范围分别为0.01~1.68,0.02~8.39和0.02~2.80mg/kg.结果表明,在污染程度较低的处理组中(S1、S2和S3),樱桃萝卜植株中重金属含量没有显著的差异,而在较高浓度下才表现出显著的差异,与S1土壤相比,S5和S6土壤中樱桃萝卜地上部和根部中三种重金属含量显著增加(P<0.05).
由于地上部和根部可食用安全性评价参考的限值不同,本研究采用单因子污染指数法对樱桃萝卜地上部和根部在相同污染程度土壤中的主要污染元素进行识别(图3(b)).根据食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2022),根部限量指标参考块根类蔬菜限值(Cd:0.10mg/kg;As:0.50mg/kg;Pb:0.10mg/kg),地上部限量指标参考叶菜类蔬菜限值(Cd:0.20mg/kg;As:0.50mg/kg;Pb:0.30mg/kg).从图3b可以看出,在S4以及污染程度更高的S5和S6污染土壤中,樱桃萝卜地上部和根部中3种元素全部超标,樱桃萝卜地上部Cd更容易超标,而根部Pb更容易超标.例如,当土壤重金属浓度达到风险筛选值时(S3土壤),樱桃萝卜地上部Cd超标而根部不超标,地上部的PCd达到1.50,而此时根部PCd为0.80;地上部的PPb为0.45,而此时根部PPb达到2.26.在污染土壤中(不包括S1),地上部PCd是对应根部的1.8~5.5倍,而根部PPb是对应地上部的2.5~5.2倍.
樱桃萝卜根部在不同污染程度的土壤中的重金属富集系数(BCF)和转移系数(TF)如表3所示.结果表明,樱桃萝卜根部对Cd、As和Pb的富集系数和转移系数在不同污染程度土壤上存在一定的差异,BCF范围分别为0.0372~0.3464,0.0010~0.0399和0.0006~0.0027,TF范围分别为3.54~11.46,0.76~3.01和2.92~13.28.整体而言,樱桃萝卜根部对Cd的富集能力和转移最强,Cd的BCF平均值分别是As和Pb的18.6和115倍,TF平均值分别是Pb和As的4.02和2.41倍.此外,樱桃萝卜根部对重金属的富集以及转移能力也受土壤中重金属浓度的影响,其富集能力随着土壤中重金属浓度的增加而增加,在S5土壤中的BCF-Cd最高(0.3464),在S6土壤中的BCF-As(0.0399)和BCF-Pb(0.0027)最高.樱桃萝卜根部对重金属的转移能力在有外源添加的重金属的土壤上表现出了较低的转移系数,其中S1土壤上的TF-Cd和TF-Pb最高,分别为11.46和13.28.
樱桃萝卜植株中3种重金属(Cd、As、Pb)的分配比例随土壤处理中外源重金属添加量的变化如图4所示.Cd、As和Pb在地上部的累积比例分别为64.2%~93.9%、42.7%~82.7%和33.75%~88.52%,在根部的累积比例分别为6.1%~35.8%、17.4%~57.3%和11.48%~66.25%.随着3种外源重金属添加量的增加,重金属在根部的累积比例呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,根部Cd、As和Pb累积比例分别在S2、S3和S4处理中达到峰值.与相应的S1处理相比,As和Pb在根部的累积比例显著增加.而与相应的累积比例最高的处理组相比,S6处理中根部Cd、As和Pb累积比例分别显著降低了82.9%、69.7%和61.0%(P<0.05).
本研究采用线性回归方法,将土壤中重金属含量(外源添加重金属含量与土壤背景值含量之和)与樱桃萝卜地上部或根部中重金属含量进行拟合(因S5和S6处理中樱桃萝卜受毒害较严重,不纳入拟合),将食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2022)中的限量指标分别代入拟合方程中,得出樱桃萝卜地上部和根部安全生产的土壤Cd、As和Pb阈值(图5).结果表明,樱桃萝卜可食用部位重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量呈极显著的线性关系(P<0.01),拟合优度范围为0.74~0.97.
具体而言,反推出的酸性土壤中樱桃萝卜地上部安全生产的土壤Cd、As和Pb阈值分别为0.30,171.1和73.8mg/kg,根部安全生产的土壤Cd、As和Pb阈值分别为0.46,214.1mg/kg和27.5mg/kg.根部的Cd和As的阈值高于根部,而Pb的阈值低于地上部,樱桃萝卜根部的Cd和As阈值分别是地上部的1.53和1.25倍,而地上部Pb的阈值是根部的2.68倍.考虑到地上部和根部均为可食用部位,为生产出符合安全性的樱桃萝卜,其安全生产的土壤Cd、As和Pb的阈值分别为0.30,171.1mg/kg和27.5mg/kg.
本研究表明,当土壤外源添加重金属浓度达到土壤风险管制值时,樱桃萝卜地上部和根部均表现出明显的毒害症状,生物量显著降低.对植物而言,重金属是导致有害影响的重要非生物胁迫之一,过量重金属的积累会对植物造成毒性.许多研究表明,过量吸收的重金属会干扰植物的多种生化、生理过程和结构,导致其生长受到抑制甚至导致死亡[18-21].重金属毒性的一个常见后果是活性氧(ROS)的过度积累,这可能导致酶失活、DNA损伤及与植物细胞其他重要成分的相互作用[22].
然而,在本研究中,当重金属浓度低于土壤风险管制值时,虽然樱桃萝卜生物量没有受到明显的抑制,但此时植物中的重金属含量大多处于较高的水平,并且对于重金属的富集能力较强,由此所带来的安全风险不容忽视,这也说明了樱桃萝卜对于中轻度复合重金属污染土壤具有比较高的耐受性.一些研究也发现低浓度的重金属不会对植物产生明显的危害[23-25],因此在实际生产中不能仅仅依据蔬菜的长势或产量来判断蔬菜被重金属所污染的程度.本研究还发现,当土壤中重金属处理浓度超过风险筛选值时,樱桃萝卜植株中的重金属累积量才呈现出显著差异,这说明土壤中低浓度重金属对植株中重金属累积量的影响不大,但随着土壤中重金属浓度的增加可能会显著提高植株对重金属的累积量,进而危及农产品安全.
本研究发现,在复合重金属污染胁迫下,樱桃萝卜根部和地上部的Mn含量显著增加(图2),樱桃萝卜根部Mn含量的增加可能与其作为抗氧化剂的角色有关,植物可能通过增加根部Mn的吸收和分配来增强抗氧化防御能力,以维持细胞稳态和降低氧化损伤[26].同样,樱桃萝卜地上部Mn含量也显著增加,这与Ramos等[27]的研究结果类似,Cd浓度的增加导致了莴苣芽中Mn含量的增加,Mn含量的增加可能是植物在叶绿体水平上对Cd毒性耐受的一种可能机制.铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)是植物必需的微量元素,它们在植物中的含量较少,但在植物的生理活动、生长发育及成分形成和累积中起着重要作用[28].在重金属胁迫下,植物可能通过增加营养供给,来补偿因重金属干扰而导致的矿质营养代谢紊乱,或通过增加对某些具有解毒作用的矿质营养元素的吸收,来增强其对重金属的解毒能力.
此外,土壤外源添加的重金属也有可能与其他矿质元素发生竞争作用从而使其解吸下来,土壤溶液中矿质元素升高使得植物体内矿质元素升高.然而,当土壤中重金属浓度过高时,大量的重金属可能抑制植物根系对矿质元素的吸收和转运[29],这也解释了本研究中樱桃萝卜根部中的Fe、Cu和Zn含量随污染程度的升高先增加后减少.微量元素是多种酶的重要成分,细胞通过调控这些微量元素参与的代谢来缓解重金属毒害,然而,各种重金属如何同时影响微量元素在植株中的累积机制尚不完全清楚,有待后续研究证明.
本研究结果表明,在较高浓度的复合重金属污染土壤中,樱桃萝卜地上部(萝卜缨)中的重金属含量高于根部(图3a).尽管萝卜缨中富含人体必需的Na、K、Mg、Fe和Ca等微量元素,但在高污染土壤环境下,其富集的更多的重金属可能会对食用安全性带来潜在风险.通常大部分植物吸收的重金属主要累积在植物的根部,地上部累积的重金属较少,而董克虞等[30]的研究发现,双子叶作物对于重金属的累积能力不完全遵循根>茎叶>果实这一规律,双子叶作物的生命活动旺盛部位容易积累更多的重金属,其营养物质的储存器官中的重金属含量反而更低,樱桃萝卜的营养物质储存器官主要为肉质根,这与本研究结果一致.同样,费新东等[31]的研究也表明,在相对稳定的土壤体系下,同样为双子叶植物的萝卜,其叶中Cd含量是根部中Cd含量的3倍左右.
富集系数的结果表明,樱桃萝卜根部对Cd的富集能力最强(表3).从不同元素性质的角度来分析,镉、砷、铅、铬和汞五种元素中,由于镉的水溶性和迁移率最强,因而更容易被根系所吸收[32].此外,樱桃萝卜具有较强的重金属转移能力,尤其是Cd的转移能力最强,与转移能力的结果一致,樱桃萝卜植株内Cd主要分布在地上部(表3),这可能是由于Cd2+与大量元素Ca2+之间的竞争,Ca2+比其他金属更容易被Cd取代,因为它们具有相同的离子半径和化合价[33-34].此外,钙是作物的必需元素,它可以通过主动运输进入植物组织,而大多数重金属(作为非必需元素)只能通过被动方法(如浓度扩散和渗透)进入植物组织[35].相比之下,As和Pb的转移能力较弱,且其在植物体内的分布规律较为复杂,可能与其在植物体内的化学形态和结合形式有关.然而,樱桃萝卜在重金属浓度相对较低的情况下(风险管制值以下)可能已经出现毒害作用,虽然其在生物量上的表现不显著(图1),但其内部的生物化学和细胞层面可能已经受到比较严重的抑制效果,根部代谢受损,对于重金属的转运能力下降[23].
此外,在污染程度较低的处理组中(S1、S2和S3),樱桃萝卜植株中重金属含量没有显著的差异,而在较高浓度下才表现出显著的差异,这可能是由于不同重金属元素之间的相互作用所导致.已有研究表明,复合重金属污染的效应主要表现在加合、拮抗和协同3种交互作用,这些交互作用可能在单一污染的情况下表现不同[36].一方面重金属离子之间可能在土壤化学水平上产生竞争效应,从而导致重金属在土壤固相和液相之间的分配表现出差异.如梁晶等[37]的研究发现,As的添加可以使红壤对Cd的吸附量和解吸量增加,并且随着As加入量的增加,红壤对Cd的吸附增量和解吸增量也增加.另一方面,这种交互作用可能体现在植物的吸收过程.赵迪[38]的研究表明,As显著抑制了小麦根部对Cd的吸收.胡莹等[39]的研究表明,添加Pb可以显著促进As由根表铁膜向根系中的转运,同时,添加As也可以促进水稻根系对Pb的吸收,Pb和As的交互作用明显的促进了水稻根系对Pb和As的吸收.
樱桃萝卜地上部和根部的Cd、As和Pb含量与土壤中镉、砷和铅含量的呈现出显著的正相关关系(图5).考虑到樱桃萝卜地上部和根部均可食用以及二者的重金属累积特征的不同.以食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2022)为依据,结合不同部位的重金属的累积量与土壤重金属总量的相关方程,得出酸性土壤中樱桃萝卜安全生产的土壤Cd、As和Pb阈值分别为0.30,171.1mg/kg和27.5mg/kg.结果显示,土壤Pb和As的临界值要明显高于Cd的临界值,这进一步表明了樱桃萝卜对于Cd的累积能力要大于对于Pb和As的累积能力.与《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中5.5<pH≤6.5时其他用地的风险筛选值(Cd、As和Pb分别为0.3,40和90mg/kg)相比,本研究推导出的Cd阈值与国家标准相当,As阈值是国家标准的4.3倍,而Pb则远低于国家标准,说明现行的国家标准对于樱桃萝卜种植的As的产地安全评价过于严格,而对于Pb则偏宽松.在实际农田管理中应综合考虑植物不同部位的重金属富集特征,并根据土壤污染状况和作物种类调整种植结构或制定合理的种植规范,从而降低农产品的重金属安全风险.
本研究基于盆栽试验,所添加的水溶性重金属盐的生物有效性不可避免的与大田的存在区别,这对于阈值的推导存在一定的局限性.目前,对于蔬菜安全生产阈值的推导大多仅采用作物的单一部位的重金属限量值进行反推预测,对于一些地上部和根部均可食用的蔬菜,如胡萝卜、樱桃萝卜、莴笋、甜菜和芥菜等,忽略了不同部位的重金属累积差异,这在对于此类蔬菜的安全性评价上存在一定的局限性,可能导致对实际种植环境中的风险评估出现偏差.因此,有必要针对这类蔬菜,充分考虑其不同部位的重金属累积差异来制定更加细化的安全评估标准,以确保全面的食品安全.通过更精确的评估方法,可以减少农产品安全管理中的偏差,保障消费者的健康.
4.1 樱桃萝卜对于中轻度复合重金属污染土壤具有较高的耐受性,当外源重金属浓度低于土壤风险管制值时,虽然樱桃萝卜生物量没有受到明显的抑制,但高重金属含量所带来的安全风险不容忽视.
4.2 樱桃萝卜根部对重金属的富集以及转移能力会受土壤中重金属浓度的影响,地上部是富集镉(Cd)、砷(As)和铅(Pb)的主要部位,樱桃萝卜地上部Cd更容易超标,而根部Pb更容易超标.
4.3 通过回归方程计算出酸性土壤(5.5<pH≤6.5)条件下,樱桃萝卜安全生产时土壤中Cd、As和Pb总量安全阈值分别为0.30mg/kg、171.1mg/kg和27.5mg/kg,现行标准对樱桃萝卜种植中的As评价过于严格,而对Pb评价较为宽松.
  • 云南省重大科技专项(202202AE090029)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-23-B-15)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
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云南省重大科技专项(202202AE090029)
现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-23-B-15)
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    中国农业大学资源与环境学院,农田土壤污染防控与修复北京市重点实验室,北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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