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Semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)can be easily adsorbed by indoor surfaces and thus are difficult to be removed by ventilation or air purification. Photocatalytic oxidation technology has bright prospects in the field of indoor air purification, but its performance on removing indoor SVOCs is still unclear. In this study, we found that the commonly-used photocatalyst(P25titanium dioxide)could effectively degrade two typical indoor SVOCs(dibutyl phthalate(DnBP)and tri(2-chloropropyl)phosphate(TCPP))under the irradiation of both a 254 nm ultraviolet lamp and a fluorescent lamp, and the degradation process could be described by the first-order kinetic equation. Under the irradiation of fluorescent lamp, DnBP and TCPP were completely degraded within 120 and 42h, respectively, being significantly faster than the removal rate of ventilation and air purification for these two SVOCs. Furthermore, the degradation products and corresponding pathways of DnBP and TCPP were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

, correspAuthors=Jian-ping CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-jie ZHU, Bi-yuan LIU, Hao-nan GE, Xing-yu DUAN, Jian-ping CAO, Hai-bao HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057230708076730, articleId=1241057215231095661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=室内典型半挥发性有机物的光催化降解, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

半挥发性有机物(SVOC)极易吸附在室内各种表面上,导致通风净化等常规方法对室内SVOC污染的控制效果很差.光催化氧化法在室内空气净化领域具有广阔前景,但其对室内SVOC的控制效果尚不清楚.发现常用光催化剂(P25二氧化钛)在254nm紫外灯及室内日光灯的照射下均可实现对两种典型SVOC(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)和磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP))的有效降解,且降解过程符合一阶动力学方程.在日光灯照射下DnBP和TCPP分别可以在120和42h后被完全降解,显著快于通风净化等途径对二者的去除速率.此外,借助气相色谱-质谱联用仪和质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪联合分析了DnBP和TCPP的光催化降解产物,并初步探究了二者的光催化降解路径.

, correspAuthors=曹建平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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朱玉杰(1999-),女,湖北十堰人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气污染控制..

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朱玉杰(1999-),女,湖北十堰人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气污染控制..

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朱玉杰(1999-),女,湖北十堰人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气污染控制..

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ArticleFig(id=1241057240040403822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215231095661, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Identification results of photocatalytic degradation products of DnBP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号结构式分子式及名称CAS号分子量序号结构式分子式及名称CAS号分子量
1aC7H6O2苯甲酸65-85-012213bC2H2O乙烯酮463-51-442
2aC8H6O4邻苯二甲酸88-99-316614bC2H4O乙醛75-07-044
3aC11H14O2苯甲酸丁酯136-60-717815bCH2O2甲酸64-18-646
4aC11H14O3水杨酸丁酯2052-14-419416bC4H6丁二烯106-99-054
5aC9H10O2苯甲酸乙酯93-89-015017bC3H4O丙烯醛107-02-856
6aC12H14O4邻苯二甲酸单丁酯131-70-422218bC3H6O丙酮67-64-158
7aC12H14O5 4-羟基邻苯二甲酸二乙酯64139-21-523819bC2H4O2乙酸64-19-760
8bC2H2乙炔74-86-22620bC4H6O丁烯酮78-94-470
9bC2H4乙烯74-85-12821bC3H6O2丙酸79-09-474
10bCH2O甲醛50-00-03022bC7H8甲苯108-88-392
11bCH4O甲醇67-56-13223bC6H6O苯酚108-95-294
12bC3H4丙二烯463-49-040
), ArticleFig(id=1241057240191398771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215231095661, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DnBP光催化降解产物的鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号结构式分子式及名称CAS号分子量序号结构式分子式及名称CAS号分子量
1aC7H6O2苯甲酸65-85-012213bC2H2O乙烯酮463-51-442
2aC8H6O4邻苯二甲酸88-99-316614bC2H4O乙醛75-07-044
3aC11H14O2苯甲酸丁酯136-60-717815bCH2O2甲酸64-18-646
4aC11H14O3水杨酸丁酯2052-14-419416bC4H6丁二烯106-99-054
5aC9H10O2苯甲酸乙酯93-89-015017bC3H4O丙烯醛107-02-856
6aC12H14O4邻苯二甲酸单丁酯131-70-422218bC3H6O丙酮67-64-158
7aC12H14O5 4-羟基邻苯二甲酸二乙酯64139-21-523819bC2H4O2乙酸64-19-760
8bC2H2乙炔74-86-22620bC4H6O丁烯酮78-94-470
9bC2H4乙烯74-85-12821bC3H6O2丙酸79-09-474
10bCH2O甲醛50-00-03022bC7H8甲苯108-88-392
11bCH4O甲醇67-56-13223bC6H6O苯酚108-95-294
12bC3H4丙二烯463-49-040
), ArticleFig(id=1241057240329810816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215231095661, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Identification results of photocatalytic degradation products of TCPP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号结构式分子式及名称CAS分子量序号结构式分子式及名称CAS分子量
1C2H2乙炔74-86-2268C3H6O丙酮67-64-158
2CH2O甲醛50-00-0309C2H4O2乙酸64-19-760
3CH4O甲醇67-56-13210C3H6O2羟基丙酮116-09-674
4C2H2O乙烯酮463-51-44211C2H3ClO氯乙醛107-20-078
5C2H4O乙醛75-07-04412HPO3偏磷酸10343-62-180
6CH2O2甲酸64-18-64613aC3H5ClO氯丙酮78-95-592
7C3H4O丙烯醛107-02-85614C3H7ClO 1-氯-2-丙醇19141-39-094
), ArticleFig(id=1241057240485000072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057215231095661, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TCPP光催化降解产物的鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号结构式分子式及名称CAS分子量序号结构式分子式及名称CAS分子量
1C2H2乙炔74-86-2268C3H6O丙酮67-64-158
2CH2O甲醛50-00-0309C2H4O2乙酸64-19-760
3CH4O甲醇67-56-13210C3H6O2羟基丙酮116-09-674
4C2H2O乙烯酮463-51-44211C2H3ClO氯乙醛107-20-078
5C2H4O乙醛75-07-04412HPO3偏磷酸10343-62-180
6CH2O2甲酸64-18-64613aC3H5ClO氯丙酮78-95-592
7C3H4O丙烯醛107-02-85614C3H7ClO 1-氯-2-丙醇19141-39-094
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室内典型半挥发性有机物的光催化降解
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朱玉杰 1 , 刘璧源 1 , 盖浩南 1 , 段星宇 1 , 曹建平 1, * , 黄海保 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2390-2398
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2390-2398
室内典型半挥发性有机物的光催化降解
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朱玉杰1 , 刘璧源1, 盖浩南1, 段星宇1, 曹建平1, * , 黄海保1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学环境科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 2.新疆大学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 朱玉杰(1999-),女,湖北十堰人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气污染控制..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Photocatalytic degradation of typical semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor environments
Yu-jie ZHU1 , Bi-yuan LIU1, Hao-nan GE1, Xing-yu DUAN1, Jian-ping CAO1, * , Hai-bao HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2.Chemical Engineering Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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半挥发性有机物(SVOC)极易吸附在室内各种表面上,导致通风净化等常规方法对室内SVOC污染的控制效果很差.光催化氧化法在室内空气净化领域具有广阔前景,但其对室内SVOC的控制效果尚不清楚.发现常用光催化剂(P25二氧化钛)在254nm紫外灯及室内日光灯的照射下均可实现对两种典型SVOC(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)和磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP))的有效降解,且降解过程符合一阶动力学方程.在日光灯照射下DnBP和TCPP分别可以在120和42h后被完全降解,显著快于通风净化等途径对二者的去除速率.此外,借助气相色谱-质谱联用仪和质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪联合分析了DnBP和TCPP的光催化降解产物,并初步探究了二者的光催化降解路径.

半挥发性有机物(SVOC)  /  光催化氧化  /  二氧化钛  /  邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)  /  磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)  /  室内空气质量

Semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)can be easily adsorbed by indoor surfaces and thus are difficult to be removed by ventilation or air purification. Photocatalytic oxidation technology has bright prospects in the field of indoor air purification, but its performance on removing indoor SVOCs is still unclear. In this study, we found that the commonly-used photocatalyst(P25titanium dioxide)could effectively degrade two typical indoor SVOCs(dibutyl phthalate(DnBP)and tri(2-chloropropyl)phosphate(TCPP))under the irradiation of both a 254 nm ultraviolet lamp and a fluorescent lamp, and the degradation process could be described by the first-order kinetic equation. Under the irradiation of fluorescent lamp, DnBP and TCPP were completely degraded within 120 and 42h, respectively, being significantly faster than the removal rate of ventilation and air purification for these two SVOCs. Furthermore, the degradation products and corresponding pathways of DnBP and TCPP were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOC)  /  photocatalytic oxidation  /  titanium dioxide  /  dibutyl phthalate(DnBP)  /  tri(2-chloropropyl)phosphate(TCPP)  /  indoor air quality
朱玉杰, 刘璧源, 盖浩南, 段星宇, 曹建平, 黄海保. 室内典型半挥发性有机物的光催化降解. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2390 -2398 .
Yu-jie ZHU, Bi-yuan LIU, Hao-nan GE, Xing-yu DUAN, Jian-ping CAO, Hai-bao HUANG. Photocatalytic degradation of typical semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor environments[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2390 -2398 .
建筑装饰装修材料及室内日用品可释放大量有机污染物至室内空气中,其中很多都属于半挥发性有机物(SVOC,通常指饱和蒸气压为10-9~10Pa的一类有机物)[1-3].多数SVOC具有致癌、致畸、致突变等风险,可严重危害人体健康[4].SVOC极易吸附在室内各类表面上(如墙面、天花板等),导致通风稀释、空气净化等常用控制方法对室内SVOC的去除效果很差[5-8].这主要是由于表面会在气态SVOC浓度降低时成为SVOC的“二次污染源”,重新将SVOC释放回室内空气中,抵消掉通风净化的效果[5].因此,若要实现对室内SVOC污染的有效控制,需“对症下药”地使用以室内表面为处理对象的方法[8],但相关方法目前鲜有研究报道.
光催化氧化法具有反应条件温和、氧化能力强、能耗低等优点,与室内环境特点和国家战略需求高度契合,因此一直是室内空气净化领域的研究热点[9-11].已有不少研究证实光催化氧化法在液相体系中对SVOC具有非常显著的降解效果[12-15],但该方法对室内SVOC的降解效果目前尚无研究报道.因此,当前对室内典型SVOC的光催化降解效率、速率、路径等问题的认识都还很不清晰.
为此,本文选取德国Degussa公司生产的P25为光催化剂、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)和磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)为目标SVOC,检测了P25对两种SVOC的降解速率及效率,藉此评估了室内SVOC光催化降解法的可行性;随后,借助气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF-MS)监测了两种SVOC的光催化降解产物,进而探究了二者的光催化降解路径.注:P25指的是平均粒径为25nm的锐钛矿和金红石混合相的二氧化钛(TiO2)粉末,是目前使用最广泛的商业光催化剂之一[16].DnBP和TCPP分别是室内环境中浓度较高(甚至最高)的邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂和有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂,二者均为典型室内SVOC污染物[17].本文旨在为室内SVOC这类大分子、难降解污染物的有效去除探索一种全新路径.
材料和试剂:二氧化钛(P25,Degussa);合成空气(≥99.9%,佛伦气体);氮气(≥99.9%,佛伦气体);针式过滤器(HX-LQ-1Y-13×0.22,津腾);二氯甲烷(HPLC级,Macklin);无水乙醇(≥95%,Greagent);DnBP标准品(≥98%,Sigma);TCPP标准品(≥98%,Mackin).
仪器和装置:分析天平(BSA224S-CW,Sartorius);超声波清洗器(S60H,Elma);旋转蒸发仪(RV10,IKA);氮吹仪(MINI-100N,杭州米欧);254nm紫外灯(4W,Comwin);GC-MS(8890-5977B,Agilent);PTR-T OF-MS(PTR-TOF 1000,Ionicon).
光催化剂涂层:使用浸渍法将目标SVOC与P25混合,以制备负载有SVOC的催化剂涂层[18].以DnBP为例,将P25(0.19g)与DnBP(0.01g)加入30mL无水乙醇中,超声搅拌30min后取6mL混合液至一个培养皿中(内径90mm,石英玻璃材质),无水乙醇完全挥发后(在干燥箱中常温静置3h)在培养皿内底面得到DnBP质量分数为5%的P25涂层(图1(a)).采用相同方法制备TCPP质量分数为5%的P25涂层.
本文探究了P25分别在紫外灯(254nm,4W)和日光灯(常用照明荧光灯管)照射下对DnBP和TCPP的光催化降解过程,具体实验过程介绍如下:
紫外灯照射实验:光催化反应器(内径10cm,高5cm,体积约400mL)如图1(b)所示[19],其底部放置负载有P25涂层的培养皿,顶部放置一根紫外灯,进气为一股温度25℃、相对湿度50%、流量1L/min的合成空气,待反应器内温湿度稳定后,打开紫外灯开始实验.紫外灯照射不同长度时间后(DnBP:5,10,20,30,60,120,180min;TCPP:5,10,15,20,30,45,60min),关闭紫外灯并立即将培养皿取出,用萃取法(详见1.3.1节)测量P25涂层中目标SVOC的残留量随光照时长的变化规律及降解产物.反应器出口连接至PTR-TOF-MS进样口,用于检测气相产物(方法详见1.3.1节).
日光灯照射实验:将负载有P25涂层的培养皿静置在一个无人活动的房间桌面上,日光灯为房间的唯一光源(日光灯为6根均匀安装在天花板上的荧光灯管,灯管与桌面的距离约为2.5m).培养皿置于桌面后立即打开日光灯,经过不同长度时间后(DnBP:6,18,24,30,42,48,54,66,72,78,90,96,102h;TCPP:6,18,24,30,42,48,54,66,72h),将培养皿从房间取出,同样用萃取法测量P25涂层中SVOC的残留量随光照时长的变化规律.实验过程中,房间门窗保持紧闭,仅借助空调调控室内温湿度(温度:(25±1)℃,相对湿度:60%±5%).不开灯时,人员在房间内看不见周围物体,说明房间内无可视光线.
上述两个实验均设置有P25涂层(含目标SVOC)的对照组:无光照,其他条件与实验组完全一样.
(1)P25中SVOC残留量及降解产物分析:从培养皿底面刮取0.01g的P25至无尘纸上,包裹后放入10mL离心管中;加入10mL二氯甲烷,用超声波清洗仪在25℃下萃取3次,每次20min;将萃取液(共30mL)在60℃下旋转蒸发浓缩至10mL,再用针式过滤器进行过滤,取100µL过滤液至GC-MS样品瓶(用于分析SVOC残留量);同时取5mL过滤液至氮吹管中,氮吹浓缩至100µL,再将浓缩液全部转移至另一个GC-MS样品瓶(用于分析降解产物).最后,用GC-MS对上述样品进行定性和定量分析:色谱柱为熔融石英毛细管柱(HP-5MS,30m×250µm×0.25µm),载气为氦气(纯度≥99.999%,流量:1.5mL/min);进样口温度为290℃(不分流进样);色谱柱升温程度:100℃保持2min,以10℃/min升温至300℃,保持5min;离子源温度:250℃(EI,70eV);四极杆温度:170℃;使用全扫描模式(扫描范围35~400AMU).
(2)气相降解产物分析(仅适用于紫外灯照射实验):如图1(b)所示,光催化反应器中的空气被引入PTR-TOF-MS进样口后,气相产物分子将首先在仪器中与底物离子(H3O+)发生质子转移反应,生成带正电的离子(产物分子捕获一个H+),随后被引入飞行时间质谱仪进行分析.由于每种化合物在PTR-TOF-MS中的质子化形式具有特定的质荷比(m/z,对应产物分子量+1)和飞行时间(TOF),因此通过比对PTR-MS Viewer软件配套的数据库中已知化合物的m/z和TOF即可鉴定出降解产物成分[20].
研究发现,SVOC在水体中的光催化降解过程符合一阶反应动力学方程[21-23]
式中:t为光照时长,h;C为光照t时长后P25中SVOC的残留量,μg/g;C0为P25中SVOC的初始含量,μg/g;k为SVOC的光催化降解速率,h–1.由式(1)可知,P25中SVOC残留量理论上会随光照时长指数衰减.将对照组P25中的SVOC含量记为C0,再用其对光照不同时长后P25中的SVOC残留量做归一化处理(C/C0),即可分析实验结果与式(1)的吻合度并求得降解速率k(使用OriginPro 2018C软件完成).
图2(a)所示,DnBP与TCPP的实验结果与式1的拟合优度均很高(拟合优度系数R2>0.99),表明P25在紫外灯照射下对两种SVOC的光催化降解过程符合一阶反应动力学方程.此外,结果显示TCPP的光催化降解速率(k=6.97h-1)高于DnBP的降解速率(k=1.06h-1),这与Yu等[12]及Wang[13]等在液相体系中的测量结果一致.以上速率差异可能归因于两种SVOC的分子结构:DnBP由一个苯环和两条对称分布的支链组成,结构更为复杂且苯环较难被裂解;而TCPP由1个中心P元素和3个支链组成,结构简单,因此更易被裂解.最后,尽管两种SVOC的降解速率存在差异,但结果显示二者均可被P25深度降解:TCPP的含量可在30min内从初始的50mg/g(即5%质量分数)降至萃取法的定量限以下(10μg/g),相当于降解率大于99.9%;DnBP的含量则在180min之后降至10 μg/g以下,降解率同样可达99.9%以上.在对照组P25中,TCPP和DnBP的含量均无明显变化(在无光照条件下静置5~180min,波动低于10μg/g),说明光催化作用是导致实验组P25中两种SVOC含量下降的唯一原因.
图2(b)所示,P25涂层中两种SVOC含量随光照时长的下降规律与式1同样具有很高的拟合度(R2>0.98).此外,TCPP的光催化降解速率(k=0.092h-1)比DnBP(k=0.021h-1)高约4.4倍,与紫外光照射实验的结果保持一致(6.97/1.06≈6.6倍).最后,P25在日光灯照射下同样也可以实现对两种SVOC的深度降解(降解率达到99.9%以上),尽管所需时间相比紫外灯照射时长很多:TCPP约需日光灯连续照射42h(2d内),DnBP则约需120h(约5d).这主要是由于日光灯发射的可激活P25的光线强度比紫外灯低许多(P25的光吸收边为387.5nm[16]),且日光灯管与P25的距离远大于紫光灯管(2.5m vs. 5cm,光强随传播距离指数衰减[24-26]).光照波长及强度对DnBP及TCPP光催化降解速率的影响规律仍需开展实验进行探索.在对照组P25中DnBP和TCPP的含量同样未发生明显变化(在无光照条件下静置6~120h,波动同样低于10μg/g).
相较于紫外灯,日光灯是室内常见光源且对人体无害,因此上述结果为室内SVOC光催化氧化法的可行性提供了重要依据.然而,由于上述速率相较于紫光灯照射时的降解速率明显更慢(低2个数量级左右),因此下文进一步探讨了日光灯照射下的光催化降解速率在去除室内SVOC方面的有效性.
除了源头控制,室内空气污染的控制手段还包括通风净化、表面清洁、表面反应等[8].其中,表面清洁指的是借助拖地、吸尘、擦拭等方式去除室内表面上富集的污染物[27];表面反应指的是借助高氧化性物种(如•OH、NO3和O3等)与污染物在室内表面上发生的非均相化学反应以实现对污染物的被动去除[28].近期,Fahy等[8]系统评估了通风净化、表面清洁及表面反应对室内有机污染物的相对去除效果,结果发现(图3):通风净化是挥发性有机物(VOC,如甲醛、苯等)的首要去除途径;而表面清洁或表面反应则是SVOC的主要去除途径(当表面反应速率大于0.0002h-1时,表面反应的去除速率最快;反之,表面清洁的去除速率最快).室内VOC通常指正辛醇-空气分配系数(Koa)小于108的有机物(log Koa<8),而SVOC通常指log Koa>8的有机物[2,29].然而,Fahy等[8]还发现室内常见SVOC(包括DnBP和TCPP)的表面反应速率普遍小于10-4h-1,不足以超过表面清洁成为室内SVOC的最快去除途径.因此,若要提升表面反应对室内SVOC的去除效果,需采取措施以加快SVOC的表面反应速率:提升氧化性物种的浓度或在室内大尺寸表面(如墙面、天花板等)上负载催化剂.Tang等[30]发现使用高浓度O3(约100×10-9)对室内表面进行氧化处理后,室内SVOC浓度在1h内降低了90%以上.但O3自身就是一种空气污染物,且O3与有机物的反应还会生成大量有害产物(如超细颗粒物和甲醛[30]),因此提升氧化性物种浓度的做法不可行.在室内表面负载催化剂的做法在日常生活中也很常见:将光催化剂混合于装饰装修材料体相内或负载于材料表面(如一些具备空气净化功能的涂料、瓷砖、墙纸等[31-33])和上门除甲醛公司使用的光触媒喷剂(将光催化剂喷涂在室内表面上)便是两个典型例子.但已有研究仅关注了这类方法对室内甲醛等高挥发性污染物的去除效果[14],因此还需探讨其在去除室内SVOC方面的有效性.结合上述实验结果,本文对此问题进行了初步分析,具体介绍如下:
图3中的两条细横虚线可以看出,当表面反应速率>0.0002h-1时,表面反应可去除50%以上的SVOC;而当表面反应速率>0.002h-1时,表面反应将能去除90%以上的SVOC,并使SVOC的室内停留时间缩短至103h以内(估算依据:1/0.002=500h,远短于多数SVOC原本长达104h的停留时间[2,34]).由图2(b)结果可知,P25在日光灯照射下对TCPP和DnBP的降解速率分别为0.092h-1和0.021h-1,均明显高于0.002h-1,这充分支撑了光催化降解方法的有效性.换言之,以上实验和分析表明,在室内常见大尺寸表面(如墙面、天花板等)上喷涂光催化剂可能是解决室内SVOC污染控制难题的一种潜在方法.该方法在真实室内环境中的实施方案(如光催化剂喷涂位置及面积、单位表面上光催化剂加载量等)及实际效果等问题,很值得进一步研究解决.
表1所列为DnBP光催化降解产物的鉴定结果,共23种物质.其中,在P25萃取液的GC-MS质谱图中共识别出8个显著的色谱峰(检出限为1 μg/g,包括1个DnBP峰和7个产物峰),通过比对GC-MS配套的NIST化合物数据库后确定了这些色谱峰对应的物质,即表1所列1~7号产物;在光催化反应器出口气体的PTR-TOF-MS质谱图中共识别出16种物质(检出限为1×10-9),通过比对PTR-MS Viewer软件配套的数据库后鉴定了这些质量峰对应的物质,即表1所列8~23号产物.总体而言,GC-MS测出的产物分子量较高(>120),而PTR-TOF-MS检出的产物分子量则小很多(<95),这也是符合预期的:小分子产物的挥发性更高,更易挥发至空气中;而大分子产物的吸附性更强,更易残留在催化剂表面.此外,在日光灯照射实验中,本文使用PTR-TOF-MS并未在房间空气中测出任何DnBP降解产物,这可能由于此时DnBP降解速率较慢、房间体积很大使得产物浓度低于PTR-TOF-MS的检出限.最后,已有研究在分析甲醛、甲苯等小分子有机物的光催化降解产物时,通常还需监测CO2和CO的产生浓度以计算矿化率(表征降解完全度的重要指标).但本文并未在光催化反应器的出口气体中检测到CO2和CO浓度的显著变化,这可能是由于DnBP降解速率较慢而导致的(CO2和CO浓度太低),后续仍需研究解决该问题(如何表征SVOC光催化降解过程的矿化率).
已有不少研究也测量了DnBP在液相体系中的光催化降解产物,均为残留在液相中的大分子产物.例如,Wang等[13]从UV/TiO2体系对液相DnBP的光催化降解过程中共检测出5种产物,其中3种与本文相同(苯甲酸-产物1、苯甲酸丁酯-产物3和邻苯二甲酸单丁酯-产物6),还有2种本文未检出(对苯醌和丁基(2E,4E)-7-氧庚-2,4-己烯酸酯).类似的,Bajt等[35]从Fe(III)光诱导的液相DnBP催化降解过程中共检测出8种产物,其中2种与本文相同(邻苯二甲酸-产物2与邻苯二甲酸单丁酯-产物6),还有6种本文未检出.以上对比结果表明,在不同反应条件下,DnBP的光催化降解产物存在差异,对应的降解路径应当也不尽相同.
结合表1所列产物及已有研究结论[13,18],本文对DnBP的光催化降解路径进行了初步推测,如图4所示:DnBP包含一个苯环和两条对称分布的支链,其降解过程从支链的裂解开始,支链随降解过程不断变短直至生成苯甲酸、苯酚等产物;最后苯环被打开,并生成一系列小分子产物.具体而言,DnBP两条支链的断裂可能存在三种不同途径:1)支链通过水解作用被裂解为羧酸基团,依次生成邻苯二甲酸单丁酯(产物6)、邻苯二甲酸(产物2)或水杨酸丁酯(产物4);2)编号1和3间的C-C键在⋅OH作用下发生断裂,生成水杨酸丁酯(产物4),随后脱羟基生成苯甲酸丁酯(产物3);3)编号11和13及12和14间的两个C-C键在⋅OH作用下发生脱烷基过程,生成4-羟基邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(产物7),其可进一步脱掉其中一条支链生成苯甲酸乙酯(产物5).随后,产物2、产物3和产物5进一步氧化生成苯甲酸(产物1),其将被进一步氧化得到甲苯(产物22)和苯酚(产物23);它们的苯环继续受到⋅OH的攻击而被打开,生成带羰基键(C=O)、烯烃键(C=C)等的一系列小分子化合物(产物8-21),最终生成CO2和H2O[36].需要指出的是,图4仅为依据降解产物推测而得的DnBP光催化降解路径,尚未得到实验的充分验证,后续仍需进一步研究以验证或修正.
表2所列为TCPP光催化降解产物的鉴定结果,共14种物质,均在光催化反应器的出口气体中使用PTR-TOF-MS检出.此外,在P25萃取液的GC-MS质谱图中仅识别出2个显著的色谱峰(1个TCPP峰和1个产物峰,即氯丙酮-产物13).因此,TCPP的降解产物主要存在于气相中,而残留在光催化剂中的产物很少.相比于DnBP,TCPP降解产物的种类更少且分子量更低(均<95).最后,尽管TCPP的光催化降解速率高于DnBP,但本文同样未在日光灯照射实验的房间空气中测出任何TCPP降解产物,也未在紫外光照射实验的反应器出口气体中检测到CO2和CO浓度的明显变化,后续仍需开展研究以探究TCPP光催化降解过程的矿化率.
以上产物与已有研究从液相TCPP光催化降解过程中鉴定出的产物存在显著差异.例如,Antonopoulou等[37]在液相TCPP的日光/TiO2光催化降解体系中检出5种产物,分子量分别为211,251,307,323,343;Yu等[12]在液相TCPP的UV/TiO2光催化降解体系中检出6种产物,分子量分别为174,247,251,307,323,343.二者产物虽稍有不同,但均远高于本文所检出产物的分子量,有些甚至比TCPP本身的分子量还高(TCPP分子量为327).这可能是由于反应环境差异(液相vs.气相)和检测方法不同而导致的,但其背后的原因仍需开展深入研究以探明.总体而言,以上结果同样表明,TCPP的光催化降解产物和路径可能会因反应条件而异.
现有关于TCPP等氯代有机磷酸酯在液相体系中的光催化降解路径的研究结果表明,光催化剂被激活后产生的⋅OH是最主要的活性氧物种:⋅OH首先攻击TCPP中的P-O键,进而使脱落下来的氯代烷基支链发生氧化、脱氯、羟基化或脱烷基等过程[22,37-38].结合这些研究结论和表2所列降解产物,本文也对TCPP的光催化降解路径进行了初步推测,结果如图5所示:⋅OH首先攻击TCPP中的P-O键,生成氯丙酮(产物13)或1-氯-2-丙醇(产物14);随后二者在⋅OH引起的羟基化、氧化、脱氯或脱烷基作用下,进一步生成更短碳链的醛、醇和烃等小分子有机物(产物1~11),最后被氧化生成H2O和CO2;TCPP中心的P元素则被氧化生成HPO3(产物12).然而.图5所示降解路径同样未得到实验的充分验证(特别是对于P和Cl元素所涉及的产物及路径),未来仍需针对TCPP等氯代有机磷酸酯类物质的光催化降解路径开展更加系统深入的研究.
本文仅初步探究了光催化氧化法在去除室内SVOC方面的可行性,后续还需在实际室内环境开展实验以评估该方法的实际效果,也需继续评估该方法对其他SVOC(尤其是各类大分子新污染物)的降解效果.
3.1 光催化技术可以实现对室内典型SVOC的深度降解(降解率>99.9%),若在室内常见大尺寸表面上(如墙面、天花板等)喷涂光催化剂,光催降解过程有望成为室内SVOC的首要去除途径,这可能是解决室内SVOC污染控制难题的一种潜在方法.
3.2 SVOC光催化降解速率符合一阶动力学方程(SVOC含量随光照时长指数衰减),光照条件及分子结构对降解速率影响显著:紫外灯照射下的降解速率比日光灯照射高50倍左右,而邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(DnBP,含1个苯环和2条支链)的降解速率比有机磷酸酯类物质(TCPP,含1个中心磷元素和3条支链)慢5倍左右.
3.3 本文使用PTR-TOF-MS成功从SVOC光催化的降解过程中检测出多种气相小分子产物(分子量<95),有助于完善和深化对SVOC光催化降解路径的认识.
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2025A1515011261; 2022A1515011142)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51908563)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-19
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广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2025A1515011261; 2022A1515011142)
国家自然科学基金项目(51908563)
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    1.中山大学环境科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510006
    2.新疆大学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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