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To investigate the influence of microbial communities on arsenic speciation in lake sediments of the Hetao Basin in Inner Mongolia during the ice-bound period, the sediments from Wuliangsuhai(WLSH)were taken as the research object. Using 16SrRNA high-throughput sequencing technology, the structural characteristics of microbial communities in WLSH sediments during the ice-bound period were studied. Additionally, methods such as redundancy analysis(RDA), correlation analysis, and co-occurrence network analysis were employed to explore the response relationship between sediment microbial communities and arsenic speciation during the ice-bound period. The results indicated that, apart from the residual arsenic, strongly adsorbed arsenic and arsenic co-precipitated with AVS(Acid-extractable sulfides in sediment), carbonates, manganese oxides, and poorly crystalline Fe hydroxides accounted for a relatively high proportion in the sediments of WLSH during the ice-bound period. When the sedimentary environment was unstable during the ice-bound period, there was a risk of secondary release of arsenic in the sediments of WLSH. The microbial community in the WLSH sediments during the ice-bound period exhibited abundant diversity, and the richness and diversity of microbial community species showed obvious spatial distribution characteristics. There was a significant collinear relationship between microbial communities and arsenic speciation during the ice-bound period, with Thiobacillus, Bacillus, Steroidobacter, Desulfosarcinaceae, and Anaerolinea exhibiting the most pronounced effects on arsenic speciation. Furthermore, adsorbed As, As co-precipitated with AVS, carbonates, manganese oxides, and poorly crystalline Fe hydroxides, as well as As in pyrite, could mutually transform during the ice-bound period, and Thiobacillus and Steroidobacter played crucial roles in this transformation process. This study aims to explore the impact of microbial communities on arsenic speciation in sediments of WLSH during the ice-bound period, providing a microbial theoretical basis and scientific evidence for lake arsenic pollution control. It provides significant implications for the rational development and utilization of water resources, as well as the protection and restoration of aquatic ecological environments.

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为探究冰封期内蒙古河套盆地湖泊沉积物微生物群落对砷赋存形态的影响,以乌梁素海沉积物为研究对象,利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落结构特征,结合RDA、相关性分析和共现性网络分析等方法探讨了冰封期沉积物微生物群落与砷形态的响应关系.结果显示,冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中的砷除残渣态外,强吸附态砷和与AVS(沉积物中能够被酸提取的硫化物)、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的砷占比较高,冰封期当沉积环境不稳定时乌梁素海沉积物中的砷存在二次释放的风险.冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落结构多样性较为丰富,微生物群落物种的丰富度和多样性呈现出明显的空间分布特征.冰封期微生物群落与砷形态之间存在显著的共线性关系,其中以硫杆菌属、芽孢杆菌、类固醇杆菌属、脱硫弧菌属和厌氧绳菌属对砷形态的影响最为显著.并且冰封期时吸附态As、与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As和黄铁矿中的As可以相互转化,而硫杆菌属和类固醇杆菌属在这个转化过程中起重要作用.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为污染生态学、环境地球化学.发表文章12篇..

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石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为污染生态学、环境地球化学.发表文章12篇..

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石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为污染生态学、环境地球化学.发表文章12篇..

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=黄河流域内蒙古段生态保护与综合利用自治区协同创新中心,内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057221593854420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of sampling points in WLSH Lake, figureFileSmall=TVC0gVbD//t80xip/llcBQ==, figureFileBig=E+A8So7osWOsU+cf6nz3Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221707100640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=CN, label=图1, caption=乌梁素海采样点分布, figureFileSmall=TVC0gVbD//t80xip/llcBQ==, figureFileBig=E+A8So7osWOsU+cf6nz3Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221937787390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hierarchical classification of sediment samples during the ice-bound period, 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S1~S7代表As的不同赋存形态,A1~A10代表微生物,A1为Thiobacillus;A2为Bacillus;A3为norank_f__Anaerolineaceae;A4为norank_f__Steroidobacteraceae;A5为norank_f__norank_o__SBR1031;A6为norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__Anaerolineae;A7为norank_f__Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17;A8为Sva0081;A9为unclassified_f__Desulfosarcinaceae;A10为Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1.

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节点的颜色表示不同的分类;线条颜色表示正负相关性,红色表示正相关,绿色表示负相关;线条粗细表示相关性的大小

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Sequential extraction procedure for As in sediments

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砷形态提取剂和提取条件
S1弱吸附态1mol/L MgCl2溶液,用NaOH调pH值到8,加入离心管振荡2h
S2强吸附态1mol/L NaH2PO4用NaOH调pH值到5,加入离心管中振荡24h
S3与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As1mol/L HCI加入离心管振荡1h
S4与无定型的Fe氧化物共沉淀的As0.2mol/L草酸/草酸铵加入离心管用锡箔纸包裹,避光振荡3h
S5与结晶Fe氧化物共沉淀的As0.1mol/L抗坏血酸和0.2mol/L草酸/草酸铵加入离心管用锡箔纸包裹,避光振荡3h
S6砷的氧化物及硅酸盐矿物中的砷10mol/L HF加入离心管振荡24h,其中在振荡16h的时候加入5g硼酸,残渣洗涤需用热水
S7黄铁矿中的砷16N HNO3加入离心管振荡2h
S8结晶的砷的硫化物、残留不分解的含砷矿物和有机质用热HNO3与30%H2O2在95℃水浴中提取(EPA法3050B)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223347073707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉积物中砷形态的连续提取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
砷形态提取剂和提取条件
S1弱吸附态1mol/L MgCl2溶液,用NaOH调pH值到8,加入离心管振荡2h
S2强吸附态1mol/L NaH2PO4用NaOH调pH值到5,加入离心管中振荡24h
S3与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As1mol/L HCI加入离心管振荡1h
S4与无定型的Fe氧化物共沉淀的As0.2mol/L草酸/草酸铵加入离心管用锡箔纸包裹,避光振荡3h
S5与结晶Fe氧化物共沉淀的As0.1mol/L抗坏血酸和0.2mol/L草酸/草酸铵加入离心管用锡箔纸包裹,避光振荡3h
S6砷的氧化物及硅酸盐矿物中的砷10mol/L HF加入离心管振荡24h,其中在振荡16h的时候加入5g硼酸,残渣洗涤需用热水
S7黄铁矿中的砷16N HNO3加入离心管振荡2h
S8结晶的砷的硫化物、残留不分解的含砷矿物和有机质用热HNO3与30%H2O2在95℃水浴中提取(EPA法3050B)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223531623106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Alpha diversity index of microbial community during the ice-bound and non-freezing periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点Chaoaceshannonsimpson
W1206720784.890.0632
W2192019095.050.0398
W3326133176.750.0035
W4304029685.870.0170
W5293429926.120.0106
W6285328515.990.0112
W7259826766.250.0057
平均值266826845.850.0216
标准差466.08473.890.610.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223670035157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冰封期/非冰封期微生物群落的Alpha多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点Chaoaceshannonsimpson
W1206720784.890.0632
W2192019095.050.0398
W3326133176.750.0035
W4304029685.870.0170
W5293429926.120.0106
W6285328515.990.0112
W7259826766.250.0057
平均值266826845.850.0216
标准差466.08473.890.610.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223774892772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Percentages of arsenic species in sediments(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8
W11.6915.812.900.500.7274.721.781.89
W20.4810.691.660.631.2782.561.161.56
W30.479.842.040.671.0883.251.710.94
W40.3010.852.000.380.5883.681.430.78
W50.249.801.720.603.4283.010.530.67
W60.117.721.290.160.6886.611.871.58
W70.098.701.280.410.4886.681.450.91
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223934276335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214924911439, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中各形态砷含量百分比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8
W11.6915.812.900.500.7274.721.781.89
W20.4810.691.660.631.2782.561.161.56
W30.479.842.040.671.0883.251.710.94
W40.3010.852.000.380.5883.681.430.78
W50.249.801.720.603.4283.010.530.67
W60.117.721.290.160.6886.611.871.58
W70.098.701.280.410.4886.681.450.91
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冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落对砷形态的影响
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石文静 , 徐浩然 , 刘轶哲 , 李卫平 *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(5): 2724-2734
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(5): 2724-2734
冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落对砷形态的影响
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石文静 , 徐浩然, 刘轶哲, 李卫平*
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  • 黄河流域内蒙古段生态保护与综合利用自治区协同创新中心,内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 石文静(1990-),女,内蒙古包头人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为污染生态学、环境地球化学.发表文章12篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Effect of microbial community on arsenic speciation in sediments of Wuliangsuhai Lake during the ice-bound period
Wen-jing SHI , Hao-ran XU, Yi-zhe LIU, Wei-ping LI*
Affiliations
  • Collaborative Innovation Center of Autonomous Region for Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization in the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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为探究冰封期内蒙古河套盆地湖泊沉积物微生物群落对砷赋存形态的影响,以乌梁素海沉积物为研究对象,利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落结构特征,结合RDA、相关性分析和共现性网络分析等方法探讨了冰封期沉积物微生物群落与砷形态的响应关系.结果显示,冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中的砷除残渣态外,强吸附态砷和与AVS(沉积物中能够被酸提取的硫化物)、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的砷占比较高,冰封期当沉积环境不稳定时乌梁素海沉积物中的砷存在二次释放的风险.冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落结构多样性较为丰富,微生物群落物种的丰富度和多样性呈现出明显的空间分布特征.冰封期微生物群落与砷形态之间存在显著的共线性关系,其中以硫杆菌属、芽孢杆菌、类固醇杆菌属、脱硫弧菌属和厌氧绳菌属对砷形态的影响最为显著.并且冰封期时吸附态As、与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As和黄铁矿中的As可以相互转化,而硫杆菌属和类固醇杆菌属在这个转化过程中起重要作用.

冰封期  /  砷形态  /  沉积物  /  微生物群落  /  共线性网络

To investigate the influence of microbial communities on arsenic speciation in lake sediments of the Hetao Basin in Inner Mongolia during the ice-bound period, the sediments from Wuliangsuhai(WLSH)were taken as the research object. Using 16SrRNA high-throughput sequencing technology, the structural characteristics of microbial communities in WLSH sediments during the ice-bound period were studied. Additionally, methods such as redundancy analysis(RDA), correlation analysis, and co-occurrence network analysis were employed to explore the response relationship between sediment microbial communities and arsenic speciation during the ice-bound period. The results indicated that, apart from the residual arsenic, strongly adsorbed arsenic and arsenic co-precipitated with AVS(Acid-extractable sulfides in sediment), carbonates, manganese oxides, and poorly crystalline Fe hydroxides accounted for a relatively high proportion in the sediments of WLSH during the ice-bound period. When the sedimentary environment was unstable during the ice-bound period, there was a risk of secondary release of arsenic in the sediments of WLSH. The microbial community in the WLSH sediments during the ice-bound period exhibited abundant diversity, and the richness and diversity of microbial community species showed obvious spatial distribution characteristics. There was a significant collinear relationship between microbial communities and arsenic speciation during the ice-bound period, with Thiobacillus, Bacillus, Steroidobacter, Desulfosarcinaceae, and Anaerolinea exhibiting the most pronounced effects on arsenic speciation. Furthermore, adsorbed As, As co-precipitated with AVS, carbonates, manganese oxides, and poorly crystalline Fe hydroxides, as well as As in pyrite, could mutually transform during the ice-bound period, and Thiobacillus and Steroidobacter played crucial roles in this transformation process. This study aims to explore the impact of microbial communities on arsenic speciation in sediments of WLSH during the ice-bound period, providing a microbial theoretical basis and scientific evidence for lake arsenic pollution control. It provides significant implications for the rational development and utilization of water resources, as well as the protection and restoration of aquatic ecological environments.

ice-bound period  /  arsenic speciation  /  sediment  /  microbiological population  /  co-occurrence network
石文静, 徐浩然, 刘轶哲, 李卫平. 冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落对砷形态的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2724 -2734 .
Wen-jing SHI, Hao-ran XU, Yi-zhe LIU, Wei-ping LI. Effect of microbial community on arsenic speciation in sediments of Wuliangsuhai Lake during the ice-bound period[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2724 -2734 .
砷(As)主要以化合物形式存在于水体中,其中无机态的As(Ⅲ)毒性远大于As(Ⅴ)[1-2],甚至可达后者的60倍[3].全球范围内,约有1.4亿人的饮用水砷含量超过世界卫生组织允许浓度10μg/L[4],直接威胁人类健康.砷的毒性、致癌性和致畸性使其成为世界关注的热点环境问题.
As在湖泊等天然水体中的分布受到水和沉积物相互作用的显著影响[5-6].沉积物不仅是污染物的“源”与“汇”,更是微生物的聚集地,尤其是处于次好氧-厌氧状态的表层沉积物是多种营养物质转化的重要场所[7].水环境中大量的As会富集在沉积物中[8],但受氧化还原条件、pH值、铁矿物、含As铁(氢)氧化物、微生物及其他环境因素等的影响[9-10],As又会重新进入上覆水中,造成二次污染,危害生态健康.
As在沉积物中通常与Fe-Al-Mn的(氢)氧化物、硫化物、碳酸盐矿物以及有机质等形成不同结合形态的As.沉积物中As的赋存形态不同,其迁移转化行为和毒性也不同,从而具有不同的环境生物效应[11].因此,基于总量的常规评价方法难以准确阐明As污染的实际危害程度,对沉积物中As赋存形态的分析显得尤为重要,这有助于更准确地反映出湖泊沉积物-水环境中的受污染情况.针对湖泊沉积物中As赋存形态的研究具有至关重要的实际意义.
特别值得关注的是,北方寒旱区湖泊具有冰封时间较长的特点.乌梁素海地处蒙新高原寒旱区,是黄河流域内蒙古段的典型代表性湖泊,每年的冰封期时间长达5个月,湖面结冰对水体中的污染物有一定的浓聚效应[12],使得水体中的TAs含量上升,且在结冰情况下太阳辐射仍然可以穿透冰体,在内部形成良好的“保温作用”,从而加强沉积物-水界面的厌氧环境,这种环境条件易造成铁与硫等还原过程的发生,导致铁氢氧化物等的还原溶解[13],使得吸附在Fe氧化物表面或与其共沉淀的As从沉积物中释放到水体,增加了环境中As的潜在生态风险.然而,目前我国对湖泊As污染的相关研究多集中于南方湖泊,对于北方寒区湖泊的相关研究相对较少,北方寒区湖泊冰封期时沉积物中As的赋存形态及其对As迁移转化和归趋的影响尚需探讨.
越来越多的研究证明,微生物在As的迁移转化等方面起重要作用,甚至起主导作用[14].微生物介导的As形态转化,不仅速度上远远超越了化学过程,而且在程度上也表现得更为强烈.这主要是因为微生物具有高度的代谢活性和适应性,能够通过各种酶系统和代谢途径来促进As等元素的形态转化[15-17].有研究表明,As在缺氧环境下会还原释放,但在厌氧微生物活动的作用下又会被硫化物再次固定[18].当沉积物的性质发生变化时,微生物将成为控制As形态的主导因素.因此,沉积物中微生物群落对As赋存形态的影响在As的迁移、转化和毒性等方面具有至关重要的作用.此外,冰封期由于冰盖的阻碍,造成湖泊与外界环境接触较少,对微生物群落结构也会产生显著的影响,从而影响As的形态、转化和归趋.然而,目前关于湖泊沉积物中微生物群落对As赋存形态的影响仍有待进一步探讨,特别是冰封期时湖泊沉积物微生物群落与As形态之间的响应关系尚不明晰.
目前针对微生物群落对As赋存形态的影响研究多集中在矿区、地下含水层和农田等区域环境[19-20],而关于湖泊中沉积物的微生物群落与As形态的关系研究报道尚少.由于高原湖泊生态系统的特殊性,其沉积物微生物群落结构和功能也与其他地区有着明显的不同[21].本研究以蒙新高原寒旱区湖泊乌梁素海为研究对象,分析沉积物微生物群落结构和As的赋存形态,探究冰封期时沉积物中微生物群落对As赋存形态的影响,对于理解微生物在As迁移转化中的主导作用具有重要意义.本研究以期为高原寒旱区湖泊As污染防治提供理论基础和科学依据,对黄河流域内蒙古段水生态环境保护和水生态安全具有重要的现实意义.通过深入研究冰封期沉积物微生物群落对As形态的影响,将能够更好地理解As的环境行为,为制定有效的As污染控制策略提供科学支持.
乌梁素海(40°36'~41°03'N,108°43'~108°57'E)位于黄河“几字弯”顶部的内蒙古巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗境内,是历史上黄河改道南移后,北支乌加河和河套地区灌渠排水汇流而成的河迹湖[22].湖水每年于11月初开始结冰,到第二年3月末到4月初开始融化,冰封期约为5个月[23].内蒙古河套平原的地下水砷污染问题较为严重[24],乌梁素海位于河套平原东边,是河套灌区农田退水的受体,且农田退水是该湖最主要的补给源,因此易造成砷的污染与富集[25].
本研究于2022年1月进行样品采集工作,经实地考察并结合区域环境,根据乌梁素海的支流位置、水文特征等实际情况,设置了如图1所示的7个代表性采样点(其编号分别为W1~W7).W1位于总排干处,是湖泊的入水口;W2是芦苇区,生长较多以芦苇为主的水生植物,且无沉水植物;W3为湖心区,周围有芦苇生长,水面下有沉水植物;W4和W5位于南部明水区(旅游区),水面以下均有水草生长;W6位于退水渠附近,是湖泊的出水口;而W7位于北部明水区.取样点使用GPS定位.沉积物样品视湖泊深度用Swedaq KC mod B型无扰动采样器采集表层沉积物样品.为了提高实验的准确性和可靠性,减少误差,并更好地了解样本的性质和特征.每个点位会采集3个平行样,混合放入无菌的自封袋内,低温避光保存运回实验室.沉积物样品经过自然风干后,去除石头、泥沙和动植物残体等杂质,再进行研磨过100目筛后,备用待测.
沉积物总砷的含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定[26],砷的形态的提取采用Keon等人[27]的八步连续提取法测定(表1).为了确保实验结果的准确性,实验设置空白对照组和平行组,所有分析方法的标准偏差均在5%以内.为最大限度避免实验过程中所存在的外部潜在污染,实验与取样前所使用的玻璃器皿均用1:3(体积比)硝酸浸泡24h以上,用超纯水洗净后放入烘干箱干燥.实验使用所有试剂均为分析纯或优级纯,实验用水均为超纯水(Milli-Q,Millipore,≥18.2MΩ·cm).
使用Power Soil® DNA提取试剂盒(Mo BioLaboratories)提取0.5g沉积物中的细菌.使用携带Barcode序列的上游引物338F(5’-ACTCCTA-CGGGAGGCAGCAG-3’)和下游引物806R(5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’)[28]对16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增,PCR反应体系为:5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液4μL,2.5mmol/L dNTPs 2μL,上游引物(5μmol/L)0.8μL,下游引物(5μmol/L)0.8μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶0.4μL,模板DNA 10ng,补足至20μL.扩增程序如下:95℃预变性3min,27个循环(95℃变性30s,55℃退火30s,72℃延伸30s),然后72℃稳定延伸10min,最后在4℃进行保存(PCR仪:ABI GeneAmp® 9700型).将同一样本的PCR产物混合后使用2%琼脂糖凝胶回收PCR产物,利用AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit(Axygen Biosciences,Union City,CA,USA)进行回收产物纯化,2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,并用Quantus™ Fluorometer(Promega,USA)对回收产物进行检测定量.
使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit对纯化后的PCR产物进行建库:(1)接头链接;(2)使用磁珠筛选去除接头自连片段;(3)利用PCR扩增进行文库模板的富集;(4)磁珠回收PCR产物得到最终的文库.利用Illumina公司的Miseq PE300/NovaSeq PE250平台进行测序(上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司).
利用Excel2018和SPSS25.0进行数据统计与分析处理,用Origin 2022和ArcGIS 10.8完成作图.采用Canoco5.0完成冗余分析(RDA),利用Gephi0.9.2软件基于Pearson相关性系数进行计算,选择0.5作为相关系数阈值完成沉积物微生物群落和砷形态的共线性网络分析.
本研究中冰封期时样品共获得有效序列335369条,平均序列长度为419bp.经过优化筛选后,将相似水平达到97%的分为一个OTU,共聚类4635OTUs.Coverage可以反映测序结果中微生物样本库的覆盖范围,本次测序结果的覆盖度均为0.977以上,表明测序结果可以代表样本中微生物的真实情况.利用多样性指数对研究区冰封期沉积物样本的微生物多样性进行分析.Chao和Ace指数反映沉积物微生物群落丰富度,Shannon、Simpson指数评价微生物群落的多样性.结果显示,W3点微生物丰富度和多样性均为最高,W1和W2点相对较低(表2).这可能是由于W3位于湖心区,人为影响因素较少,且该点有芦苇等多种水生植物,生态系统较为复杂,而W1和W2点位于研究区总排干进水口附近,易沉降的矿物和重金属等对微生物生长产生胁迫和毒害.Shannon指数均值为(5.85±0.61),且Chao指数高达(2668±466.08)(表2),表明冰封期时乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落结构多样性较为丰富.
为了对不同采样点水域沉积物的微生物组成进行比较,对各点沉积物微生物群落进行β多样性聚类分析,结果显示,除W2点外,其余点位基本上都聚类在一起,其中W4点和W5点相似最高,W1和W2较为相似,聚为一组(图2).这可能是因为湖泊处于非冰封状态时,水体流动性相对较好,且乌梁素海的生态补水次数一般每年不少于1~2次,受生态补水的影响,水体流动性加强,可能增强了各个区域间的微生物互换,使得相邻区域的微生物组成极为相似.而冰封期时,水体及沉积物状态相对稳定,不同区域表现出不同的微生物组成,但总体上细菌群落结构还是可以分为两大类.冰封期,研究区微生物群落物种的丰富度和多样性以W3点湖心区为最高,向南或向北区域均呈现逐渐降低的趋势.不同采样点间的微生物群落生物多样性存在一定差异.W1和W2两点的TAs污染浓度高于其他点位[29],但微生物群落物种的多样性和丰富度最低(表2),表明位于总排干附近处的点位受到As等重金属沉降和污染物的毒害,造成微生物群落的多样性和丰富度降低.同时,W1点是湖泊输入区域,其As污染程度最高[29],而微生物群落的多样性和丰富度最低(表2).W3位于湖心区,受到人类活动影响较小,且由于多种水生植物的生长和较为稳定的水面环境,该点表现出了最高的微生物多样性和丰富度(表2).W4和W5两点受沉水植物的影响,微生物群落的相似性最高(图2),这两点的微生物群落结构和各个As形态含量几乎没有差异.这种一致性可能是由沉水植物释放的根际化合物所驱动的[30].因为受到沉水植物的影响,这两点的微生物物种的多样性和丰富度也在平均水平之上(表2).
冰封期时乌梁素海的沉积物细菌群落共含有65门、183纲、403目、610科、996属、1920种.在门水平中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占主导部分(21.1%~38.1%)(图3a),很多研究表明,变形菌门在湖泊沉积物中具有较高比例[31],在砷污染土壤中也具有较强的耐受性,因而在砷污染沉积物中依然表现为优势细菌群落.其次相对丰度较高是绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetota)、Sva0485、蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)、髌骨细菌门(Patescibacteria)、Latescibacterota门、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirota)、粘菌门(Myxococcota)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)15门,它们的相对丰度都大于1%(图3a).在属水平上,硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)的丰度占比最多,其次是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、厌氧菌属(Anaerolineaceae)、类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacteraceae)、norank_f__norank_no__SBR1031厌氧绳菌属(Anaerolineae)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17)等(图3c).本研究将细菌群落平均丰度低于1%的微生物合并标记为others在图中显示(图3).从属水平微生物相对丰度图中可以看出(图3c),W2点位的微生物群落与其他点均不相同,这一结果与样本聚类层次分析(图2)结果一致.这可能是因为W2点位于芦苇区,该区域水生植物较多以芦苇为主,芦苇通过凋落物的分解和根系分泌物的释放,将大气中的二氧化碳转化为可供根际微生物利用的有机碳.这些有机碳是微生物生长和代谢的重要能源和碳源,因此芦苇的生长能够显著影响沉积物中微生物的丰度和群落结构.如芽孢杆菌(Bacillus),它们能够利用芦苇根系分泌的有机物作为营养来源,从而在芦苇根际沉积物中占据优势地位.而这也与本研究的测序结果相对应,芽孢杆菌在W2点也表现出了最高的相对丰度,占据了样本中鉴定微生物总数的37.26%(图3c).冰封期时各采样点间微生物群落生物多样性的差异比非冰封期时大,而非冰封期微生物群落结构的组成相对较为均匀和稳定(图3).季节性冻融会显著改变微生物之间的相互作用,物种多样性和丰富度差异通过影响细菌群落的组成、结构和相互作用,而影响群落的均匀性.此外,冰封期时微生物群落的多样性和丰富度的变化也可能是由于低温会影响微生物的生长速率、繁殖能力、群落结构和代谢活动等,同时冰封期湖面冰盖的生成会影响湖泊沉积物与外界环境的交流,降低光照强度以及溶解氧的含量等.
冰封期乌梁素海表层沉积物的TAs含量范围为8.03~17.50mg/kg,均高于河套平原背景值[32],平均含量为10.65mg/kg,是河套平原背景值的1.7倍.表层沉积物中As含量较高的原因可能是冰封期时,低温以及冰盖形成导致的光照减弱可能抑制了微生物活动,使得更多的As以非生物形式被沉积物吸附和富集.冰封期水体的静止状态,会导致沉积物颗粒和As的相互作用增强,增加了As的沉积与富集,在低流速环境中,沉积物能够更有效地捕集和吸附水中的As,从而使其富集至表层沉积物中[33].
冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中各砷形态含量百分比范围如下:S1为0.09%~1.69%、S2为7.72%~15.81%、S3为1.28%~2.90%、S4为0.16%~0.67%、S5为0.48%~3.42%、S6为74.72%~86.68%、S7为0.53%~1.87%、S8为0.67%~1.89%(表3).As赋存形态含量分布表现为S6>S2>S3>S7>S8>S5>S4>S1.其中S6(砷的氧化物及硅酸盐矿物中的砷)是砷形态中含量占比最高的形态成分,但S6中的金属与硅矿物的晶体密切相关,具有相当高的稳定性,大部分提取方法将它与S8(结晶的砷的硫化物、残留不分解的含砷矿物和有机质)划分到残渣态,微生物对其迁移能力等的影响相对较弱,故本研究不对S6与S8进行过多分析.
其次冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中As形态含量占比较高的是S2和S3,这表明冰封期,当沉积环境不稳定时乌梁素海沉积物中的As存在二次释放的风险.特别是冰封期时,冰盖的形成导致冰下水环境处于缺氧/厌氧状态,还原过程显著影响As的吸附-解吸,氧化-还原等界面过程,沉积物中吸附在铁/铝/锰等矿物表面的As极易释放出来,造成As的二次污染.S2(强吸附态As),主要吸附在沉积物颗粒中的铁锰氧化物表面,形成内层吸附,且不能通过离子交换而发生解吸[34],有研究发现该部分As可与铁/锰/铝的氧化物和氢氧化物形成内层单核或双核的单齿或双齿的络合物,被强烈吸附[35].S3(与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As),受环境条件的影响,在厌氧条件下,特别是富含有机质的沉积物中,硫酸盐还原菌可以将硫酸盐还原为硫化物,这些硫化物可以与As结合形成硫化砷,然而这种结合并不稳定,该结合态砷稳定性较铁铝结合态砷(S4和S5)差[36],且硫化砷的释放与AVS的存在密切相关.在冰封期,尽管环境温度降低,但沉积物中的微生物活动仍然存在.受到微生物活动的影响,可促进硫化物的生成和As的释放,S3中结合的As在冰封期时也极易释放出来.
S7为黄铁矿中的砷,黄铁矿是常见的硫化物矿物,其主要成分是FeS2,但往往也含有一定量的As等杂质元素.沉积物中的FeS可以转化为黄铁矿,而FeS是在含砷铁(氢)氧化物硫化过程中快速沉淀生成的第一种自生矿物[37],可以吸附释放出的As[38],同时可以结合到黄铁矿结构中而导致As的再固定.硫酸盐还原过程会影响S7的含量,而铁也参与这个过程.厌氧条件下,硫酸盐还原菌诱导的硫酸盐还原过程能够将硫酸盐还原为硫化氢,而硫化氢可以与黄铁矿(FeS2)中的Fe(III)反应,导致Fe(III)还原并释放出Fe(II),同时促进硫化亚铁(FeS)的生成.FeS与黄铁矿表面的As(III)或As(V)结合,形成不稳定的As硫化物复合物,从而促进As的释放.而Fe(II)的生成和As的释放进一步促进了FeS的形成,从而可以进一步转化为磁铁矿或黄钾铁矾等矿物,将As再次固定在新的矿物相中.此外,在Fe(III)还原过程中,As可以被释放到水相中,这是因为硫化物与Fe(III)的反应导致Fe(III)氧化物的溶解,从而使原本与Fe(III)氧化物紧密结合的As被释放出来.冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中As形态S4(与无定形的铁、铝氧化物共存的砷)和S5(与结晶的氢氧化铁结合的砷)的含量占比相比于S2和S3相对较小.S4和S5可以统称为铁铝氧化物结合态砷,也可被称为可还原态[39].S4和S5相较于S1、S2、S3而言较为稳定,只有当沉积物的氧化还原条件改变时,沉积物中的Fe(Ⅲ)被还原成Fe(Ⅱ),铁(氢)氧化物发生还原溶解,与之结合的As才会随之进入水中,所以S4和S5中的As具有潜在的迁移性.而且S4和S5在异化铁还原微生物的作用下,两者之间会相互转化,从而影响沉积物中As形态的再分配[40].S1(弱吸附态砷)也称为非专性吸附态砷,是冰封期时所有As形态中含量占比最小的,但大量研究表明弱吸附态的As生物可利用性和迁移能力较强[41],其可以通过竞争解吸附或者弱碱条件下的解吸附释放进入上覆水中.
为了更好的了解冰封期沉积物微生物群落与砷形态的响应关系,本文采用RDA、相关性分析和共现性网络分析等方法对其进行探讨.本研究选取了冰封期时研究区沉积物微生物群落中丰度最高的前10个菌属结合RDA分析和相关性分析探讨其对不同砷形态的影响.RDA结果表明,冰封期时这10个主要菌属解释了94.56%的砷形态,RDA1和RDA2的累积贡献率可达94.56%.冰封期时硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、类固醇菌属(Steroidobacteraceae)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfosarcinacea)和厌氧绳菌属(SBR1031AnaerolineaeAnaerolineaceae)对多个As形态的影响均较为显著(图4).
冰封期时,沉积物中的硫杆菌属相对丰度占比最多(图3).RDA和相关性结果表明硫杆菌属和类固醇菌属均显著影响S1、S2和S3(图4图5),同时,研究区W1点的硫杆菌属和类固醇菌属丰度占比均高于其他采样点(图3),且W1点的S1、S2和S3的含量百分比也高于其他采样点.这表明硫杆菌属和类固醇菌属显著影响沉积物中的吸附态As和与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As.研究表明,硫杆菌属能将硫单质以及还原性硫化物氧化为硫酸盐[42],而硫化物可以和As竞争与铁(III)氧化物的结合位点,导致铁(III)结合态中的砷活化,进而影响吸附态的As以及与AVS、结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As,使S1、S2和S3含量增多.而类固醇菌属具有反硝化功能且参与氮的循环过程,而氮循环过程与As形态转化的多个过程耦合进而影响As的迁移转化[43].在厌氧条件下,反硝化的过程可能会促进铁(氢)氧化物的还原溶解,导致吸附在铁(氢)氧化物上的As被释放.
硫杆菌属和类固醇菌属除影响S1、S2和S3外,对S7也有显著影响(图4图5),并且相关性结果显示S7与S1、S2和S3存在明显的正相关关系(P<0.05)(图5),即冰封期时吸附态As、与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As和黄铁矿中的As可以相互转化.硫杆菌属除了可以通过其硫氧化作用驱动硫化矿物的溶解外,还可将辉锑矿、雄黄矿、雌黄矿中的As(Ⅲ)转化成As(V)[44],并且可以通过有机物氧化与铁还原耦合来获得生长能量,酶促还原Fe(Ⅲ)[45].硫杆菌属还原过程中形成的S2-可以调控As行为,其诱导的还原过程显著影响黄铁矿共沉淀的As的转化.类固醇菌属作为反硝化细菌,可以将硝酸盐通过反硝化作用或异化硝酸盐还原作用还原为氨,其中反硝化作用主要为硝酸盐的还原过程[46].有研究表明,黄铁矿在微生物的作用下,能够伴随硝酸盐的还原过程而被氧化.当黄铁矿以硝酸盐为电子受体进行氧化时,便会伴随着As的释放,释放出的As受环境影响便会向其他形态进行转化[47].虽然目前的研究中,没有直接的证据表明这个特定的菌属能够直接作用于As的形态转化,但有证据表明,在厌氧条件下,沉积物中砷、钼等重金属迁移转化确实与类固醇菌属有密切关系[48].不同的微生物群体之间存在竞争和协同作用,类固醇菌属可能与其他参与As转化的微生物竞争资源,或者与它们协同作用,共同影响As的形态和迁移.而本研究也发现冰封期类固醇菌属显著影响S1、S2、S3和S7间的相互转化.因而,冰封期时黄铁矿中的As、吸附态As、与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的As可以相互转化,而硫杆菌属和类固醇菌属可能在这个转化过程中起重要作用.除硫杆菌属和类固醇菌属外,脱硫弧菌属也与S7呈正相关(图4图5).这类细菌能通过硫酸盐还原作用促进黄铁矿的形成,而它们的代谢活动可以影响黄铁矿的沉淀和溶解,进而影响黄铁矿中的As.在某些情况下,这类菌可以通过还原溶解黄铁矿进而释放As到上覆水中.
芽孢杆菌显著影响S4和S5(图4图5),S4和S5是与铁结合态相关的As,在S4和S5含量分布最高的区域(W2点),芽孢杆菌也表现出了最高的相对丰度(图3).研究证实,芽孢杆菌是具有铁还原能力的菌属,特别是某些特定的种类,如枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),被证实具有强大的铁还原能力.它通过其代谢活动产生还原性物质,如电子或还原酶等,这些还原性物质与Fe(III)发生氧化还原反应,将Fe(III)还原为Fe(II).因而芽孢杆菌诱导的含砷Fe(III)(氢)氧化物的还原溶解过程会影响As的迁移和转化.沉积物中的铁(氢)氧化物尤其是无定型的铁(氢)氧化物对As有较强的吸附作用,并且结晶Fe氧化物与无定型Fe氧化物之间的转化也会影响As的再分配[40].因此冰封期时芽孢杆菌显著影响铁氧化物结合态As,即影响与无定型的Fe氧化物共沉淀的As以及与结晶Fe氧化物共沉淀的As.
AnaerolineaeAnaerolineaceaeSBR1031均属于厌氧绳菌属,RDA和相关性分析结果表明AnaerolineaeAnaerolineaceaeSBR1031与S1、S2和S3呈负相关关系(图4图5),这表明冰封期时厌氧绳菌属驱动的还原过程更多的对As起固定作用.研究表明厌氧绳菌属具有利用有机物作为电子供体进行铁异化还原的功能,这一过程不仅促进了Fe(III)还原为Fe(II),而且影响了沉积物中As的形态和分布.虽然沉积物的潮湿缺氧环境中铁多以Fe(II)的形式存在于沉积物中,但同时存在的Fe(III)通常以铁氧复合物的形式发生沉淀,并对沉积物中的As具有强烈的吸附和固定作用.此外,在厌氧微生物的驱动下,除了铁的异化还原过程,同时还伴随着的硫酸盐还原过程.Fe(II)可以与沉积物中的硫化物反应生成硫化铁,进而吸附和固定As.并且形成的硫化亚铁在沉淀时也可以同时沉淀或共沉淀体系中释放的砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐[49].
综上,冰封期时硫杆菌属、芽孢杆菌、类固醇菌属、脱硫弧菌属和厌氧绳菌属(SBR1031AnaerolineaeAnaerolineaceae)显著影响沉积物中As的形态及其转化,在As的迁移转化中扮演重要角色.这些微生物活动共同作用,影响着沉积物中As的形态和分布,进而影响As的环境行为和生态风险.
为了更好地探究沉积物微生物群落与As形态的相互关系,进一步构建了沉积物微生物与As形态的共线性网络从而有效分析沉积物As形态与微生物的共线性关系(图6).结果表明,样本中丰度较高的微生物与多个形态的As存在不同程度的正负效应.Thiobacillusnorank_f_Steroidobacteraceae对S1、S2、S3呈显著正效应,且对S1的正效应更高.而norank_f_norank_o_SBR1031norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__AnaerolineaeAnorank_f__Anaerolineaceae对S1、S2、S3呈负效应,即AnaerolineaeAnaerolineaceaeSBR1031与S1、S2和S3呈负相关关系.相比于其他As形态,S1、S2、S3受微生物影响程度最深,且样本中丰度较高的微生物多与S1、S2、S3呈现负效应.对于S7而言,微生物代谢分别会与其产生不同程度的正负效应,但正效应程度要高于负效应.这一结论与前面RDA分析和相关性分析的结果一致.
3.1 冰封期乌梁素海沉积物微生物群落物种的丰富度和多样性呈现出明显的空间分布特征,以W3点湖心区为最高,向南及向北区域均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,不同采样点间的微生物群落生物多样性也存在一定差异.总排干附近处的W1和W2点微生物群落的多样性和丰富度最低,湖心区W3的微生物多样性和丰富度最高.
3.2 总体上,冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)的丰度占比最多,其次是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、厌氧菌属(Anaerolineaceae)、类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacteraceae)、norank_f__norank_no__SBR1031、厌氧绳菌属(Anaerolineae)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17)等.
3.3 冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中的砷除残渣态外,强吸附态砷(S2)、与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的砷(S3)含量占比最高,冰封期间融冰、冰盖厚度与氧化还原条件变化、微生物群落的变化等会使沉积物中S2与S3等不稳定结合态的As存在二次释放的风险.
3.4 冰封期乌梁素海沉积物中微生物群落与砷形态之间存在显著的共线性关系,其中硫杆菌属、芽孢杆菌、类固醇菌属、脱硫弧菌属和厌氧绳菌属对砷形态的影响最为显著.吸附态砷、与AVS、碳酸盐、锰氧化物及结晶性极差的Fe氢氧化物共沉淀的砷和黄铁矿中的砷可以相互转化,而硫杆菌属和类固醇菌属在这个过程中起重要作用.同时,脱硫弧菌属对黄铁矿中的砷也有显著影响.而芽孢杆菌属则显著影响铁氧化物结合态砷.此外,冰封期时厌氧绳菌属驱动的铁还原过程更多的对砷起固定作用.
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
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内蒙古自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2022QN03009)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2022063)
内蒙古科技大学科研启动专项项目
内蒙古自治区事业单位引进高层次人才科研支持项目(2021)
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    黄河流域内蒙古段生态保护与综合利用自治区协同创新中心,内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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