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Coke powder(CP), a coking byproduct, was employed as an adsorbent to investigate the adsorption performance and mechanisms toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)substituted with different functional groups—naphthalene, naphthol, and naphthoic acid. The potential of CP for removing PAHs from wastewater was further evaluated through systematic analyses. Adsorption performance tests demonstrated removal efficiencies of 97.4%, 86.6%, and 76.8% for naphthalene, naphthol, and naphthoic acid, respectively, within 120 min, with pseudo-second-order kinetic rate constants of 0.680, 0.532, and 0.183g/(mg⋅min). The maximum adsorption capacities followed the order: naphthalene(23.8mg/g)>naphthol(8.04mg/g)>naphthoic acid(3.94 mg/g). While pH exhibited minimal effects on the adsorption of naphthalene and naphthol, naphthoic acid adsorption was significantly enhanced under acidic conditions compared to neutral or alkaline environments. Results of FTIR, XPS, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, and DFT calculation revealed that the adsorption of naphthalene on CP was multilayered, primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and π-π electron donor-acceptor(EDA)interactions. In contrast, the adsorption of naphthol and naphthoic acid involved monolayer chemisorption, attributed to strong π donors and the π-π EDA interactions with the polarized electron-depleted regions on the CP surface. The hydrophilic nature of the hydroxyl group in naphthol reduced the saturation adsorption capacity. While electrostatic repulsion between naphthoic acid and CP weakened the π-π EDA interaction, resulting in a slightly lower adsorption capacity.

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采用炼焦副产物焦粉(CP)作吸附剂,以不同官能团取代的多环芳烃(PAHs)萘、萘酚和萘甲酸为目标污染物,通过探讨其对PAHs的吸附性能和吸附机理,评估其作为吸附剂去除废水中PAHs的应用前景.吸附性能测试结果表明,CP在120min内吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的效率达97.4%、86.6%和76.8%,其准二级动力学吸附速率常数分别为0.680g/(mg·min)、0.532g/(mg·min)和0.183g/(mg·min).焦粉对萘的饱和吸附量最高,达到了23.8mg/g,其次为萘酚(8.04mg/g)和萘甲酸(3.94mg/g).CP吸附萘和萘酚受pH值影响较小,而萘甲酸的吸附效果在酸性环境下优于碱性和中性条件.FTIR、XPS、DRUV-Vis光谱及DFT分析显示,CP对萘的吸附为多层吸附,主要受疏水效应、范德华力和π-π电子供体-受体(EDA)作用的驱动;而对萘酚和萘甲酸则为单层化学吸附,归因于强π供体与CP表面极化区的π-π EDA作用.萘酚的酚羟基亲水性降低了其饱和吸附量,而萘甲酸与焦粉间的静电斥力削弱了π-π EDA作用,导致其吸附效果略低.

, correspAuthors=桂夏辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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徐天缘(1988-),女,湖南攸县人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为水污染控制.发表论文30余篇..

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徐天缘(1988-),女,湖南攸县人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为水污染控制.发表论文30余篇..

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徐天缘(1988-),女,湖南攸县人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为水污染控制.发表论文30余篇..

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sheets, figureFileSmall=SNP5ZInDCj+pwkHRGCvMNg==, figureFileBig=0e98kT7X4WAwK+hx3gU6Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057227381994457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214748750655, language=CN, label=图11, caption=萘、萘酚、萘甲酸在无修饰石墨片和官能团修饰石墨片吸附模型以及吸附能, figureFileSmall=SNP5ZInDCj+pwkHRGCvMNg==, figureFileBig=0e98kT7X4WAwK+hx3gU6Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057227486852071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214748750655, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The structural characteristics of coke powder

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比表面积(m2/g)总孔容(cm3/g)平均孔径(nm)主元素含量(%)
COH
14.460.0379.59475.867.570.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241057227595903990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214748750655, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

焦粉的结构性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比表面积(m2/g)总孔容(cm3/g)平均孔径(nm)主元素含量(%)
COH
14.460.0379.59475.867.570.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241057227704954889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214748750655, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of adsorption kinetics equations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物准一级动力学准二级动力学
qe(mg/g)k1(min-1R2qe(mg/g)k2[g/(mg·min)]R2
1.3110.5720.9451.3720.6800.984
萘酚1.7520.5500.9611.8380.5320.994
萘甲酸1.5960.2290.9651.7120.1830.970
), ArticleFig(id=1241057227805618198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214748750655, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

吸附动力学方程拟合参数

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污染物准一级动力学准二级动力学
qe(mg/g)k1(min-1R2qe(mg/g)k2[g/(mg·min)]R2
1.3110.5720.9451.3720.6800.984
萘酚1.7520.5500.9611.8380.5320.994
萘甲酸1.5960.2290.9651.7120.1830.970
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Parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal equations

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污染物LangmuirFreundlich
kl(L/mg)qm(mg/g)R2kf(L/mg)1/nR2
0.97923.8310.98713.1500.7610.996
萘酚1.0058.0480.9553.3320.5970.915
萘甲酸0.1098.9950.9100.8750.7750.870
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Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物LangmuirFreundlich
kl(L/mg)qm(mg/g)R2kf(L/mg)1/nR2
0.97923.8310.98713.1500.7610.996
萘酚1.0058.0480.9553.3320.5970.915
萘甲酸0.1098.9950.9100.8750.7750.870
), ArticleFig(id=1241057228313129033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214748750655, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of equilibrium adsorption capacity of PAHs on various adsorbents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号吸附剂温度(°C)多环芳烃吸附量(mg/g)参考文献
1改性沸石30萘0.3[22]
2改性核桃壳25萘7.2[23]
3改性榛子壳25萘17.3[24]
4改性生物炭25萘1.9[25]
萘酚20.4
5土壤室温萘甲酸0.055[26]
6生物炭25萘甲酸4.659[27]
7焦粉25萘23.831本研究
萘酚8.048
萘甲酸8.995
), ArticleFig(id=1241057228447346774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214748750655, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同吸附剂吸附多环芳烃的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号吸附剂温度(°C)多环芳烃吸附量(mg/g)参考文献
1改性沸石30萘0.3[22]
2改性核桃壳25萘7.2[23]
3改性榛子壳25萘17.3[24]
4改性生物炭25萘1.9[25]
萘酚20.4
5土壤室温萘甲酸0.055[26]
6生物炭25萘甲酸4.659[27]
7焦粉25萘23.831本研究
萘酚8.048
萘甲酸8.995
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焦粉吸附不同官能团取代多环芳烃的效能与机制
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徐天缘 1 , 张帆 1 , 魏鑫鹏 2, 3 , 王智玉 2, 3 , 邢耀文 2, 3 , 桂夏辉 2, 3, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2451-2461
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2451-2461
焦粉吸附不同官能团取代多环芳烃的效能与机制
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徐天缘1 , 张帆1, 魏鑫鹏2, 3, 王智玉2, 3, 邢耀文2, 3, 桂夏辉2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2.中国矿业大学,炼焦煤资源绿色开发全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 3.中国矿业大学,国家煤加工与洁净化工程技术研究中心,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 徐天缘(1988-),女,湖南攸县人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为水污染控制.发表论文30余篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Efficiency and mechanism of coke powder adsorption for different functional group-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Tian-yuan XU1 , Fan ZHANG1, Xin-peng WEI2, 3, Zhi-yu WANG2, 3, Yao-wen XING2, 3, Xia-hui GUI2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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采用炼焦副产物焦粉(CP)作吸附剂,以不同官能团取代的多环芳烃(PAHs)萘、萘酚和萘甲酸为目标污染物,通过探讨其对PAHs的吸附性能和吸附机理,评估其作为吸附剂去除废水中PAHs的应用前景.吸附性能测试结果表明,CP在120min内吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的效率达97.4%、86.6%和76.8%,其准二级动力学吸附速率常数分别为0.680g/(mg·min)、0.532g/(mg·min)和0.183g/(mg·min).焦粉对萘的饱和吸附量最高,达到了23.8mg/g,其次为萘酚(8.04mg/g)和萘甲酸(3.94mg/g).CP吸附萘和萘酚受pH值影响较小,而萘甲酸的吸附效果在酸性环境下优于碱性和中性条件.FTIR、XPS、DRUV-Vis光谱及DFT分析显示,CP对萘的吸附为多层吸附,主要受疏水效应、范德华力和π-π电子供体-受体(EDA)作用的驱动;而对萘酚和萘甲酸则为单层化学吸附,归因于强π供体与CP表面极化区的π-π EDA作用.萘酚的酚羟基亲水性降低了其饱和吸附量,而萘甲酸与焦粉间的静电斥力削弱了π-π EDA作用,导致其吸附效果略低.

焦粉  /  多环芳烃  /  吸附  /  π-π EDA相互作用

Coke powder(CP), a coking byproduct, was employed as an adsorbent to investigate the adsorption performance and mechanisms toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)substituted with different functional groups—naphthalene, naphthol, and naphthoic acid. The potential of CP for removing PAHs from wastewater was further evaluated through systematic analyses. Adsorption performance tests demonstrated removal efficiencies of 97.4%, 86.6%, and 76.8% for naphthalene, naphthol, and naphthoic acid, respectively, within 120 min, with pseudo-second-order kinetic rate constants of 0.680, 0.532, and 0.183g/(mg⋅min). The maximum adsorption capacities followed the order: naphthalene(23.8mg/g)>naphthol(8.04mg/g)>naphthoic acid(3.94 mg/g). While pH exhibited minimal effects on the adsorption of naphthalene and naphthol, naphthoic acid adsorption was significantly enhanced under acidic conditions compared to neutral or alkaline environments. Results of FTIR, XPS, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, and DFT calculation revealed that the adsorption of naphthalene on CP was multilayered, primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and π-π electron donor-acceptor(EDA)interactions. In contrast, the adsorption of naphthol and naphthoic acid involved monolayer chemisorption, attributed to strong π donors and the π-π EDA interactions with the polarized electron-depleted regions on the CP surface. The hydrophilic nature of the hydroxyl group in naphthol reduced the saturation adsorption capacity. While electrostatic repulsion between naphthoic acid and CP weakened the π-π EDA interaction, resulting in a slightly lower adsorption capacity.

coke powder  /  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  /  adsorption  /  π-π EDA interaction
徐天缘, 张帆, 魏鑫鹏, 王智玉, 邢耀文, 桂夏辉. 焦粉吸附不同官能团取代多环芳烃的效能与机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2451 -2461 .
Tian-yuan XU, Fan ZHANG, Xin-peng WEI, Zhi-yu WANG, Yao-wen XING, Xia-hui GUI. Efficiency and mechanism of coke powder adsorption for different functional group-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2451 -2461 .
焦煤是一种中低挥发分、中等黏结性的烟煤或次烟煤,通常与其他煤种配比混合后,在隔绝氧气的条件下,于900℃以上干馏炼制焦炭[1].在焦炭的破碎筛分过程中,会产生粒径小于5mm的细炭粉末,称为焦粉(CP).中国每年约有4000万t焦粉因不符合技术标准而被弃置,或仅作为低级燃料低价处理,造成能源浪费和生产成本的增加[2-3].此外,由于缺乏有效管理导致废弃CP露天堆积,易造成粉尘污染.另一方面,堆积的CP经降雪、降雨等自然降水淋滤后,粉末颗粒易随地表径流流入周边水体,对环境造成严重污染[4-5].
CP具有高固定碳含量、低挥发分及一定的机械强度,被认为是放错位置的资源[6].因CP特殊性质可满足活性炭制备的各项要求,同时因其价格低廉且来源丰富,是制备活性炭的良好原料[7-10].此外,CP也可用作吸附剂进行水污染修复[11-12].然而,现有研究多集中于探究CP的吸附性能并对实验参数进行简单优化,对相关的吸附机理涉及较少.拓宽CP的应用领域并深入揭示其吸附机理,将为焦粉在环境修复领域的资源化利用提供重要参考.
焦化废水富含难降解多环芳烃(PAHs)、油类物质(浮油、分散油和乳化油)、氨氮、氰化物以及大量盐分[13].其中,PAHs作为焦化废水中高浓度持久性特征有机污染物,其排放总量约占环境中有机污染物16%左右,是焦化废水的主要毒性来源[14].PAHs是一类高毒性、高致癌性、难降解性、高积累性的典型有机污染物,具有强非极性亲和力和高化学稳定性,很难被微生物利用,对生物体具有“致癌、致毒、致畸”效应[15].通常,焦化废水经过初级和二级处理后,PAHs的去除效果依然不理想,COD去除率较低,出水难以达到排放标准[15].吸附去除焦化废水中的PAHs,是焦化废水深度处理的关键环节.利用CP作为吸附剂吸附去除水体中PAHs,不仅将CP“变废为宝”修复PAHs污染水体,还可实现CP的资源化高效利用,对焦化等企业的可持续发展具有重要意义.
本文以萘、萘酚和萘甲酸作为代表性PAHs,通过研究萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附动力学和吸附等温线评估CP的吸附性能,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段分析CP吸附前后的结构特征和表面性质变化,并结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算深入揭示CP吸附PAHs机理.
萘、萘酚和萘甲酸均为分析纯,购买于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司.氯化钠、硫酸钠、氯化钙、氢氧化钠、过硫酸钠均为分析纯,盐酸(质量分数37%),购买于国药集团化学试剂有限公司.实验用水均为超纯水.
本研究所使用的CP来源于山东省邹城市某焦化厂,是焦煤在900~1200°C的高温缺氧条件下经干馏和冷水熄焦处理后形成的颗粒物.CP收集于焦化车间,研磨通过35目筛分后得到粒径小于0.5mm的粉末,备用.
本试验选用10mg/L萘、11.25mg/L萘酚和13.43mg/L萘甲酸配置模拟废水(均为0.078mmol/L).在配置萘模拟废水时,需要加入少量甲醇(<0.1% V/V)以助溶.利用1mmol/L的HCl和1mmol/L的NaOH调节模拟废水pH值至7.0(±0.2).吸附试验过程如下:取30mL模拟废水置于100mL的离心管中,加入一定量的CP,标记后放入恒温水浴振荡箱(THZ-82B,上海),在25°C和175r/min条件下进行振荡.在实验过程中,按设定的时间点取1mL样品,通过0.22μm滤膜过滤后,用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC,Thermo Fisher Scientific,UltiMate 3000,美国)测定上清液中PAHs的浓度.萘、萘酚和萘甲酸经过C18反相柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm,Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国)后被分离,经UV检测可直接读取其浓度.检测条件:自动进样器的进样体积为20μL,流速为1mL/min,柱温保持在30°C;萘洗脱液为乙腈-水(90:10,V/V),UV检测器设置为219nm;萘酚洗脱液为乙腈-水(60:40,V/V),UV检测器设置为213nm;萘甲酸洗脱液为乙腈-磷酸溶液(60:40,V/V,pH=2.0),UV检测器设置为226nm.为确保数据可靠性,所有试验均设置两组平行实验.
根据准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程对动力学试验数据进行拟合.采用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型对CP吸附PAHs的吸附等温试验数据进行拟合.
为测试CP吸附剂的循环使用能力,采用过硫酸盐对吸附后的CP进行活化再生.具体过程如下:吸附完成后,将上清液通过离心去除,加入30mL 10mmol/L的过硫酸钠溶液,将离心管放入振荡箱中,以175r/min振荡24h.再生后的CP用去离子水洗涤3次,烘干后用于再次吸附萘酚,吸附时间设为240min.
CP吸附污染物前后的官能团变化由傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR,Bruker,Vertex 80v,德国)分析;吸附前后的紫外可见漫反射光谱(DRUV-Vis)由配有IS19-1积分球附件的紫外分光光度计(普息,PUXI TU1901,中国)进行测定;C和O元素结合能的变化通过X射线光电子能谱(Thermo Fisher Scientific,ESCALAB 250Xi,美国)进行分析.
为了探究官能团对PAHs吸附性能的影响,构建了2种CP模型,分别为无官能团CP模型和官能团修饰CP模型.采用54个碳原子、19个苯环和周边以18个封闭的平面共轭分子作为无官能团修饰的石墨片作为无官能团的CP模型.通过对无修饰模型的9号碳和37号碳负载一个羧基和一个羟基来建立负载有含氧官能团的石墨片来表示含有官能团的CP表面[16-17].密度泛函理论的计算通过Materials Studio 8.0的DMol3模块进行[18].在DMol3中,通过设置软件的合理参数,在自旋不受限的情况下求解Kohn-Sham方程.电子波函数采用双数值基外加极化扩展轨道的DNP基组结构.基组的截断半径为3.7Å.泛函采用广义梯度近似(GGA)下的Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof(PBE)描述电子间的相互作用,布里渊区的k点设置为1×1×1.结构优化过程采用Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno(BFGS)规则,梯度变化小于10-3a.u,位移变化小于10-3a.u,能量变化小于10-5a.u.自洽场过程是以电子密度变化小于10-6a.u为收敛准则.在优化过程中,超晶胞的晶格参数是固定的,对所有原子没有几何限制.结构优化完成后,通过DMol3分析得到各计算体系的能量.
CP形貌如图1所示,表面粗糙多孔,由块状碳和球状碳堆叠而成,为典型的焦炭结构.元素分析结果显示CP的C含量最高约为75.86%,H与O的含量分别为7.57%和0.37%(表1).通过氮气吸脱附实验对CP的孔结构信息和比表面积进行了表征分析,结果显示CP的比表面积为14.46m2/g,总孔体积为0.037cm3/g,平均孔径为9.59nm.
在工业应用中,吸附剂的投加量和污染物的吸附容量是重要的条件和分析参数[19].如图2所示,当CP的投加量从1g/L增加到6g/L,萘的吸附去除率与投加量呈正相关,表明萘在该吸附时间段内并未达到吸附饱和.然而,当CP投加量由2g/L增加到6g/L时,萘的吸附去除率增加幅度有所减缓,仅由71.1%增加至85.3%.在吸附120min后,CP对萘的最终吸附量从3.55mg/g降至1.42mg/g.与此不同的是,CP对萘酚展现出良好的吸附性能,其投加量为2g/L时,萘酚的去除率已经高达92.1%以上.随着投加量的继续增加,萘酚吸附去除率渐渐稳定在97%左右,表明达到了吸附饱和.而同等实验条件下,CP对萘甲酸的吸附能力表现一般,1g/L的CP仅能吸附31.0%的萘甲酸.当CP投加量增加时,萘甲酸的吸附去除率稳步上升.投加量为2g/L、4g/L和6g/L时,萘甲酸吸附去除率分别为41.1%、57.6%和73.3%.总体而言,CP对3种不同官能团取代的PAHs均展现出一定的吸附能力,其中吸附萘酚的性能最佳,其次为萘,而后为萘甲酸.投加量为6g/L时,CP对萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附量分别为0.142mmol/g、0.162mmol/g和0.128mmol/g.为了进一步探究CP对污染物的吸附动力学,选择投加量为6g/L进行相关实验.
CP对萘、萘酚和萘甲酸吸附动力学模型拟合结果如图3所示.CP在40min内吸附3种污染物的速率很快,随后在120min后逐渐趋于平衡.在pH=7条件下,吸附240min后,萘酚的去除率最高,达到了97.4%;其次为萘,其去除率为86.6%;萘甲酸的去除率相对低,为76.8%.为了定量比较CP对萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附速率,对其采用准一级动力学模型和准二级动力学模型进行了拟合分析,如表2所示.
准一级动力学模型是基于吸附容量而提出的,用于描述固-液体系的动态吸附过程,适于描述初始阶段的扩散控制过程;准二级动力学模型适于描述吸附剂与吸附质间的化学反应作用[20].CP对萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附均符合准二级模型,拟合度R2均高于准一级模型的拟合度.这表明,在吸附过程中,CP与这3种污染物之间存在化学相互作用.此外,从表2可知,CP吸附萘和萘酚的速率接近,分别为0.680g/(mg·min)和0.532g/(mg·min),二者的速率显著快于CP吸附萘甲酸的速率,几乎是其[0.183g/(mg·min)]的2.9倍.
上述结果表明,萘和萘酚在多重相互作用的影响下实现了快速吸附,而萘甲酸在吸附过程中可能存在某种阻碍作用,从而导致其吸附速率较慢.总体而言,CP吸附PAHs的速率受制于其取代基的官能团类型,具体机理将在2.4节中进行详细探讨.
CP对萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附等温图如图4所示,拟合数据见表3.采用Freundlich等温吸附模型对CP吸附萘的结果进行拟合时,R2为0.996,优于Langmuir等温吸附模型(R2为0.987).这表明在pH=7条件下,萘与CP的吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,为多分子层吸附.而对于CP吸附萘酚和萘甲酸,Langmuir等温吸附模型的拟合结果优于Freundlich模型,表明其吸附过程为单分子层吸附.
Freundlich模型拟合中1/n值是表明吸附行为难易程度的参数,若小于1表明吸附易于发生[21].CP吸附3种不同官能团取代的PAHs的1/n值均小于1,表明CP对萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附均为自发性化学吸附.此外,根据Langmuir拟合,CP吸附萘的饱和吸附量可以达到23.831mg/g,远高于CP吸附萘酚(8.048mg/g)和萘甲酸的饱和吸附量(8.995mg/g),这主要归因于萘在CP表面的多层吸附行为,而萘酚和萘甲酸在CP表面单层吸附.
此外,通过调研文献,对不同吸附剂吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的性能进行了比较,结果如表4所示.结果表明,与其他吸附剂相比,CP展现出良好的去除水中PAHs的能力,具有一定的应用前景.
吸附剂在饱和吸附污染物后,通常采用甲醇等有机溶剂进行脱附再生[28].然而,有机溶剂不仅毒性较大,且成本高昂,产生的再生剂废物需要额外处理,容易造成二次污染.前期研究发现,CP具有良好活化过硫酸盐去除有机污染物的效果[29].为此,本研究采用过硫酸盐活化方式对吸附后的CP进行再生处理.再生后的CP吸附萘酚的效果如图5所示.CP重复使用三次时,其吸附萘酚的效率可维持在将近90%.继续重复使用6次时,萘酚的吸附效果呈下降趋势,但萘酚的吸附去除率仍可维持在71.9%,表明CP具有一定的稳定性,能维持较好的循环使用性能.
为研究溶液盐离子对CP吸附PAHs性能的影响,选取在添加0.05mol/L NaCl、CaCl2和Na2SO4离子环境下进行CP吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸效果试验,实验结果如图6所示.
CP对萘和萘酚的吸附性能受盐离子种类的影响很小,萘去除率稳定在82%~85%之间,萘酚去除率维持在97%以上.这可能是由于在中性条件下萘酚始终以未电离的分子形态存在,盐离子对萘和萘酚的存在形式均无干扰.此外,盐离子SO42−、Na+和Cl的引入对CP吸附萘甲酸的影响并不显著,吸附120min后,萘甲酸去除率维持68.4%以上.然而,Ca2+的引入可显著提升CP对萘甲酸的影吸附效率,吸附120min后,萘甲酸吸附去除率上升至85.0%.这主要归因于Ca2+的引入会引起CP表面附近离子环境的变化.已知双电层包括吸附层和扩散层,随着高价态阳离子的加入,扩散层被压缩,双电层厚度降低,静电斥力减弱,从而使以负离子形式存在的萘甲酸更容易被CP吸附[30].
如前所述,CP对不同官能团取代的PAHs表现出不同的吸附行为,制约其吸附行为的吸附机理也不尽相同.一般来说,污染物的吸附机理可归结为物理吸附和化学吸附.物理吸附机理主要有范德华力相互作用和孔隙填充效应.CP吸附萘的吸附等温线类型属于Freundlich吸附等温型,表明萘分子在CP表面呈水平排列,吸附力以范德华力相互作用中的色散力为主.此外,萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的分子尺寸最宽为1nm,与CP的微孔宽度(小于2nm)接近,微孔填充效应可能促进3种PAHs在CP的表面吸附.同时,CP的介孔结构也有助于直接吸附PAHs和孔内扩散[31].
为了深入探究CP吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附机理,对吸附污染物前后的CP结构特征进行了表征.图7所示为CP吸附污染物前后的FTIR光谱图.纯CP的FTIR光谱在1445cm−1处展示了芳香族C=C弯曲振动峰,1014cm−1和1715cm−1分别归属于C-O和C=O伸缩振动峰,3235cm−1和3658cm−1处则归属于羧基(-COOH)和羟基(-OH)的振动峰[32],表明CP表面含有丰富的含氧官能团.
CP吸附污染物萘、萘酚和萘甲酸后,1445cm−1处的芳香族C=C弯曲的振动峰均出现略微蓝移,这可能是由于CP表面的芳香结构与污染物的萘环结构发生了π-π电子供体-受体(EDA)共轭作用[33].此外,3235cm−1处-COOH的O-H伸缩振动在吸附PAHs后出现了红移,这可能是由于PAHs的萘环作为电子供体,与CP的-COOH之间发生了π-π EDA共轭作用.这表明CP的芳香结构和表面含氧官能团对3种PAHs的吸附发挥了协同作用.
图8所示为CP吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸前后的DRUV-Vis光谱.在200~230nm波段,单独CP、萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的DRUV-Vis光谱均呈现平滑曲线,无明显吸收峰.然而,CP吸附这3种PAHs后,谱图在200~230nm处出现了明显的吸收峰,归因于π到π*反键轨道的电子跃迁,表明萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的苯环结构与CP表面的芳香族结构和官能团之间产生了π-π EDA相互作用[34].
图9显示了CP吸附3种不同官能团取代PAHs前后的C1s XPS和O1s XPS谱图.纯CP的C1s XPS谱图中呈现3个峰:284.79eV对应C–C,285.91eV对应C–O和288.69 eV对应O-C=O.CP的O1s光谱显示了两个峰,分别是532.54eV的C-OH/C-O和531.86 eV的C=O.当CP吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸吸附后,C1s谱图中的C-O峰由285.91eV分别降至285.68eV(萘)、285.5eV(萘酚)、285.83eV(萘甲酸);而C=O峰由288.69eV分别降至288.47eV(萘)、288.62eV(萘酚)、288.62eV(萘甲酸).这些结合能的降低可以归因于π-π EDA相互作用,使CP的芳香结构与PAHs苯环的电子密度增加,增强了屏蔽效应,从而降低了内层电子的结合能.此外,O1s谱图中O-C=O峰的结合能递减趋势进一步支持了这一解释:在CP和PAHs的相互作用下,O-C=O键的电子密度增加,显示了CP表面含氧官能团在吸附过程中与污染物的萘环发生了显著的电子相互作用[35].
CP是高温炼焦熄焦后的产物,高温会使其表面芳香性增加,熄焦时CP表面电荷密度发生改变,在芳香环的位置会形成富含极化电子的富电位(被羧基取代的苯环)和极化电子耗尽的贫电子位(被羟基或烷氧基取代的苯环)[36].因此,CP的表面结构为吸附不同类型的PAHs提供了丰富的电子供体和受体位点.由于萘为非极性分子,且其π电子供体能力较弱,因此其与CP之间的π–π EDA相互作用相对较弱.然而,萘具有强疏水性,因而疏水效应和范德华力相互作用在CP吸附萘的过程中起到主导作用.相比之下,萘酚的-OH基团作为强电子供体显著增加了其萘环的π电子密度,因此它能够与CP表面的贫电子位发生强烈的π-π EDA相互作用.此外,虽然萘酚的-OH基团增加了亲水性,但这并未显著影响其与CP之间的相互作用.萘甲酸的-COOH基团作为强吸电子基团,使得其萘环成为强的π电子受体.因此,在富电子区域,CP可以与萘甲酸发生强烈的π–π EDA相互作用.然而,在pH=7的中性环境中,萘甲酸会受到静电斥力的影响,这种斥力削弱了π–π EDA相互作用,使得CP对萘甲酸的吸附效果相对较低.
由于萘甲酸和萘酚在不同pH值条件下的存在形态和电性有所差异,同时CP表面的酸性基团和碱性基团在不同pH值条件下可能发生质子化或去质子化.因此,溶液pH值会影响CP吸附不同官能团取代多环芳烃的吸附方式.为了探究不同pH值下的吸附作用机制,进行了pH值在3.0~11.0下的吸附试验.监测吸附前后溶液pH值的变化,并采用固液分配系数(KD)来评估不同pH值条件下CP对3种PAHs的吸附效果,结果如图10所示.
吸附平衡前后溶液pH值的变化如图10(a)所示.萘作为非极性有机物,并不影响溶液最终pH值,吸附量也不受溶液pH值影响,因此以萘作为对照.在初始pH值为5.0和7.0时,萘酚吸附后溶液的pH值分别为7.6和8.0,萘甲酸吸附后溶液的pH值分别为7.3和7.6,均低于萘吸附后的溶液pH值(8.3和8.4).CP表面的基团被质子化,导致溶液pH值升高.然而,萘酚和萘甲酸官能团中的氢与CP表面的酸性官能团中氧基生成的氢键会占据一部分质子化位点,减少了游离的氢离子消耗.而在pH值11.0时,萘酚和萘甲酸吸附后的溶液pH值高于萘吸附体系,此时氢键相互作用阻碍了CP表面酸性官能团的脱质子化,进而减少了游离OH的消耗.尽管氢键相互作用存在于CP对污染物的吸附过程中,但并非主导吸附作用.
不同pH值条件下CP吸附萘、萘酚和萘甲酸的KD变化如图10(b)所示.随着pH值的上升,萘的KD值变化很小,表明CP表面的官能团的质子化和脱质子化对萘从溶液迁移至CP表面的影响并不显著.这可能是由于萘的非极性特性和缺乏取代基的电子效应,致使其作为电子供体的能力较弱.因此,萘在CP表面的吸附主要是非特异性的π-π EDA共轭作用[37].
当溶液pH值低于萘酚的pKa(9.51),萘酚的KD随pH值增加变化并不明显.但是当pH值高于pKa(9.51)时,萘酚逐渐电离,主要以带负电形式存在,去质子化的萘酚给电子能力增强,使其与CP之间的π–π EDA相互作用加剧.然而,此时溶液pH值高于CP的等电点(6.7)[38],导致CP表面带负电,与去质子化的萘酚之间存在静电斥力,阻碍了萘酚在CP表面吸附,从而导致KD降低.尽管如此,在考察的pH值范围内,表面π–π EDA相互作用仍是CP吸附萘酚的主要机制.
初始pH值为3.0时,CP吸附萘甲酸反应结束后pH值升至4.0(图10a),此时萘甲酸的电离度(α)为34%(C10H7COOH)和66%(C10H7COO-).由于CP的等电点为6.7,在pH=3~6时,带负电的C10H7COO-与带正电荷的CP表面产生显著的静电引力,成为吸附萘甲酸的主要驱动力.然而,当溶液pH值大于6.7时,CP表面电荷转为负电性.随着溶液pH值升高,萘甲酸解离度增大,逐渐以阴离子形态存在于溶液中.由于CP表面在碱性条件下携带负电荷,二者间产生的静电排斥作用显著削弱吸附亲和力,从而使得萘甲酸的KD随pH升高呈下降趋势.
为进一步揭示含氧官能团在吸附中的作用,通过DFT理论计算构建了含氧官能团和不含氧官能团的2种CP模型,分析萘、萘酚和萘甲酸在这2种不同类型CP表面的吸附能.首先对无修饰的石墨片(G)和氧化石墨片(OG)进行结构优化和能量最小化计算,并计算其电子密度分布,结果图如图11所示.由于碳原子的电负性高于氢原子,因此在无修饰石墨片中,电子在G边缘位置高度极化,形成高电子密度的中心区域(蓝色)和低电子密度的边缘区域(红色),分别作为π电子的供体和受体.当石墨片中央取代了给电子基团羟基和吸电子基团羧基后,石墨表面的电子密度由于电子效应而变的不均匀,出现了电子密度升高的富电子位(深蓝色区)和电子密度降低的贫电子区(黄绿色区)[39].这种电子密度的变化表明,氧化石墨片表面的含氧官能团可通过富电子和贫电子位提供更丰富的π-π EDA相互作用位点,从而影响PAHs在CP表面的吸附行为.
根据DFT理论计算了萘、萘酚和萘甲酸在无修饰石墨片(1G)和官能团修饰石墨基底贫电子位(1OG)上的吸附能,进一步了解萘、萘酚和萘甲酸与表面负载官能团的碳材料的作用机制.吸附能的负值的绝对值越大,说明吸附越有利.结果显示,3种污染物在官能团修饰石墨片上的吸附能均高于无修饰石墨片,表明含氧官能团的存在能够促进PAHs在CP表面的吸附,以平面π-π共轭接触方式为主导[40],这与图3所示的吸附动力学和图4所示的吸附等温线结果相吻合.具体而言,萘酚在官能团修饰石墨片表面的吸附能(-117.48kJ/mol)最高,萘甲酸(-111.79kJ/mol)次之,最低为萘(-98.82kJ/mol).这表明污染物自身电荷密度的均一性对吸附行为有显著影响.相较萘,萘酚和萘甲酸由于含氧官能团取代,电荷密度呈现不均一性,这种不均一性是污染物和基底发生π–π EDA相互作用的重要前提条件[41].
综合以上可知,CP对萘的吸附行为主要受孔隙填充影响,而对萘酚和萘甲酸的吸附行为则受CP表面含氧官能团的影响.萘的多层吸附归因于疏水效应和范德华相互作用,其双苯环结构虽为较弱的π电子供体,但仍能与CP表面发生π-π EDA相互作用.萘酚在CP表面的单层化学吸附,主要由π-π EDA相互作用驱动.而对于萘甲酸的吸附,同样存在π-π EDA相互作用,但当pH值大于6时,CP表面与萘甲酸之间的静电斥力削弱了π-π EDA作用的效果.
3.1 CP可以在多种高浓度离子的干扰下实现对PAHs的高效去除. CP吸附萘酚的效果优于吸附萘和萘酚,吸附120min后去除率分别为97.4%、86.6%和76.8%. CP吸附萘,萘酚和萘甲酸的饱和吸附量分别为23.831mg/g,8.048mg/g和8.995mg/g.
3.2 CP吸附萘和萘酚的应用pH值范围广,在pH 3~9的范围内可实现对萘和萘酚的高效吸附.而CP吸附萘甲酸的效果受pH值影响,在酸性环境下(pH<3)CP吸附萘甲酸的效果优于碱性和中性环境.
3.3 CP吸附不同官能团PAHs的吸附机制存在差异.CP对萘的吸附是多分子层的,主要依靠疏水效应、范德华力和孔隙填充效应驱动.而在吸附萘酚和萘甲酸时,CP表现出单分子层吸附特性,主要通过π–π EDA相互作用驱动.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22176212)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-29
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22176212)
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    1.中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    2.中国矿业大学,炼焦煤资源绿色开发全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
    3.中国矿业大学,国家煤加工与洁净化工程技术研究中心,江苏 徐州 221116

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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