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Article(id=1241057214182510839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725552000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820697589, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820697589, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820697589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820697589, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2664, endPage=2670, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057214610329877, articleId=1241057214182510839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=The impact of reclaimed water irrigation on soil connected pore characteristics and hydraulic properties, columnId=1234106389669409584, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Soil Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study was conducted in an agricultural irrigation area of reclaimed water in Suqian City. In the irrigation area, regions with long-term surface water irrigation（S1）, short-term reclaimed water irrigation（S2）, and long-term reclaimed water irrigation（S3）were selected. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from depths of 0~20cm and 20~40cm using plastic and metal rings. CT scanning and image processing technology were used to obtain the connected pores and their structural characteristics under different treatments, while the hydraulic properties of the soils were simultaneously tested. This study aimed to investigate the impact of reclaimed water irrigation on soil pore structure and hydraulic parameters and to analyze the key pore parameters that caused changes in hydraulic properties. The results showed short-term reclaimed water irrigation disrupted the soil pore structure, lending to a simplification of the pore architecture. After long-term reclaimed water irrigation, the soil pore structure improved compared to short-term irrigation, with no significantly difference observed when compared to the soil under long-term surface water irrigation. The use of reclaimed water for irrigation had no significant impact on the pore structure and hydraulic properties of both surface and subsurface soils. Reclaimed water irrigation significantly reduced soil hydraulic conductivity. Compared to the soil under long-term surface water irrigation, the hydraulic conductivity（KS）for short-term and long-term reclaimed water irrigated soils decreased by 20.81% and 20.18%, respectively. Reclaimed water irrigation had little effect on soil water retention capacity. The changes in pore structure after reclaimed water irrigation significantly affected the soil's hydraulic properties. Redundancy analysis showed that pore parameters explained 83.30% of the variation in hydraulic properties, with surface fractal dimension having the greatest impact on hydraulic properties. Pore shape had no significant relationship with any hydraulic parameters.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-qin SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-yu SHE, Xiao-qin SUN, Zhuo TIAN, Hong-de WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057216418075025, articleId=1241057214182510839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=再生水灌溉对土壤连通孔隙特征及水力性质的影响, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以宿迁市某再生水农业灌溉区域开展，选择长期地表水灌溉（S1）、再生水短期灌溉（S2）与再生水长期灌溉（S3）区域，采用塑料环刀和铁环刀取0~20cm和20~40cm的原状土，通过CT扫描和图像处理技术获取不同处理下土壤连通孔隙及其结构特征，同步测试土壤的水力性质，探究再生水灌溉对土壤孔隙结构与水力参数的影响，分析引起水力性质变化的关键孔隙参数.结果表明:短期再生水灌溉破坏孔隙结构，使得孔隙结构趋向于简单化.再生水长期灌溉后，土壤孔隙结构较短期灌溉有一定程度的改善，与长期地表水灌溉土壤相比没有显著差异.再生水灌溉对表层土壤和深层土壤孔隙结构与水力性质无显著影响.再生水灌溉显著降低土壤的导水性.与长期地表水灌溉相比，再生水短期灌溉与长期灌溉土壤的KS分别降低20.81%与20.18%.再生水灌溉对于土壤的持水性能影响不大.再生水灌溉后孔隙结构的变化显著影响土壤的水力性质，冗余分析结果表明孔隙参数共解释了83.30%的水力性质变异，其中表面分形维数对水力性质的影响最大，孔隙形状与所有的水力参数都没有显著的关系.

, correspAuthors=孙枭沁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者，讲师，
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=LTgVVVwwtLQtseU+NulnNw==, magXml=ZO5/sY/9/XRlyqaGrQ4zzg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+U3Vs84UNSTz/pO1yh2CGA==, pdfFileSize=1431300, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=svXalqzA02UQH8+2FUH6Dw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OVohapUiqz1vPjlkk5/CMg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

佘凌宇（2002-），男，湖南长沙人，扬州大学硕士研究生，主要从事农业水土工程方面研究..

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佘凌宇（2002-），男，湖南长沙人，扬州大学硕士研究生，主要从事农业水土工程方面研究..

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佘凌宇（2002-），男，湖南长沙人，扬州大学硕士研究生，主要从事农业水土工程方面研究..

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Geoderma，2016，264:1-9., articleTitle=Changes in the hydraulic properties of a clay soil under long-term irrigation with treated wastewater, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057232125743813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=254, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Deng S, Yan X, Zhu Q, journalName=Environmental Pollution, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng S，Yan X，Zhu Q，et al. The utilization of reclaimed water: Possible risks arising from waterborne contaminants[J]. 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Environmental Pollution，2016，211:48-57., articleTitle=Impacts of reclaimed water irrigation on soil antibiotic resistome in urban parks of Victoria，Australia, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057223078630388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, awardId=42407409, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42407409), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057216753619371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057216766202285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057216753619371, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057216774590894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057216753619371, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.扬州大学水利科学与工程学院，江苏 扬州 225009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057216866865589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057216875254199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057216866865589, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Soil and Water Conservation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057216892031416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057216866865589, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河海大学水土保持学院，江苏 常州 213200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057217001083330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057217017860548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057217001083330, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057217034637766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057217001083330, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.河海大学农业科学与工程学院，江苏 南京 211000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057217210798554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057217219187162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057217210798554, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211000, China）), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057217227575771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, companyId=1241057217210798554, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.河海大学地球科学与工程学院，江苏 南京 211000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057220385886976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=CT scan images of typical soil samples, figureFileSmall=rEf9CV6dOdKVmuOfUCq/RQ==, figureFileBig=svXalqzA02UQH8+2FUH6Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220511716108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=图1, caption=典型土壤样品的CT扫描图像, figureFileSmall=rEf9CV6dOdKVmuOfUCq/RQ==, figureFileBig=svXalqzA02UQH8+2FUH6Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220754985760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Three-dimensional pore structure of scanned soil samples, figureFileSmall=4IoBgjIP8ujJteUEckNBsw==, figureFileBig=S0/IaQ2B3SCCrQkZpuaZ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220893397804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=图2, caption=扫描土样的三维孔隙结构

第一列至第三列分别代表长期地表水灌溉、再生水短期灌溉与长期灌溉土样；第一行至第二行分别代表0~20与20~40cm土层土样，图中数字为坐标轴刻度，单位为pixel

, figureFileSmall=4IoBgjIP8ujJteUEckNBsw==, figureFileBig=S0/IaQ2B3SCCrQkZpuaZ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221040198452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation analysis between pore parameters and hydraulic properties, figureFileSmall=lV+quuPyhyHwN9VCeL2gbg==, figureFileBig=60/UDMrKfNWr0/JMErmDoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221157638972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=图3, caption=孔隙参数与水力性质相关性分析

**表示在0.01水平（双侧）上极显著相关；*表示在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关，图中朝向右上（左下）的椭圆表示正相关，朝向左上（右下）的椭圆表示负相关

, figureFileSmall=lV+quuPyhyHwN9VCeL2gbg==, figureFileBig=60/UDMrKfNWr0/JMErmDoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221367354191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Redundancy analysis of pore parameters and hydraulic properties, figureFileSmall=hGLfGAYrZkcahX9lpBUWPg==, figureFileBig=vJCLfIpeOMnG9F9scnYvRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221556097887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=图4, caption=孔隙参数与水力性质冗余分析, figureFileSmall=hGLfGAYrZkcahX9lpBUWPg==, figureFileBig=vJCLfIpeOMnG9F9scnYvRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221757424497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reclaimed water quality indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标数值指标数值指标数值
pH值7.38±0.28BOD5（mg/ L）9.26±0.25Cr（mg/L）<0.03
EC（dS/ m）1.51±0.12As（mg/L）1.83×10-3±0.00Cd（mg/L）<0.005
SS（mg/ L）7.83±1.14Hg（mg/L）<4.00×10-5Pb（mg/L）<0.07
TN（mg/ L）8.78±1.21COD（mg/L）33.17±0.80
NH4+-N（mg/L）0.33±0.14DOC（mg/L）2.43±0.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221853893500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

再生水水质指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标数值指标数值指标数值
pH值7.38±0.28BOD5（mg/ L）9.26±0.25Cr（mg/L）<0.03
EC（dS/ m）1.51±0.12As（mg/L）1.83×10-3±0.00Cd（mg/L）<0.005
SS（mg/ L）7.83±1.14Hg（mg/L）<4.00×10-5Pb（mg/L）<0.07
TN（mg/ L）8.78±1.21COD（mg/L）33.17±0.80
NH4+-N（mg/L）0.33±0.14DOC（mg/L）2.43±0.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221971334029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental treatments and basic soil properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理灌溉方式取样深度（cm）砂粒（%）粉粒（%）黏粒（%）土壤质地容重（g/cm3）
S1地表水灌溉6年0~2020.1761.1918.64粉砂壤土1.40
20~4022.3659.0018.64粉砂壤土1.41
S2地表水灌溉4年+0~2017.1362.7620.11粉砂壤土1.43
再生水灌溉2年20~4018.4755.8925.64粉砂壤土1.40
S3再生水灌溉6年0~2016.6860.7522.57粉砂壤土1.33
20~4014.0761.3724.56粉砂壤土1.59
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222113940379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验处理及土壤基本性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理灌溉方式取样深度（cm）砂粒（%）粉粒（%）黏粒（%）土壤质地容重（g/cm3）
S1地表水灌溉6年0~2020.1761.1918.64粉砂壤土1.40
20~4022.3659.0018.64粉砂壤土1.41
S2地表水灌溉4年+0~2017.1362.7620.11粉砂壤土1.43
再生水灌溉2年20~4018.4755.8925.64粉砂壤土1.40
S3再生水灌溉6年0~2016.6860.7522.57粉砂壤土1.33
20~4014.0761.3724.56粉砂壤土1.59
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222411735978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The pore structure parameters of soil under different years of reclaimed water irrigation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样点取样深度（cm）DmDSV（cm3）S（cm2）Sp（10-5）MB（cm）
S10~202.82±0.07a2.78±0.09a1.59±1.69a414.45±346.67a0.34±0.04b2701.45±2486.23a
20~402.75±0.02a2.70±0.04a0.71±0.605a212.52±130.09a0.53±0.01b3908.05±1022.71a
S20~202.63±0.15b2.60±0.16b0.88±0.605a198.57±131.98a1.48±1.01a2266.88±1023.74a
20~402.58±0.09b2.56±0.10b0.84±0.205a110.82±76.73a1.68±0.74a2407.01±1299.33a
S30~202.72±0.12ab2.68±0.14ab0.40±0.357a132.00±114.64a0.70±0.58ab2428.61±1805.55a
20~402.69±0.10ab2.66±0.12ab0.93±1.192a210.00±124.27a0.64±0.67ab3769.50±1760.36a
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222608868286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同再生水灌溉年限土壤的孔隙结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样点取样深度（cm）DmDSV（cm3）S（cm2）Sp（10-5）MB（cm）
S10~202.82±0.07a2.78±0.09a1.59±1.69a414.45±346.67a0.34±0.04b2701.45±2486.23a
20~402.75±0.02a2.70±0.04a0.71±0.605a212.52±130.09a0.53±0.01b3908.05±1022.71a
S20~202.63±0.15b2.60±0.16b0.88±0.605a198.57±131.98a1.48±1.01a2266.88±1023.74a
20~402.58±0.09b2.56±0.10b0.84±0.205a110.82±76.73a1.68±0.74a2407.01±1299.33a
S30~202.72±0.12ab2.68±0.14ab0.40±0.357a132.00±114.64a0.70±0.58ab2428.61±1805.55a
20~402.69±0.10ab2.66±0.12ab0.93±1.192a210.00±124.27a0.64±0.67ab3769.50±1760.36a
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222743086032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=EN, label=Table.4, caption=

The soil hydraulic parameters under different years of reclaimed water irrigation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样点取样深度（cm）θs（cm3/ cm3）αnKs（cm/h）θf（cm3/cm3）θA（cm3/cm3）
S10~200.43±0.03a0.06±0.00a1.30±0.16a11.67±0.47a0.36±0.04a0.29±0.05a
20~400.43±0.02a0.02±0.01a1.24±0.04a9.85±0.77a0.40±0.01a0.19±0.01a
S20~200.43±0.02a0.02±0.00a1.32±0.15a8.46±0.44c0.40±0.02a0.21±0.05a
20~400.42±0.03a0.01±0.00a1.29±0.17a8.46±1.00c0.39±0.02a0.18±0.04a
S30~200.43±0.01a0.01±0.00a1.32±0.13a8.70±0.94b0.40±0.01a0.26±0.14a
20~400.43±0.03a0.01±0.01a1.26±0.07a8.38±0.49b0.40±0.02a0.30±0.12a
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222906663908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057214182510839, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同再生水灌溉年限土壤的水力参数

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取样点取样深度（cm）θs（cm3/ cm3）αnKs（cm/h）θf（cm3/cm3）θA（cm3/cm3）
S10~200.43±0.03a0.06±0.00a1.30±0.16a11.67±0.47a0.36±0.04a0.29±0.05a
20~400.43±0.02a0.02±0.01a1.24±0.04a9.85±0.77a0.40±0.01a0.19±0.01a
S20~200.43±0.02a0.02±0.00a1.32±0.15a8.46±0.44c0.40±0.02a0.21±0.05a
20~400.42±0.03a0.01±0.00a1.29±0.17a8.46±1.00c0.39±0.02a0.18±0.04a
S30~200.43±0.01a0.01±0.00a1.32±0.13a8.70±0.94b0.40±0.01a0.26±0.14a
20~400.43±0.03a0.01±0.01a1.26±0.07a8.38±0.49b0.40±0.02a0.30±0.12a
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再生水灌溉对土壤连通孔隙特征及水力性质的影响
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佘凌宇 1 , 孙枭沁 2, 3, * , 田卓 3 , 王洪德 3, 4
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2664-2670
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2664-2670
再生水灌溉对土壤连通孔隙特征及水力性质的影响
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佘凌宇1 , 孙枭沁2, 3, * , 田卓3, 王洪德3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.扬州大学水利科学与工程学院，江苏 扬州 225009
  • 2.河海大学水土保持学院，江苏 常州 213200
  • 3.河海大学农业科学与工程学院，江苏 南京 211000
  • 4.河海大学地球科学与工程学院，江苏 南京 211000

    • 佘凌宇（2002-），男，湖南长沙人，扬州大学硕士研究生，主要从事农业水土工程方面研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者，讲师，
The impact of reclaimed water irrigation on soil connected pore characteristics and hydraulic properties
Ling-yu SHE1 , Xiao-qin SUN2, 3, * , Zhuo TIAN3, Hong-de WANG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
  • 2.College of Soil and Water Conservation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China
  • 3.College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211000, China
  • 4.School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211000, China）
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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摘要
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以宿迁市某再生水农业灌溉区域开展，选择长期地表水灌溉（S1）、再生水短期灌溉（S2）与再生水长期灌溉（S3）区域，采用塑料环刀和铁环刀取0~20cm和20~40cm的原状土，通过CT扫描和图像处理技术获取不同处理下土壤连通孔隙及其结构特征，同步测试土壤的水力性质，探究再生水灌溉对土壤孔隙结构与水力参数的影响，分析引起水力性质变化的关键孔隙参数.结果表明:短期再生水灌溉破坏孔隙结构，使得孔隙结构趋向于简单化.再生水长期灌溉后，土壤孔隙结构较短期灌溉有一定程度的改善，与长期地表水灌溉土壤相比没有显著差异.再生水灌溉对表层土壤和深层土壤孔隙结构与水力性质无显著影响.再生水灌溉显著降低土壤的导水性.与长期地表水灌溉相比，再生水短期灌溉与长期灌溉土壤的KS分别降低20.81%与20.18%.再生水灌溉对于土壤的持水性能影响不大.再生水灌溉后孔隙结构的变化显著影响土壤的水力性质，冗余分析结果表明孔隙参数共解释了83.30%的水力性质变异，其中表面分形维数对水力性质的影响最大，孔隙形状与所有的水力参数都没有显著的关系.

再生水  /  连通孔隙  /  图像处理  /  水力性质  /  冗余分析

This study was conducted in an agricultural irrigation area of reclaimed water in Suqian City. In the irrigation area, regions with long-term surface water irrigation（S1）, short-term reclaimed water irrigation（S2）, and long-term reclaimed water irrigation（S3）were selected. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from depths of 0~20cm and 20~40cm using plastic and metal rings. CT scanning and image processing technology were used to obtain the connected pores and their structural characteristics under different treatments, while the hydraulic properties of the soils were simultaneously tested. This study aimed to investigate the impact of reclaimed water irrigation on soil pore structure and hydraulic parameters and to analyze the key pore parameters that caused changes in hydraulic properties. The results showed short-term reclaimed water irrigation disrupted the soil pore structure, lending to a simplification of the pore architecture. After long-term reclaimed water irrigation, the soil pore structure improved compared to short-term irrigation, with no significantly difference observed when compared to the soil under long-term surface water irrigation. The use of reclaimed water for irrigation had no significant impact on the pore structure and hydraulic properties of both surface and subsurface soils. Reclaimed water irrigation significantly reduced soil hydraulic conductivity. Compared to the soil under long-term surface water irrigation, the hydraulic conductivity（KS）for short-term and long-term reclaimed water irrigated soils decreased by 20.81% and 20.18%, respectively. Reclaimed water irrigation had little effect on soil water retention capacity. The changes in pore structure after reclaimed water irrigation significantly affected the soil's hydraulic properties. Redundancy analysis showed that pore parameters explained 83.30% of the variation in hydraulic properties, with surface fractal dimension having the greatest impact on hydraulic properties. Pore shape had no significant relationship with any hydraulic parameters.

reclaimed water  /  connected pores  /  image processing  /  hydraulic properties  /  redundancy analysis
佘凌宇, 孙枭沁, 田卓, 王洪德. 再生水灌溉对土壤连通孔隙特征及水力性质的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2664 -2670 .
Ling-yu SHE, Xiao-qin SUN, Zhuo TIAN, Hong-de WANG. The impact of reclaimed water irrigation on soil connected pore characteristics and hydraulic properties[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2664 -2670 .
正文
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再生水作为重要的可持续水源已被广泛应用于园林绿化、景观补水以及农业灌溉[1].再生水中富含N、P和许多微量元素，能够增加土壤养分含量，提高土壤肥力[2].然而，再生水中盐分离子含量较高，过量盐分的积累会引起土壤孔隙结构的改变，土壤的水力性质将随着孔隙结构的变化而改变.研究发现，再生水灌溉后土壤中盐分的增加会导致土壤粘粒的膨胀与分散.分散的土壤颗粒将堵塞土壤孔隙，使得土壤水力性质变差[3-5].此外，再生水中悬浮固体物将在大孔隙中沉积，使得土壤孔隙孔径分布发生改变，降低土壤的饱和导水率[6].另一方面，土壤盐分浓度的提高有利于促进土壤颗粒的团聚，稳定土壤结构[7]，从而使得土壤大孔隙增加，土壤导水能力增强[8].水流作为物质传输的媒介，其流动特征的改变将增大农田灌溉管理难度和污染风险管控难度[9].因此，定量化分析再生水灌溉对孔隙结构与水力性质的影响，对于优化再生水管理策略、实现可持续土壤管理有重要作用.
土壤的水力性质决定了水分的渗透速率和流动路径[10]，影响水体的污染物过滤和土壤的自净能力，而水力性质直接受到孔隙结构的影响.因此，量化土壤孔隙结构是确定再生水灌溉对土壤性质影响的关键[11].近年来，CT扫描技术的快速发展使得可视化与定量化分析土壤孔隙结构成为了可能.大量研究表明CT扫描技术在定量土壤孔隙形状、大小、数量、分形维数等方面具有良好的应用前景[12-13].土壤孔隙参数的获取能够更好地理解土壤中水分运动、溶质运移等关键水文过程[14].其中，土壤的连通性孔隙直接影响土壤中水分和溶质的流动路径和效率.但前期的研究更多地关注扫描图像获取的所有孔隙，针对连通性孔隙的研究较少.
宿迁市是黄淮平原资源型、水质型并存的典型缺水城市，已具有多年再生水农林灌溉的经验.基于此，本文以宿迁市典型再生水处理厂附近的不同灌溉年限的绿化用地的表层（0~20cm）和深层土壤（20~40cm）为研究对象，结合CT扫描技术提取不同年限再生水灌溉土壤的连通性孔隙，分析再生水灌溉对土壤孔隙结构与水力性质的影响，探究再生水灌溉土壤孔隙结构与水力性质的关系，明确再生水水力性质变化的关键孔隙结构参数，为安全合理利用再生水进行灌溉提供参考.
1　材料与方法
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1.1　研究区域与样品采集
本研究在中国江苏省宿迁市主城区再生水处理厂附近绿化用地开展.再生水厂采用“物理沉淀+高效氧化+深度处理”相结合的工艺，有效去除再生水中的污染物与重金属离子，确保再生水符合农林灌溉的要求.再生水指标如表1所示.
为探究再生水灌溉对土壤孔隙结构与水力性质的影响，在研究区分别选择3块长期地表水灌溉（S1）、再生水短期灌溉（S2）与再生水长期灌溉（S3）的地块，共计9个地块，每个地块的尺寸为10×10m2.试验处理与土壤的理化性质如表2所示.在每个地块采用100cm3的标准环刀采集0~20与20~40cm的原状土样测定土壤的水力性质，同步采用100cm3的标准塑料环刀采集0~20与20~40cm的原状土样进行CT扫描试验，获取土壤孔隙参数.
1.2　CT扫描与图像处理
CT扫描试验在中国科学院南京土壤研究所进行，采用高分辨率X射线数字岩心分析系统（Phoenix Nanotom S，GE，USA）对原状土样进行扫描.扫描X射线的最大能量为100kV的电压和100μA的电流，扫描精度为25μm.在获取CT切片图像后，采用Fiji软件对图像进行处理.为避免边缘效应，选择扫描样品中心1024×1024×1024voxels（2.56×2.56×2.56cm3）的区域进行分析.图1（a）展示了再生水短期灌溉处理的一个扫描样本的灰度图.接着增加图像的亮度与对比度，采用中值滤波的方法去除小于2体素的噪点.然后将处理后的灰度图像转化为二值图像，图像的阈值决定了二值图像是否能够准确反映灰度图像的信息.在本研究中，采用以下步骤确定图像的阈值：复制当前灰度图像；采用软件默认方法调整阈值，仔细比较灰度图像和二值图像，通过视觉判断确定阈值.二值化后的图像如图1（b）所示.
为获取土壤中的连通孔隙，根据二值图像采用Fiji的MorphoLibJ插件处理.首先采用Connected Components Labeling对二值图像中的孔隙进行标记，如图1（c）所示；然后采用“Keep Largest Label”消除二值图像中孤立孔隙，提取的连通性孔隙如图1（d）所示.选择MorphoLibJ插件中的“Analyze Region 3D”功能计算孔隙的体积（V）、表面积（S）、平均宽度（MB）和形状参数（Sp）.其中，平均宽度反映了孔隙的迂回程度，与流动阻力直接相关.形状参数选择采用圆球形度指数，其计算方法如下：
式中：V是孔隙体积，cm3；S是孔隙表面积，cm2.
此外，基于图1（d）采用BoneJ插件的“Fractal Dimension”计算孔隙的质量分形维数Dm.在计算表面分形维数DS前，采用“Find Edges”提取孔隙与土壤基质的接触面，如图1（e）所示.然后，通过“Fractal Dimension”计算DS.
1.3　水力性质测定
采用定水头法[15]测定土壤饱和导水率KS：
式中：Q为稳定出水量，cm3；L为土样高度，cm；A为土样横截面积，cm2；t为测量时间，h；H为水头高度，cm.
试验采用离心机法（CR21N，日本日立公司）测定土壤的水力性质，测定时保持离心机内部温度为20℃，测定不同吸力下（1，10，30，50，100，300，500，1000kPa）土壤样品对应的土壤重量含水量，根据测定的容重计算土壤体积含水量.每个吸力对应的离心机转速为310，980，1698，2192，3100，5371，6933，9806r/min，其测定时间分别为10，26，41，48，58，73，80，90min.采用RETC软件中的van Genuchten（VG）模型[16]对离心机法所得含水量数据进行拟合，VG模型表达式如下：
式中：θ为土壤体积含水率，cm3/cm3；θr为土壤残余体积含水，cm3/cm3；θs为土壤的饱和体积含水率，cm3/cm3；h为土壤吸力，cm；α为进气值倒数，1/cm；m、n为形状参数，其中m=1-1/n.获取VG模型参数后，计算土壤田间持水率θf（h=33.3kPa）与凋萎含水量θw（h=1500kPa）[17]，土壤有效含水量θA为θf与θw差.
1.4　数据处理与分析
使用Excel录入并处理数据.采用SPSS26.0对数据进行相关性和显著性分析.使用Canoco 5.0进行冗余分析（RDA）.图表采用Excel和Origin软件进行绘制.
2　结果与分析
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2.1　再生水灌溉对土壤孔隙结构的影响
扫描土样的三维孔隙结构如图2所示.由图可知，随着灌溉年限的增加，表层土壤孔隙呈现下降趋势，深层土壤孔隙呈现上升趋势.表3展示了不同再生水灌溉年限土壤的孔隙结构参数.不难发现，再生水短期灌溉下孔隙的V、S与MB均呈现一定幅度的降低.此外，再生水短期灌溉下，0~20和20~40cm土层土壤的Dm较长期地表水灌溉显著降低了6.74%与6.18%；DS显著降低了6.83%与5.43%，且短期灌溉下土壤孔隙圆球度显著高于长期地表水灌溉土壤，这意味着再生水短期灌溉土壤孔隙结构可能受到破坏，趋向于简单化.而再生水长期灌溉后，土壤孔隙结构较短期灌溉有一定程度的改善，所有孔隙结构参数与长期地表水灌溉土壤没有显著差异.值得注意的是，再生水长期灌溉后，20~40cm土层土壤的孔隙体积与表面积高于0~20cm土层，且两层土壤的Dm与Ds非常接近，长期灌溉对20~40cm土层土壤的孔隙结构恢复效果更佳.
2.2　再生水灌溉对土壤水力性质的影响
不同年限再生水灌溉土壤的水力性质参数如表4所示.再生水灌溉后土壤的θs、α、n、θf与θA没有显著的变化，说明再生水灌溉对于土壤的持水性能影响不大.但是不同灌溉年限下，土壤的KS存在显著差异.与长期地表水灌溉相比，0~20cm土层短期灌溉与长期灌溉土壤的KS分别降低了27.5%与25.45%；20~40cm土层则分别降低了14.11%与14.92%.这意味着采用再生水灌溉将显著降低土壤的导水性，特别是表层土壤的导水性.
2.3　再生水灌溉土壤孔隙参数与土壤水力参数的相关性分析
图3分析了孔隙结构参数与水力性质之间的相关性.Dm和DS均与θS和Ks呈显著正相关，这意味着复杂的孔隙空间与孔隙表面积显著影响土壤的导水性和持水性.孔隙表面积的降低将显著降低α、Ks与θf，土壤的渗透性、持水性和通气性减弱.MB与n呈现显著正相关关系，与θA显著负相关，说明随着孔隙平均宽度的增加，土壤水分特征曲线变得更加陡峭，土壤水分的排出能力更强，降低土壤的水分保持能力.然而，Sp与所有的水力参数都没有显著的关系，在连通孔隙中孔隙形状可能不是影响水力性质的关键因素.
为进一步探究再生水灌溉土壤水力性质变化的关键因子，本研究采用了冗余分析方法，结果如图4所示.结果表明，第1轴和第2轴分别解释了水力性质变化的54.30%和29.00%，各孔隙参数共解释了83.30%的水力性质变异，说明第1、2排序轴很好地反映了土壤水力性质与孔隙结构之间的关系，且这种关系主要由第1排序轴决定.根据因子贡献度（图4（b）），DS对水力性质的影响最大，达到了45.70%，MB次之，为33.70%.
3　讨论
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本研究表明，再生水短期灌溉下，土壤孔隙会发生破坏，孔隙结构趋向于简单化，导致土壤导水性降低.Sou等[18]研究发现再生水灌溉后Na+增加诱导土壤颗粒的分散和土壤结构的坍塌，部分分散的颗粒向下运动，导致孔隙逐渐阻塞.本研究试验土样为粉砂壤土，其颗粒组成以粉粒和黏粒为主，当采用再生水灌溉时，土壤中盐分离子的增加破坏了粉粒之间的结合力，导致团聚体的解聚[19].另一方面，盐分离子与土壤黏粒发生水膨胀作用，引起土壤不均衡膨胀与收缩，使得团聚的土壤颗粒之间被撕裂，造成土壤结构破坏[20].但徐洋洋等[10]发现再生水灌溉促进了砂粒含量较高土壤的大孔隙系统发育和大孔隙连通性发展，在一定程度上改善了土壤孔隙结构.这是因为再生水中富含的有机质能够与砂粒结合促进团聚体的形成，改善土壤结构，增大土壤入渗速率[21]，且改善程度和灌溉频率也有关系[9].这意味着再生水短期灌溉对于细颗粒为主的土壤结构与水力性质影响更大.此外，本研究发现在长期灌溉下土壤性质得到了一定的恢复，再生水长期灌溉与长期地表水灌溉土壤样品之间没有显著差异，这与Ceres等[22]的研究一致.这可能是因为再生水长期灌溉提供了持续的水分和有机物质，促进植物根系与土壤微生物的发育，促使土壤颗粒重新团聚，使得土壤孔隙结构与水力性质得到恢复[23].管孝艳等[24]研究发现再生水长期灌溉后土壤孔隙分布的非均匀性特征明显，土壤的大孔隙数目有一定程度的增加.Li等[25]认为再生水长期灌溉可以增强土壤酶活性加速土壤中C、N、P、S等元素的生物地球化学循环，从而提高作物产量.由此可知，再生水长期灌溉对于土壤性质的影响较小，甚至有一定程度的改善作用.但本研究仅研究了再生水灌溉对于土壤结构与水力性质的影响，后期的研究中应进一步分析再生水灌溉对于污染物的累积机制，以便更好地阐明再生水灌溉的环境效应.
本研究表明，再生水灌溉后孔隙结构的变化显著影响土壤的水力性质，其中DS对于水力性质变化的影响力最大.Sun等[26]研究发现DS与高吸力下土壤的水分运动密切相关.再生水中富含许多微小的固体悬浮物[27]，这些物质在灌溉过程中逐渐沉积到土壤表面和孔隙中，使得土壤表面变得更为平滑，导致DS的降低.这使得水流通道变得单一化，降低水分在土壤中传播的效率.土壤导水性能的下降会增加再生水中污染物在土壤中积累的风险，对环境造成威胁[28].相关研究表明在使用再生水灌溉的城市公园土壤中，各种抗生素抗性基因与抗生素抗性细菌的丰度高于其他参考土壤[29].因此，再生水灌溉需重视其降低土壤导水性能的问题.Tunc等[7]指出采用淡水稀释的再生水灌溉能够改善土壤的渗透率.卢佳宇等[5]发现采用再生水和蒸馏水交替灌溉后土壤导水率高于再生水灌溉.结合使用常规水源与再生水交替灌溉，有助于维持土壤的导水性，从而更安全有效地利用再生水.对于土壤持水性而言，由于部分孔隙被悬浮物与破碎的土壤颗粒填充，孔隙的MB降低，土壤的水分保持能力得到了一定提升，有助于植物的生长.本研究中，再生水灌溉后孔隙的MB与土壤持水性没有显著变化，因此，尽管再生水灌溉破坏孔隙结构，但对于土壤的持水性影响有限.
4　结论
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4.1　再生水短期灌溉下，土壤Dm与DS较长期地表水灌溉土壤分别降低6.46%与6.13%，孔隙的V、S与MB均呈现一定幅度的降低.短期再生水灌溉破坏土壤孔隙结构，使得孔隙结构趋向于简单化.再生水长期灌溉后，土壤孔隙结构较短期灌溉有一定程度的改善，与长期地表水灌溉土壤没有显著差异.再生水灌溉对表层土壤和深层土壤孔隙结构与水力性质无显著影响.
4.2　再生水灌溉显著降低土壤的导水性.与长期地表水灌溉相比，短期灌溉与长期灌溉土壤的KS分别降低20.81%与20.18%.再生水灌溉后土壤的θS、α、n、θf与θA没有显著的变化，再生水灌溉对于土壤的持水性能影响不大.
4.3　再生水灌溉后孔隙结构的变化显著影响土壤的水力性质，冗余分析结果表明孔隙参数共解释了83.30%的水力性质变异，其中DS对水力性质的影响最大.Sp与所有的水力参数都没有显著的关系，在连通孔隙中孔隙形状不是影响水力性质的关键因素.
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42407409)
文献
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  • 接收时间：2024-09-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-06
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42407409)
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    1.扬州大学水利科学与工程学院，江苏 扬州 225009
    2.河海大学水土保持学院，江苏 常州 213200
    3.河海大学农业科学与工程学院，江苏 南京 211000
    4.河海大学地球科学与工程学院，江苏 南京 211000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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