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This study focused on the long-term AMD-contaminated paddy soils in the Dabaoshan mining area of Guangdong Province. The distribution characteristics of soil iron phases and iron-bound organic carbon were analysed, combining with high-throughput sequencing to examine the effects of AMD irrigation on soil organic carbon sequestration and the response of soil microbial community structure. The results indicated that: ① AMD irrigation led to soil acidification, with accumulation of iron, sulfur and heavy metals in paddy soils. The contents of TOC in paddy soils showed significant positive correlation with TFe, and OCFe. ② AMD irrigation resulted in decreases of soil microbial abundance and diversity. AMD irrigation led to a decrease in the relative abundance of Geobacter in paddy soils, whereas acid tolerant iron and/or sulfur metabolizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus and Thioifustis became the dominant bacteria in paddy soils with the most heavily AMD pollution. ③ RDA analysis identified Fep, TOC, and TFe were the most crucial factors influencing microbial community structure. In conclusion, AMD irrigation brought dissolved iron into paddy soils which was beneficial to soil organic carbon preservation. In addition, AMD irrigation resulted in the formation of microbial community structure that closely related to AMD pollution gradient, the form and content of iron and carbon.

, correspAuthors=Yan-ping BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian LIU, Shao-xun NIU, En-hui HUANG, Zheng-cong LIU, Xiao-fei LI, Xiao-lian WU, Chang-dong KE, Yan-ping BAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057215428227966, articleId=1241057213675008745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=酸性矿山废水灌溉对稻田土壤铁碳的影响及微生物群落结构响应, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以广东大宝山矿区酸性矿山废水(AMD)长期灌溉的稻田土壤为研究对象进行铁形态及铁碳结合特征分析,结合高通量测序技术,揭示AMD灌溉铁输入对稻田土壤有机碳固定的影响及微生物群落结构响应.结果表明:①AMD灌溉导致稻田土壤酸化,铁硫元素及重金属在土壤中积累,土壤总有机碳(TOC)与总铁(TFe)、铁结合态有机碳(OCFe)呈极显著正相关.②AMD灌溉导致土壤微生物丰度和多样性降低,AMD污染土壤Geobacter相对丰度下降,形成了以耐酸的铁硫代谢菌ThiobacillusSulfurifustis等为主要优势属的微生物群落结构.③RDA分析表明影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构组成的主要环境因子为络合态铁(Fep)、TOC和TFe.研究显示,AMD灌溉引入的铁有利于稻田土壤有机碳的保存,同时AMD灌溉导致稻田土壤形成了与污染程度、铁碳形态及含量紧密相关联的微生物群落结构.

, correspAuthors=包艳萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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刘健(2000-),男,山东潍坊人,佛山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污染土壤修复技术..

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刘健(2000-),男,山东潍坊人,佛山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污染土壤修复技术..

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刘健(2000-),男,山东潍坊人,佛山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污染土壤修复技术..

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek2024117(1):1-10., articleTitle=Two novel Fe(III)-reducing bacteria,Geothrix campi sp. nov. and Geothrix mesophila sp. nov.,isolated from paddy soils, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057223422571193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, awardId=42207302; 42307278, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42207302; 42307278), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241057223577760459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, awardId=2019A1515110811; 2022A1515110918, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515110811; 2022A1515110918), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057215705052053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057215717634967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, 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Physicochemical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数S1S2S3S4C
pH值5.51±0.23bc5.06±0.02c5.58±0.10b6.09±0.21a5.89±0.05ab
TFe(mg/g)35.76±0.70b62.71±12.86a26.31±4.90b33.48±2.16b29.32±0.50b
FeOC(mg/g)17.53±1.91ab35.40±9.08a13.32±4.48b17.92±3.84ab9.87±1.27b
FeOC/TFe(%)48.98±0.05a49.36±7.27a45.34±8.34a53.04±7.97a33.68±4.48a
Feo(mg/g)5.05±0.11abc5.29±0.65ab3.67±0.52c5.35±0.73a3.73±0.15bc
Fep(mg/g)0.90±0.18a0.49±0.04b0.79±0.14ab0.92±0.06a0.91±0.01a
TOC(g/kg)13.54±0.99c26.00±1.82a9.06±0.34d13.01±1.54c20.05±0.55b
OCFe(mg/g)3.97±0.06ab4.33±0.14a3.28±0.07c3.66±0.28bc3.73±0.03bc
OCFe/TOC(%)29.47±2.04b16.76±1.66c36.23±1.94a28.31±1.35b18.59±0.35c
TS(mg/kg)482.20±49.26b733.07±46.74a457.27±13.36b338.73±20.77c282.67±8.40c
TN(g/kg)2.10±0.14c3.15±0.03a1.20±0.12d1.79±0.25c2.24±0.18b
Cu(mg/kg)229.77±9.85b626.05±53.05a66.33±1.58b103.53±12.76b29.27±0.66b
Zn(mg/kg)342.10±19.18b618.13±68.43a145.33±31.25c167.23±15.85c66.33±1.65d
Pd(mg/kg)118.60±46.64b408.95±54.85a54.80±3.40b92.97±11.21b27.60±1.87b
Cd(mg/kg)0.84±0.08a1.10±0.40a0.66±0.09ab0.73±0.08a0.26±0.06b
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222755676769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

理化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数S1S2S3S4C
pH值5.51±0.23bc5.06±0.02c5.58±0.10b6.09±0.21a5.89±0.05ab
TFe(mg/g)35.76±0.70b62.71±12.86a26.31±4.90b33.48±2.16b29.32±0.50b
FeOC(mg/g)17.53±1.91ab35.40±9.08a13.32±4.48b17.92±3.84ab9.87±1.27b
FeOC/TFe(%)48.98±0.05a49.36±7.27a45.34±8.34a53.04±7.97a33.68±4.48a
Feo(mg/g)5.05±0.11abc5.29±0.65ab3.67±0.52c5.35±0.73a3.73±0.15bc
Fep(mg/g)0.90±0.18a0.49±0.04b0.79±0.14ab0.92±0.06a0.91±0.01a
TOC(g/kg)13.54±0.99c26.00±1.82a9.06±0.34d13.01±1.54c20.05±0.55b
OCFe(mg/g)3.97±0.06ab4.33±0.14a3.28±0.07c3.66±0.28bc3.73±0.03bc
OCFe/TOC(%)29.47±2.04b16.76±1.66c36.23±1.94a28.31±1.35b18.59±0.35c
TS(mg/kg)482.20±49.26b733.07±46.74a457.27±13.36b338.73±20.77c282.67±8.40c
TN(g/kg)2.10±0.14c3.15±0.03a1.20±0.12d1.79±0.25c2.24±0.18b
Cu(mg/kg)229.77±9.85b626.05±53.05a66.33±1.58b103.53±12.76b29.27±0.66b
Zn(mg/kg)342.10±19.18b618.13±68.43a145.33±31.25c167.23±15.85c66.33±1.65d
Pd(mg/kg)118.60±46.64b408.95±54.85a54.80±3.40b92.97±11.21b27.60±1.87b
Cd(mg/kg)0.84±0.08a1.10±0.40a0.66±0.09ab0.73±0.08a0.26±0.06b
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222902477430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation matrix for physicochemical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数pH值TFeFeOCFeoFepTOCOCFeTSTNCuZnPb
TFe-0.640*
FeOC-0.651**0.894**
Feo-0.2600.516*0.613*
Fep0.657**-0.729**-0.690**-0.105
TOC-0.4760.662**0.566*0.265-0.511
OCFe-0.612*0.791**0.719**0.695**-0.4140.768**
TS-0.872**0.820**0.854**0.370-0.746**0.4580.605*
TN-0.4760.743**0.640*0.437-0.4820.962**0.840**0.517*
Cu-0.793**0.918**0.891**0.535*-0.766**0.692**0.808**0.923**0.759**
Zn-0.783**0.909**0.877**0.553*-0.749**0.580*0.790**0.928**0.663**0.981**
Pb-0.722**0.934**0.896**0.542*-0.712**0.698**0.781**0.895**0.794**0.976**0.944**
Cd-0.5140.777**0.786**0.582*-0.606*0.1330.5130.762**0.2780.731**0.811**0.717**
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223057666701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

理化参数间的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数pH值TFeFeOCFeoFepTOCOCFeTSTNCuZnPb
TFe-0.640*
FeOC-0.651**0.894**
Feo-0.2600.516*0.613*
Fep0.657**-0.729**-0.690**-0.105
TOC-0.4760.662**0.566*0.265-0.511
OCFe-0.612*0.791**0.719**0.695**-0.4140.768**
TS-0.872**0.820**0.854**0.370-0.746**0.4580.605*
TN-0.4760.743**0.640*0.437-0.4820.962**0.840**0.517*
Cu-0.793**0.918**0.891**0.535*-0.766**0.692**0.808**0.923**0.759**
Zn-0.783**0.909**0.877**0.553*-0.749**0.580*0.790**0.928**0.663**0.981**
Pb-0.722**0.934**0.896**0.542*-0.712**0.698**0.781**0.895**0.794**0.976**0.944**
Cd-0.5140.777**0.786**0.582*-0.606*0.1330.5130.762**0.2780.731**0.811**0.717**
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223183495828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Microbial abundance and α diversity of paddy soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数S1S2S3S4C
seqs73318±2244a74368±4237a73833±3340a71977±1681a74259±1703a
OTUS5558±438cd5229±206d6598±456ab6063±367bc6873±289a
chao15560±438cd5231±206d6600±455ab6065±366bc6875±289a
shannon9.60±0.15bc8.77±0.27d10.00±0.20ab9.34±0.37c10.17±0.12a
Ace7541±494c7443±223c8880±378ab8418±397b9373±343a
Simpson0.008±0.004a0.015±0.003a0.006±0.002a0.017±0.014a0.005±0.001a
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223296742052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213675008745, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同采样点稻田土壤微生物丰度及α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数S1S2S3S4C
seqs73318±2244a74368±4237a73833±3340a71977±1681a74259±1703a
OTUS5558±438cd5229±206d6598±456ab6063±367bc6873±289a
chao15560±438cd5231±206d6600±455ab6065±366bc6875±289a
shannon9.60±0.15bc8.77±0.27d10.00±0.20ab9.34±0.37c10.17±0.12a
Ace7541±494c7443±223c8880±378ab8418±397b9373±343a
Simpson0.008±0.004a0.015±0.003a0.006±0.002a0.017±0.014a0.005±0.001a
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酸性矿山废水灌溉对稻田土壤铁碳的影响及微生物群落结构响应
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刘健 1 , 牛少勋 1 , 黄恩惠 1 , 刘振聪 1 , 李晓飞 1 , 吴小莲 1 , 柯常栋 2 , 包艳萍 1, *
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2654-2663
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2654-2663
酸性矿山废水灌溉对稻田土壤铁碳的影响及微生物群落结构响应
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刘健1 , 牛少勋1, 黄恩惠1, 刘振聪1, 李晓飞1, 吴小莲1, 柯常栋2, 包艳萍1, *
作者信息
  • 1.佛山大学环境与化工学院,广东 佛山 528000
  • 2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东省水与大气污染防治重点实验室,广东 广州 510655
  • 刘健(2000-),男,山东潍坊人,佛山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污染土壤修复技术..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Effects of acid mine drainage irrigation on iron and carbon in paddy soils and the response of microbial community structure
Jian LIU1 , Shao-xun NIU1, En-hui HUANG1, Zheng-cong LIU1, Xiao-fei LI1, Xiao-lian WU1, Chang-dong KE2, Yan-ping BAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
  • 2.The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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以广东大宝山矿区酸性矿山废水(AMD)长期灌溉的稻田土壤为研究对象进行铁形态及铁碳结合特征分析,结合高通量测序技术,揭示AMD灌溉铁输入对稻田土壤有机碳固定的影响及微生物群落结构响应.结果表明:①AMD灌溉导致稻田土壤酸化,铁硫元素及重金属在土壤中积累,土壤总有机碳(TOC)与总铁(TFe)、铁结合态有机碳(OCFe)呈极显著正相关.②AMD灌溉导致土壤微生物丰度和多样性降低,AMD污染土壤Geobacter相对丰度下降,形成了以耐酸的铁硫代谢菌ThiobacillusSulfurifustis等为主要优势属的微生物群落结构.③RDA分析表明影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构组成的主要环境因子为络合态铁(Fep)、TOC和TFe.研究显示,AMD灌溉引入的铁有利于稻田土壤有机碳的保存,同时AMD灌溉导致稻田土壤形成了与污染程度、铁碳形态及含量紧密相关联的微生物群落结构.

稻田土壤  /  酸性矿山废水  /  微生物群落结构  /  活性铁  /  有机碳

This study focused on the long-term AMD-contaminated paddy soils in the Dabaoshan mining area of Guangdong Province. The distribution characteristics of soil iron phases and iron-bound organic carbon were analysed, combining with high-throughput sequencing to examine the effects of AMD irrigation on soil organic carbon sequestration and the response of soil microbial community structure. The results indicated that: ① AMD irrigation led to soil acidification, with accumulation of iron, sulfur and heavy metals in paddy soils. The contents of TOC in paddy soils showed significant positive correlation with TFe, and OCFe. ② AMD irrigation resulted in decreases of soil microbial abundance and diversity. AMD irrigation led to a decrease in the relative abundance of Geobacter in paddy soils, whereas acid tolerant iron and/or sulfur metabolizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus and Thioifustis became the dominant bacteria in paddy soils with the most heavily AMD pollution. ③ RDA analysis identified Fep, TOC, and TFe were the most crucial factors influencing microbial community structure. In conclusion, AMD irrigation brought dissolved iron into paddy soils which was beneficial to soil organic carbon preservation. In addition, AMD irrigation resulted in the formation of microbial community structure that closely related to AMD pollution gradient, the form and content of iron and carbon.

paddy soil  /  acid mine drainage  /  microbial community structure  /  active iron  /  organic carbon
刘健, 牛少勋, 黄恩惠, 刘振聪, 李晓飞, 吴小莲, 柯常栋, 包艳萍. 酸性矿山废水灌溉对稻田土壤铁碳的影响及微生物群落结构响应. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2654 -2663 .
Jian LIU, Shao-xun NIU, En-hui HUANG, Zheng-cong LIU, Xiao-fei LI, Xiao-lian WU, Chang-dong KE, Yan-ping BAO. Effects of acid mine drainage irrigation on iron and carbon in paddy soils and the response of microbial community structure[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2654 -2663 .
酸性矿山废水(AMD)是目前全球采矿业面临的最为严重的环境问题之一[1].硫铁矿如黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等,是硫化矿系矿山(硫铁矿、煤矿和多金属硫化矿等)尾矿中最为常见且分布很广的硫化物矿物[1-2],常随矿山的开采而暴露.暴露的硫铁矿在水、大气及微生物的共同作用下氧化,形成pH值低,并富含可溶性Fe、SO42-及多种重(类)金属离子的AMD[3-4].铁离子是AMD中主要的金属离子,含量最高可达8000mg/L以上[5].由于水资源缺乏和人们对污染认识的不足,AMD污染的河水在很多地区被用作灌溉水[6-7],AMD中携带的大量铁离子由此进入农田土壤.
土壤有机碳作为陆地生态系统中最大的碳库[8],土壤有机碳的微小变化就能够对大气中CO2浓度产生显著影响,所以保持土壤有机碳的稳定性对于处理温室效应,解决当下环境热点问题具有关键作用.活性铁矿物是土壤环境中的重要矿物,其可通过多种方式与有机碳相互作用,形成稳定的铁-有机复合物(Fe-OC)[9-10],被认为是土壤有机碳长期稳定的关键地球化学机制[11].土壤铁矿物对有机碳的固持效应是近年来有机碳研究的热点.
大宝山矿开采产生大量AMD,其可溶性Fe(Fe(II)和Fe(III))含量高达550mg/L[12],AMD中丰富的铁随河水灌溉进入稻田土壤[7].进入土壤的活性铁可通过其矿物学特征及氧化还原敏感性影响有机碳的固持和矿化,改变土壤有机碳的动态平衡[13-14].目前关于AMD灌溉引起的活性铁输入对土壤有机碳的影响关注较少.同时,试验稻田由于长期受AMD灌溉的影响,形成了独特的微生物种群结构[6,15].有关AMD污染土壤的研究表明,AMD灌溉不仅导致土壤酸化,酸化的土壤耐酸菌的相对丰度增加,而且AMD中大量的铁元素随灌溉在土壤中积累,导致土壤铁代谢菌群活性及丰度增加[16-18].土壤微生物作为土壤生态系统中不可或缺的一部分,它们能够参与有机质的分解与转化,对维持土壤肥力和保持生物活性起着关键作用[19],同时参与土壤铁碳循环.因此,认识AMD灌溉土壤中微生物群落结构的组成特别是铁碳循环相关微生物的组成和分布,对于理解AMD灌溉引入的活性铁对土壤有机碳固定的影响有重要意义.
本文以广东大宝山矿区长期受AMD灌溉影响的稻田土壤为研究对象,通过分析土壤理化性质、不同形态铁碳含量、微生物群落结构组成及其与环境因子间的相关性,其中特别探讨了铁碳循环相关微生物的组成与不同形态铁碳含量间的关系,从而探究AMD灌溉对稻田土壤铁碳含量和组成的影响及微生物群落结构响应,为揭示外源铁输入条件下土壤的铁-碳耦合机制提供参考,为理解人为因素导致的土壤环境条件改变对碳循环的影响提供支撑.
试验地位于广东省韶关市,属于亚热带季风性气候,年均降水量1700mm,年平均气温21℃,当地农作物以甘蔗和水稻为主,由于地势为西高东低,横石河由西北向东南穿镇而过.横石河源头位于大宝山,由于大宝山矿区的开采,加上大量的降雨,非常有利于AMD的形成.采矿形成的AMD汇入横石河,利用AMD污染的河水进行灌溉导致AMD中丰富的铁随着灌溉进入稻田,对稻田土壤有机碳的动态平衡产生影响.
土壤样品采集于2023年夏季,研究选择了从横石河流域上游到下游沿岸的五处受AMD影响不同的水稻田作为采样点记为S1~S4及C(图1),其中采样点C未受AMD影响,每个采样点按稻田的进水-田间-出水方向布设共计3个采样点,采集表层(0~20cm)土壤样品,共计15个.
用于微生物分析的样品收集在灭菌的离心管中,采样结束后直接送微生物测序公司检测.用于理化性质分析的土壤返回实验室后,放置在通风避雨处晾晒一周左右自然风干,去除其中的碎石、动植物残体等杂质,按四分法取样,研磨后,土壤样品过100目筛.
取过100目筛的土壤,按照5:1的水土比加入蒸馏水,用雷磁PHS-3E型pH计测定土壤pH值.参照汪涵[18]的方法利用四酸消解法溶解土壤,采用石墨炉-原子吸收分光光度计(AA-6880G)测定消解液中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的浓度.
土壤中无定型铁氧化物(Feo)、和络合态Fe(Fep)的分析参考Bhattacharyya等[20]的方法进行提取.提取Fep将0.3g干燥土壤与30mL 0.1mol/L焦磷酸钠混合,振荡14h.提取Feo将0.6g干燥土壤与30mL 0.2mol/L草酸铵混合,避光振荡4h.铁碳结合态(Fe-OC)参考李一等[21]改进的连二亚硫酸钠-盐酸(Dithionite-HCl,DH)法进行提取.称取0.5g土壤样品,先用57.4mmol/L的连二亚硫酸钠溶液(pH=3~4)震荡16h,离心收集上清液;再用0.05mol/L的HCl进行震荡提取,离心收集上清液,最后将两次上清液合并过滤.采用石墨炉-原子吸收分光光度计(AA-6880G)测定滤液中的Fe含量.同时,将收集的滤液经2mol/L盐酸酸化后用总有机碳分析仪(Multi N/C 3100)测滤液中TOC浓度.
总有机碳(TOC)测定前先用盐酸将土壤酸化,再进行测定.称取过100目筛的土壤样品200~300mg于玉舟中,加入过量2mol/L的盐酸使土壤浸润,过夜反应以去除土壤中的碳酸盐,105℃烘干后用总有机碳分析仪(Multi N/C 3100)测定土壤样品的总TOC.总氮(TN)和总硫(TS)采用元素分析仪(Elementar vario MACRO cube)进行测定.
按照MOBIO PowerSoil® DNA提取试剂盒说明书对土壤样品总基因组DNA进行提取,利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的完整性和纯度,同时利用NanoDropOne检测DNA的浓度和纯度.将提取的总DNA为模板,以515F(5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′)和806R(5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)为引物对V4区进行PCR扩增.回收PCR混合产物,洗脱回收目标DNA片段,并构建文库.最后在Miseq高通量测序平台完成上机测序.DNA提取和测序由广东美格基因科技有限公司完成.
测序得到的原始数据首先需进行初步的筛选.用Flash进行拼接,获得一条完整的目的片段.利用Mothur对拼接后的片段进行质控,并去除嵌合体.最后在QIIME中进行流程化分析,分析流程参考QIIME进行454amplicons序列分析的标准流程.
为了研究样品微生物组成的多样性,对所有样品的Effective tags进行聚类,然后以97%的一致性(Identity)将序列聚类成为OTUs(Operational taxonomic units),并利用Greengene数据库进行物种注释.通过对OTUs进行丰度、Alpha多样性、Beta多样性以及物种在各个分类水平上的群落结构统计分析,得到微生物群落结构组成.
利用SPSS 27.0对土壤理化参数、微生物丰度和α多样性指数进行单因素方差分析,表中数据为平均值±标准差,字母表示不同采样点之间差异的显著性;利用Pearson相关性分析法检验土壤理化参数间的相关性.使用美格基因云平台(http://cloud.magigene.com/login)进行PCoA分析、冗余分析,绘制相关性热图.
各采样点土壤理化性质如表1所示,不同采样点稻田土壤的理化性质差异显著.横石河上游区域引用AMD进行灌溉的稻田土壤pH值相对较低,特别是S2采样点pH值最低,为5.06,其次为S1,pH值为5.51.从土壤TFe含量及提取的各种不同铁形态含量来看,受AMD灌溉影响的稻田土壤TFe含量和有机碳结合的活性铁FeOC含量显著高于对照点C,其中S2采样点含量最高,总铁含量高达62.71mg/g,FeOC为35.40mg/g;同时受AMD灌溉影响的稻田土壤中活性铁FeOC(45.34%以上)占总铁的比例远高于对照点C(33.68%).此外,受AMD灌溉影响的稻田土壤(除S3以外)无定型铁Feo含量普遍高于对照点C;但络合态Fep含量没有明显的规律.
从土壤有机碳含量来看,受AMD污染最严重的S2采样点总有机碳的含量最高;同样地,S2采样点铁结合态有机碳的含量也最高,显著高于对照点;除S2以外,其余受AMD影响的采样点OCFe在TOC中的占比也远高于对照点.此外,受AMD灌溉影响的稻田土壤TS及重金属含量也明显高于对照点.其中S2采样点TS含量和四种重金属的含量最高,TS含量为733.07mg/kg,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量依次为626.05,618.13,408.95和1.10mg/kg,显著高于对照点;其次为S1,TS及四种重金属含量也较高,同时S3和S4的TS及四种重金属含量也明显高于对照点C.
对土壤各理化参数进行相关性分析,结果如表2所示,TFe与FeOC、Fep、TOC、OCFe、TS、TN及四种重金属呈极显著正相关,TOC与OCFe、TN、TFe呈极显著正相关,OCFe与TFe、FeOC、Feo、TOC、TS、TN呈极显著正相关,四种重金属之间呈极显著正相关.
稻田土壤微生物丰度及α多样性指数如表3所示.从微生物丰度上来看,4个受AMD影响的采样点和1个对照点的微生物测序所得的序列数无显著差异,但OTU个数差异显著,横石河上游两个受AMD影响较大的采样点(S1和S2)稻田土壤微生物OTU数量显著小于对照点,而横石河下游两个受AMD影响较小的采样点(S3和S4)稻田土壤微生物OUT数量与对照点差异较小.α多样性指数也有类似的现象,横石河上游两个受AMD影响较大的采样点(S1和S2)稻田土壤微生物的Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著小于对照点,横石河下游两个受AMD影响较小的采样点(S3和S4)稻田土壤微生物Chao1指数和Shannon指数与对照点差异较小.
基于Bray-Crrtis距离矩阵对采集的15个稻田土壤样品进行主坐标分析(PCoA).如图2所示,总体上,各个采样点采集的3个土壤样品微生物群落在PCoA图上聚集在一起,表明同一采样地块土壤微生物群落结构组成相似.S3和S4在PCoA图上分布最为接近,主要分布在PCoA图的中心位置附近,表明S3和S4土壤微生物群落结构组成相似;S1分布在PCoA1右轴,与S3、S4较为接近.S2土壤微生物群落在PCoA图上均分布于PCoA2正轴,对照点C土壤微生物群落在PCoA图上均分布于PCoA2负轴,且S2和C均远离其他3个采样点,表明S2和C与其他几个采样点土壤微生物群落结构组成差异较大.
从横石河流域5个采样点采集的15个稻田土壤样品,经16S rRNA高通量测序共得到1103263条有效序列,分析出超过60个门和600个属.取相对丰度≥1%的丰度前14的物种进行分析,如图3a所示,在门水分类平上,相对丰度大小依次为:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、帕特斯菌门(Patescibacteria)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)和肠杆菌门(Epsilonbacteraeota).其中,变形菌门的相对丰度最高,占总菌门的32.45%,其次是酸杆菌门,占总菌门的12.11%.此外,测序还发现了两个相对丰度较高的古菌门,即奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota).
在属分类水平上,存在大量未命名的属,占总丰度的50%以上,能命名到属的占总丰度的21.60%~45.70%.如图3b所示,总体上各个采样点采集的3个样品间属水平上的物种组成较为相似,不同采样点间的物种组成差异较明显.主要优势属的相对丰度大小由高到低依次为:GeobacterThiobacillusSulfurifustisCandidatus SolibacterCandidatus UdaeobacterSulfuricurvumAcidovorax.其中Geobacter是大部分土壤样品中最主要的优势属,其在每个土壤样品中的相对丰度均超过1%,但与对照点C相比,受AMD影响的各采样点(S1、S2、S3和S4)土壤中Geobacter相对丰度均明显更低.此外,S2土壤微生物属水平上组成较为特殊,以ThiobacillusSulfurifustis为最主要的优势属.
环境因子是影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构的重要因素,因此将环境因子和微生物群落结构(属水平)进行冗余分析,由图4可知,影响微生物群落结构组成的最主要的因素为Fep、TOC和TFe.
进一步采用热图对稻田土壤优势菌和理化因子的相关性进行分析.如图5所示,土壤各环境因子对属水平微生物的丰度有着重要的影响,大致分为正相关、无关、负相关三种.以本研究所关注的几种优势属为例,图5中与Geobacter所对应环境因子多为白色,特别是TFe、FeOC及四种重金属所显示的白色明显,说明Geobacter与这些因子呈较强的负相关;但Fep所显示的黑色较深,说明Geobacter与Fep呈较强的正相关,此外,Geobacter与pH值也呈现正相关.同时,ThiobacillusSulfurifustis图5中显示与pH值呈负相关,与TS、TFe、FeOC及四种重金属呈较强的正相关.此外,图5显示包括Candidatus_SolibacterCandidatus_KoribacterCandidatus_NitrososphaeraAnaeromyxobacterGeobacterGeothrix等在内的大部分菌属与TOC呈负相关,但Methanobacterium与TOC呈正相关.
研究发现横石河上游受AMD污染较严重的稻田土壤pH值显著低于下游及对照点,可见AMD灌溉导致了稻田土壤的酸化.大宝山采矿产生的酸性矿山废水pH值低,横石河上游AMD拦泥坝pH值最低可达2.5[22].本研究发现S2采样点稻田土壤pH值最低,为5.06,但与汪涵[18](因汪涵论文中的S1稻田被填土改造,本研究从水楼下开始采样,本研究S1对应汪涵论文中的S2,采样点依次编号)的研究结果相比,pH值相对2015年12月的稻田土壤pH值4.34有较大程度上升.与汪涵[18]的研究结果相比,除S2外其余几个采样点样品中重金属含量变化不大,而S2变化明显.汪涵[18]的研究表明S2土壤中Cu、Zn和Pb的含量分别为(249.89±19.73),(278.67±4.26)和(144.50±2.89)mg/kg,明显低于本研究的(626.05±53.05),(618.13±68.43)和(408.95±54.85)mg/kg,这可能是因为该采样地近年来持续使用AMD污染的河水进行灌溉,也可能是因为选取的采样田块不同所导致.大宝山矿的采矿历史悠久,可追溯到上个世纪七八十年代,早期出现的民采热潮,民选民洗、废渣、废水的随意排放让大宝山下游出现了震惊全国的癌症村——上坝村[23],即本次研究的S2采样点.采矿产生的AMD进入横石河,河流周边农田使用AMD污染的河水进行灌溉,导致稻田土壤长期遭受AMD污染.自2009年起,大宝山矿业斥资进行大规模环境治理,至2016年在拦泥坝下游建立了大规模污水处理厂,横石河的AMD污染逐渐得到缓解[6,12],这也就导致本次研究采集的土壤样品pH值高于汪涵[18]的研究结果.
研究发现AMD灌溉导致稻田土壤TFe及TS含量明显高于对照点,这是因为AMD中普遍存在的高浓度铁、硫随灌溉进入土壤,在土壤中积累[7,24],导致土壤中铁、硫含量增加.同时,研究发现受AMD灌溉影响的稻田土壤中活性铁FeOC占TFe的比例显著高于对照点,同时受AMD灌溉影响的各采样点(S2除外)OCFe在TOC中的占比也远高于对照点,可见AMD灌溉引入的活性铁增加了土壤铁结合态有机质的占比,有利于有机碳的保存.活性铁包括无定型铁和晶质铁,其中无定型铁氧化物因具有比表面积大、吸附能力强以及高反应活性等特点,更容易与有机质结合[25-26].活性铁可以通过多种方式调节土壤有机碳固定,其中铁矿物与有机质相互作用形成的铁矿物-有机质复合体增加了有机碳的稳定性,导致更高的土壤碳储量,被认为是土壤长期碳固定的主要机制[1,27].此外,本研究还发现受AMD灌溉影响严重的稻田土壤,特别是采样点S2的稻田土壤中TOC含量显著高于对照组,且OCFe也显著高于对照组,同时TOC与OCFe、TFe呈极显著正相关,OCFe与FeOC、TFe等呈极显著正相关,进一步表明AMD灌溉引入的活性铁有利于土壤有机碳的保存.
微生物多样性分析表明,上游受AMD灌溉影响严重的稻田土壤(S1、S2)微生物丰度和多样性(OTU数量、Chao1指数和Shannon指数)显著降低,下游受AMD灌溉影响较轻的稻田土壤(S3、S4)微生物丰度和多样性与对照点C较为接近,这主要是因为AMD灌溉导致的土壤酸度增加及包括重金属在内的污染物对微生物生长的毒害作用[6,28],导致横石河上游受AMD灌溉影响严重的稻田土壤微生物多样性下降,AMD灌溉导致的微生物丰度和多样性下降在其它AMD灌溉影响的土壤中也被发现[16,29-30].
PCoA分析表明同一采样点不同土壤样品的微生物群落结构组成相似,受AMD灌溉影响的采样点(S1、S2、S3和S4)和对照点C土壤中微生物群落结构组成差异明显;此外,受AMD灌溉影响最严重的S2和受AMD灌溉影响较轻的S3和S4,土壤中微生物群落结构组成差异也较为明显.由此可见,引用AMD污染的河水对稻田进行灌溉可改变土壤的微生物群落结构组成,同时AMD污染程度不同对土壤微生物群落结构组成的影响不同,这是因为AMD灌溉改变了土壤的理化性质、有毒元素含量,影响微生物的生长和活性,从而导致土壤微生物群落结构组成发生改变[8,31].pH值是影响AMD污染土壤微生物的关键因素之一[31-32],AMD灌溉导致的土壤酸化可使土壤中酸性菌(如酸杆菌门Acidobacteria,)丰度增加[32].金属硫化物矿开采产生的AMD往往含高浓度的硫酸根,硫酸根随AMD灌溉进入土壤,有利于硫酸盐还原菌的生长[33].此外,AMD中含大量重金属,重金属的毒性效应也会导致不耐受微生物的消亡,耐受菌丰度增加,因为重金属可通过损伤核酸结构导致微生物功能紊乱,破坏微生物细胞膜、抑制酶活性等机制改变微生物的生理生化特性[16,33].
从微生物群落结构分析结果来看,AMD长期灌溉使各采样点群落结构发生了改变.从属水平来看,受AMD灌溉影响的各采样点土壤中Geobacter相对丰度与对照点相比均明显下降,推测是因为AMD灌溉导致的土壤酸度及有毒元素含量的增加,对Geobacter的生长产生抑制作用.Geobacter广泛存在于自然界环境中,已知的Geobacter属中的大多数菌为中性环境生长的铁还原菌,对污染物特别是重金属较为敏感[34].此外,研究发现AMD污染最严重的采样点S2土壤微生物群落结构组成与其他采样点差异较大,S2以ThiobacillusSulfurifustis为主要优势属.Thiobacillus为铁硫氧化菌[35],已知的某些种具有嗜酸性[36],S2土壤中高丰度的Thiobacillus与土壤高铁含量及高酸度相对应,此外,本研究发现S2土壤中TS含量最高,可见低pH值及高含量铁硫是导致S2土壤中Thiobacillus相对丰度高的重要原因.Sulfurifustis也与S2土壤中高的硫含量有关,Sulfurifustis为硫氧化菌[37]Sulfurifustis对酸性环境也有较强的耐受性,在低pH值的尾矿中被检测出[38].
RDA分析表明影响微生物群落结构组成最主要的因素为Fep、TOC和TFe,可见铁碳是影响该区域土壤微生物群落结构组成的主要因素.研究发现AMD灌溉导致的铁输入是影响AMD污染环境中微生物群落结构组成的主要因素之一[9,39].其中,焦磷酸钠提取的络合态铁(Fep)是与有机质结合的铁,Fep通过配位键与简单有机质配合物[40],易于被生物利用[41],本研究发现Fep对属水平微生物群落结构组成影响最大,可见其对稻田土壤微生物群落有重要的影响.有机碳作为土壤微生物的碳源,有机碳含量一直是影响环境微生物群落的关键因子[42],大量研究表明AMD污染环境中有机碳含量是微生物群落结构组成主要的限定因子之一[31,39].
进一步采用热图对属水平微生物群落组成与环境因子的相关性进行分析,Geobacter与pH值也呈现正相关,与TFe、FeOC及几种重金属呈较强的负相关,进一步说明Geobacter受AMD灌溉的抑制;Geobacter与Fep呈较强的正相关,Yao等[43]对稻田土壤的研究也发现了类似的结论,推测Fep易于被铁还原菌Geobacter利用.热图显示ThiobacillusSulfurifustis与pH值呈负相关,与TFe、FeOC及几种重金属呈较强的正相关,说明AMD灌溉导致的土壤环境条件的改变更有利于ThiobacillusSulfurifustis的生长,这一结论进一步说明了ThiobacillusSulfurifustis对AMD灌溉引起的土壤酸化及铁硫含量增加的耐受性和适应性.此外,Methanobacterium与TOC呈正相关,Methanobacterium是氢型产甲烷菌[44],氢型产甲烷菌是环境中有机质厌氧降解的重要参与者[45],土壤中大量存在的有机质直接或间接地为Methanobacterium的生长提供充足的电子供体.而Candidatus_Solibacter[46]Candidatus_Koribacter[47]Candidatus_Nitrososphaera[48]Anaeromyxobacter[49]Geobacter[32]Geothrix[50]等具有分解有机质功能的菌,则与TOC呈负相关,这可能是因为比起有机质含量的影响,这些菌对AMD污染引起的毒害作用更为敏感,这些利用有机质进行生长繁殖的异养菌因遭受AMD的毒害作用,在AMD污染的土壤环境中失去了其优势菌的地位,异养菌的生长被AMD污染抑制反过来减缓了土壤有机质的分解,有利于土壤有机碳的保存.
4.1 AMD灌溉导致稻田土壤酸化,铁硫元素及重金属在土壤中积累,AMD污染严重的稻田土壤TFe、FeOC和OCFe显著高于对照点,且TOC与TFe、OCFe呈极显著正相关,表明AMD灌溉引入的活性铁促进了稻田土壤有机碳的保存.
4.2 AMD灌溉导致稻田土壤微生物丰度和多样性降低,同时改变了土壤的微生物群落结构组成,AMD污染导致土壤敏感菌如Geobacter相对丰度下降,形成了以耐酸的铁硫代谢菌ThiobacillusSulfurifustis等为主要优势属的微生物群落结构.
4.3 RDA分析表明影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构组成的主要环境因子为Fep、TOC和TFe,热图分析表明Geobacter与Fep呈较强的正相关,与TFe和FeOC呈较强的负相关,ThiobacillusSulfurifustis与TFe和FeOC呈较强的正相关,表明AMD灌溉输入的活性铁及由此引起的有机碳固定对于重构矿区污染稻田土壤微生物群落结构有重要的影响.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42207302; 42307278)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515110811; 2022A1515110918)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42207302; 42307278)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515110811; 2022A1515110918)
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    1.佛山大学环境与化工学院,广东 佛山 528000
    2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东省水与大气污染防治重点实验室,广东 广州 510655

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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