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The study analyzed the effects of different mulching durations(4 to 19 years)on the characteristics of microplastics in the soil of peanut fields. The results showed that as the mulching duration increased, the abundance of microplastics in the soil tended to rise. Compared with a mulching duration of 4 years, the abundance of microplastics in the soil with a mulching duration of 19 years varied between 660 and 3150 pieces/kg. The abundance of microplastics with a small particle size(<2mm)increased with both the mulching duration and soil depth. Long-term continuous mulching promoted the penetration of microplastics into deeper soil layers, which was specifically reflected in the fact that microplastics with a small particle size accounted for 49.9% in the 20~30cm soil layer. In sampling points with different mulching durations and soil depths, the color of microplastics was predominantly transparent, followed by black, green, and purple, while other colors such as red had relatively lower proportions. The shapes of microplastics included fibrous, foamy, film-like, fragmental, and granular, with fibrous shapes being the most dominant. Moreover, the polymer types of microplastics were diverse, mainly consisting of PE(polyethylene, 34.2%), PP(polypropylene, 17%), and PS(polystyrene, 16.3%). In summary, the increase in mulching duration significantly affected the proportion of transparent microplastics in the soil, but had no significant impact on the types of microplastics and polymers.

, correspAuthors=Ning-ning SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-guang HU, Yan-ru BU, Xue-xia WANG, Jun LIU, Hai-ying ZONG, Fang-li WANG, Yong-ping JING, Ning-ning SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057215050731825, articleId=1241057213121351883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=覆膜年限对花生田土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

分析了不同覆膜年限(4~19年)对花生田土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响.结果表明:随着覆膜年限的增加,土壤中微塑料的丰度值呈现增长趋势,覆膜19年与覆膜4年相比,微塑料的丰度在660~3150个/kg之间变化;小粒径微塑料的丰度(<2mm)随着覆膜年限和土壤深度的增加而增加,长期连续覆膜促使微塑料向更深层土壤渗透,具体表现在20~30cm土层中的小粒径微塑料占据了49.9%;不同覆膜年限和不同土层深度的采样点中,微塑料颜色以透明色为主,其次是黑色、绿色和紫色,而红色等其他颜色所占比例相对较低;微塑料形态类型涵盖纤维状泡沫状、薄膜状、碎片状及颗粒状,其中纤维状占据主导地位;此外,微塑料的聚合物类型呈现多样化特点,主要由PE(聚乙烯,34.2%)、PP(聚丙烯,17%)、PS(聚苯乙烯,16.3%)构成.综上,覆膜年限的增加显著影响了土壤中透明微塑料的占比,对微塑料和聚合物类型影响不显著.

, correspAuthors=宋宁宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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胡春光(1981-),男,山东烟台人,实验师,硕士,主要研究方向农业农村环境污染控制与生态修复.发表论文10余篇..

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胡春光(1981-),男,山东烟台人,实验师,硕士,主要研究方向农业农村环境污染控制与生态修复.发表论文10余篇..

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胡春光(1981-),男,山东烟台人,实验师,硕士,主要研究方向农业农村环境污染控制与生态修复.发表论文10余篇..

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S1、S2、S3、S4、S5为临沂采样点,覆膜年限分别为4,6,10,16,19a;S6、S7、S8为滨州采样点,覆膜年限分别为4,9,17a;S9、S10为济宁采样点,覆膜年限分别为4,18a;S11、S12、S13为潍坊采样点,覆膜年限分别为9,11,17a;S14、S15、S16为泰安采样点,覆膜年限分别为11,12,15a.

, figureFileSmall=gt2NC7k+MA6uPqGjUt/pSQ==, figureFileBig=rEuR6Afww1Bb4jEX/juG/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220171977446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Abundance of microplastics in soil sample sites from peanut fields, figureFileSmall=ThqC23hN9hp03gf3G0uGjA==, figureFileBig=pI3ejFl96lxnUP2XRmWf5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220289417972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=CN, label=图2, caption=花生田土壤样点中微塑料的丰度

误差条表示标准差,不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05).(a)为所有采样点的土壤微塑料丰度差异,(b)为不同市区间不同采样点间土壤微塑料丰度差异

, figureFileSmall=ThqC23hN9hp03gf3G0uGjA==, figureFileBig=pI3ejFl96lxnUP2XRmWf5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220394275585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Particle size of microplastics in soil sample sites from peanut fields, figureFileSmall=O/CPb6SjJQyWqeNRugaE3w==, figureFileBig=1OOmVsEO+bmro8q2NnqYzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220499133195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=CN, label=图3, caption=花生田土壤样点中微塑料的粒径

(a)为所有采样点微塑料粒径占比;(b)为不同土层微塑料粒径占比;(c)为覆膜年限下所有采样点微塑料粒径占比;(d)为覆膜年限条件下不同采样点微塑料粒径占比

, figureFileSmall=O/CPb6SjJQyWqeNRugaE3w==, figureFileBig=1OOmVsEO+bmro8q2NnqYzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220633350937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Color of microplastics in soil sample points from peanut fields, figureFileSmall=2gWFPd/pFUByr7HIZjU5FQ==, figureFileBig=w0jfW3qhBWeI1oeQyfrdYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220767568675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=CN, label=图4, caption=花生田土壤样点中微塑料的颜色

(a)为所有采样点微塑料颜色占比;(b)为不同土层微塑料颜色占比;(c)为覆膜年限下所有采样点微塑料颜色占比;(d)为覆膜年限条件下不同采样点微塑料颜色占比

, figureFileSmall=2gWFPd/pFUByr7HIZjU5FQ==, figureFileBig=w0jfW3qhBWeI1oeQyfrdYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220910175023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Types of microplastics in soil sample sites from peanut fields, figureFileSmall=i4Dvv+5WeLWdyk/v3m4OoA==, figureFileBig=b+HRAtmyf9wep3nPp2jfMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221056975669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=CN, label=图5, caption=花生田土壤样点中微塑料的类型

(a)为所有采样点微塑料类型占比;(b)为不同土层微塑料类型占比;(c)为覆膜年限下所有采样点微塑料类型占比;(d)为覆膜年限条件下不同采样点微塑料类型占比

, figureFileSmall=i4Dvv+5WeLWdyk/v3m4OoA==, figureFileBig=b+HRAtmyf9wep3nPp2jfMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221161833277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Percentage of microplastic polymers in soil samples from peanut fields, figureFileSmall=B8FBrjrMUixmY3hqy2b7SA==, figureFileBig=i2HV9IBO5VZ8WkoMR3AMHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221379937103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=CN, label=图6, caption=花生田土壤样点微塑料聚合物百分比, figureFileSmall=B8FBrjrMUixmY3hqy2b7SA==, figureFileBig=i2HV9IBO5VZ8WkoMR3AMHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221577069411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample point information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
市区地理位置土壤类型气候条件地膜类型耕作方式耕作深度(cm)主要灌溉方式
临沂鲁东南多丘陵,多为砂砾土温带季风气候,年降水量840mm左右常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30沟渠灌溉和水井灌溉
滨州鲁北部多丘陵,砂壤土温带季风气候,年降水量861mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30引黄灌溉为主
济宁鲁西南多丘陵,砂壤土温带季风气候,年降水量597~820mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30低压管道,水肥一体化等
潍坊鲁西部多丘陵,沙壤土为主温带季风气候,年降水量638.8mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30管道灌溉为主
泰安鲁中部多丘陵,沙壤土为主半温带季风气候,年降水量697mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30膜下滴灌等方式
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221740647278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057213121351883, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采样点信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
市区地理位置土壤类型气候条件地膜类型耕作方式耕作深度(cm)主要灌溉方式
临沂鲁东南多丘陵,多为砂砾土温带季风气候,年降水量840mm左右常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30沟渠灌溉和水井灌溉
滨州鲁北部多丘陵,砂壤土温带季风气候,年降水量861mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30引黄灌溉为主
济宁鲁西南多丘陵,砂壤土温带季风气候,年降水量597~820mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30低压管道,水肥一体化等
潍坊鲁西部多丘陵,沙壤土为主温带季风气候,年降水量638.8mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30管道灌溉为主
泰安鲁中部多丘陵,沙壤土为主半温带季风气候,年降水量697mm常规聚乙烯地膜为主机耕为主,人耕为辅25~30膜下滴灌等方式
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覆膜年限对花生田土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响
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胡春光 1 , 卜嫣茹 1 , 王学霞 2 , 刘君 1 , 宗海英 1 , 王芳丽 1 , 井永苹 3 , 宋宁宁 1, *
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(5): 2839-2848
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(5): 2839-2848
覆膜年限对花生田土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响
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胡春光1 , 卜嫣茹1, 王学霞2, 刘君1, 宗海英1, 王芳丽1, 井永苹3, 宋宁宁1, *
作者信息
  • 1.青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东 青岛 266109
  • 2.北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京 100097
  • 3.山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,山东 济南 250100
  • 胡春光(1981-),男,山东烟台人,实验师,硕士,主要研究方向农业农村环境污染控制与生态修复.发表论文10余篇..

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* 责任作者,副教授,
Effect of film mulching age on the distribution characteristics of microplastics in the soil of peanut field soils
Chun-guang HU1 , Yan-ru BU1, Xue-xia WANG2, Jun LIU1, Hai-ying ZONG1, Fang-li WANG1, Yong-ping JING3, Ning-ning SONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2.Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Agricultural Forestry Academy Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
  • 3.Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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分析了不同覆膜年限(4~19年)对花生田土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响.结果表明:随着覆膜年限的增加,土壤中微塑料的丰度值呈现增长趋势,覆膜19年与覆膜4年相比,微塑料的丰度在660~3150个/kg之间变化;小粒径微塑料的丰度(<2mm)随着覆膜年限和土壤深度的增加而增加,长期连续覆膜促使微塑料向更深层土壤渗透,具体表现在20~30cm土层中的小粒径微塑料占据了49.9%;不同覆膜年限和不同土层深度的采样点中,微塑料颜色以透明色为主,其次是黑色、绿色和紫色,而红色等其他颜色所占比例相对较低;微塑料形态类型涵盖纤维状泡沫状、薄膜状、碎片状及颗粒状,其中纤维状占据主导地位;此外,微塑料的聚合物类型呈现多样化特点,主要由PE(聚乙烯,34.2%)、PP(聚丙烯,17%)、PS(聚苯乙烯,16.3%)构成.综上,覆膜年限的增加显著影响了土壤中透明微塑料的占比,对微塑料和聚合物类型影响不显著.

农田  /  微塑料  /  赋存特征  /  覆膜年限  /  花生

The study analyzed the effects of different mulching durations(4 to 19 years)on the characteristics of microplastics in the soil of peanut fields. The results showed that as the mulching duration increased, the abundance of microplastics in the soil tended to rise. Compared with a mulching duration of 4 years, the abundance of microplastics in the soil with a mulching duration of 19 years varied between 660 and 3150 pieces/kg. The abundance of microplastics with a small particle size(<2mm)increased with both the mulching duration and soil depth. Long-term continuous mulching promoted the penetration of microplastics into deeper soil layers, which was specifically reflected in the fact that microplastics with a small particle size accounted for 49.9% in the 20~30cm soil layer. In sampling points with different mulching durations and soil depths, the color of microplastics was predominantly transparent, followed by black, green, and purple, while other colors such as red had relatively lower proportions. The shapes of microplastics included fibrous, foamy, film-like, fragmental, and granular, with fibrous shapes being the most dominant. Moreover, the polymer types of microplastics were diverse, mainly consisting of PE(polyethylene, 34.2%), PP(polypropylene, 17%), and PS(polystyrene, 16.3%). In summary, the increase in mulching duration significantly affected the proportion of transparent microplastics in the soil, but had no significant impact on the types of microplastics and polymers.

agricultural fields  /  microplastics  /  fate characteristics  /  years of mulching  /  peanuts
胡春光, 卜嫣茹, 王学霞, 刘君, 宗海英, 王芳丽, 井永苹, 宋宁宁. 覆膜年限对花生田土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2839 -2848 .
Chun-guang HU, Yan-ru BU, Xue-xia WANG, Jun LIU, Hai-ying ZONG, Fang-li WANG, Yong-ping JING, Ning-ning SONG. Effect of film mulching age on the distribution characteristics of microplastics in the soil of peanut field soils[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2839 -2848 .
地膜残留是农田土壤微塑料污染的主要来源,残留在土壤中的地膜以不同粒径和形态随着时间的推移老化和降解,形成大量的微塑料分布在土壤中.微塑料不仅会影响农田土壤理化性质和生态功能,还会通过食物链传递到人类和动物体内,例如作物根部吸收微塑料、土壤生物的摄食富集转移到其他生物体内[1],对动植物和粮食安全构成严重威胁,进而影响整个生态系统的健康与平衡[2],因此,研究地膜覆盖下的微塑料赋存特征对于减轻农田土壤微塑料污染、保护农业生态环境显得尤为重要.
覆膜年限是影响农田微塑料残留的重要因素.Huang等[3]研究表明,连续覆膜5,15和24年的农田土壤(0~40cm)中微塑料平均丰度分别为(80.30±49.30),(308.00±138.10),(1075.60±346.80)个/kg,土壤中的微塑料赋存含量呈明显上升趋势,且微塑料化学成分与农膜微塑料成分一致.Li等人[4]的研究同样指出,农田土壤(0~10cm)中薄膜塑料的丰度在32年不间断覆盖的情况下较高,平均丰度为(4033±472)个/kg,在连续覆膜32年的农田土壤(0~10cm)中,薄膜塑料的丰度显著较高,平均达到(4033±472)个/kg,且这些微塑料的化学组成与农用地膜的成分相吻合,这表明,农用地膜的破碎和裂解是农田土壤中微塑料最直接、最关键的来源,此外,土壤中微塑料的丰度与农用塑料薄膜的使用年限呈现出正相关的关系[5].代良羽等[6]调查了贵州市覆膜烟田土壤中微塑料丰度与赋存特征影响,研究表明贵州市土壤微塑料丰度在4325~7949n/kg,形状主要以薄膜为主,粒径大多在0.25~0.85mm;谢福武等[7]调查了海南儋州农用地土壤微塑料赋存含量与分布特征,研究表明儋州市土壤丰度在(933.33±767.04)n/kg,粒径大多为小粒径(0.5~2mm),土壤微塑料成分以聚乙烯(PE)类型为主,覆膜地块以白色颗粒、黑色薄膜、半透明纤维塑料居多.张彦等[8]研究了卫河流域新乡段土壤微塑料赋存特征及其生态风险评估,发现卫河流域新乡段土壤中聚氨酯(PU)和聚乙烯(PE)微塑料占比较大,分别为17.57%和15.97%.微塑料粒径主要集中在20~100μm之间,其中20~50μm和50~100μm的占比分别为76.17%和15.56%,微塑料平均丰度为(4627±683)n/kg,且各采样点微塑料丰度随着土层深度的增加基本上呈现减少的趋势.可以看出,上述研究多集中于覆膜年限对农田土壤微塑料丰度的研究,而缺乏对农田土壤中微塑料其他赋存特征的研究.
花生作为地膜覆盖技术中较为广泛应用的农作物之一,其地膜种类多为常规聚乙烯地膜,起到增温保湿,提高产量的作用.当前针对其种植过程中农田土壤微塑料赋存研究相对较少.本研究以山东省临沂市、滨州市、济宁市、潍坊市和泰安市五个不同覆膜年限的花生主产区为研究区域,对该地区不同地膜覆盖年份和不同土壤深度(0~10,10~20,20~30cm)的花生田土壤样本进行系统研究和分析,研究内容包括微塑料的丰度、粒径、颜色等赋存特征,旨在探究覆膜年限对不同土层中微塑料分布特征的影响,为进一步深入研究农田土壤微塑料提供科学依据.
样品采集于山东省五个市区共16个不同的花生田土壤.每个地区所取的土壤样品具有不同的覆膜年限,共设置16个取样点,每个取样点设置4组重复取样,取样点见表1图1.取样时,分别对0~10,10~20,20~30cm的土层进行采样,选取100cm×100cm的正方形样方,相互分离,清除大的树叶、树枝和垃圾等干扰试验测定的物质,之后装入取样袋带回实验室,进行风干、研磨,过5mm筛,待使用.选用0.45μm滤膜(Whatman(USA,WME WH GR ST ME 25),具有快速,高负载能力强.
土壤样品在实验室自然风干后采用密度浮选法[9]进行分离,将土壤样品进行风干,过5mm不锈钢筛;将50g风干后的土壤样品置于250mL的三角烧瓶中,随后向其中加入200mL密度为1.2g/cm3的饱和氯化钠溶液.接着,对该混合物进行10min的超声波处理和30min的振荡处理,之后离心20min.收集所得的上层清液,并重复此密度分离步骤3次.完成密度分离后,将收集到的上层清液进行真空过滤,并通过0.45µm的滤膜进一步过滤.随后,将滤膜上截留的所有物质转移到一个100mL的玻璃容器中.向此容器中加入50mL浓度为30%的双氧水溶液,放置在60℃的电热板上消解,持续时间为24h.消解过程结束后,再次执行真空过滤操作.并将滤膜取下放入玻璃培养皿中,室温干燥,之后进行显微观察.
基于Zhang等[10]的方法,滤膜上的微塑料采用体式显微镜(日本Olympus公司,SZ61)观察,统计并记录每个样品中微塑料的数量、类型、大小和颜色,微塑料丰度值单位以“n/kg”表示.
利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)来确定微塑料的聚合物组成.对于疑似微塑料样本,采用显微红外光谱技术进行分析,并通过傅里叶衰减全反射法对样品中的聚合物类型及其官能团特征进行鉴定.随后,将得到的红外光谱数据与标准光谱库进行比对,若样品光谱与库中光谱的匹配度超过90%,则认定该样品为微塑料.
本实验结果采用“平均值±标准偏差”表示,数据整理与统计使用Microsoft Excel 2019完成,基于SPSS 26,运用单因素方差分析进行各项指标之间的差异性分析,所有图表绘制均使用Origin 2022软件完成.
图2所示,各采样点均检测到微塑料,且不同地区丰度不同,不同市区土壤微塑料的丰度值差异显著(P<0.05).从空间上看,S5样地的微塑料丰度值最大,为2825n/kg;其次是S10、S8和S13样地的微塑料丰度,分别为2760,2690和2675n/kg;S9样地的微塑料丰度值最小,为660n/kg.微塑料丰度值最大与最小的值相差为2164n/kg,其他样地差异在1300~2300n/kg之间.其中微塑料丰度较为显著的样地地膜覆盖年限接近,这可能是因为受到不同市区地膜覆盖年限和地膜回收率的影响,一方面随着地膜覆盖时间的增加,地膜残留碎片加剧导致在其在土壤中迁移转化,另一方面各个市区的地膜覆盖年限不同,从时间上看,覆膜时间的长短显著影响了微塑料的丰度,随着时间的推移,土壤中微塑料的丰度呈现出与覆膜时间正相关的趋势,并且微塑料丰度值差异显著(P<0.05).出现这种现象的原因是农膜随着时间被分解,残留农膜经过太阳光照射、自然风化、生物分解作用之后,转化为微塑料,微塑料不能被生物降解,在农田土壤中逐步积累.此外,花生作物的栽培常采用全覆膜方式,这一过程中,地膜消耗量显著,覆盖范围广.同时由于花生的生长期较长,地膜在使用过程中容易发生老化,从而导致了地膜的残留量偏大.2020年的数据显示,各地市的地膜覆盖情况各异,其中临沂市和潍坊市的覆盖面积位居前列,而淄博市的覆盖面积相对较小.就地膜使用强度而言,临沂最高,相比之下,滨州的使用强度处于较低水平.不同年限的地膜覆盖对残膜的影响差异显著,随着时间的延长,地膜的残留量呈现增加趋势,农户普遍使用地膜的时间较长,有些甚至超过20年,具体数据显示,使用时间小于5年的农田,地膜的残留量为2.53kg/hm2,覆膜5~10年的农田地膜残留量为17.6kg/hm2,使用时间在10~20年的农田,残留量达到25.7kg/hm2,而超过20年的农田,地膜残留量则高达37.2kg/hm2,由此可见,覆膜年限越长,地膜残留量越多[11].Li等人[12]发现在东北沈阳某玉米种植田中,长期地膜覆盖不仅在表层土壤(0~10cm)中产生大量微塑料污染,而且在地膜覆盖32年后,在深层土壤(80~100cm)中也产生了大量的微塑料污染.在西北地区(新疆)[13]长期覆膜后的棉田中,微塑料丰度随着覆膜年限的增加而增加(微塑料丰度分别为(80.3±49.3),(308±138.1)和(1075.6±346.8)n/kg,分别在连续覆盖5年、15年和24年的田地中).程万莉等从陕北和甘肃9个县市27个长期覆盖耕地中选取81份土样,研究发现,在西北部的覆膜耕地中,土壤中的微塑料含量非常高[14].在对中国滇池附近的农田和林地土壤中的微塑料的分布进行了研究后,Zhang等[15]发现,我国每年有18.6%的农膜留在农田土壤中,西北和黄土高原地区土壤塑料残膜量达71.9~259.1kg/hm2.对河套灌区(中国内蒙古)覆盖土进行的一项研究也表明,覆膜5年、10年和20年的土壤中微塑料丰度分别为2526,4352.8和6070n/kg[16].严昌荣等[17]在新疆农垦科学院对连续覆盖20年的棉田残膜进行了观测.结果表明,研究区平均膜残丰度为300.6kg/hm2,连续覆盖10年和20年棉田膜残丰度分别为259.65和307.95kg/hm2;残留丰度取决于种植作物的时间和类型,覆盖周期越长,微塑料丰度越高[18-20].这些结果与本研究一致,即随着覆膜年限的增加,土壤中的微塑料持续积累.此外,土壤质地和地形地貌特征也会影响微塑料在土壤中的迁移路径,微塑料可以通过人类活动、土壤生物活动、地下水渗漏和风搬运悬浮颗粒等方式迁移,且较小的微塑料颗粒更容易迁移[19].王学霞等[20]对山东省胶东半岛和鲁北平原花生田残膜量分析得出,砂土有利于残膜捡拾,而黏土和壤土不利于残膜捡拾,腾世辉等[21]在临沂市对沙壤土、中壤土和中壤土花生地膜残留量进行调查,得出中壤土花生地膜残留量是沙壤土地膜残留的1.96倍,说明土壤疏松有利于残膜的回收.而杜泽玉等[22]研究得出土壤质地不是直接影响地膜残留的重要因素.Scheurer等[23]也发现微塑料丰度与土壤质地没有显著相关性,这可能是因为微塑料在土壤中的积累受到多种因素以及不同地区的环境变化的影响,如农业塑料废弃物、土壤改良剂和灌溉等各异的来源.
采样点的微塑料粒径分布情况如图3所示.粒径小于0.5mm的微塑料占主导地位,比例高达48.15%,紧随其后的是0.5~1mm以及1~2mm粒径的微塑料,它们所占的比例分别为26.08%和15.18%.相比之下,2~5mm粒径的微塑料所占比例相对较低,为10.59%.在不同土层中,中小粒径的微塑料占比仍然居多,其中主要以粒径<0.5mm的微塑料为主,2~5mm的微塑料占比较少.另外在3层土壤耕层(0~10,10~20,20~30cm)中,各粒径的占比也不同,但相差不大.随着土层深度的增加,中小粒径的微塑料所占比例逐渐上升,而较大粒径的微塑料所占比例逐渐减少,这种变化趋势与微塑料在土层中的迁移转化过程密切相关,土壤中的小粒径微塑料含量及面积的比例逐渐增大.
图3所示,覆膜年限不同,各粒径的微塑料所占的比例也不同,随着覆膜年限的增加,中小粒径的微塑料(<2mm)含量从整体上呈现上升趋势,覆膜19年与覆膜4年相比,粒径<0.5mm的微塑料总体比例下降了10.23%,而粒径介于0.5~1mm的微塑料占比增长了2.94%,同时,粒径在1~2mm范围内的微塑料占比则增加了9.32%.对于临沂地区,随着覆膜年限的增加,中小粒径的微塑料占比均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,其中粒径在<1mm的微塑料在覆膜10a时最高(54.52%),在19a时最低(45.49%).而滨洲、济宁、潍坊和泰安各地区,随着覆膜年限的增加,粒径<0.5mm的微塑料均呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,0.5~1mm和1~2mm的微塑料先增加后降低,但总体变化幅度不大.
在0~10cm土壤层中,近二分之一的微塑料颗粒<0.5mm,只有10.98%的微塑料颗粒>1mm.同样,<0.5mm的微塑料在10~20cm土层也大量存在,小粒径微塑料(<1mm)在20~30cm土壤层中的百分比明显高于0~10cm土壤层.粒径组成的差异意味着微塑料崩解在深层土壤中更为完整,在0~10,10~20cm土层中随覆膜年限增加而降低,而在20~30cm土层中随覆膜年限增加而增加,主要原因是在0~20cm的土层深度内,较大粒径的微塑料占据主导地位,然而,受耕种和风化作用的影响,小粒径微塑料在20~30cm土层中的占比相对较高,随着覆膜使用年限的延长,残留的地膜有向更深层土壤迁移的趋势,并且小粒径微塑料的比例随土壤深度的增加而逐渐上升.同时连续多年覆膜处理会导致地膜更加容易变得破碎,从而更向深层渗透,Yang等[24]发现,残膜丰度以每年15.0kg/hm2的速度增加,并且随着覆膜年限的增加,残膜丰度呈逐年向深层迁移的趋势.另外,从图3中可以看出,覆盖19a年的样地微塑料丰度低于其他覆盖年份,这是因为近几年实行机械耕作后,加剧了土壤中微塑料的破碎化,较小的颗粒由于嵌入更深的土层中而难以收集,Meng等[25]也发现新疆某田地覆盖18年的微塑料积累量明显低于覆盖15年的田地.
本试验共检测中7种颜色微塑料:透明、黑色、红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色和紫色,总体如图4所示.由图4可知,微塑料的颜色分布比例依次为:透明最高,其次是黑色、黄色、蓝色,再次是红色、绿色及紫色.在整个采样区域中,透明微塑料占据主导地位,其比例高达57.6%,相比之下,红色、绿色和紫色微塑料所占比例较低,分别为3%、1.9%和1.7%.在不同土层范围内,透明色微塑料含量居多,占比在56.72%~58.17%之间,其次为其他颜色微塑料,占比在43.28~41.83之间,这可能与当地种植主要以透明地膜覆盖为主,不同土层间微塑料颜色占比不显著(P>0.05).
不同覆膜年限对样地土壤微塑料颜色的影响分析.由图4可知,同一覆膜年限内,微塑料颜色仍然以透明为主,占比最大,大部分都超过50%;其次为黑色、黄色和蓝色,三者占比差别不显著;红色、绿色和紫色占比仍然较少.不同覆膜年限间,同种颜色的微塑料占比变化不大.随着覆膜年限的增加(4~19a),透明色微塑料最高和最低占比相差最大,相差15.16%,其余颜色的微塑料占比相差较少.由占比大小可知透明色微塑料、黑色微塑料和黄色微塑料含量在整体上呈现上升趋势,而红色微塑料、绿色微塑料、蓝色微塑料和紫色微塑料在整体上呈现下降趋势.各地区不同覆膜年限的微塑料颜色仍以透明色为主,除临沂地区覆膜16年(46.46%)和滨州地区覆膜9年(48.75%)外,其余地区不同覆膜年限的透明色微塑料占比均在50%以上,但透明色微塑料占比仍最大;其次为黑色、黄色和蓝色;红色、绿色和紫色占比较少.各地区覆膜年限间,同种颜色的微塑料含量占比相差不大.Li等[26]研究得出不论覆膜年限还是不同土层,透明微塑料含量居多,这是因为透明薄膜具有很强的透光性,并且保持土壤水分和肥分性能更强,可以减少肥料流失,所以使用透明性薄膜居多.随着土层深度的增加,黑色、黄色和绿色微塑料含量也增加,这是因为表层及浅层土壤长期暴露于太阳光下,在紫外辐射等环境因素的影响下,地膜残留物与空气中的氧分子发生一系列的反应,同时风化和雨水冲刷等物理腐蚀的作用也极大地加速了微塑料的破碎、降解和转化[27].
图5所示,本研究中共检测出5种微塑料类型,各类微塑料的占比排序依次为:纤维状、薄膜状、碎片状、颗粒状、泡沫状.总体采样区域中,纤维状微塑料占据主导地位,占比达到52%,薄膜状和碎片状微塑料次之,分别占比22.8%和20.4%,而颗粒状与泡沫型微塑料的占比相对较低,分别为2.6%和2.2%.进一步分析不同土层土壤中的微塑料类型,发现纤维状微塑料依然占据多数,且各土层间微塑料类型占比未呈现显著性差异(P>0.05).土壤中微塑料随着时间推移,首先在光照、风化的作用下分解为薄膜状土壤微塑料和颗粒类土壤微塑料,再进一步降解为纤维状土壤微塑料和颗粒类土壤微塑料,降解成纤维状与颗粒类的土壤微塑料与地膜本身的性质有关.薄膜状微塑料丰度随覆膜年数的增加而增加,纤维状微塑料是农田土壤中微塑料的主要形态,这与Li等[28]人研究结果相似.
图5所示,在相同覆膜年限下,纤维状微塑料是主要类型,其次是薄膜状和碎片状,而泡沫状和颗粒状微塑料所占比例相对较低.不同覆膜年限间,随着覆膜年限的增加(4a~19a),纤维类、薄膜类、碎片类含量占比在52%~55.8%之间,各地区不同年限的微塑料类型仍以纤维类居多,其次是薄膜和碎片类,而泡沫和颗粒类占比较少.各地区不同覆膜年限间,同种类型的微塑料含量占比相差不大.在新疆进行的一项调查报告称,在连续覆盖薄膜10年后,40~80cm深度的微塑料浓度为112n/kg,然而,在该土壤深度层中,微塑料仅限与纤维状和状,未发现薄膜状微塑料[29],相较于其他类型的微塑料,薄膜状微塑料通常因其具有较大粒径,故而难以向下层土壤迁移.
图6可知,采样点主要的聚合物类型包括PE(聚乙烯)、PP(聚丙烯)和PS(聚苯乙烯)为主,其中占比最大的是PE(34.2%),其次是PP(17.0%)、PS(16.3%).目前,农用塑料薄膜残留物以PE为主,而PP次之,对农田土壤中微塑料的聚合物类型含量分析可知,PE的含量明显高于PP,说明农用塑料薄膜可能是土壤微塑料的主要来源,出现这种现象的原因可能是与使用捆绳和包装材料相比,农田使用塑料薄膜更多.通过对不同类型微塑料的百分比含量分析可知,不论是覆膜年限还是不同土层,纤维类微塑料含量始终居多,贾涛等通过研究得出这可能是由于生活中的衣物能纤维制品或者纺织厂服装厂处理后的废水与洗涤剂进入水体中,进而使得一部分灌溉用水中含有此类物质,这些物质随灌溉用水进入土壤中,并且纤维类物质不易分解,所以长期滞留在土壤中,导致土壤中纤维类微塑料含量增加[30-32].在苏州市(中国江苏省)长期施用污泥的农田中,微塑料的组成主要为PE和PP(74.2%~82.0%)[33].PP和PE是寿光市(山东省)温室和露天土壤的主要成分(84.7%)[34].中国东南沿海红树林沉积土中,聚苯乙烯(PS)和PP是主要的微塑料类型(86.9%)[35].
地膜是农田土壤中微塑料的重要来源,本研究通过结合连年残膜在土壤中的分布以及不同土层间的迁移规律,深入认识土壤中微塑料污染状况,从而更加全面的探究地膜残留对土壤的影响.另一方面,通过对山东省部分市区地膜污染的情况研究,对后续残膜的有效防治措施和相关政策的制定也起到一定作用,有利于加速突破农膜的回收处置和循环利用,针对研发加厚地膜和新型可降解地膜和残膜回收农具的提供思路和方向,为土壤微塑料污染防治和生态风险评价提供一定的科学依据.
目前微塑料的准确定性和定量方法尚不统一,导致研究结果的可比性和准确性受到影响,关于微塑料在土壤中的迁移、转化和生态效应等方面的研究也尚不充分,需要更多深入的研究来揭示其潜在风险.在后续的研究中需要进一步加强农田土壤中微塑料的提取及鉴定方法,建立完善的微塑料监测技术和方法.
3.1 花生田土壤微塑料丰度随着覆膜年限的增加而逐渐增大(P<0.05),丰度范围在990~4237.5n/kg之间,覆膜19年与覆膜4年相比,微塑料的丰度值增加范围为660~3150n/kg.
3.2 花生田土壤微塑料主要以<0.5mm粒径为主.随着覆膜年限和土层深度的增加,粒径<2mm的微塑料在整体上的丰度呈现出一种上升趋势;土壤中发现的微塑料在颜色上表现出多样性,包括透明、黑色、红色、黄色等,且无论是覆膜时间的积累还是土壤深度的增加,微塑料颜色都以透明为主,微塑料类型以纤维状为主,其次为薄膜类.
3.3 花生田土壤中微塑料的聚合物类型呈现多样化特征,涵盖了PE(聚乙烯)、PP(聚丙烯)、PS(聚苯乙烯)等多种类型.其中,占比最大的是PE(34.2%),其次是PP(17%)和PS(16.3%),其余聚合物类型的微塑料占比较小.
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1701901)
  • 山东省生态农业技术体系项目(SDAIT-30-2)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(乡村振兴创新提振行动计划)项目(2024TZXD077)
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022MD050)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-18
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1701901)
山东省生态农业技术体系项目(SDAIT-30-2)
山东省重点研发计划(乡村振兴创新提振行动计划)项目(2024TZXD077)
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022MD050)
作者信息
    1.青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东 青岛 266109
    2.北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京 100097
    3.山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,山东 济南 250100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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