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A total of 78 water samples from mesotrophic and eutrophic urban lakes in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China were systematically analysed using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix(EEM)fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC)to characterize dissolved organic matter(DOM)composition and sources as well as their links with water physiochemistry parameters. This study was designed to unravel the effects of eutrophication on the fluorescence characteristics of DOM and its influence pathway. Three distinct fluorescent components were identified: anthropogenic-derived humic-like substances(C1), terrestrial humic-like substances(C2), and microbial-produced protein-like substances(C3). Eutrophic urban lakes exhibited significantly higher fluorescence intensities in both C2 and C3 relative to mesotrophic urban lakes. Fluorescence indices confirmed dual DOM sources-terrestrial inputs and autochthonous production. Meanwhile, although the humification index of DOM in mesotrophic urban lakes exceeded that in eutrophic urban lakes, the humification index of DOM was below 1.0 for all samples. Moreover, the biological index of DOM exhibited an increasing trend with the elevation of trophic status of water column. Additionally, significantly elevated Chla concentration were observed in eutrophic lakes compared to mesotrophic lakes. Strong positive correlations were identified between Chla concentration and the fluorescence intensity of C2 and C3 components alongside the biological index of DOM, suggesting that eutrophication may induced autochthonous DOM by stimulating algae reproduction.

, correspAuthors=Da-yong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hua-zi WANG, Si-wen HU, Teng-teng ZUO, Xing-zi TONG, Xuan-qi ZHANG, Yi-hao ZHOU, Da-yong ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057215931535721, articleId=1241057212815167683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=南京市中、富营养化城市湖泊溶解性有机质的组成特征及来源分析, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以江苏省南京市境内多个城市湖泊为野外调查对象,收集了78份来自中营养和富营养化城市湖泊的水体样品,采用三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法解析了水体中DOM的组成、来源,并探究其与水体理化因子间的相互关系,以期揭示水体富营养化对DOM荧光特征的影响及作用途径.结果表明,所调查湖泊中共存在3种DOM荧光组分,包括人为活动产生的类腐殖质物质C1组分,陆源输入的类腐殖质物质C2组分,以及湖泊水体微生物代谢释放的类蛋白物质C3组分,其中在富营养化水体中类腐殖质C2组分和以色氨酸成分为主的C3组分的荧光强度平均高于中营养水体.荧光特征参数的分析结果表明,水体中的DOM兼具陆源和自生源,中营养水体中DOM的腐殖化程度高于富营养化水体,但所测湖泊水样中DOM的腐质化指数普遍低于1.0,并且DOM自生源指数随着水体营养指数的升高呈现增加趋势.此外,富营养化湖泊水体中的叶绿素a含量显著高于中营养湖泊,水体中叶绿素a含量与C2、C3组分的荧光强度以及DOM的自生源指数均呈现显著正相关,表明富营养化水体可能通过刺激藻类的大量繁殖,从而进一步导致内源DOM的释放.

, correspAuthors=赵大勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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王华梓(2003-),男,山东淄博人,河海大学本科生,主要从事水生态环境保护及修复研究..

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王华梓(2003-),男,山东淄博人,河海大学本科生,主要从事水生态环境保护及修复研究..

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王华梓(2003-),男,山东淄博人,河海大学本科生,主要从事水生态环境保护及修复研究..

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Environmental Science202243(11):5073-5083., articleTitle=Water environmental characteristics and water quality assessment of lakes in Tibetan Plateau, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057236894666788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=60, authorNames=高静湉, 汤世科, 刘文理, journalName=环境科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高静湉,汤世科,刘文理,等. 不同类型湖泊DOM光谱特征及来源的季节性变化[J]. 环境科学20247:1-12., articleTitle=不同类型湖泊DOM光谱特征及来源的季节性变化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057237020495922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Gao J T, Tang S K, Liu W L, journalName=Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao J TTang S KLiu W L,et al. Seasonal variation of DOM spectral characteristics and source in different types of lakes [J]. Environmental Science20247:1-12., articleTitle=Seasonal variation of DOM spectral characteristics and source in different types of lakes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057223997182025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, awardId=32171563, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32171563), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241057224143982678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, awardId=202310294052Z, language=CN, fundingSource=大学生创新训练项目(202310294052Z), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057216254497154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057216262885764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, companyId=1241057216254497154, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057216271274373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, companyId=1241057216254497154, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河海大学,水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057220713042717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of sampling lakes and sampling sites, figureFileSmall=GfN/79ezHdh95uuNJTJJnQ==, figureFileBig=LohlIv3lM269EoNajNKuYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220780151590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采样湖泊及采样点分布, figureFileSmall=GfN/79ezHdh95uuNJTJJnQ==, figureFileBig=LohlIv3lM269EoNajNKuYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221090530104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Identification of the fluorescence spectral characteristics of three DOM components based on parallel factor analysis, including their maximum excitation/emission wavelengths and fluorescence intensity distribution, figureFileSmall=LRRrinXz/u+nRAPCySBfRQ==, figureFileBig=93zhClRCj44NwFaUNA4tXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221249913669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于平行因子分析法识别出的三个DOM荧光特征光谱图及其最大激发/发射波长、荧光强度分布, figureFileSmall=LRRrinXz/u+nRAPCySBfRQ==, figureFileBig=93zhClRCj44NwFaUNA4tXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221434463059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparative analysis of DOM fluorescence characteristics and water chemistry in mesotrophic/eutrophic waters bodies, figureFileSmall=ysjWVog+0UaOC6fg0ehw9A==, figureFileBig=RKqujNWlx/WLAzcp7HNVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221530932059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DOM光谱参数与水体理化参数在中、富营养水体中的差异对比

*表明两者具有显著性差异

, figureFileSmall=ysjWVog+0UaOC6fg0ehw9A==, figureFileBig=RKqujNWlx/WLAzcp7HNVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221736452973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spearman correlation analysis of DOM components, fluorescence indices and water chemistry in lake waters, figureFileSmall=s+DHfZJlfm6lz0QU8gewcw==, figureFileBig=5lbLT8gFyn2W3H4rgZ3fsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221849699195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各湖泊水体中DOM组分、荧光参数与水体理化参数的斯皮尔曼相关性分析

圆的大小表示相关性系数的值,圆越大,相关性系数值越大

, figureFileSmall=s+DHfZJlfm6lz0QU8gewcw==, figureFileBig=5lbLT8gFyn2W3H4rgZ3fsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221983916942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Linear regression analysis between DOM components, fluorescence indices and water chemistry, figureFileSmall=pHMQeP32O58BysG3v2CiuQ==, figureFileBig=LqGGcvLWVbdcSCgkjSW58g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222109746075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DOM组分、荧光参数与水体理化参数之间的线性回归分析

图中阴影部分为95%置信区间条带

, figureFileSmall=pHMQeP32O58BysG3v2CiuQ==, figureFileBig=LqGGcvLWVbdcSCgkjSW58g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222394958758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Principal component analysis of water chemistry(a), DOM components and fluorescence indices(b)in mesotrophic and eutrophic urban lakes, figureFileSmall=lHBg/kqWB2A0MG9K2b+IyA==, figureFileBig=qaaVJhGql3sJSacQyxYc0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222600479676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=图6, caption=中、富营养化城市湖泊的水体理化参数(图a)和DOM组分与荧光参数(图b)的主成分分析, figureFileSmall=lHBg/kqWB2A0MG9K2b+IyA==, figureFileBig=qaaVJhGql3sJSacQyxYc0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222743086031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Structural equation model described the effects of DOM sources, water chemistry, and trophic status on DOM composition and its potential ecological risks, figureFileSmall=AS76yspEmGG1Rt2yFYNE4g==, figureFileBig=YVZxA8FkNZWZqQtXnMZxMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222906663907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=图7, caption=路径分析DOM来源、水体理化指标和水体营养状态对DOM组成及潜在生态风险的影响

实线箭头表示显著正相关,虚线箭头表示显著负相关.箭头上标注的数字为显著相关的Pearson相关系数(*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001).箭头线段越粗表示该路径的相关系数越大

, figureFileSmall=AS76yspEmGG1Rt2yFYNE4g==, figureFileBig=YVZxA8FkNZWZqQtXnMZxMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223040881649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sampling sites information and water chemistry in each urban lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标玄武湖(n=21)莫愁湖(n=12)东湖(n=2)百家湖(n=9)九龙湖(n=13)琵琶湖(n=5)石刻湖(n=7)月牙湖(n=9)
EC(µS/cm)253.76±35.35263.08±7.63227.00±7.07252.00±13.89241.30±5.81162.68±7.49291.42±10.53325.11±49.31
DO(mg/L)4.50±2.254.44±1.306.87±1.813.50±0.652.94±1.361.78±1.334.88±0.865.22±0.84
Td(NTU)32.30±39.134.76±0.8529.90±12.5923.13±3.156.34±1.9925.16±18.699.77±14.35
pH值8.150±0.557.62±0.727.81±0.067.61±0.266.97±0.217.30±0.107.85±0.337.38±0.22
NO3--N(mg/L)0.20±0.220.05±0.010.24±0.110.25±0.110.26±0.100.26±0.120.05±0.030.48±0.18
NH4+-N(mg/L)0.19±0.120.09±0.050.12±0.020.28±0.050.10±0.030.10±0.030.04±0.020.28±0.18
NO2--N(mg/L)0.03±0.060.003±0.0030.01±0.0050.02±0.010.02±0.010.03±0.020.01±0.0030.04±0.02
PO43--P(mg/L)0.09±0.070.01±0.040.09±0.010.03±0.040.04±0.030.02±0.020.02±0.020.03±0.02
Chla(µg/L)15.94±6.097.16±2.4129.05±28.2410.11±4.499.30±4.472.87±1.7339.40±12.8115.22±23.17
TN(mg/L)1.13±0.541.74±2.511.62±0.381.37±0.191.26±0.141.28±0.070.68±0.221.88±0.77
TP(mg/L)0.14±0.080.20±0.450.17±0.020.10±0.030.10±0.030.10±0.050.08±0.030.17±0.07
DOC(mg/L)4.74±1.566.55±1.593.61±0.324.36±1.813.92±1.597.64±1.204.40±1.074.58±0.93
DIC(mg/L)8.87±2.357.35±1.209.59±2.1810.75±3.4510.08±2.248.20±1.8011.29±2.4515.90±3.69
TSIc56.94±4.5952.72±8.4562.26±3.7854.73±2.1954.11±2.6648.27±2.8556.97±3.4155.92±8.73
HI0.59±0.640.25±0.430.42±0.430.42±0.551.83±1.570.45±0.421.41±1.060.49±0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223179293693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南京市各城市湖泊采样点信息和水体理化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标玄武湖(n=21)莫愁湖(n=12)东湖(n=2)百家湖(n=9)九龙湖(n=13)琵琶湖(n=5)石刻湖(n=7)月牙湖(n=9)
EC(µS/cm)253.76±35.35263.08±7.63227.00±7.07252.00±13.89241.30±5.81162.68±7.49291.42±10.53325.11±49.31
DO(mg/L)4.50±2.254.44±1.306.87±1.813.50±0.652.94±1.361.78±1.334.88±0.865.22±0.84
Td(NTU)32.30±39.134.76±0.8529.90±12.5923.13±3.156.34±1.9925.16±18.699.77±14.35
pH值8.150±0.557.62±0.727.81±0.067.61±0.266.97±0.217.30±0.107.85±0.337.38±0.22
NO3--N(mg/L)0.20±0.220.05±0.010.24±0.110.25±0.110.26±0.100.26±0.120.05±0.030.48±0.18
NH4+-N(mg/L)0.19±0.120.09±0.050.12±0.020.28±0.050.10±0.030.10±0.030.04±0.020.28±0.18
NO2--N(mg/L)0.03±0.060.003±0.0030.01±0.0050.02±0.010.02±0.010.03±0.020.01±0.0030.04±0.02
PO43--P(mg/L)0.09±0.070.01±0.040.09±0.010.03±0.040.04±0.030.02±0.020.02±0.020.03±0.02
Chla(µg/L)15.94±6.097.16±2.4129.05±28.2410.11±4.499.30±4.472.87±1.7339.40±12.8115.22±23.17
TN(mg/L)1.13±0.541.74±2.511.62±0.381.37±0.191.26±0.141.28±0.070.68±0.221.88±0.77
TP(mg/L)0.14±0.080.20±0.450.17±0.020.10±0.030.10±0.030.10±0.050.08±0.030.17±0.07
DOC(mg/L)4.74±1.566.55±1.593.61±0.324.36±1.813.92±1.597.64±1.204.40±1.074.58±0.93
DIC(mg/L)8.87±2.357.35±1.209.59±2.1810.75±3.4510.08±2.248.20±1.8011.29±2.4515.90±3.69
TSIc56.94±4.5952.72±8.4562.26±3.7854.73±2.1954.11±2.6648.27±2.8556.97±3.4155.92±8.73
HI0.59±0.640.25±0.430.42±0.430.42±0.551.83±1.570.45±0.421.41±1.060.49±0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223389007890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The nutritional status and degree of disturbance by human activities in each urban lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目玄武湖莫愁湖东湖百家湖九龙湖琵琶湖石刻湖月牙湖
营养状态轻度-中度富营养化中营养-轻度富营养化中度富营养化轻度富营养化轻度富营养化中营养轻度-中度富营养化中营养-轻度富营养化
受人为活动干扰程度受到城市生活污水和景区旅游活动的双重影响,采取清淤疏浚等工程治理措施,当前正进行生态自洁系统实验,种植苦草、千屈菜、黑藻等水生植物,试验区内水质改善效果较为明显受到城市生活污水和垃圾污染的影响,当前正采取相关河道整治和清淤等治理措施主要受城市生活污水影响,湖泊容积较小近年来主要受到房地产开发和餐饮企业排放的影响,湖内安装曝气推流装置,水体透明度提升较为明显受到轻微城市生活污水影响,但其南湖为封闭水体,主要靠降水补给,水体流动性差主要受到景区旅游活动影响主要受到景区旅游活动影响受到周边居民生活污水影响,近期进行过全面清淤治理
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223531614237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

南京市各城市湖泊营养状态和受人为活动的干扰程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目玄武湖莫愁湖东湖百家湖九龙湖琵琶湖石刻湖月牙湖
营养状态轻度-中度富营养化中营养-轻度富营养化中度富营养化轻度富营养化轻度富营养化中营养轻度-中度富营养化中营养-轻度富营养化
受人为活动干扰程度受到城市生活污水和景区旅游活动的双重影响,采取清淤疏浚等工程治理措施,当前正进行生态自洁系统实验,种植苦草、千屈菜、黑藻等水生植物,试验区内水质改善效果较为明显受到城市生活污水和垃圾污染的影响,当前正采取相关河道整治和清淤等治理措施主要受城市生活污水影响,湖泊容积较小近年来主要受到房地产开发和餐饮企业排放的影响,湖内安装曝气推流装置,水体透明度提升较为明显受到轻微城市生活污水影响,但其南湖为封闭水体,主要靠降水补给,水体流动性差主要受到景区旅游活动影响主要受到景区旅游活动影响受到周边居民生活污水影响,近期进行过全面清淤治理
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223657443373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Direct, indirect, and total effects of various factors on DOM composition and HI in path analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素自生源DOM外源输入DOM水质化学指标水质物理指标富营养化指数(TSIc)
DOM组成标准化直接效应0.196-0.521-0.07-0.1460.093
标准化间接效应-0.011-0.0530.0430.0390
标准化总效应0.185-0.574-0.027-0.1070.093
DOM标准化直接效应-0.318-0.0610.2230.009
潜在生态风险标准化间接效应-0.001-0.1200.021
(HI)标准化总效应-0.319-0.1810.2230.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223774883898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212815167683, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

路径分析中各参数对DOM组成和HI的直接、间接以及总影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素自生源DOM外源输入DOM水质化学指标水质物理指标富营养化指数(TSIc)
DOM组成标准化直接效应0.196-0.521-0.07-0.1460.093
标准化间接效应-0.011-0.0530.0430.0390
标准化总效应0.185-0.574-0.027-0.1070.093
DOM标准化直接效应-0.318-0.0610.2230.009
潜在生态风险标准化间接效应-0.001-0.1200.021
(HI)标准化总效应-0.319-0.1810.2230.03
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南京市中、富营养化城市湖泊溶解性有机质的组成特征及来源分析
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王华梓 , 胡思文 , 左腾腾 , 童幸子 , 张玄麒 , 周一豪 , 赵大勇 *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2520-2529
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2520-2529
南京市中、富营养化城市湖泊溶解性有机质的组成特征及来源分析
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王华梓 , 胡思文, 左腾腾, 童幸子, 张玄麒, 周一豪, 赵大勇*
作者信息
  • 河海大学,水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 王华梓(2003-),男,山东淄博人,河海大学本科生,主要从事水生态环境保护及修复研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Composition characteristics and source identification of dissolved organic matter in medium and eutrophic urban lakes in Nanjing
Hua-zi WANG , Si-wen HU, Teng-teng ZUO, Xing-zi TONG, Xuan-qi ZHANG, Yi-hao ZHOU, Da-yong ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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以江苏省南京市境内多个城市湖泊为野外调查对象,收集了78份来自中营养和富营养化城市湖泊的水体样品,采用三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法解析了水体中DOM的组成、来源,并探究其与水体理化因子间的相互关系,以期揭示水体富营养化对DOM荧光特征的影响及作用途径.结果表明,所调查湖泊中共存在3种DOM荧光组分,包括人为活动产生的类腐殖质物质C1组分,陆源输入的类腐殖质物质C2组分,以及湖泊水体微生物代谢释放的类蛋白物质C3组分,其中在富营养化水体中类腐殖质C2组分和以色氨酸成分为主的C3组分的荧光强度平均高于中营养水体.荧光特征参数的分析结果表明,水体中的DOM兼具陆源和自生源,中营养水体中DOM的腐殖化程度高于富营养化水体,但所测湖泊水样中DOM的腐质化指数普遍低于1.0,并且DOM自生源指数随着水体营养指数的升高呈现增加趋势.此外,富营养化湖泊水体中的叶绿素a含量显著高于中营养湖泊,水体中叶绿素a含量与C2、C3组分的荧光强度以及DOM的自生源指数均呈现显著正相关,表明富营养化水体可能通过刺激藻类的大量繁殖,从而进一步导致内源DOM的释放.

城市湖泊  /  富营养化  /  溶解性有机质  /  三维荧光光谱  /  组成特征  /  来源解析

A total of 78 water samples from mesotrophic and eutrophic urban lakes in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China were systematically analysed using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix(EEM)fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC)to characterize dissolved organic matter(DOM)composition and sources as well as their links with water physiochemistry parameters. This study was designed to unravel the effects of eutrophication on the fluorescence characteristics of DOM and its influence pathway. Three distinct fluorescent components were identified: anthropogenic-derived humic-like substances(C1), terrestrial humic-like substances(C2), and microbial-produced protein-like substances(C3). Eutrophic urban lakes exhibited significantly higher fluorescence intensities in both C2 and C3 relative to mesotrophic urban lakes. Fluorescence indices confirmed dual DOM sources-terrestrial inputs and autochthonous production. Meanwhile, although the humification index of DOM in mesotrophic urban lakes exceeded that in eutrophic urban lakes, the humification index of DOM was below 1.0 for all samples. Moreover, the biological index of DOM exhibited an increasing trend with the elevation of trophic status of water column. Additionally, significantly elevated Chla concentration were observed in eutrophic lakes compared to mesotrophic lakes. Strong positive correlations were identified between Chla concentration and the fluorescence intensity of C2 and C3 components alongside the biological index of DOM, suggesting that eutrophication may induced autochthonous DOM by stimulating algae reproduction.

urban lakes  /  eutrophication  /  dissolved organic matter  /  three-dimensional fluorescence spectra  /  compositional characteristics  /  source analysis
王华梓, 胡思文, 左腾腾, 童幸子, 张玄麒, 周一豪, 赵大勇. 南京市中、富营养化城市湖泊溶解性有机质的组成特征及来源分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2520 -2529 .
Hua-zi WANG, Si-wen HU, Teng-teng ZUO, Xing-zi TONG, Xuan-qi ZHANG, Yi-hao ZHOU, Da-yong ZHAO. Composition characteristics and source identification of dissolved organic matter in medium and eutrophic urban lakes in Nanjing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2520 -2529 .
受城市化和全球气候变化的共同影响,富营养化已成为城市湖泊生态退化的核心诱因[1-2].相较于自然湖泊,城市湖泊更容易受到工业废水和生活污水的污染,加之其封闭性较强、水力交换缓慢,更易于水体有机污染物的富集[3].当前,越来越多的研究发现城市湖泊富营养化对水体中有机质的浓度和组成具有显著影响[4-5].一方面,水华生消过程中会产生大量藻源性物质,进而影响水体有机质的质量和活性[6];同时,湖泊富营养化造成水生植物消亡后遗留的植物残体可通过微生物分解和光化学降解等过程进入水体,对湖泊系统中的生物地球化学循环产生重要影响[7].另一方面,多酚类和多环芳香族等化合物在富营养化湖泊中广泛存在,易与铁、铜等金属离子形成络合物,使得水体中的元素循环过程更为复杂[8].此外,水体中的有机质矿化过程中伴随着营养盐的大量释放,从而影响湖泊富营养化进程和水生生态系统健康[9].近年来,城市湖泊展现出较强的生态系统服务功能和经济价值,但由于水体有机质来源广泛、组分多变,对湖泊富营养化治理产生了较大的阻碍.
溶解性有机质(DOM)是湖泊中天然有机碳的主要赋存形态和活跃成分,也是水生生物体的主要营养底物和碳源[10].湖泊水体DOM主要来源于微生物代谢分泌和动、植物残体分解的内源产生以及陆表径流的外源输入[11].不同来源的DOM在结构组成和分子量级等方面的差异决定了DOM的生物可利用性程度,进而改变微生物对碳素的代谢途径和利用效率[12-13].此外,藻类爆发和腐烂分解均会释放大量的糖类、类蛋白和腐殖质等物质,促进DOM的自生源过程,使得不同营养程度湖泊水体DOM的化学组成特征呈现明显差异[5,8,14-15].已有研究表明,人类活动产生的氮、磷输入会增加水体DOM中的类蛋白物质含量[16-18],由于类蛋白物质会对水生生物产生生物遗传毒害,富含高类蛋白组分的水体通常也被认为是富营养化的典型标志[19-20].水体营养物质含量增加刺激蓝藻等浮游植物爆发,其伴随的缺氧环境也会改变浮游微生物群落多样性和组成,从而影响微生物介导的DOM矿化过程[21-22].综上,DOM组成特征与城市湖泊富营养化之间的关联研究有利于深入理解湖泊营养程度和DOM组成间的耦联关系,加强对湖泊DOM的环境行为归趋,及其环境和生态效应的认识,也为阐明DOM在湖泊碳循环中的作用提供数据支撑.
南京市内分布着众多大小不一、类型多样的湖泊,在防洪调蓄、维持城市生态平衡以及饮用水源供应等方面发挥着重要作用.但随着社会经济发展以及人类活动加剧,近些年来南京市内的城市湖泊整体呈现轻度富营养化状态,部分中营养化湖泊季节变化明显,存在向富营养化状态转变的趋势,引起生物多样性减少、生物群落结构简化和藻类水华频发等一系列问题.基于此,本研究采集了南京市内多个中、富营养化城市湖泊的表层水体,通过三维荧光光谱测定获取水体中DOM的荧光特征,结合平行因子分析法解析DOM的组成特征及来源,进一步将DOM的光谱参数与水体理化指标进行关联分析,以期揭示驱动DOM各组分变化的主要环境因素与湖泊富营养化对DOM组成的影响途径,为富营养化湖泊中DOM的潜在生态风险以及湖泊的富营养化治理提供基础数据.
本研究于2023年8~9月在江苏省南京市采集城市湖泊(玄武湖、莫愁湖、百家湖、九龙湖、琵琶湖、石刻湖、月牙湖、和东湖)水体样品(图1),每处采样点均设置了3组平行样,各指标在去除异常值后计算平均值作为该采样点的数据,以确保数据的可靠性.采样点分布及数量基于每个湖泊的面积和水文联通情况.现场测定水体酸碱度(pH值)、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)和浊度(Td)后,使用采水器在样点采集表层(约为0.5m)水样约1000mL装入聚乙烯塑料瓶中.采集的样品保存于低温保温箱中,4h内送回实验室,用于后续处理和分析.
使用便携式多参数分析仪(DZB-718L,上海雷磁)现场测定水体的pH值、DO和EC,使用便携式浊度仪(WZB-175,上海雷磁)现场测定水体的Td.
水样经0.45μm滤膜过滤后,收集滤膜使用乙醇萃取分光光度法测定水样的叶绿素a(Chla)浓度.收集0.22μm滤膜过滤后的水体,使用流动注射仪(San++,SKALAR,荷兰)测定水体中氨态氮(NH4+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)和正磷酸盐(PO43--P)浓度;使用总有机碳分析仪(TOC-L CPH/CPN,日本岛津)测定水体中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度.最后未过滤的原水样分别采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012)[23]和钼酸铵分光光度法(GB 11893-1989)[24]测定总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度.
水样经过0.45µm滤膜过滤后使用三维荧光光度计(F98,上海棱光)测定水体DOM的三维荧光光谱(EEMs)特征.仪器参数设定如下:激发波长范围为200~450nm,发射波长范围为250~600nm,波长间隔均为1nm,激发带宽和发射带宽均为10nm,光电倍增电压(PMT)为700V,扫描速度为60000nm/min.采用纯水作为空白对照去除水的瑞利散射与拉曼光谱散射的影响.
使用MATLAB软件中的DOM_fluor工具箱对样品的三维荧光光谱数据进行平行因子分析(PARAFAC).首先将数据通过拆半检验划分为两个随机子数据集,用于初步确定模型组分数.随后,将选定的组分数量通过随机初始化分析和TCC(Total Correlation Criterion)检验分析进行进一步分析验证,最终得到样品的DOM各组分光谱[25-26],并通过在线数据库Openflour(https://openfluor.lablicate.com/)比对获取DOM组分信息.
使用荧光指数(FluI)、新鲜度指数(FrI)、腐殖质指数(HIX)和生物指数(BIX)分析水体DOM荧光特征.FluI可用来表征水体DOM的来源,是Ex在370nm处,Em在470nm和520nm的荧光强度比值[27];FrI可用来评估水体生物活性,是Ex在310nm处,Em在380nm荧光强度与Em范围在420~435nm荧光强度积分值的比值[28];HIX可用来表征DOM腐殖质化程度,是Ex在254nm处,Em范围在435~480nm荧光强度积分值与Em范围在300~345nm荧光强度积分值的比值[29];BIX可以表示水体DOM自生源的强弱特征,是Ex在310nm处,Em在380和430nm的荧光强度比值[30].
研究表明,蛋白质类的DOM具有较强的生物毒性,甚至可以抑制藻类的生长[31].Tang等[32]曾对DOM做过的生物毒性试验显示,类色氨酸成分与急性毒性具有很强的正相关,同时反映了非农业人类活动对DOM造成的生态风险.本研究将代表色氨酸物质的C2组分作为判断DOM潜在生态风险的指标,利用C2组分的荧光强度与各湖泊平均总荧光强度的最小值的比值来确定DOM潜在生态风险指数(HI=I/I总min),HI值越大反映该采样点水体的C2组分的生物毒性越强,DOM潜在生态风险越高.
采用蔡庆华等[33]的营养状态指数(TSIc)法将各湖泊水样进行了数值化分级评估湖泊富营养化状态.通过层次分析法(AHP)结合TN、TP和Chla三种指标计算TSIc,计算公式如下:
TSIc数值越高说明该水样的营养程度越高,TSIc<40表明处于贫营养状态,TSIc=40~50表明处于中营养状态,TSIc>50表明处于富营养状态.
使用Origin 2021进行DOM各组分之间及其与水体理化指标间的Spearman相关性分析;利用R语言按照富营养化梯度对DOM各组分、荧光参数以及水体理化指标进行主成分分析(PCA);通过IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行各指标数据的正态性分布检验、方差齐性检验以及在中、富营养化水体中的显著性差异检验;基于PCA和回归拟合分析的结果,筛选相关性显著的指标作为观察变量并选取DOM组成和HI作为模型的输出变量,使用AMOS 24.0软件构建进行结构方程模型,获得模型评估指标和路径系数图.本研究使用GraphPad Prism 8和Origin 2021软件对分析结果进行可视化呈现.
运用EEMs结合PARAFAC方法对来自于8个中、富营养化城市湖泊的78个水样进行解析,共识别出C1~C3三个DOM组分(图2).C1的荧光峰位置是335nm/407nm(Ex/Em);C2的荧光峰位置360nm/468nm(Ex/Em);C3的荧光峰位置是288nm/341nm(Ex/Em).通过与Openflour在线数据库中的模型进行比较发现,C1组分是一种人为活动产生的类腐殖质物质[34];C2组分属于陆源腐殖质[35];C3组分是一种以色氨酸成分为主的类蛋白物质[36].
从各组分的荧光强度占比看出,本研究湖泊水体的DOM浓度主要受到类蛋白和类腐殖质的影响.其中,作为腐殖质的C1和C2组分的含量在各湖泊水体中的差异并不明显.作为类蛋白物质的C3组分所占的比例相对较高,且在各湖泊中浓度差异较为明显,在一定程度上表明各湖泊中的类蛋白成分可能与人类活动导致的水体污染密切相关[19].
水体理化指标的结果显示(表1),琵琶湖的TSIc显著低于其他湖泊,全湖水体维持在中营养程度;其余湖泊在不同程度上均面临着水体富营养化的风险,莫愁湖、九龙湖、百家湖、月牙湖、玄武湖和石刻湖的平均TSIc处于50~60之间,属于轻度富营养化状态;东湖的平均TSIc大于60,属于中度富营养化状态.此外,本研究中城市湖泊的营养状态、受人为活动干扰类型和程度以及湖泊生态修复等情况总结见表2.
富营养化水体中的NH4+-N和Chla含量显著高于中营养水体,TN、TP、NO3--N、NO2--N和PO43--P含量虽然在中、富营养水体中没有显著差异,但随着富营养化程度的加深均呈现出升高的趋势(图3).在本研究中,随着水体营养状态指数的加深,BIX呈现出增高的趋势(图3),说明在富营养化水体中DOM的自生源程度较高,生物可利用性强[20],HIX在中、富营养化水体中均小于1.0(图3),说明所取水样的整体腐殖化程度较低,与前文DOM各组分含量占比的结果一致.
外源输入富含氮磷元素的营养物质会加剧湖泊水体的富营养化程度,不仅会改变湖泊整体的水生环境,还会使DOM的分子结构发生剧烈的变化[8,35].本研究发现,TSIc与Td呈现显著的正相关关系(图4),这可能是由于湖泊富营养化越严重,水体中Chla的含量越高将导致水体的浊度升高,从而抑制DOM的光化学降解[38],这与Han等[35]发现的水体富营养化会使DOM分子结构更加复杂的结论相吻合.此外,笔者发现TSIc与pH值呈现显著正相关(图4),研究表明:随富营养化的加剧,藻类光合作用增强吸收二氧化碳,致使水中氢离子减少,pH值升高;同时,富营养化使水体氮磷营养增多,会伴随着生物量的剧增,生物腐化后会析出呈弱碱性的氮磷离子,使pH值上升[39].在相关性分析中,DO与TSIc呈现正相关,这与藻华爆发导致水体DO下降的普遍规律有所不同,原因可能在于本实验所采水样均来自于湖泊表层水体,属于透光性较强的真光层,在藻华爆发期间真光层内藻类大量繁殖,增氧作用超过耗氧作用,导致湖泊表层水体中DO含量的短期增加[40],同时,在藻华的整个生消过程中,水体DO随时间往往呈现单峰变化[41],具有明显时间动态特征,未来囊括完整藻华演替周期的高频调查研究将有助于揭示城市湖泊富营养化过程中DO的时空变化规律.Roth等[42]研究发现,DOM能够与氮磷污染物相结合,使得富营养化对湖泊的影响更加持久.Bai等[43]证明了藻华爆发阶段藻类生物活动的分泌物会促进DOM的活性组分含量的急剧上升.在本实验中,南京市各湖泊的DOM组成成分与水体的富营养化程度也存在着密切的联系.TSIc与C2组分和C3组分均呈现出显著的正相关关系(图4),表明陆源输入的类腐殖质等物质能够引发水体营养物质浓度的提升,为水体微生物新陈代谢提供碳源从而释放色氨酸等类蛋白物质,其中类蛋白DOM组分是识别污染物输入和影响水体富营养化的关键因素.
DOM各组分荧光强度的总和能够在一定程度上反映水体中有机物的含量[44].对C1~C3组分与HIX、BIX之间进行回归拟合分析发现,HIX与C1和C2组分呈现显著的正线性相关(图5),BIX与C3组分呈现显著的正线性相关(图5).以上结果表明C1和C2组分能够有效地代表各湖泊自然水体中外源输入的类腐殖质物质,C3组分能够有效地代表水体生物代谢活动产生的自生源物质.值得注意的是,藻类的生长繁殖与Chl a的含量密切相关,在湖泊富营养化的过程中,Chl a的含量与藻类生物量的相关性显著增强,在DOM相关指标与水体理化指标的相关性分析中,水体Chl a的含量与DOM的BIX呈现显著正相关(图4),并且Chl a与湖泊内源产生的类蛋白物质(C3组分)呈现出显著的正线性相关(图5).前人研究发现,在湖泊藻华生消过程中DOM分子组成变化明显,藻细胞会释放糖类、类蛋白和木质素等多种有机物质,成为水体DOM的主要来源[39],并同时改变了浮游和沉积物细菌群落的多样性[45].此外,由藻类衍生的DOM可以在水体中聚集成非结构化的类腐殖质物质[5,20],而水体微生物通过代谢消耗DOC等水体有机物的同时也会产生色氨酸等具有生物毒性的类蛋白物质[46-47].以上研究暗示了氮磷污染物大量输入等因素导致的藻类的过度繁殖可能加剧DOM的自生源过程.
为进一步探究DOM组成组分与水体理化指标在中、富营养化水体中的相关性,对这两类指标分别进行了主成分分析(PCA)(图6).在水体理化指标中,P1轴对数据总方差的解释率为23.27%,P2轴对数据总方差的解释率为15.17%,随着富营养化程度的加深,水体中不仅TN、TP的含量增高,DO、Td和Chl a等指标得分均有增高的趋势,且在不同营养程度水体中呈现出不同的聚类模式.在DOM相关指标中,P1轴对数据总方差的解释率为36.68%,P2轴对数据总方差的解释率为33.57%,C1组分、C2组分和C3组分三者之间夹角均小于90°,且C1组分与C2组分两者之间夹角较小,说明C1组分、C2组分与C3组分之间呈现出正相关,且各湖泊水体中C1组分与C2组分具有同源性.
构建结构方程模型进一步探究湖泊水体理化因子与DOM组成特征之间的相互作用关系,路径系数和标准化效应详见表3图7.在该模型中,水质物理指标包含EC、DO和Td,水质化学指标包含pH值、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P、TN、TP、Chla、DOC和DIC[48].CFI=1.000,P=0.736,RMSEA=0.000,NFI=0.981,GFI=0.934,Chisquare=1.998,表明模型的拟合度良好.结构方程模型的结果表明,DOM组成主要受其来源的影响,兼具内源与外源特征,其中外源输入为主导(自生源r=0.185,外源输入r=-0.574),能够提高类腐殖质物质的浓度,进而促进水体藻类和微生物的生命活动[49].水质变化对DOM组成会直接产生显著的负效应(水质化学指标r=-0.07,水质物理指标r=-0.146),同时水质变化会通过影响水体的营养状态进而间接改变DOM的组成(水质化学指标r=0.043,水质物理指标r=0.039).水质化学指标对DOM组成的标准化总效应为-0.027,TSIc对DOM组成的标准化总效应为0.093,表明水体富营养化能够通过加剧水体营养程度的方式从而改变DOM的组成成分.HI主要受到DOM组成(r=0.223)和DOM来源(自生源DOM r=-0.319,外源输入DOM r=-0.181)的影响,其中自生源产生的DOM对HI的影响最强,印证了前文结论自生源产生的C3组分对湖泊生态系统产生较强的生物毒性.
3.1 通过对DOM的PARAFAC分析,共识别出3个DOM组分:C1组分(335nm/407nm)和C2组分(360/468nm)具有同外源性,C1组分是由人为活动产生的类腐殖质物质,C2组分是由陆源输入的类腐殖质物质,C3组分是通过水体微生物代谢产生的类蛋白物质(以色氨酸为主要成分).
3.2 富营养化水体中C2组分和C3组分的含量平均高于中营养化水体,通过分析DOM的荧光特征参数,水体中的DOM来源包括陆源和自生源,随着湖泊水体营养程度的增加,DOM的自生源贡献度也有所增加,但水体中DOM的腐殖化指数均低于1.0,整体腐质化程度较低.
3.3 C1和C2组分与HIX呈现显著正线性相关,这说明外源输入的类腐殖质物质能够提高水体DOM的腐殖化程度.此外,富营养水体的Chla显著高于中营养水体,并且与C2和C3组分呈显著正相关,与BIX呈显著正相关,表明在富营养条件下,水体更有利于藻类的大量增殖和微生物的代谢转化,进而促进了内源DOM的释放,对色氨酸等具有较高生物毒性的类蛋白质物质的生成具有一定的促进作用.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32171563)
  • 大学生创新训练项目(202310294052Z)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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国家自然科学基金项目(32171563)
大学生创新训练项目(202310294052Z)
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    河海大学,水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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