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Antibiotic resistance was recognized as one of the most critical public health challenges confronted by humanity in the 21 st century. Metal nanomaterials were regarded as potent alternatives in the post-antibiotic era, attributed to their exceptional biocidal efficacy and tunable properties. However, it was demonstrated through recent studies that not only could resistance to nanomaterials themselves be developed by bacteria, but the physiological characteristics of bacteria could also be altered, consequently leading to enhanced antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance variations induced by metal nanomaterials were systematically reviewed, with underlying mechanisms being elucidated through three key aspects: the interfacial interactions between nanomaterials and bacterial membranes, the occurrence of bacterial genomic mutations, and the horizontal transfer of resistance genes. This investigation was designed to establish a theoretical framework for innovating next-generation nano-antimicrobial agents, while simultaneously promoting the application of nanomaterials in combating antimicrobial resistance on a global scale.

, correspAuthors=Mei-zhen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lin LONG, Lin ZHU, Hui-ming TANG, Mei-zhen WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057213725331683, articleId=1241057212580286656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=金属纳米材料对细菌耐药的影响及其机制研究进展, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗生素耐药性是21世纪人类面临的最严峻的公共健康问题之一.金属纳米材料因其优良的生物杀灭能力和可调节特性,被视为后抗生素时代应对细菌耐药的有效武器.然而,近年来有研究表明,细菌不仅对纳米材料本身可产生抗性,同时这些纳米材料反过来也会影响细菌的生理特性,导致其对抗生素的耐药性增加.综述了金属纳米材料暴露引起的细菌对抗生素耐药性的变化,并从纳米材料与细菌细胞之间的相互作用、细菌基因突变和抗性基因的传播扩散等方面探讨其作用机制.旨在为开发新型纳米抗菌剂提供理论基础,促进纳米材料在抗菌领域的应用,以应对全球耐药性挑战.

, correspAuthors=汪美贞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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龙琳(2000-),女,湖南怀化人,浙江工商大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境微生物方向的研究工作..

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龙琳(2000-),女,湖南怀化人,浙江工商大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境微生物方向的研究工作..

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龙琳(2000-),女,湖南怀化人,浙江工商大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境微生物方向的研究工作..

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Membranes202313(11):860., articleTitle=Latest update on outer membrane vesicles and their role in horizontal gene transfer: a mini-review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057217810584075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, awardId=22076167; U21A20292, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(22076167; U21A20292), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241057217902858771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, awardId=1260KZN0224073G, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省大学生科技创新活动计划(1260KZN0224073G), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057214027321582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057214031515887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, companyId=1241057214027321582, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057214039904496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, companyId=1241057214027321582, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.浙江工商大学环境科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057214140567796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057214144762102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, companyId=1241057214140567796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057214153150710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, companyId=1241057214140567796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江工商大学统计与数学学院,浙江 杭州 310012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057216728453542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mechanism of cellular barrier remodeling induced by nanomaterials, figureFileSmall=TFupGqoVPYARS4phSVGqZg==, figureFileBig=u+Xuth2Ktd2mvoHZ4Qz2Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057216812339634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=CN, label=图1, caption=纳米材料引起的细胞屏障重构机制, figureFileSmall=TFupGqoVPYARS4phSVGqZg==, figureFileBig=u+Xuth2Ktd2mvoHZ4Qz2Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057217034637765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Multifaceted transmission and dissemination mechanisms of ARGs driven by nanomaterials, figureFileSmall=u/H6k4qTsLi7gCFyiaIgoA==, figureFileBig=T5o7JoHIM0a6Q5k20C7nsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057217131106768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=CN, label=图2, caption=纳米材料驱动ARGs多途径传递与扩散机制, figureFileSmall=u/H6k4qTsLi7gCFyiaIgoA==, figureFileBig=T5o7JoHIM0a6Q5k20C7nsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057217210798552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Environmental concentration ranges of metal-based nanomaterials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料种类废水/土壤中的浓度(mg/L或mg/kg)典型来源参考文献
AgNPs6×10-8~1.9×10-6消费品、医疗用品、废水处理[5-7]
AuNPs1.2×10-4~1.7×10-4生物传感器、医学诊断[8]
CuNPs0.05~0.1涂料、杀菌剂、废水处理[9]
NiNPs1×10-5~0.1电池、合金、催化剂[10]
CeO2NPs3×10-8~1.9×10-7电子产品、复合材料、工业排放[7]
ZnONPs3×10-5~50涂料、防晒霜、废水处理[4,7,11]
Fe3O4NPs1×10-5~0.01地下水修复、废水处理[12]
SiO2NPs1×10-5~0.044医疗用品、食品添加剂、涂料[7-13]
TiO2NPs1×10-9~1日用品、太阳屏霜、涂料[6-14]
Al2O3NPs1~1×105废水处理[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217336627687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

金属纳米材料环境浓度范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料种类废水/土壤中的浓度(mg/L或mg/kg)典型来源参考文献
AgNPs6×10-8~1.9×10-6消费品、医疗用品、废水处理[5-7]
AuNPs1.2×10-4~1.7×10-4生物传感器、医学诊断[8]
CuNPs0.05~0.1涂料、杀菌剂、废水处理[9]
NiNPs1×10-5~0.1电池、合金、催化剂[10]
CeO2NPs3×10-8~1.9×10-7电子产品、复合材料、工业排放[7]
ZnONPs3×10-5~50涂料、防晒霜、废水处理[4,7,11]
Fe3O4NPs1×10-5~0.01地下水修复、废水处理[12]
SiO2NPs1×10-5~0.044医疗用品、食品添加剂、涂料[7-13]
TiO2NPs1×10-9~1日用品、太阳屏霜、涂料[6-14]
Al2O3NPs1~1×105废水处理[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217571508721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Responsive alterations in MIC of antibiotics against bacteria under metal-based nanomaterial stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳米材料浓度(mg/L)细菌菌株抗生素MIC值变化倍数参考文献
AgNPs10大肠杆菌盘尼西林增加2~8倍[15]
AgNPs10大肠杆菌链霉素增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10大肠杆菌阿莫西林克拉维酸钾增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10大肠杆菌氯霉素增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌盘尼西林增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌氯霉素增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌阿莫西林克拉维酸钾增加8倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌氨苄青霉素增加13倍[15]
PtNPs12.5铜绿假单胞菌阿米卡星增加2倍[19]
PdNPs12.5铜绿假单胞菌阿奇霉素增加2倍[20]
MgONPs1000耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌氨基糖苷类增加6倍[21]
ZnONPs20大肠杆菌环丙沙星增加2~3倍[22]
Al2O3NPs20大肠杆菌氯霉素增加2~3倍[22]
Fe3O4NPs1000沙门氏菌链霉素增加5倍[23]
纳米零价铁4.8肺炎克雷伯菌氯霉素增加4倍[24]
碳纳米管25希瓦式菌/增加4倍[15]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217693143547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212580286656, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金属纳米材料胁迫下细菌对抗生素MIC的响应变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳米材料浓度(mg/L)细菌菌株抗生素MIC值变化倍数参考文献
AgNPs10大肠杆菌盘尼西林增加2~8倍[15]
AgNPs10大肠杆菌链霉素增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10大肠杆菌阿莫西林克拉维酸钾增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10大肠杆菌氯霉素增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌盘尼西林增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌氯霉素增加4倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌阿莫西林克拉维酸钾增加8倍[15]
AgNPs10金黄色葡萄球菌氨苄青霉素增加13倍[15]
PtNPs12.5铜绿假单胞菌阿米卡星增加2倍[19]
PdNPs12.5铜绿假单胞菌阿奇霉素增加2倍[20]
MgONPs1000耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌氨基糖苷类增加6倍[21]
ZnONPs20大肠杆菌环丙沙星增加2~3倍[22]
Al2O3NPs20大肠杆菌氯霉素增加2~3倍[22]
Fe3O4NPs1000沙门氏菌链霉素增加5倍[23]
纳米零价铁4.8肺炎克雷伯菌氯霉素增加4倍[24]
碳纳米管25希瓦式菌/增加4倍[15]
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金属纳米材料对细菌耐药的影响及其机制研究进展
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龙琳 1 , 朱琳 1 , 汤惠茗 1, 2 , 汪美贞 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(5): 2857-2864
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(5): 2857-2864
金属纳米材料对细菌耐药的影响及其机制研究进展
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龙琳1 , 朱琳1, 汤惠茗1, 2, 汪美贞1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江工商大学环境科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2.浙江工商大学统计与数学学院,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 龙琳(2000-),女,湖南怀化人,浙江工商大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境微生物方向的研究工作..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Research progress on the effect of metallic nanomaterials on the resistance of bacteria and its mechanism
Lin LONG1 , Lin ZHU1, Hui-ming TANG1, 2, Mei-zhen WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2.School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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抗生素耐药性是21世纪人类面临的最严峻的公共健康问题之一.金属纳米材料因其优良的生物杀灭能力和可调节特性,被视为后抗生素时代应对细菌耐药的有效武器.然而,近年来有研究表明,细菌不仅对纳米材料本身可产生抗性,同时这些纳米材料反过来也会影响细菌的生理特性,导致其对抗生素的耐药性增加.综述了金属纳米材料暴露引起的细菌对抗生素耐药性的变化,并从纳米材料与细菌细胞之间的相互作用、细菌基因突变和抗性基因的传播扩散等方面探讨其作用机制.旨在为开发新型纳米抗菌剂提供理论基础,促进纳米材料在抗菌领域的应用,以应对全球耐药性挑战.

纳米材料  /  抗生素耐药性  /  基因突变  /  活性氧  /  水平基因转移

Antibiotic resistance was recognized as one of the most critical public health challenges confronted by humanity in the 21 st century. Metal nanomaterials were regarded as potent alternatives in the post-antibiotic era, attributed to their exceptional biocidal efficacy and tunable properties. However, it was demonstrated through recent studies that not only could resistance to nanomaterials themselves be developed by bacteria, but the physiological characteristics of bacteria could also be altered, consequently leading to enhanced antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance variations induced by metal nanomaterials were systematically reviewed, with underlying mechanisms being elucidated through three key aspects: the interfacial interactions between nanomaterials and bacterial membranes, the occurrence of bacterial genomic mutations, and the horizontal transfer of resistance genes. This investigation was designed to establish a theoretical framework for innovating next-generation nano-antimicrobial agents, while simultaneously promoting the application of nanomaterials in combating antimicrobial resistance on a global scale.

nanomaterials  /  antibiotic resistance  /  gene mutation  /  reactive oxygen species  /  horizontal gene transfer
龙琳, 朱琳, 汤惠茗, 汪美贞. 金属纳米材料对细菌耐药的影响及其机制研究进展. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2857 -2864 .
Lin LONG, Lin ZHU, Hui-ming TANG, Mei-zhen WANG. Research progress on the effect of metallic nanomaterials on the resistance of bacteria and its mechanism[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2857 -2864 .
近年来,抗生素的滥用导致细菌耐药性不断增强,给人类健康带来了巨大威胁[1].随着科技的不断发展,金属纳米材料在各个领域的应用越来越广泛.为应对抗生素耐药性问题的加剧,纳米材料在抗菌领域逐渐受到广泛关注.许多纳米材料已被证明具有优良的抗菌性能[1-2].这些抗菌纳米材料通过影响细菌细胞膜的完整性、释放抗菌金属离子、生成活性氧、抑制酶活性和DNA合成、中断能量传递等机制发挥其抗菌作用[2-3].然而,随着研究的深入,有报道指出细菌不仅会对纳米材料本身产生抗性,这些纳米材料还可能导致细菌对抗生素的耐药性的增加[4-5].通常情况下,传统抗生素耐药性的增加是多种因素共同作用的结果.抗生素的广泛使用和滥用给细菌带来了选择压力[4],使得耐药菌株取代敏感菌株,耐药基因因此得以在细菌群体中存留并传播.同时,细菌的遗传多样性及其快速突变与适应能力进一步加速了抗药性的进化,细菌可以通过基因突变或水平基因转移来获得抗生素耐药性,使得常规治疗难以有效抑制或杀灭这些病原菌[6].然而,金属纳米材料对细菌耐药的影响及其机制仍存在许多未知之处.
此外,金属纳米材料在环境领域也具有较好的应用潜能.但是,值得注意是的,金属纳米材料在生产、运输和使用过程中,不可以避免地释放至环境中,进而对抗生素耐药性产生意外影响.近年来研究表明,某些金属纳米材料(AgNPs、ZnONPs等)可以通过活性氧(ROS)诱导基因突变并增加细菌膜通透性,从而间接促进抗性基因(ARGs)的水平转移,进一步加剧细菌耐药性问题,为公共卫生带来潜在风险.因此,综述金属纳米材料暴露引起的抗生素耐药性变化,并从金属纳米材料与细菌细胞之间的相互作用、金属纳米材料诱发基因突变、金属纳米材料促进ARGs的传播扩散等方面深入探讨金属纳米材料致细菌耐药的机制,不仅有助于优化金属纳米抗菌剂的开发,还能更全面地理解全球耐药性问题,为应对抗生素耐药性提供新的思路和策略.
金属纳米材料在生产、使用和废弃处理过程中可能释放到环境,产生暴露风险.常见的纳米材料,如TiO2NPs、SiO2NPs和ZnONPs,广泛用于建筑材料、食品添加剂和防晒霜等.此外,AgNPs、CuNPs、AuNPs等金属纳米材料主要应用于医学和电子领域,在废弃处理时易进入环境.相关金属纳米材料的环境暴露浓度见表1.
纳米材料通过破坏细菌的细胞膜结构、阻断代谢过程和直接损伤细菌DNA等方式抑制细菌的生长繁殖.当与抗生素联合使用时,这些纳米材料能够增强抗菌效果,也会使细菌产生适应性变化,获得抗生素耐药性.例如,暴露于AgNPs后,大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素(如庆大霉素和卡那霉素)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)增加了2~8倍,对链霉素的MIC增加了4~16倍,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的MIC增加了4倍[15].其余纳米材料致抗生素MIC发生的变化见表2.ZnONPs处理后的铜绿假单胞菌对氯霉素和环丙沙星的MIC均显著增加.相比之下,TiO2NPs主要通过光催化抑制细菌生长,对其耐药性的影响相对较小[6-14].根据以上结果可知,金属纳米材料在带来优良抗菌效果的同时,也伴随着细菌耐药性增加这一严重问题.这表明在利用纳米材料抗菌时,需要全面评估其可能带来的负面效应,尤其是在医疗领域应用时,耐药性的产生可能会使后续感染治疗变得更为棘手.此外,不同类型的金属纳米材料对抗菌和诱导耐药性方面的表现不同.像AgNPs和ZnONPs在和抗生素联合使用时对细菌耐药性影响较大,而TiO2NPs对细菌耐药性的影响则较小.这提示未来可以进一步探索纳米材料的特性,研发出既高效抗菌又不易诱导耐药性的新型纳米材料.此外,在实际应用中,可根据不同场景选择合适的纳米材料来平衡抗菌和耐药性问题.
实际上,纳米材料的种类、尺寸、表面活性和化学特性等因素均会影响细菌的耐药性.例如,AgNPs和ZnONPs通过增加ROS的生成显著增强了大肠杆菌对抗生素的耐药性[15],而纳米ZnO则通过改变细胞膜通透性促进了ARGs的转移[16].而粒径较小的纳米颗粒(10~30nm)由于比表面积大、生物活性高,通常能更有效地穿透细菌细胞膜,引发细胞应激反应和基因突变[17].表面活性和化学特性(如表面电荷和官能团)也会通过与细菌膜的相互作用,比如阳离子聚合物功能化的纳米颗粒在奥奈达希瓦氏菌(Shewanella oneidensis)MR-1中引起了显著的膜损伤[18],此损伤可能会促进耐药基因的水平转移.而阴离子聚合物功能化的纳米颗粒对细菌细胞的影响则较为微弱[18],其对细菌耐药的影响可忽略不计.这些现象表明,不同纳米材料在细菌耐药性中的作用存在显著差异性,因此深入研究其机制对制定有效的抗耐药策略至关重要.
在金属纳米材料引起抗生素耐药性变化的研究中,主要涉及三大机制:增强细胞屏障作用;诱导基因突变;促进ARGs传播扩散.这些机制的综合作用,使金属纳米材料成为影响细菌耐药性的重要因素,对公共卫生安全构成潜在威胁.
金属纳米材料可通过多种机制增强细菌的细胞屏障作用,从而显著降低抗生素的效力(图1).这些机制包括促进生物膜形成、增厚细胞壁、凝固细胞膜以及堵塞细胞通道,以阻止抗生素渗透或进入细胞.此外,金属纳米材料增强细胞屏障的效果依赖于材料类型、浓度、暴露时间及环境条件.小粒径的纳米颗粒因较大的比表面积和高活性,能有效附着并渗透细胞膜.在高浓度和长时间暴露下,这些材料通过与细胞壁和膜的相互作用,进一步促进生物膜的形成和细胞壁增厚,从而显著提高细菌对抗生素的抵御能力.
金属纳米材料可诱导细菌形成更厚的生物膜.这种生物膜不仅能够阻挡抗生素的渗透,使抗生素难以到达目标细菌;还能为细菌提供保护,使其可以在恶劣环境下存活.例如,暴露于5mg/L TiO2NPs 400天后的大肠杆菌能够形成更致密的生物膜,从而对氨苄青霉素、四环素等抗生素产生更强的耐受性[25].此外,钯纳米颗粒(Pd@NPs)和铂纳米颗粒(Pt@NPs)处理下,铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的生物膜厚度增加了5~8μm[20].另有研究表明,AgNPs可以诱导污水处理厂活性污泥产生更多的胞外聚合物、形成更致密的生物膜[26].同样,ZnONPs(0.5~30mg/L)也能够显著促进恶臭假单胞菌KT2440生长和生物膜形成,与对照组相比,ZnONPs处理组的生物膜厚度从12.04µm增加到17.11µm,增加了42%[27].长期释放低水平ZnONPs到环境中会促进生物膜形成、增加了细菌耐药性.以上结果表明,金属纳米材料的能够通过增加细菌生物膜的厚度,抑制抗生素进入细菌体内,从而增加了细菌的抗生素耐药性.
金属纳米材料的存在还会影响细菌细胞壁合成,进一步影响细菌对抗生素的响应.例如,ZnONPs暴露可使大肠杆菌BL21的细胞壁厚度平均增加30%[28].细胞壁增厚主要由于细胞质密度和碳成分的增加,尤其是肽聚糖,导致BL21对杆菌肽(一种破坏周质肽聚糖合成的多肽抗生素)的耐药性显著提高[28-29].同样,TiO2NPs的暴露使大肠杆菌MG1655的细胞壁厚度增加,进而导致其对多种抗生素的耐药性也显著增加[25].增厚的细胞壁不仅减缓了抗生素进入细胞,而且也导致作用靶点位于细胞壁的抗生素(如万古霉素)的抗菌作用大大降低,导致金黄色葡萄球菌对抗生素的耐受性增加[29].
细菌细胞膜是细菌抵御抗生素的重要屏障,纳米材料与其相互作用,导致膜的凝固和硬化.这种变化堵塞抗生素进入细菌细胞的通道,使抗生素难以有效作用于细菌靶点.Kaweeteerawat等[15]的研究显示,用AgNPs处理过的大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄青霉素和其他抗生素表现出更高的耐药性,MIC比未经处理的细菌高出2~8倍.原因之一是,AgNPs处理细菌后,细菌细胞膜的脂肪酸组成发生变化,导致膜通透性和流动性降低,从而提高了细菌对外界环境的抗性.其他纳米材料,例如,CuNPs、AgNPs、TiO2NPs、Fe3O4NPs和ZnONPs会吸附大量离子,从而在细菌周围形成高渗透压的微环境,引起细菌外膜蛋白OmpA和OmpC的聚集,影响细菌的渗透调节能力[17-21].其中,ZnONPs在大肠杆菌上表现出较强的膜破坏能力,可导致膜结构受损、离子泄漏和细胞失活[16].另外,纳米材料的表面电荷也会影响其与细胞膜的相互作用,正电荷的纳米材料更容易与带负电荷的细菌膜结合,进一步破坏其稳定性.虽然这两种情况并没有增强细胞膜厚度,但可以使ARGs更易进行传播扩散进而影响细菌耐药性.
纳米材料还可直接堵塞细胞表面的通道,如孔蛋白,限制抗生素进入细菌细胞内部.根据报道,磷配体稳定的AuNPs能够不可逆地阻塞细胞膜表面通道[30];进入土壤中的ZnONPs和TiO2NPs一部分会黏附于植物根表,并在转运过程中与细胞屏障发生摩擦、阻塞等一系列相互作用,从而引起细胞壁、细胞膜组分破损以及胞间连丝等细胞通道的堵塞[31],虽然文中没有明确提及会阻碍抗生素进入胞内,但是我们推测这种情况与细菌耐药性应该存在相关性.
尽管以上研究表明,金属纳米材料能够通过增强细菌细胞屏障的作用使得抗生素难以进入细菌体内,从而增强其抗生素耐药性.但是,金属纳米材料与细菌细胞屏障之间的相互作用非常复杂,涉及到多个层面的相互影响.目前对于金属纳米材料如何影响细菌细胞屏障的具体分子机制、信号通路等还不完全清楚,需要进一步深入研究.此外,由于纳米材料的种类繁多,细菌的种类和生理状态也各不相同,导致不同的研究结果之间存在差异,难以建立统一的理论模型来解释纳米材料与细菌细胞屏障之间的相互作用.另外,在实际环境中,环境因素如温度、pH值、离子强度等会对纳米材料与细菌细胞屏障的相互作用产生影响.因此,后续研究需要探索金属纳米材料与细菌细胞屏障相关作用的分子机制,同时考察真实环境条件下,不同环境因子对金属纳米材料诱导细菌生物膜形成、细胞壁厚度增加等方面的影响.
金属纳米材料通过产生ROS诱导DNA损伤并引发基因突变,从而直接改变细菌遗传结构并影响耐药性,其诱导基因突变的能力与ROS生成能力、材料表面特性及环境条件密切相关.例如,金属基纳米材料(如AgNPs、ZnONPs)在较高浓度下产生活性氧,导致细菌DNA发生氧化损伤.长期暴露于低浓度纳米材料(如TiO2NPs)也会持续累积DNA损伤,逐步增强细菌耐药性.此外,纳米材料还可通过干扰群体感应等关键调控基因的表达,改变基因调节网络,从而对细菌耐药性产生间接影响[20-32].
金属纳米材料能够产生羟基自由基、单线态氧等ROS直接导致ARGs的突变.例如,Al2O3NPs和纳米ZnONPs处理大肠杆菌后,会显著增加细胞内ROS的产生,导致氧化性DNA损伤并破坏DNA结构与功能,从而触发易错SOS应答.该应答是细菌应对DNA损伤的应激反应,激活修复机制的同时,易错修复可能引发基因突变,进而加速抗生素耐药性进化与传播.在0.2mg/L纳米Al2O3和纳米ZnO胁迫下,环丙沙星耐药性大肠杆菌的突变频率分别为16.8×10-9和24.1×10-9个突变/细胞,比仅暴露于环丙沙星的菌株(8.9×10-9个突变/细胞)高2~3倍[22].而慢性暴露于0.02mg/LAg2SNPs会引发大肠杆菌基因组的不稳定性,导致多种基因突变的积累,包括代谢、调控、DNA修复(mutSYMT和uvrAB)以及重金属耐药(cusCBAcusS)等方面的基因突变.此外,s-AgNPs还促进了多药耐药基因(marAacrAacrBtolCompFompC)突变的累积[33].同时,暴露于15mg/LAgNPs的大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,其ROS含量增加到1.2×104~2×104RFUs,为未处理组的6~10倍,显著增加了DNA碱基替换或密码子移位突变的概率,表现出多药耐药性[15].
金属纳米材料还可影响ARGs调节基因的表达,从而间接影响ARGs功能.最近的研究发现,一些金属基纳米材料可以与群体感应系统(QS)中LasR蛋白的结合口袋相互作用,直接激活与细菌生物膜形成相关的QS基因表达[32].QS不仅直接调节ARGs的表达,还能通过激活可移动遗传元件(MGEs)的表达、调控细胞外DNA的降解,促进ARGs在细菌之间的水平基因转移(HGT)[34].金属纳米颗粒对QS的作用效果因材料类型而异.例如,短期暴露于AgNPs后,铜绿假单胞菌中Rhl和Las群体系统显著性增强,这两个系统与MexCD-oprJ多药耐药性外排泵密切相关[35-36],而暴露于PtNPs下则为显示类似增强效应[20].另外据报道,CuONPs或者ZnONPs的存在会增加ARGs的丰度,尤其是在消化池环境中,通过刺激信号转导和调控群体感应及菌毛合成的双组分调节系统(TCRS),进一步推动ARGs的传播.CuONPs在浓度低于1000mg/L时,通过下调铜绿假单胞菌中的mexAB-oprM外排泵基因和上调mexR调节基因来抑制多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌的生长[37].此外,铁氧化物纳米颗粒可以抑制铜绿单胞菌mexA基因的表达,而AgNPs则能够下调mexAmexB基因的表达,从而影响耐药性外排泵的活性[38].这些研究表明,金属基纳米材料可通过影响QS和耐药相关基因的表达,在耐药性调控中具有重要作用.然而实际上,细菌的QS是一个多环节的动态过程,包括信号分子的合成、分泌、积累、感知与响应等.纳米材料在这些不同环节中具体的作用机制和影响因素存在明显差异,但目前还无法完全清晰地理解.例如,有些纳米材料可能在信号分子合成阶段起作用,干扰相关酶的活性,但具体是如何干扰以及哪些酶受到影响尚不明确;在信号转导级联环节,纳米材料与细菌细胞膜或细胞内受体的相互作用方式也有待进一步研究.
金属纳米材料通过多种途径在ARGs的传播和扩散中发挥重要作用(图2).他们不仅可以作为ARGs的载体促进HGT,还能增加细胞膜通透性,从而加速ARGs的HGT.此外,金属纳米材料能在细菌细胞间架设“桥梁”,促进细菌与细菌,细菌与ARGs间的接触,促进HGT发生,影响ARGs的传播.该机制的发生通常依赖于材料的浓度、粒径及环境条件.
金属纳米材料可以作为ARGs转移的载体,增强ARGs在环境中的稳定性和传递效率.例如,Al2O3NPs作为载体介导了水体中ARGs的转导式转化[39],并通过跨膜运输携带ARGs进入细菌细胞.ZnONPs则可通过离子形式Zn2+与MCR-1结合,催化磷酸乙醇胺(PEA)转移到细菌脂质A上,使细菌对粘菌素产生耐药性[16].在腐殖酸和钙的存在下,环境中的eDNA容易吸附到纳米颗粒表面,如SiO2NPs,从而使纳米颗粒成为耐药基因的储存库,并促进这些基因被微生物吸收利用,加速耐药性的传播[40].此外,SiO2NPs还可以作为载体,将DNA和化学物质传递到植物细胞中.这些作用表明,纳米材料在环境中不仅充当ARGs的载体,还可能为ARGs提供稳定的储存于传递平台,加速耐药基因的扩散.
长期暴露于纳米材料(如纳米锌,碳纳米管)会引起细胞内的氧化应激[41],使ROS水平增加1.2~1.8倍,从而增加细胞膜通透性并促进ARGs的传播.TiO2NPs在光激发下生成的ROS可以通过氧化损伤和增强菌毛合成,促进携带卡那霉素和氨苄青霉素ARGs的噬菌体转导[42].在1mmol/L浓度下,TiO2NPs能够最大程度地促进大肠杆菌中RP4质粒介导的抗生素耐药基因水平转移[43-44].由此产生的细胞变化可能会促进HGT的频率,并有助于抗性质粒的传播[45].将铜绿假单胞菌暴露于浓度为5,50和100mg/L的ZnONPs和CuONPs时,纳米颗粒可以进入细胞内部,诱导ROS过量生成并增加细胞膜通透性,进一步促进ARGs的水平转移.且越高浓度的纳米材料会导致更多的ROS产生,细胞膜完整性进一步受损[17].此外,Cd2+和高浓度的Fe2O3NPs也通过诱导ROS积累改变细胞膜通透性,显著提高了RP4质粒从恶臭假单胞菌KT2442向水体微生物群落的接合转移频率[46].同样10mg/LAl2O3NPs也能够增加细胞内ROS水平,刺激接合转移相关基因的表达,促进了ARGs从大肠杆菌向链霉菌的接合转移,使ARGs从大肠杆菌向链霉菌的接合转移效率提高了60倍以上[47].
金属基纳米材料也可通过干扰细菌内的代谢途径影响ARGs传播.ZnONPs已被证实能够以Zn2+形式刺激ATP的生成,从而增加ARGs的转化频率[48].MoS2纳米片以剂量依赖性方式(0.5~10mg/L)加速了大肠杆菌中RP4质粒的HGT频率,其中最大转移频率比对照组高出2.07倍.同时,暴露于MoS2后细胞内ATP水平显著增加了305.7%,并伴随质粒转移基因的表达上调,进一步促进了质粒结合和土壤中ARGs丰度的增加[49].此外,高浓度CeO2NPs(50mg/L)可提高细菌的氧呼吸率,从而促进ATP的合成.ATP水平的增加不仅提升了胞外多糖(EPS)的产量,还增强了质粒基因的表达,包括参与DNA转移和复制的trfAp以及编码推动膜接合的ATPase的traG基因,显著提高了细菌的耐药性[50].
纳米材料还可在细菌细胞间架设“桥梁”,通过缩短细菌间的空间距离来促进ARGs的水平转移,从而加速ARGs在细菌群体中的传播.研究表明,接合供体细菌(或携带ARGs的移动遗传元件)与受体细菌间的空间距离是高效HGT的关键步骤[36-51].例如,Al2O3NPs粘附在细菌表面导致“接合桥”的形成,缩短了大肠杆菌与沙门氏菌属之间的空间距离,显著促进了接合转移[6].另外,纳米材料还能够诱导细菌生成更多的细胞膜外囊泡(OMVs),这些囊泡携带ARGs并与其他细菌细胞融合,进而实现基因转移[52].
目前的研究主要关注纳米材料对细菌耐药性的直接影响,但其实可以进一步研究纳米材料在环境中长期积累对ARGs传播的潜在影响.尤其是在水体、土壤和大气等自然环境中,纳米材料可能与其他污染物、微生物相互作用,形成复合污染.这些复合污染物或将进一步促进耐药性基因在微生物群体中的扩散.此外,现有的研究主要关注金属纳米材料在短期内对ARGs传播扩散的影响,而对于长期暴露下的效应研究不足.在实际环境中,金属纳米材料可能会长期存在并与细菌和ARGs相互作用,其对ARGs传播的长期影响以及可能产生的生态后果还不清楚.例如,长期暴露于金属纳米材料环境中的细菌可能会产生适应性进化,从而改变ARGs的传播方式和效率.因此,未来仍需深入研究真实环境条件下,金属纳米材料长期暴露与细菌后影响ARGs水平转移和垂直转移的内在机制.
3.1 在探究金属纳米材料对细胞屏障、基因组的影响方面,需要进一步深入.细胞屏障是细菌抵御外界有害物质的第一道防线,纳米材料可能通过各种复杂的机制与之相互作用,破坏其完整性或干扰其正常功能.而对基因组的影响则更为深远,它可能涉及到基因的突变、表达调控的改变等多种层面.通过先进的分子生物学技术,如基因测序、转录组分析、蛋白组学研究等,全面解析引起耐药进化的分子机制.这一研究方向对于设计低毒、环保型抗菌纳米材料具有不可估量的重要意义.只有深入理解纳米材料与细菌细胞之间在分子水平上的相互作用,才能够有针对性地对纳米材料进行改性或设计全新的纳米结构,使其在抗菌应用中既能有效杀灭细菌,又不会诱导耐药性的产生,同时减少对环境和人体健康可能造成的负面影响.
3.2 在探究真实环境条件下,金属纳米材料长期暴露诱导细菌耐药的分子机制,并考察不同环境因子对该机制的影响及各自贡献程度.
3.3 未来需开展联合作用机制方面的研究.在自然环境和生物体内,微生物通常会同时接触到多种因素,如金属纳米材料与其他污染物、抗生素等的联合作用.然而,目前对于金属纳米材料与其他因素联合诱导微生物耐药的机制研究还不够深入,难以准确评估它们的综合影响.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22076167; U21A20292)
  • 浙江省大学生科技创新活动计划(1260KZN0224073G)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-26
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国家自然科学基金项目(22076167; U21A20292)
浙江省大学生科技创新活动计划(1260KZN0224073G)
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    1.浙江工商大学环境科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310012
    2.浙江工商大学统计与数学学院,浙江 杭州 310012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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