Article(id=1241057212378968741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725292800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820697158, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820697158, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820697158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820697158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2671, endPage=2680, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057213054251722, articleId=1241057212378968741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Pollution characterization and priority pollutant identification in Shanghai’s typical fine chemical industry, columnId=1234106389669409584, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Soil Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the monitoring data of 47 typical fine chemical in-process sites in Shanghai, the pollution of soil and groundwater in this industry was analyzed, the health risk of pollutants was evaluated, and high-priority pollutants were screened. The findings revealed that the industries with the highest pollution risk were those involved in basic chemical raw material manufacturing, pesticide manufacturing, paint and similar product manufacturing, and specialty chemical product manufacturing, collectively representing 70% of the contaminated sites. In comparison, the chemical raw material manufacturing industry exhibited a pollution risk of 54.55%, while the daily chemical products manufacturing industry showed the lowest pollution risk(0%). The most frequently detected contaminants in the soil and groundwater included arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH), which were present at relatively low concentrations. In contrast, benzene derivatives(BTEXs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and most chlorinated hydrocarbons(CAHs)were detected in small areas of certain sites, indicating more severe contamination levels. Furthermore, cyanides, antimony, manganese, and tetrachloroethylene were found in larger areas of certain sites, representing the highest contamination levels. The pollution profile of the basic chemical raw material manufacturing industry was the most complex, involving cyanide, antimony, arsenic, manganese, mercury, CAHs, PAHs, and TPH. On the other hand, pesticide manufacturing, paint and similar product manufacturing, and specialty chemical product manufacturing industries were primarily contaminated by CAHs and BTEXs. A notable observation was the evident soil-water compound pollution phenomenon involving chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzenes. Through comprehensive environmental exposure and human health risk assessments, the following were identified as high-priority soil pollutants: arsenic, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzo[a]pyrene, antimony, vanadium, trichloroethylene, lead, carbon tetrachloride, and naphthalene. For groundwater, the high-priority pollutants included trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, cyanide,1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, methylene chloride, nickel, antimony, manganese and trichloroethylene.

, correspAuthors=Fang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-mei YE, Fang LIU, Jie YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057215835075492, articleId=1241057212378968741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=上海市典型精细化工场地污染特征及优先污染物甄别, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于上海市47个典型精细化工在产企业的监测数据,系统分析土壤和地下水的污染特征,评估污染物的健康风险,并筛选优先污染物.结果表明:污染风险最高的行业为基础化学原料制造、农药制造、涂料及类似产品制造和专用化学产品制造,污染地块占比超70%,其次为化学药品原料制造业(54.55%),日用化学品制造业污染风险最低(0%).土壤或地下水中普遍检出的污染物为砷、铅、汞、镍、锌和石油烃,污染程度较轻.苯系物、多环芳烃和多数氯代烃在部分地块中小范围检出,污染较重.氰化物、锑、锰、四氯乙烯在部分地块中大范围检出,污染最重.基础化学原料制造业污染最复杂,包括氰化物、锑、砷、锰、汞、氯代烃、多环芳烃和总石油烃等污染物.农药制造、涂料及类似产品制造、专用化学产品制造等行业的主要污染物为氯代烃和苯系物.化学药品原料制造业污染较轻,主要污染物为砷、铅、氯代烃.氯代烃和苯系物存在明显的水土复合污染现象.综合评估污染物的环境暴露和人体健康风险,明确土壤高优先级污染物为砷、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯并[a]芘、锑、钒、三氯乙烯、铅、四氯化碳和萘,地下水高优先级污染物为三氯甲烷、四氯乙烯、氰化物、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、二氯甲烷、镍、锑、锰和三氯乙烯.

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* 责任作者,高级工程师,
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叶春梅(1995-),女,四川泸州人,工程师,硕士,主要从事有机污染场地土壤修复研究.发表论文10余篇..

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叶春梅(1995-),女,四川泸州人,工程师,硕士,主要从事有机污染场地土壤修复研究.发表论文10余篇..

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叶春梅(1995-),女,四川泸州人,工程师,硕士,主要从事有机污染场地土壤修复研究.发表论文10余篇..

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Toxicology And Environmental Health Sciences202416(1):99-105., articleTitle=The study of genotoxicity and immunotoxicity in workers occupationally exposed to cyanide, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057237125362413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=47, issue=1, pageStart=100, pageEnd=106, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=68, authorNames=董敏刚, 张建荣, 罗飞, journalName=土壤, refType=null, unstructuredReference=董敏刚,张建荣,罗飞,等. 我国南方某典型有机化工污染场地土壤与地下水健康风险评估[J]. 土壤201547(1):100-106., articleTitle=我国南方某典型有机化工污染场地土壤与地下水健康风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057237267968758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=47, issue=1, pageStart=100, pageEnd=106, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=69, authorNames=Dong M G, Zhang J R, Luo F, journalName=Soil, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong M GZhang J RLuo F,et al. Health risk assessment of soil and groundwater for a typical organic chemical contaminated site in southern China [J]. Soil201547(1):100-106., articleTitle=Health risk assessment of soil and groundwater for a typical organic chemical contaminated site in southern China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057237368632064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=51, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=70, authorNames=Ye B, Jeong B, Lee M J, journalName=Nano Convergence, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ye BJeong BLee M J,et al. Recent trends in vanadium-based SCR catalysts for NOx reduction in industrial applications: stationary sources[J]. Nano Convergence20229(1):51., articleTitle=Recent trends in vanadium-based SCR catalysts for NOx reduction in industrial applications: stationary sources, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057237452518155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=917, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=71, authorNames=Xu D, Wang Z, Tan X., journalName=Science of The Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu DWang ZTan X.,et al. Integrated assessment of the pollution and risk of heavy metals in soils near chemical industry parks along the middle Yangtze River[J]. Science of The Total Environment2024917:170431., articleTitle=Integrated assessment of the pollution and risk of heavy metals in soils near chemical industry parks along the middle Yangtze River, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057237599318808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=1249, pageEnd=1263, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=72, authorNames=Peng H, Guo J, Li B., journalName=Environmental Chemistry Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Peng HGuo JLi B.,et al. Vanadium properties,toxicity,mineral sources and extraction methods: A review[J]. 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C261-基础化学原料制造,C263-农药制造,C264-涂料及类似产品制造,C266-专用化学产品制造,C268-日用化学品制造,C271-化学药品原料制造

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TCE-三氯乙烯,PCE-四氯乙烯,NaP-萘,BbF-苯并[b]荧蒽,BaP-苯并[a]芘,BaA-苯并[a]蒽,DCM-二氯甲烷;最大超标倍数差异过大,取log(10)呈现,小于1的值按1计

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最大超标倍数差异过大,取log(10)呈现,小于1的值按1计

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Number of industrial plots and samples

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行业类型行业代码地块(个)土壤样本(个)地下水样本(个)
表层包气带饱和带累计
基础化学原料制造C261888906224050
农药制造C2631068693617341
涂料及类似产品制造C2641077764619943
专用化学产品制造C26642727177114
日用化学品制造C26843737189218
化学药品原料制造C2711197976125551
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221962953219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

行业地块数量及样本量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行业类型行业代码地块(个)土壤样本(个)地下水样本(个)
表层包气带饱和带累计
基础化学原料制造C261888906224050
农药制造C2631068693617341
涂料及类似产品制造C2641077764619943
专用化学产品制造C26642727177114
日用化学品制造C26843737189218
化学药品原料制造C2711197976125551
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Contaminants with non-carcinogenic risks in the soil and groundwater

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介质污染物非致癌风险指数地块数(块)行业类型
表层土壤As1.191C261
Sb1.821
V1.191C266
下层土壤三氯乙烯1.251C266
地下水氰化物2.811C261
四氯乙烯4.32~5.392
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222235583008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土壤和地下水中存在非致癌风险的污染物

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介质污染物非致癌风险指数地块数(块)行业类型
表层土壤As1.191C261
Sb1.821
V1.191C266
下层土壤三氯乙烯1.251C266
地下水氰化物2.811C261
四氯乙烯4.32~5.392
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Contaminants with potentially carcinogenic risks in the soil and groundwater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质污染物致癌风险指数地块数(块)行业类型
表层土壤As1.45×10-5~7.47×10-54C261、C263、C266
Co1.05×10-6~1.55×10-62C261、C266
V1.07×10-51C266
苯并[a]芘4.01×10-6~1.06×10-54C261、C266
苯并[b]荧蒽1.71×10-61C61
二苯并[a,h]蒽1.53×10-51C261
下层土壤三氯甲烷5.23×10-51C261
四氯化碳1.64×10-51C261
1,2-二氯乙烷8.41×10-6~1.56×10-52C263
氯乙烯1.96×10-61C266
乙苯1.74×10-6~6.40×10-62C264、C266
二苯并[a,h]蒽1.73×10-61C261
三氯乙烯1.11×10-61C266
地下水三氯甲烷6.85×10-6~7.89×10-52C261
四氯乙烯4.72×10-6~6.08×10-63C261
1,2-二氯乙烷2.88×10-61C261
1.25×10-61C263
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222453686849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土壤和地下水中存在潜在致癌风险的污染物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质污染物致癌风险指数地块数(块)行业类型
表层土壤As1.45×10-5~7.47×10-54C261、C263、C266
Co1.05×10-6~1.55×10-62C261、C266
V1.07×10-51C266
苯并[a]芘4.01×10-6~1.06×10-54C261、C266
苯并[b]荧蒽1.71×10-61C61
二苯并[a,h]蒽1.53×10-51C261
下层土壤三氯甲烷5.23×10-51C261
四氯化碳1.64×10-51C261
1,2-二氯乙烷8.41×10-6~1.56×10-52C263
氯乙烯1.96×10-61C266
乙苯1.74×10-6~6.40×10-62C264、C266
二苯并[a,h]蒽1.73×10-61C261
三氯乙烯1.11×10-61C266
地下水三氯甲烷6.85×10-6~7.89×10-52C261
四氯乙烯4.72×10-6~6.08×10-63C261
1,2-二氯乙烷2.88×10-61C261
1.25×10-61C263
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222638236238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

High-priority contaminants in the soil and groundwater

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得分排序土壤地下水
污染物综合得分污染物综合得分
1As68.86三氯甲烷59.60
2三氯甲烷53.51四氯乙烯59.60
31,2-二氯乙烷41.18氰化物58.98
4苯并[a]芘38.521,2-二氯乙烷45.54
5Sb37.0527.58
6V33.05二氯甲烷25.82
7三氯乙烯30.70Ni23.89
8Pb28.06Sb22.33
9四氯化碳22.37Mn21.87
1018.84三氯乙烯20.61
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222776648294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212378968741, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土壤和地下水中高优先级污染物

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得分排序土壤地下水
污染物综合得分污染物综合得分
1As68.86三氯甲烷59.60
2三氯甲烷53.51四氯乙烯59.60
31,2-二氯乙烷41.18氰化物58.98
4苯并[a]芘38.521,2-二氯乙烷45.54
5Sb37.0527.58
6V33.05二氯甲烷25.82
7三氯乙烯30.70Ni23.89
8Pb28.06Sb22.33
9四氯化碳22.37Mn21.87
1018.84三氯乙烯20.61
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上海市典型精细化工场地污染特征及优先污染物甄别
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叶春梅 1, 2 , 刘芳 1, 2, * , 杨洁 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2671-2680
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2671-2680
上海市典型精细化工场地污染特征及优先污染物甄别
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叶春梅1, 2 , 刘芳1, 2, * , 杨洁1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.上海市环境科学研究院,上海 200233
  • 2.生态环境部城市土壤污染控制与修复工程技术中心,上海 200233
  • 叶春梅(1995-),女,四川泸州人,工程师,硕士,主要从事有机污染场地土壤修复研究.发表论文10余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,高级工程师,
Pollution characterization and priority pollutant identification in Shanghai’s typical fine chemical industry
Chun-mei YE1, 2 , Fang LIU1, 2, * , Jie YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanghai Academy of Environmental Science, Shanghai 200233, China
  • 2.Ministry of Ecology and Environment Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai 200233, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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基于上海市47个典型精细化工在产企业的监测数据,系统分析土壤和地下水的污染特征,评估污染物的健康风险,并筛选优先污染物.结果表明:污染风险最高的行业为基础化学原料制造、农药制造、涂料及类似产品制造和专用化学产品制造,污染地块占比超70%,其次为化学药品原料制造业(54.55%),日用化学品制造业污染风险最低(0%).土壤或地下水中普遍检出的污染物为砷、铅、汞、镍、锌和石油烃,污染程度较轻.苯系物、多环芳烃和多数氯代烃在部分地块中小范围检出,污染较重.氰化物、锑、锰、四氯乙烯在部分地块中大范围检出,污染最重.基础化学原料制造业污染最复杂,包括氰化物、锑、砷、锰、汞、氯代烃、多环芳烃和总石油烃等污染物.农药制造、涂料及类似产品制造、专用化学产品制造等行业的主要污染物为氯代烃和苯系物.化学药品原料制造业污染较轻,主要污染物为砷、铅、氯代烃.氯代烃和苯系物存在明显的水土复合污染现象.综合评估污染物的环境暴露和人体健康风险,明确土壤高优先级污染物为砷、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯并[a]芘、锑、钒、三氯乙烯、铅、四氯化碳和萘,地下水高优先级污染物为三氯甲烷、四氯乙烯、氰化物、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、二氯甲烷、镍、锑、锰和三氯乙烯.

精细化工  /  土壤  /  地下水  /  污染特征  /  空间分布  /  优先污染物

Based on the monitoring data of 47 typical fine chemical in-process sites in Shanghai, the pollution of soil and groundwater in this industry was analyzed, the health risk of pollutants was evaluated, and high-priority pollutants were screened. The findings revealed that the industries with the highest pollution risk were those involved in basic chemical raw material manufacturing, pesticide manufacturing, paint and similar product manufacturing, and specialty chemical product manufacturing, collectively representing 70% of the contaminated sites. In comparison, the chemical raw material manufacturing industry exhibited a pollution risk of 54.55%, while the daily chemical products manufacturing industry showed the lowest pollution risk(0%). The most frequently detected contaminants in the soil and groundwater included arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH), which were present at relatively low concentrations. In contrast, benzene derivatives(BTEXs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and most chlorinated hydrocarbons(CAHs)were detected in small areas of certain sites, indicating more severe contamination levels. Furthermore, cyanides, antimony, manganese, and tetrachloroethylene were found in larger areas of certain sites, representing the highest contamination levels. The pollution profile of the basic chemical raw material manufacturing industry was the most complex, involving cyanide, antimony, arsenic, manganese, mercury, CAHs, PAHs, and TPH. On the other hand, pesticide manufacturing, paint and similar product manufacturing, and specialty chemical product manufacturing industries were primarily contaminated by CAHs and BTEXs. A notable observation was the evident soil-water compound pollution phenomenon involving chlorinated hydrocarbons and benzenes. Through comprehensive environmental exposure and human health risk assessments, the following were identified as high-priority soil pollutants: arsenic, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzo[a]pyrene, antimony, vanadium, trichloroethylene, lead, carbon tetrachloride, and naphthalene. For groundwater, the high-priority pollutants included trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, cyanide,1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, methylene chloride, nickel, antimony, manganese and trichloroethylene.

fine chemicals  /  soil  /  groundwater  /  contamination characteristics  /  spatial distribution  /  priority pollutants
叶春梅, 刘芳, 杨洁. 上海市典型精细化工场地污染特征及优先污染物甄别. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2671 -2680 .
Chun-mei YE, Fang LIU, Jie YANG. Pollution characterization and priority pollutant identification in Shanghai’s typical fine chemical industry[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2671 -2680 .
精细化工产业辐射面广、技术含量高、产品附加值高,是传统石油化工产业结构升级调整的重要发展方向[1-3].在国家政策和资金的支持及市场需求的引导下,我国精细化工产业呈现出快速发展的趋势[4-5].然而,产业快速发展同时伴随着土壤和地下水的潜在污染风险.精细化工产业涵盖化学原料、中间体、农药、医药等数十种门类,涉及大量无机物、以及挥发/半挥发性有机物的应用,而且工艺过程大量使用新材料、新技术,导致潜在风险因素日益增多,是企业安全生产的重要隐患[6-9].
近年来,国内针对精细化工场所的废水、大气、地下水和土壤等介质的污染特征进行了大量研究.杭州湾南岸典型精细化工园区的22个企业的废水和污泥中可吸附有机卤素的去除效率和流向的研究发现,该园区每年有机卤素的排放量达160t,而处理设施的去除效率不到35%,最终超过105t/a的可吸附有机卤素进入自然环境[10].长三角某精细化工园区大气长期监测结果表明,该园区内总挥发性有机物的平均浓度约为1.7×10-6[11],远高于许多城市地区(5.2×10-8[12-13].有研究对长三角地区20个农药生产场所土壤和地下水中的有机污染物进行了分析,发现约88个有机化学物质超过区域筛选值,污染深度最深达24m[14].上述研究表明精细化工场所的污染问题亟需重视,而探明土壤和地下水系统中污染物的复杂组成和空间分布是控制和减少环境污染水平的必要步骤.
目前,精细化工场所的污染状况调查分析主要集中部分污染介质或特定目标污染物[15-17],缺乏对土壤和地下水系统中污染物的系统分析.因此,本文选取上海市47个典型精细化工行业的在产地块为研究对象,识别了土壤和地下水中的关键污染物,统计了土壤和地下水中污染物的检出、超标情况,分析了土壤和地下水的污染程度以及污染物的空间分布特征,评估了污染物的人体健康风险,并筛选了土壤和地下水中的高优先级污染物,以期为精细化工行业土壤和地下水中优先控制的污染物的筛选提供参考.
上海市位于我国东部的长江三角洲(30°40′~31°53′N,121°52′~122°12′E),是典型的三角洲沉积平原.该地区土壤结构由上至下可分为人工填土层(0~1.8m)、粉质粘土层(1.5~1.8m)、淤泥质粉质粘土层(1.6~6.0m),水位埋深在0.5~1.5m之间[18-20].研究场地分布于宝山、嘉定、青浦、金山、松江、浦东、奉贤和闵行8个区,具体位置见图1.
在47个场地内共采集了217个地下水样品和1030个土壤样品,其中表层、包气带、饱和带的土壤样品数量分别为394、396和240个.采样工作按照“关于印发《重点行业企业用地调查质量保证与质量控制技术规定(试行)》的通知(环办土壤函〔2017〕1896号)”进行.根据《国民经济行业分类》(GB/T 4754-2017)[21]将场地划分为6个行业类型,具体数量及其对应的土壤和地下水样本量详细列于表1.土壤样品的采集深度分为表层(-50~0cm)、包气带(地下水位~-50cm)和饱和带(地下水位以下).地下水样品则采集自监测井,开筛深度为-6~-1m.土壤样品的检测项目包括《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600-2018)[22]表1表2的85项物质,各项检测均按照GB 36600-2018表3中规定的检测方法执行.地下水样品的检测项目为《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)[23]表1表2中的部分物质,包括氰化物、氟化物、重金属、氯代烃(CAHs)、氯苯类(CBs)、苯系物(BTEXs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、酯类、多氯联苯、农药等60项物质,各项检测均按照GB/T 14848-2017中表B.1中推荐的检测方法执行.
根据《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3-2019)[24]提供的风险评估模型,对土壤和地下水中污染物进行人体健康风险评估.评估过程中,分别选取单个地块的土壤表层、下层(包气带和饱和带)以及地下水中污染物的检出的最高值作为最大暴露浓度进行风险评价.鉴于研究场地均为在产企业,暴露受体设定为成人.地下水污染物的暴露途径为呼吸吸入空气中来自地下水的气态污染物,表层土壤的暴露途径为皮肤接触、口腔摄入、呼吸摄入土壤颗粒物、呼吸摄入空气中来自表层土的气态污染物,下层土壤的暴露途径为呼吸摄入空气中来自下层土的气态污染物.模型中参数的取值参考HJ 25.3-2019的推荐值与USEPA的综合风险信息系统的相关值[25-26].
采用多指标、定量化的综合评分法[27-28]对污染物的优先级进行评估.评估标准为环境暴露和人体健康风险两大类.环境暴露评分包括污染物的最大超标倍数和检出率两个指标,检出率得分为地块检出率和样本检出率得分的均值.人体健康风险评分包括致癌和非致癌风险两个指标,污染物浓度选用最大值.各项指标按照等比级数法划分为五个等级,随后采用一种非参数统计方法((2/3)累计秩和比法[29])进行赋分,以消除极端值、异常值的干扰,确保统计结果的可靠性.在评分体系中,对各项指标赋予相同权重以避免人为的判断偏差,每项指标满分25分,综合得分为四项指标得分的累加总和.
土壤污染物的评价标准参照GB 36600-2018中的第一类用地筛选值,地下水污染物的标准值参照GB/T 14848-2017中Ⅳ类水的限值.
土壤和地下水中污染物的地块检出率(DF)、样本检出率(DR)和最大超标倍数(ME)分别参考公式(1)、(2)、(3)计算.
式中:DFi为污染物i的地块检出率,Cis指在污染物i在地块s内的最大浓度,N为地块总数,47块;DRi为污染物i的检出率,Cij指在污染物i在样本j内的最大浓度,Ni指检测污染物i的总样本量;MEi为污染物i的最大超标倍数,SVi指污染物i检测的标准值.
对于获得的各项数据,利用Excel 2020进行整理和分析,利用ArcGIS 10.8完成地理分布图的绘制,并利用RStudio 3.6.1等完成热图、气泡图和箱线图等图形的绘制.
研究地块中存在污染的地块占比达63.8%,表明精细化工地块存在污染的概率较大.土壤与地下水复合污染、单一土壤污染和单一地下水污染的地块的占比分别为23.4%、8.5%、31.9%.图2展示了不同行业地块的污染情况.6个行业中有5个存在污染现象,其中基础化学原料制造、农药制造、涂料及类似产品制造、专用化学产品制造等行业的污染地块较多,占比高达70.0%~80.0%,显示出极高的污染可能性.专用化学产品制造业的地块全部为土壤和地下水的复合污染,基础化学原料制造业的地块水土复合污染概率最高(约37.5%),农药制造和涂料及类似产品制造业的地块则是单一地下水污染概率更高(约40.0%).化学药品原料制造业污染地块占比为54.6%,单一地下水污染地块占45.5%,表明该行业存在较高的污染风险,且大概率为单一地下水污染.日用化学品制造业的地块中未发现土壤或地下水污染物超标情况,表明该行业的污染可能性相对较小.
图3展示了土壤和地下水中污染物的检出和超标情况,共检测出64种物质,其中35种在在两种介质中均有检出,17种仅在土壤中检出,13种仅在地下水中检出.在这些物质中,共33种物质超过相应的土壤或地下水标准值,包括CAHs、BTEXs、PAHs、CBs和石油烃(TPH)等22种有机物,以及氰化物、氟化物、重金属(砷(As)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、锑(Sb)、钴(Co)、钒(V)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn))等11种无机物.在土壤和地下水中均发现超标的物质有As、Pb、Sb、Ni,以及CAHs、BTEXs等12种.土壤中特有的超标物质包括Co、V、PAHs、TPH等11种,而地下水中特有的超标物质则包括氰化物、氟化物、Mn、Zn、CAHs、BTEXs和CBs等9种.
土壤中超标物质的地块检出率、样本检出率、最大超标倍数如图4(a)所示.设定地块检出率和样本检出率为50%,可将数据划分为4个象限.第一象限的污染物包括As、Pb、Hg、Ni和TPH,除TPH外(地块检出率85%,样本检出率58.29%)其他物质在所有地块的所有样本中具有检出,结果表明这些物质可能在精细化工地块土壤中普遍存在.但这些物质标倍数均低于5倍,污染程度相对较轻.第二象限的污染物包括Sb、Co、V,它们之间的关联性较强,检出地块完全一致,地块检出率为23.40%,但钴和钒的样本检出率达100%,而锑的样本检出率为69.14%.其中Sb的污染较重,最大超标倍数达15.10倍,而Co和V的污染较轻,超标倍数低于1倍.第三象限污染物包括CAHs、BTEXs、PAHs,这些物质的地块检出率低于50%,样本检出率低于30%,表明它们仅在特定地块的较小范围内存在.但这些物质中约58%的物质最大超标倍数在10倍以上,污染较重.PAHs中苯并[a]芘、苯并[b]荧蒽、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘的污染较重,最大超标倍数分别为304.45、53.62、26.27、11.02倍.在CAHs中三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳污染较重,最大超标倍数分别为117.67、53.62、11.00倍.在BTEXs中乙苯污染最重,最大超标倍数达31.36倍.
地下水中超标物质的地块检出率、样本检出率、最大超标倍数如图4(b)所示.设定地块检出率和样本检出率为50%,可将数据划分为四个象限.第一象限的污染物包括Pb、Ni、As、Zn,地块检出率在60%以上,样本检出率在82.59%~98.10%之间,表明这些污染物在地下水中普遍存在.但这些物质的污染程度相对较轻,最大超标倍数在0.80~5.60倍之间.第二象限的污染物包括氰化物、氟化物、Mn、Sb、氯苯和两种CAHs(四氯乙烯和1,2-二氯乙烷),地块检出率低于35%,样本检出率在52.38%~100%之间,表明它们在特定地块的地下水中大范围存在.除氯苯(3.53倍)和氟化物(2.25倍)外,该象限物质的污染均较重,最大超标倍数在62.07~1509.00之间.第三象限的污染物包括BTEXs和大部分CAHs,地块检出率在35%以下,样本检出率在50%以下,表明它们仅在存在于特定地块的特定区域.但这些物质中约64%的物质最大超标倍数在10倍以上,污染较重. BTEXs中乙苯和二甲苯污染较为严重,最大超标倍数分别为190.67和8.93倍. CAHs中三氯甲烷、四氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯等污染较重,最大超标倍数分别为365.67、57.67、23.87、15.26和13.29倍.
不同行业地块中土壤和地下水污染物超标情况如图5所示.基础化学原料制造业是所有行业中污染最复杂、污染最重的行业,共检出14种污染物超标.其中,氰化物、Sb、As、Mn、Hg、CAHs、PAHs、TPH的最高浓度均在该行业中发现.这些污染物中,氰化物、Sb、Mn、CAHs和PAHs的污染尤为严重,在土壤或地下水中最大超标倍数在15.10~1509.00倍之间.据报道,化学原料制造业涉及重金属和多种有机物复合污染[30],是工业黑炭、挥发性有机物等排放的重要来源[31-32].我国长三角和珠三角的96个污染地块的调查研究也证实,化学原料及化学品制造业存在较高污染风险[33].上述结果表明,有必要进一步加强对基础化学原料制造业的环境监管.专用化学产品制造、农药制造和涂料及类似产品制造等行业中的超标污染物种类较少(6~9种),主要的重污染物为CAHs、BTEXs、PAHs,最大超标倍数分别为53.62,190.67和14.25倍.这些污染物是典型的化工场地特征污染物,通常源于化工生产过程中原辅材料的泄漏和挥发[34].相关研究同样报道了农药、涂料等生产场地中普遍存在的污染物为BTEXs和CAHs,而非其生产原料,这一现象主要归因于这两类物质在生产过程中作为活性成分和加工助剂的被广泛应用[14,35].化学药品原料制造业是污染种类最简单,污染程度最轻的行业,虽然该行业的地块污染概率达到了54.6%(图2),但仅涉及5种污染物超标,且其超标倍数均低于2倍.
基于污染物在地块中的中位值,通过反权重插值法对47个地块的土壤污染物数据进行插值,分析精细化工土壤中污染物的空间分布(图6).As、Pb、Hg、Ni等重金属在所有地块中均有检出,但As、Ni仅存在小范围高值区域,Pb、Hg仅在研究区域北侧存在相对高值.Sb、Co、V的检出关联性强,分布趋势具有相似性,呈现复合污染的现象.Sb、Co、V是组成流体催化裂化催化剂的重要原料[36],土壤中Sb、Co、V污染可能是催化剂使用或管理不当导致的.CAHs和BTEXs高值区域在研究区域中部大量重合,两者还分别在南部和西南部存在高值区域.TPHs的检出率高,高值范围也较大,主要分布在研究区域北部和中部,PAHs的高值区域与北部TPHs的高值区域基本重合,重合地块行业类型为基础化学原料制造业.
基于污染物在地块中的中位值,通过反权重插值法对47个地块的地下水污染物数据进行插值,分析精细化工地下水中污染物的空间分布(图7).Pb、Ni、As、Zn在地块和样本中检出率均较高,As仅在研究区域东部和南部存在局部高值,Pb、Ni、As的分布规律相似,高值区域集中在西北部和东南部,说明它们可能存在较强的相关性.氰化物、氟化物、Mn、Sb、CBs等污染物大范围存在于检出地块中,其中Mn在研究区域东部出现大范围高值,氰化物在北部出现局部高值,Sb、CBs分布规律相似,高值区域集中在中部,氟化物除了和Sb、CBs有相似的分布规律外,在西南部也存在相对高值的分布,推测氟化物、Sb、CBs可能存在一定相关性.地下水中BTEXs和CAHs的高值区域与土壤中分布大致相同,BTEXs集中在研究区域西南部和中部,CAHs集中在中部和南部,表明这两种污染物大概率是水土复合污染.
土壤和地下水中存在潜在非致癌风险(非致癌风险指数>1[37])的污染物如表2所示.总体而言,存在潜在非致癌风险的污染物主要为As、Sb、V、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯和氰化物.其中,As、Sb、V仅在基础化学品制造场地的表层土壤中存在致癌风险.三氯乙烯仅在基础化学品制造场地的下层土壤中存在致癌风险.三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯仅在专用化学品制造场地的地下水存在致癌风险.
土壤和地下水中存在潜在非致癌风险(致癌风险指数>10−6[38])的污染物如表3所示.表层土壤致癌风险的顺序依次为As>Co>V>苯并[a]芘>二苯并[a,h]蒽>苯并[b]荧蒽.下层土壤致癌风险的顺序依次为三氯甲烷>四氯化碳>1,2-二氯乙烷>乙烯>乙苯>二苯并[a,h]蒽>三氯乙烯.地下水中为三氯甲烷>四氯乙烯>1,2-二氯乙烷>苯.其中,As是所有污染物中致癌风险最大的物质,而且在基础化学原料制造、涂料及类似产品制造、专用化学产品制造等3个行业的地块表层土壤中均存在潜在致癌风险,亟需引起关注.从行业类型来看,大多数存在潜在致癌风险的污染物所在地块均为基础化学品制造和专用化学品制造两个行业,表明这两个行业需要重点监管.总体而言,上述存在潜在致癌风险的污染物的致癌风险指数均小于10-4,表明这些污染物虽然存在潜在致癌风险,但均在可接受范围内[39].
通过综合评分法对污染物的优先级进行评分,识别精细化工行业危害严重的优先污染物.将土壤和地下水中综合得分前10的污染物定义为高优先级污染物,结果如表4所示.三氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烷、三氯甲烷等CAHs和Sb在土壤和地下水中均为高优先级的污染物,并且综合得分较高. CAHs是重要的化工原料,被广泛用作溶剂、清洗剂、脱脂剂和有机合成中间体[40-42].土壤和地下水中一半以上的高优先级污染物均为CAHs,尽管大多数CAHs的检出率均不高,但其污染程度较重、对人体健康影响较大,值得优先关注.Sb是制造阻燃剂和催化剂的重要原料[43],其化学特性、潜在毒性和致癌机制与As相似[44].虽然Sb的地块检出率低,但其样本检出率高、污染程度重,需要重点关注.土壤中重金属As的综合得分最高. As在有机原料制造、染涂料和农药制造等领域广泛使用[45],具有极强的毒性,长期暴露会导致多种脏器损伤,甚至癌变[46].As在所有地块的土壤中均有检出,值得高度关注.地下水中氰化物的综合得分仅次于三氯甲烷和四氯乙烯.氰化物作为典型的剧毒物质[47],在精细化工行业中主要用作化学中间体如氰醇、丙烯腈、硫氰酸盐等[48-49].氰化物的样本检出率高,污染重,同样需要重点关注.苯并[a]芘和苯分别在土壤和地下水中具有较高的综合得分.它们是化工生产过中常见的原辅料[50],具有较强的毒性,虽然地块检出率不高,但污染程度较重,需要引起关注.重金属Pb、Ni、Mn、V的在土壤或地下水中的综合得分相对较低.这些重金属主要被用作于化工原料或催化剂[51-52].Pb、Ni、Mn土壤或地下水中普遍检出,Pb污染轻但健康风险较大,Ni、Mn污染较重但健康风险较小. V仅在部分地块中被大量检出,污染较轻但存在较大健康风险.据报道,急性V中毒可导致心脏、肾脏、胃肠道和中枢神经系统受损[53].因此,这些重金属也应受到关注.
3.1 精细化工行业污染风险存在显著行业差异性,需实施差异化防控策略.基础化学原料制造、农药制造、涂料及类似产品制造和专用化学产品制造等行业污染风险最高,其污染地块占比超过70%;化学原料制造行业污染风险次之,污染地块占比为54.55%;日用化学品制造行业的污染风险最低,暂未发现污染地块.
3.2 精细化工行业地块污染呈现典型的无机-有机复合污染特征,As、Pb、Hg、Ni、Zn、TPH等污染物普遍存在但污染程度较轻;BTEXs、PAHs和多数CAHs呈现局部高浓度污染特征;氰化物、Sb、Mn、四氯乙烯则表现出大范围重度污染特征.从行业来看,基础化学原料制造业污染最为严重且复杂,主要特征污染物为氰化物、Sb、As、Mn、Hg、CAHs、PAHs和TPH;农药制造、涂料及类似产品制造、专用化学产品制造等行业次之,以CAHs和BTEXs污染为主;化学药品原料制造业污染相对较轻,主要污染物为As、Pb和CAHs.
3.3 精细化工行业地块呈现出显著的多污染物-多介质复合污染特征.在土壤介质中,Sb、Co、V呈现协同污染特征.在地下水介质中,Zn-Ni-Pb以及氟化物-Pb-CBs组合均呈现出明显的复合污染特征.值得注意的是,CAHs和BTEXs在土壤-地下水系统中呈现出明显的水土复合污染特征.
3.4 基于污染物检出情况、污染程度及健康风险评估结果,确定了精细化工行业需要优先关注的污染物.在土壤环境中,应重点关注As、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯并[a]芘、Sb、V、三氯乙烯、Pb、四氯化碳和萘.在地下水环境中,需重点关注三氯甲烷、四氯乙烯、氰化物、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、二氯甲烷、Ni、Sb、Mn和三氯乙烯.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3709601)
  • 2022年东方英才计划领军项目(第十六批上海领军人才,编号135)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3709601)
2022年东方英才计划领军项目(第十六批上海领军人才,编号135)
作者信息
    1.上海市环境科学研究院,上海 200233
    2.生态环境部城市土壤污染控制与修复工程技术中心,上海 200233

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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