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Under the synergistic advancement of global climate governance and China's "Dual Carbon" strategy, the development of forestry carbon sink systems urgently required breakthroughs in carbon quantification bottlenecks within seedling production. Edible raw material forests played an important role in improving the ecological environment and increasing economic growth, and estimating the carbon footprint of seedling production was crucial for assessing the carbon sink of forestry. By surveying existing star anise nursery operations for primary data in Guangxi, a new process-based life cycle inventory(LCI)dataset an 8cm×12cm star anise seedling of a typical edible raw material forest production system was created, covering three stages from seed collection to the transportation of seedlings to retailers. Incorporating the new LCI data into life cycle assessment(LCA)method, the total global warming(GW)impact of a star anise seedling was 0.145kgCO2e, of which energy and materials consumption constituted 57.2% and 28.8% of total emissions. Electricity use is dominated by irrigation demands(75.9%)and water was estimated to be just over half of these emissions(60%). Among the production activities, the total environmental impact of the product was dominated by the irrigation at the field container seedling stage, which contributed 0.07kgCO2e/seedling. In this case, the change in energy consumption had a notable impact on the carbon footprint, with a sensitivity of 0.804. Among them, the input of diesel had the largest impact on carbon footprint(42.4%). The results indicated that optimizing clean energy structures and implementing efficient water and nutrient management strategies could significantly reduce carbon emissions during seedling cultivation and offered practical guidance for advancing carbon labeling systems for edible forest products and supported forestry carbon neutrality progress.

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在全球气候治理与"双碳"战略协同推进背景下,林业碳汇体系建设亟需突破苗木生产环节的碳计量瓶颈.食用原料林苗木对改善生态环境和提高经济收入具有重要意义,估算苗木生产的碳足迹对于评估林业碳汇至关重要.以典型食用原料林8cm×12cm八角容器苗为研究对象,,建立一个基于过程的生命周期清单(LCI)数据集,并构建生命周期评价(LCA)模型.通过调查广西现有八角育苗基地的原始数据,计算苗木生产从种子采集到苗木运输至零售商三个阶段产生的碳排放.结果显示,一株八角苗木一年产生的全球变暖潜势(GWP)为0.145kgCO2e,其中能源消耗(57.2%)和物料投入(28.8%)为主要排放源,分别集中于电力消耗(占能源排放75.9%)和水资源利用(占物料排放60%).在八角苗木生产活动中,田间容器苗阶段的灌溉活动是影响其GWP的主要因素(0.07kgCO2e /株).敏感性分析显示能源消耗的变化对碳足迹影响最大(0.804),其中大部分来自于柴油(42.4%).结果表明,优化清洁能源替代、实施精准水肥管理等可降低苗木生产过程中碳排放,对推进食用林产品碳标签制度建设和林业碳中和进程具有实践指导价值.

, correspAuthors=赵梅芳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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刘倩文(2001-),女,贵州毕节人,中南林业科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事森林生态系统监测研究.发表论文1篇..

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刘倩文(2001-),女,贵州毕节人,中南林业科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事森林生态系统监测研究.发表论文1篇..

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刘倩文(2001-),女,贵州毕节人,中南林业科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事森林生态系统监测研究.发表论文1篇..

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CO2 emission factors of star anise seedling production system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投入项排放因子单位来源
电力0.526kgCO2e/(kW⋅h)[32]
柴油2.63kgCO2e/L[33]
椰糠0.45kgCO2e/kg[34]
复合肥2.47kgCO2e/kg[34]
尿素0.956kgCO2e/kg[34]
过磷酸钙2.33kgCO2e/kg[34]
遮阳网3.27kgCO2e/kg[34]
塑料薄膜2.49kgCO2e/kg[34]
铁丝2.05kgCO2e/kg[34]
无纺布容器3.82kgCO2e/kg[34]
多菌灵15.7kgCO2e/kg[34]
0.549tCO2e/(MW⋅h)[34]
有机肥4.3kgCO2e/kg[34]
生石灰1.136kgCO2e/kg[35]
重型货车0.046kgCO2e/(t·km)[36]
中型货车0.041kgCO2e/(t·km)[36]
轻型货车0.08kgCO2e/(t·km)[36]
人工0.86kgCO2e/kg[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057223930073157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212316045501, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

八角苗木生产碳排放因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投入项排放因子单位来源
电力0.526kgCO2e/(kW⋅h)[32]
柴油2.63kgCO2e/L[33]
椰糠0.45kgCO2e/kg[34]
复合肥2.47kgCO2e/kg[34]
尿素0.956kgCO2e/kg[34]
过磷酸钙2.33kgCO2e/kg[34]
遮阳网3.27kgCO2e/kg[34]
塑料薄膜2.49kgCO2e/kg[34]
铁丝2.05kgCO2e/kg[34]
无纺布容器3.82kgCO2e/kg[34]
多菌灵15.7kgCO2e/kg[34]
0.549tCO2e/(MW⋅h)[34]
有机肥4.3kgCO2e/kg[34]
生石灰1.136kgCO2e/kg[35]
重型货车0.046kgCO2e/(t·km)[36]
中型货车0.041kgCO2e/(t·km)[36]
轻型货车0.08kgCO2e/(t·km)[36]
人工0.86kgCO2e/kg[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057224127205458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212316045501, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Details for the raw material transportation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别运输产品运输模式燃料消耗(柴油)(L)
基质泥炭土南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a100
红心土苗圃外→苗圃,1km,中型货车b20
椰糠南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a100
肥料复合肥南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
尿素南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
过磷酸钙南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
有机肥南宁→苗圃,220km,a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
物资遮阳网宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
塑料薄膜宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
防草薄膜宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
铁丝宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
无纺布容器宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
化学品多菌灵南宁→宁明,158km,大型货车a52.14
宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
生石灰南宁→宁明,158km,大型货车a52.14
宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
), ArticleFig(id=1241057225653932130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212316045501, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

原材料运输细目

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别运输产品运输模式燃料消耗(柴油)(L)
基质泥炭土南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a100
红心土苗圃外→苗圃,1km,中型货车b20
椰糠南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a100
肥料复合肥南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
尿素南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
过磷酸钙南宁→苗圃,220km,大型货车a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
有机肥南宁→苗圃,220km,a52.14
苗圃→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
物资遮阳网宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
塑料薄膜宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
防草薄膜宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
铁丝宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
无纺布容器宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
化学品多菌灵南宁→宁明,158km,大型货车a52.14
宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
生石灰南宁→宁明,158km,大型货车a52.14
宁明→派阳山,25km,中型货车b5
), ArticleFig(id=1241057225792344177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212316045501, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Carbon footprint per functional unit for star anise seedling production

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项目GWP
(kgCO2e/seedling)(% of total)(kgCO2e/EQU)
柴油1.08×10-27.43292.70×10-3
人工9.20×10-36.33172.30×10-3
电力6.31×10-243.44121.58×10-2
无纺布容器9.17×10-36.30972.29×10-3
塑料薄膜1.32×10-30.90833.30×10-4
铁丝5.05×10-33.47771.26×10-3
遮阳网2.47×10-31.70146.18×10-4
2.38×10-216.40775.96×10-3
生石灰4.88×10-40.33621.22×10-4
多菌灵6.91×10-40.47541.73×10-4
代森锌4.70×10-50.03231.17×10-5
过磷酸钙9.92×10-70.00072.48×10-7
有机肥5.72×10-40.39361.43×10-4
复合肥1.85×10-212.74954.63×10-3
尿素2.29×10-60.00165.74×10-7
总计1.45×10-11003.63×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1241057225934950531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212316045501, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

八角苗木每株每年或每加仑每年生产碳排放

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目GWP
(kgCO2e/seedling)(% of total)(kgCO2e/EQU)
柴油1.08×10-27.43292.70×10-3
人工9.20×10-36.33172.30×10-3
电力6.31×10-243.44121.58×10-2
无纺布容器9.17×10-36.30972.29×10-3
塑料薄膜1.32×10-30.90833.30×10-4
铁丝5.05×10-33.47771.26×10-3
遮阳网2.47×10-31.70146.18×10-4
2.38×10-216.40775.96×10-3
生石灰4.88×10-40.33621.22×10-4
多菌灵6.91×10-40.47541.73×10-4
代森锌4.70×10-50.03231.17×10-5
过磷酸钙9.92×10-70.00072.48×10-7
有机肥5.72×10-40.39361.43×10-4
复合肥1.85×10-212.74954.63×10-3
尿素2.29×10-60.00165.74×10-7
总计1.45×10-11003.63×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1241057226035613844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212316045501, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of carbon footprint with previous studies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种系统/范围/功能单元排放来源
八角中国广西食用原料林苗木生产系统/种子→苗木/1株8cm×12cm的八角幼苗0.036kgCO2e/(EQU⋅a)本研究
欧洲赤松瑞典北部现代化大型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株欧洲赤松幼苗0.133kgCO2e/EQU[11]
欧洲赤松瑞典北部现代化大型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株欧洲赤松幼苗0.011kgCO2e/EQU[11]
挪威云杉瑞典南部现代化中型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株挪威云杉大苗0.02kgCO2e/EQU[11]
挪威云杉瑞典南部现代化中型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株挪威云杉大苗0.02kgCO2e/EQU[11]
观赏树美国加利福尼亚州城市林业观赏树生产系统/苗木→枯树/1棵5cm×(3.6~4.3)cm红枫树0.92kgCO2e/(EQU⋅a)[10]
橄榄树意大利托斯卡纳橄榄树幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株直径15cm的2年生橄榄树0.27kgCO2e/EQU[45]
油棕马来西亚雪兰莪州油棕幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/ 1株油棕幼苗0.007kgCO2e/EQU[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057226182414502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057212316045501, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

与已有研究的碳足迹对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种系统/范围/功能单元排放来源
八角中国广西食用原料林苗木生产系统/种子→苗木/1株8cm×12cm的八角幼苗0.036kgCO2e/(EQU⋅a)本研究
欧洲赤松瑞典北部现代化大型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株欧洲赤松幼苗0.133kgCO2e/EQU[11]
欧洲赤松瑞典北部现代化大型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株欧洲赤松幼苗0.011kgCO2e/EQU[11]
挪威云杉瑞典南部现代化中型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株挪威云杉大苗0.02kgCO2e/EQU[11]
挪威云杉瑞典南部现代化中型森林幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株挪威云杉大苗0.02kgCO2e/EQU[11]
观赏树美国加利福尼亚州城市林业观赏树生产系统/苗木→枯树/1棵5cm×(3.6~4.3)cm红枫树0.92kgCO2e/(EQU⋅a)[10]
橄榄树意大利托斯卡纳橄榄树幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/1株直径15cm的2年生橄榄树0.27kgCO2e/EQU[45]
油棕马来西亚雪兰莪州油棕幼苗生产系统/种子→苗木/ 1株油棕幼苗0.007kgCO2e/EQU[48]
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中国食用原料林苗木生产系统碳排放及活动足迹评估
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刘倩文 1, 2 , 赵梅芳 1, 2, * , 郭飞 3 , 付军 3 , 康鹏 1, 2 , 谭一波 4, 5 , 郑威 4, 5 , 孙孟德 1, 2 , 韦兰英 6
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(5): 2884-2896
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(5): 2884-2896
中国食用原料林苗木生产系统碳排放及活动足迹评估
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刘倩文1, 2 , 赵梅芳1, 2, * , 郭飞3, 付军3, 康鹏1, 2, 谭一波4, 5, 郑威4, 5, 孙孟德1, 2, 韦兰英6
作者信息
  • 1.中南林业科技大学生命与环境科学学院,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 2.中南林业科技大学中国南方林业生态应用技术国家工程实验室,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 3.广西壮族自治区国有派阳山林场,广西 宁明 532599
  • 4.广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院,广西 南宁 530002
  • 5.广西壮族自治区林业实验室,广西 南宁 530002
  • 6.广西壮族自治区林业勘察设计院,广西 南宁 530011
  • 刘倩文(2001-),女,贵州毕节人,中南林业科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事森林生态系统监测研究.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Carbon emission and activity footprint assessment of edible raw material forest seedling production systems in China
Qian-wen LIU1, 2 , Mei-fang ZHAO1, 2, * , Fei GUO3, Jun FU3, Peng KANG1, 2, Yi-bo TAN4, 5, Wei ZHENG4, 5, Meng-de SUN1, 2, Lan-ying WEI6
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
  • 2.National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
  • 3.Guangxi State-owned Paiyangshan Forest Farm, Ningming 532599, China
  • 4.Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China
  • 5.Guangxi Laboratory of Forestry, Nanning 530002, China
  • 6.Guangxi Forestry Survey and Design Institute, Nanning 530011, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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在全球气候治理与"双碳"战略协同推进背景下,林业碳汇体系建设亟需突破苗木生产环节的碳计量瓶颈.食用原料林苗木对改善生态环境和提高经济收入具有重要意义,估算苗木生产的碳足迹对于评估林业碳汇至关重要.以典型食用原料林8cm×12cm八角容器苗为研究对象,,建立一个基于过程的生命周期清单(LCI)数据集,并构建生命周期评价(LCA)模型.通过调查广西现有八角育苗基地的原始数据,计算苗木生产从种子采集到苗木运输至零售商三个阶段产生的碳排放.结果显示,一株八角苗木一年产生的全球变暖潜势(GWP)为0.145kgCO2e,其中能源消耗(57.2%)和物料投入(28.8%)为主要排放源,分别集中于电力消耗(占能源排放75.9%)和水资源利用(占物料排放60%).在八角苗木生产活动中,田间容器苗阶段的灌溉活动是影响其GWP的主要因素(0.07kgCO2e /株).敏感性分析显示能源消耗的变化对碳足迹影响最大(0.804),其中大部分来自于柴油(42.4%).结果表明,优化清洁能源替代、实施精准水肥管理等可降低苗木生产过程中碳排放,对推进食用林产品碳标签制度建设和林业碳中和进程具有实践指导价值.

碳足迹分析  /  中国八角苗木  /  生命周期清单  /  适应性减排

Under the synergistic advancement of global climate governance and China's "Dual Carbon" strategy, the development of forestry carbon sink systems urgently required breakthroughs in carbon quantification bottlenecks within seedling production. Edible raw material forests played an important role in improving the ecological environment and increasing economic growth, and estimating the carbon footprint of seedling production was crucial for assessing the carbon sink of forestry. By surveying existing star anise nursery operations for primary data in Guangxi, a new process-based life cycle inventory(LCI)dataset an 8cm×12cm star anise seedling of a typical edible raw material forest production system was created, covering three stages from seed collection to the transportation of seedlings to retailers. Incorporating the new LCI data into life cycle assessment(LCA)method, the total global warming(GW)impact of a star anise seedling was 0.145kgCO2e, of which energy and materials consumption constituted 57.2% and 28.8% of total emissions. Electricity use is dominated by irrigation demands(75.9%)and water was estimated to be just over half of these emissions(60%). Among the production activities, the total environmental impact of the product was dominated by the irrigation at the field container seedling stage, which contributed 0.07kgCO2e/seedling. In this case, the change in energy consumption had a notable impact on the carbon footprint, with a sensitivity of 0.804. Among them, the input of diesel had the largest impact on carbon footprint(42.4%). The results indicated that optimizing clean energy structures and implementing efficient water and nutrient management strategies could significantly reduce carbon emissions during seedling cultivation and offered practical guidance for advancing carbon labeling systems for edible forest products and supported forestry carbon neutrality progress.

carbon footprint analysis  /  Chinese star anise seedling  /  life cycle inventory  /  adaptive mitigation
刘倩文, 赵梅芳, 郭飞, 付军, 康鹏, 谭一波, 郑威, 孙孟德, 韦兰英. 中国食用原料林苗木生产系统碳排放及活动足迹评估. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2884 -2896 .
Qian-wen LIU, Mei-fang ZHAO, Fei GUO, Jun FU, Peng KANG, Yi-bo TAN, Wei ZHENG, Meng-de SUN, Lan-ying WEI. Carbon emission and activity footprint assessment of edible raw material forest seedling production systems in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2884 -2896 .
随着全球气候变化问题日益严峻,减少温室气体排放已成为国际社会的共同责任.作为全球最大碳排放经济体[1],中国正面临严峻挑战.在此背景下,中国承诺在2030年实现碳达峰,并力争在2060年实现碳中和.当前,二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)是导致全球变暖的主要温室气体[2].其中CO2浓度的增加主要源自能源使用、工业生产、土地利用变化以及过度的采伐森林、大面积的毁林等活动[3].相对于工业减排,森林碳汇更具成本有效性且存在多种效益,能抵减部分工业的温室气体排放.减轻中国面对的减排压力也是世界各国应对气候变化的重要策略和共识[4].森林碳汇具备显著的减排协同效益,但计算其碳排放需建立量化工具.生命周期评价(LCA)是评估产品在整个生命周期中对环境影响的重要方法[5].碳足迹(CF)是产品生产系统内温室气体排放与消纳的总和,一般以CO2当量形式表达[6].农林业作为温室气体排放的重要来源之一[7],其生产过程中的碳足迹评估显得尤为重要.基于LCA的碳足迹核算是气候变化背景下低碳减排领域的研究热点[8].已有学者对美国、瑞典、加利福利亚等苗圃林木生产碳足迹进行研究并核算了相关林木的碳排放量[9-11],但大多研究仍集中在整个林业的碳足迹[12-14].目前,中国对于苗木生产排放的研究相对较少,有学者评估了马尾松幼苗生产的碳足迹[15],证实苗圃生产中的碳排放不容小觑.因此,开展对苗木生产碳足迹和排放清单的研究,有助于理解苗木生产对气候变化的影响,并为实现低碳减排提供指导.
当前全球天然林面积急剧减少,从1990年的4.038亿hm2减少到2020年的3.737亿hm2[16].因此,人工林的发展成为主要的森林固碳手段.据统计,中国人工林面积达到7954万hm2,占全国森林面积的36.2%[17].随着退耕还林、“十二五”工程的启动,国家提出要大力培育特色经济林,推动食用原料林的可持续发展.自2000~2018年,累计营造经济林4.07×106hm2[19],其中已成为林业供给侧改革的重要抓手.食用原料林是以生产食用油料、饮料、调料、香料等为主要目的的乔木林和灌木林[18].据国家林业局统计数据显示,我国食用原料林产品年产量约600万t,实现产值1800亿元,占全国经济林总产值的49%[20].在众多食用原料林作物中,八角(Illicium verum Hook f.)因其独特的经济与生态价值备受关注.该物种作为北热带和南亚热带原生常绿乔木[21],其果实不仅广泛应用于香料和医药领域[22],并且还具有抗菌、抗病毒和抗氧化的特性[23].据不完全统计,2021年全国八角种植面积约有47.2903万hm2,出口八角茴香约3625.31t,是八角的最主要生产国与出口国.其中广西种植面积36.55万hm2,占全国种植总面积的77.3%,居全国之首.已有研究关注苗木生产系统的温室气体排放[11,24-26],但多聚焦于木本粮食、油料树种[27-28],针对食用原料林(如八角)这一特定物种的研究较匮乏,对八角生产过程中各个阶段的详细排放情况更是知之甚少.
本研究旨在通过构建八角生产系统的生命周期温室气体排放清单,评估其对气候变化的潜在影响,并为制定减少温室气体排放的策略提供科学依据.研究将采用LCA方法,结合实地调研和现有数据,全面分析八角苗木生产温室气体排放,为中国产品全生命周期温室气体排放系数库提供一个新的排放因子,为食用原料林八角苗木生产系统的可持续发展提供新的视角,并为政策制定者和实践者提供决策支持.
本研究地选为广西壮族自治区派阳山林场,该林场位于广西西南部(22°04′33“N~107°15′84”E),地处中越边境宁明县境内,属典型的南亚热带季风气候区.年均气温21.6℃,年降水量1380mm,红壤土层厚度达80cm以上,pH值4.5~5.5,独特的水热条件与酸性土壤为八角生长提供了理想生境.作为我国最大的八角集约化生产基地之一,该林场现有八角经济林面积逾33333.5m2,年产优质苗木超500万株.主要提供I、II级幼苗(苗高大于30cm),以保障低产八角林提质增效.
通过构建生命周期清单(LCI),即八角苗木在其整个生命周期阶段的能源、物料、化学品和肥料的消耗及向环境排放的温室气体数据,为研究提供数据支撑.旨在识别和量化生产过程中的主要环境影响因素,提出改进措施,以实现可持续发展[29].
本研究的苗木生产系统功能单元为一株8cm×12cm规格的一年生容器苗(桂R-SC-IV-009-2022),直径0.4cm,株高35cm.折算成等效单位(EQUs),即1株八角苗约等同于0.25加仑八角苗木.计算公式如下:
式中:V(cm3)是八角苗木容器规格的通用单位,V(gal)是国际苗木容器的通用单位.在八角苗木生产系统中会有一定比例的幼苗损失,本研究将这些损失假定为计划产量的10%[30].
温室气体清单包括物料和化学品投入、电力和燃料使用,以及苗圃及其供应商的投入品和产品运输.本清单不考虑用于播种生产业务的资本设备和设施的生产.温室气体清单可用于评估研究中未考虑的其他树木产品尺寸的性能.
以一株八角苗木为研究对象,探究从“摇篮”到“大门”即新鲜种子从种子库运送到苗圃,再到苗圃生长成幼苗的整个生命周期.基于LCA原理,将生命周期过程分为温室播种苗生产阶段、大田容器苗阶段和收获和分销阶段,并详细评估投入的能源、物料、化学品、肥料等资源及所产生的二氧化碳排放(图1).
研究中使用的数据分为三个级别:
(1)与苗圃工作人员和管理人员进行深入访谈,同时查阅八角生产档案、采购清单、财务报表等记录,获取生产过程中各物料的使用、运输和消耗量等数据.
(2)与供应商代表进行访谈,收集原材料和产品在供应链各环节的运输方式、距离等信息.此外,参考相关文献、报告和各级标准,获取运输环节的排放因子等二手数据.
(3)作为补充资料的三级数据来自统计年鉴.
通过CPCD软件工具获取LCI数据库的数据集[31];通过相关文献、报告和各级标准获取物料投入的排放因子(表1);从苗圃获取肥料、农药施用、基材使用、灌溉用水和EQU年总产量的数据以及苗圃物料生产和运输的关键数据.为了收集数据和开发LCI模型,苗圃运营被分为四类,分别为能源、物料、肥料和化学品.以下部分介绍如何在生命周期清单中对每个类别进行建模.
根据对苗圃司机和肥料分销商的访谈总结八角苗木生产所需物料的运输方式和运输距离(表2).近距离运输由苗圃自有的皮卡(载重量1t,油耗15L/100km)和中型货车(福达爬山王,载重量3t,油耗20L/100km)承担;远距离运输依靠重型卡车(载重量20t,油耗33L/100km)完成,用于运输肥料、农药以及基质从南宁公司本部至宁明县城分销商,继而通过中型货车分销到各个苗圃及林场.其中,遮阳网、防草布、塑料薄膜、铁丝、多菌灵和生石灰等物料集中采购并通过中型货车一次性运输至苗圃,因此上述物料运输时合并为单次运输.除了运输过程中柴油的消耗,还涉及水管理电力负载.其苗圃用水为附近河水,需用电抽水至水池,在用加压泵将水池的水压至自动喷淋系统.其中温室播种苗生产阶段实施精准淋水,目的是为苗木提供适量的水分,同时避免过度浸泡导致根系缺氧.大田容器苗生产阶段执行脉冲式灌水,直接为土壤补充水分,促进根系生长.
基质包括红心土和椰壳纤维.椰壳纤维被视为其他生产过程的低价值副产品.在基材中使用之前,两者都不需要进行大量加工.因此,本研究只考虑了物料的运输.椰壳纤维是椰子加工的副产品,从宁明县运到派阳山苗圃.使用前面描述的CLCD对中型货车进行建模.
生产过程中使用的复合肥料的生产排放来自中国产品全生命周期温室气体排放系数库(CPCD).运输距离和卡车类型(发动机尺寸和品牌)由供应商提供,并使用基于CLCD和CCAR燃烧排放数据的柴油生产排放进行建模.
消耗品包括无纺布容器和聚丙烯托盘,无纺布容器的生产排放来自CPCD,用中型货车从距离苗圃25km的供应商处采购,随后运至苗圃.货车运输产生的排放模型如第1.6.3节所述.聚丙烯托盘可回收利用,本研究不考虑其生产排放.
本清单还考虑了天然土壤的排放,但仅限于施肥土壤的氧化亚氮排放.盆栽混合物中使用的有机物腐烂产生的二氧化碳排放量不在本研究的系统范围内.N2O排放量采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的第I级方法计算[37].盆栽混合物和温室系统不同于典型的田间农业和林业,而田间农业和林业正是原始数据估算方法的预期应用领域.鉴于目前尚未发现关于苗圃作业N2O排放量的估计方法,所以本研究仍选择采用(IPCC)的第I级方法.应用该方法需估算材料中的氮含量,合成肥料的氮含量可根据制造商提供的数据直接计算.对于有机肥、尿素和椰槺,通过质量分析估算其氮含量.椰槺的氮含量约为干重的0.5%[38].
本研究基于LCA方法,重点量化苗圃生产中的温室气体排放.采用全球变暖潜势(GWP)指标估计温室气体对温室效应的贡献[39].研究结果以CO2当量(CO2e)表示.不同阶段产生的污染物数据来自已有研究并根据IPCC最新第六次评估报告将CH4和N2O的GWP值分别转化为27和273倍的CO2e进行核算[40].
敏感性分析通过监测八角苗木生产过程物料投入和不同排放源的变化,了解各因素变化对原本预先要实现目标的影响程度[41].本研究使用单因素敏感性分析法,在仅有一个参数变动范围为1%时,采用敏感度系数定量衡量所输入变量的重要性程度,计算公式如下:
式中:Ei表示的是输入变量Fi的敏感度系数;ΔFi表示的是输入变量F的变化率,本文的变化率取值为1%;ΔAi表示的是当输入变量Fi的变化率为ΔFi时,评价结果A随之的变化率,用%表示.|E|表示的是评价结果Ai对于输入变量Fi变化时敏感度.当|E|数值越大时,表明评价结果Ai对于输入变量Fi越敏感,即在数据分析评价过程中,输入变量F对分析结果的影响度越大.
数据敏感度的分析主要求解数据敏感度系数,步骤可概括为以下部分:
(1)变量识别与数据整理.详细列出八角苗木生产全生命周期中各阶段的各个环节(如种植、收获、加工以及运输等)可能造成碳排放的各种活动及其对应的排放因子,包括但不限于土地准备、肥料的投入、农药的使用、机械设备的消耗、以及产品运输等.
(2)敏感度系数计算.对于每一种活动,提高1%的活动水平或投入量,计算由此产生的碳排放量,最后将该变化量与总碳排放量的比值作为敏感度系数,即可量化各活动对总碳足迹的影响程度.
(3)结果对比.比较各活动敏感度系数的大小.通常,敏感度系数较高的活动对碳足迹的影响更为显著,是为优化生产过程、降低碳排放的关键环节.
基于八角苗木的生产过程,表3显示每株及每加仑(0.25株)八角苗木每年的碳排放情况,按功能单位和EQU(等效单位)计算温室气体排放的GWP.研究发现,八角苗木生产过程中苗圃一年的总碳排放量为14500kgCO2e,每株苗木的总GWP为0.145kgCO2e,每EQU的总GWP为0.036kgCO2e.
其中,电力对碳足迹的贡献最大,为0.06kgCO2e(43.4%),与温室播种苗生产和大田容器苗生产过程中抽水泵的使用息息相关.电力在生产中的主要作用包括温室加热、灌溉系统和其他机械设备的运行,这些活动是温室种苗生产阶段和大田容器苗阶段碳排放的重要来源.其次是水(0.024kgCO2e,16.4%).八角苗木生产过程中,灌溉活动(包括温室种苗生产阶段和大田容器苗阶段的种子处理和泥床准备等)需要大量的水资源,常伴随能源消耗,特别是电力驱动的灌溉系统和人力使用,因此水的使用间接导致了碳排放.肥料是第三大排放源(0.02kgCO2e,13.2%),主要与使用复合肥有关.柴油和人工的排放量分别为0.011kgCO2e和0.009kgCO2e.、无纺布容器、铁丝、遮阳网等物料的排放量相对较小,但其总和仍对总排放量有显著贡献.有机肥、生石灰等肥料和农药的排放量相对较小,但在农业生产中是必不可少的.
图2图3分别为八角生产过程中的碳排放占比以及能源和物料排放源细目.能源是八角苗木生产过程中最大的碳排放源(0.083kgCO2e,57.2%).其中,电力是主要贡献者(75.9%),其次是柴油(13%)和人工排放(11.1%).物料的使用是第二大排放源(0.042kgCO2e,28.8%).其中,一半以上来自于水(57%),其次是无纺布容器(21.9%)、铁丝(12.1%)、遮阳网(5.9%)和塑料薄膜(3.2%),此处是水资源的生产排放,而抽水和相关器械的电力消耗则已归类于能源部分.
图4展示了八角苗木生产过程中各阶段的碳排放情况.其中,温室播种苗阶段的总碳排放量约为0.03kgCO2e,以物料投入为主(0.017kgCO2e,52.4%).能源消耗次之(0.01kgCO2e,30.9%).大田容器苗阶段排放量为0.1kgCO2e,能源是该阶段的主要排放源(0.067kgCO2e,65.5%).其次是肥料(0.021kgCO2e,20.4%).在收获及分销阶段,能源唯一排放源(0.01kgCO2e).
本文详述了八角苗木生产过程中各活动的碳排放,其中包括采种、种子处理、泥床准备、播种、淋水、防虫、盖种、基质混合、种植、搭荫棚、补苗及间苗、防虫、施肥、拆棚、灌水、起苗、装框和搬运.图5显示各项活动对碳排放的贡献差异显著.八角苗木生产过程中,灌水的碳排放量最高(0.07kgCO2e,46.6%),主要由能源排放(86%)和物料排放(14%)构成;施肥次之(0.02kgCO2e,13.2%),几乎来自于肥料排放(98.7%);第三为泥床准备(0.01kgCO2e,9.6%),主要是能源排放(60.6%)、物料排放(33.9%)、化学品排放(3.5%)和肥料排放(3.5%).
不同活动的排放源占比差异较大(图5).能源排放在各活动中均有涉及,主要来自于灌水(72.2%),其次是泥床准备(10.5%)和基质混合(5%).物料排放集中在淋水(21.4%)、灌水(21.4%)、基质混合(21.9%)和搭荫棚(21.1%)等环节.化学品排放仅由防虫(60.2%)和泥床准备(39.8%)提供.肥料排放主要由施肥(98.5%)和泥床准备(1.5%)贡献.
对不同投入项及不同排放源进行敏感性分析,检验其对总GWP的影响.不同投入项的敏感性不同(图6).柴油对碳足迹的影响最大(0.424),显著高于电力(0.145)、复合肥(0.019)、无纺布容器(0.021)和水(0.055).其他投入项的敏感度较低.不同排放源的敏感性也有差异(图7).能源对碳足迹的影响最大(0.804),其次是物料(0.131)和肥料(0.06),化学品对碳足迹的影响极低(0.003).
综上,柴油的使用是八角育苗阶段碳足迹的主要贡献者.电力和水资源的使用也是重要的影响因素.物料中的无纺布容器和铁丝对碳足迹有一定影响,但相对较小.化学品中的代森锌对碳足迹的影响可以忽略不计.肥料中的复合肥对碳足迹的贡献相对较大,而其他肥料的影响较小.
本研究致力于明确中国八角产业在生产全周期内的环境影响,旨在为推动清洁、环境友好型的八角生产模式提供科学依据.通过综合运用生命周期环境影响评估(LCA)与敏感性分析,揭示了八角生产过程中的关键环境问题并识别了潜在的改进领域.本节内容基于评估结果,深入探讨了研究的深远意义,并就中国八角产业面临的主要环境挑战,提出切实可行的改进建议.这些建议将有助于引导产业实践者、政策制定者和相关利益者,共同促进八角产业的可持续发展.
该研究进行了清单分析,以评估八角苗木生产过程中的碳排放.本研究对广西地区八角苗木生产系统的碳排放进行了评估,结果显示每株8cm×12cm规格的八角苗木一年的碳排放为0.145kgCO2e,每加仑(0.25株)八角苗木一年的碳排放为0.0363kgCO2e.这一结果提供了一个量化的视角,以了解特定地区和生产系统下苗木生产的环境影响.为了更全面地理解八角苗木生产对环境的影响,并与其他研究结果进行比较,以下将讨论不同地区和生产系统的特点及其对碳排放的影响(表4).
首先,与瑞典的森林苗木生产系统相比,四个中型苗圃的碳排放分别为0.013,0.011,0.02和0.019kgCO2e/EQU[11].数据表明,同一地区不同苗圃之间的碳排放差异显著,这可能与生产规模、技术效率、能源使用和运输等因素密切相关.相比之下,本研究中的八角苗木生产系统显示出相似的碳排放水平.这可能与地理位置、生产技术和管理实践有关.八角宜生长在亚热带低纬度地区,以湿润、肥沃、排水良好的壤土和沙壤为宜.广西优越的自然地理条件使得其成为我国发展八角产业的事宜地区[42].此外,丰产技术的普及显著提高了八角存活率,从而降低了单位苗木的碳排放[43-44].但是,由于八角苗木的生产仍依赖于传统的能源来源,如柴油和电力,在一定程度上增加了碳排放,导致原本较低的排放量有所升高.其次,美国加州的城市林业观赏树木生产系统的碳排放为0.92kgCO2e/EQU[10].尽管该数据与本研究的八角苗木碳排放不具直接可比性(由于其主要针对观赏树木而非经济树种),但仍提供了一个关于不同树种和生产目标如何影响碳排放的重要参考.意大利托斯卡纳地区的橄榄树苗木生产系统每株两年生盆栽植物(盆径15cm)的碳排放为0.27kgCO2e/EQU[45],这一结果显著高于本研究.主要原因如下[46-47]:①延长植物的生长周期会提高植物对养分和水分的需求,从而促进更高的呼吸速率和动态碳吸收释放变化,导致碳排放增加;②管理不当使环境压力增加,导致整体碳排放水平上升.马来西亚雪兰莪地区的油棕榈苗木生产每株苗木的碳排放为0.007kgCO2e/EQU[48],低于八角苗木的碳排放.可能由树种差异引起,因为不同树种的生长周期、对资源的需求、以及对环境控制的依赖程度可能不同.油棕榈等热带或亚热带树种生长适应性较强,对温度和湿度的要求较低.,其苗木生产过程不需要温室加热,从而降低了能源排放.
根据研究结果,苗圃直接使用能源(包括现场消耗的燃料和电力)是八角苗木生产过程中最大的排放贡献者,占CO2e的近57.2%.这与现有研究结果相吻合,普遍强调了能源消耗在农业生产中的碳排放重要性[49].在能源占比中,电力贡献了最大的碳排放量(75.9%),这与伊朗橄榄油生产的能源经济LCA和温室气体排放分析中电力和化肥对温室气体排放的影响结果相似[50].为了减少能源消耗,可以采取以下措施:①优化灌溉系统,采用滴灌或喷灌等节水节电技术;②选择能效更高的机械设备;③实施节能措施,如使用太阳能或风能发电.为了减少化肥使用对环境的影响,可以采取以下措施:①采用精准农业技术,根据土壤测试结果合理施用化肥;②推广有机农业和生物肥料的使用,减少化学肥料的依赖[51];③通过作物轮作和覆盖作物来提高土壤肥力,减少化肥的使用;④使用控释肥料[52],通过精准营养和综合害虫管理方法尽量减少合成肥料和农药的使用.
物料的使用是八角苗木生产过程中的第二大排放源,占CO2e的近29%,这与另一文献提到的物料生产是第二大排放源(36%)高度相似[10].与此不同,本研究水是物料排放的主要贡献者(60%).除了能源消耗和物料使用外,其他排放源如肥料、化学品等也对八角苗木生产的碳排放有所贡献.尽管这些排放源的占比相对较小,但其环境影响仍不可忽视.氮肥的使用与氮氧化物和甲烷的排放密切相关[53].研究表明,农业土壤是继化石燃料燃烧之后的第二大N2O人为排放源,占全球N2O总排放量的约60%.此外,化肥使用量的增加,特别是氮肥的施用,被认为是农业温室气体排放的重要驱动因素[54].IPCC的报告指出,农业土壤排放主要源自土壤中N2O的释放,这与氮肥和粪肥的施用密切相关[55].为降低这些排放,相关研究提出了多种减排策略.例如,通过减少复合肥的使用或采用低排放量的肥料,从而降低农业生产过程中的碳足迹[56-57].
综上所述,本研究为八角苗木生产的低碳转型提供了思路,通过优化生产环节、改善技术和物料使用,仍然有可能实现碳排放的显著降低.未来的研究可以进一步探索这些措施的具体应用,推动食用原料林苗木生产的可持续发展.
在本研究中,对八角苗木生产过程进行了生命周期评价,以确定不同阶段对环境的碳排放影响.在三个阶段中,大田容器苗阶段是整体碳排放的主要贡献者,其中能源的影响最大.Guo等[58]对东北三省种植产业结构进行了研究,发现施肥、技术进步、种植结构因子对净碳汇有正效益,表明大田阶段技术的改进对于控制碳排放具有深远意义.
在温室播种苗阶段,物料排放占主导地位.根据光伏发电项目全生命周期碳排放量化方法及评价标准,原料生产阶段碳排放约占项目全生命周期碳排放量的90%,主要是由于生产过程中电力的消耗,而废弃处置阶段的回收再利用可以减少碳排放[59].所以选择可持续来源的材料或开发可循环使用的种植系统将有助于减少物料消耗和相关的环境影响[60].
大田容器苗阶段和收获与分销阶段的能源排放量相对较高,与灌溉系统的运行和施肥设备的使用有关.因此,提高劳动效率或探索自动化技术,可能会显著降低这些阶段的碳排放.例如霍鹏等人发现机械化起苗可以有效降低苗株伤害率,满足农艺要求[61].陈丽等[62]表明灌溉量和机械设备的使用量提高会导致其相应来源温室气体排放量增加.所以,优化设备的能效或采用可再生能源,如太阳能灌溉系统,可以减少能源消耗和相关的碳排放[63].
未来的研究可以进一步探索具体的技术和管理策略,以减少八角苗木生产中的人工和能源排放.此外,研究还可以评估不同减排措施的成本效益及它们对生产效率和经济可行性的影响.
本研究通过生命周期评价方法对八角苗木生产过程进行了全面的碳排放分析,生产过程中不同活动对碳排放的贡献程度存在显著差异,因此,准确识别并理解这些活动对碳排放的具体影响,对有效管理和减少碳排放具有重要意义.本研究揭示了灌溉活动在农业生产中的碳排放占比高达46.6%,其主要来源于水资源的高需求以及抽水泵运行所消耗的电能,强调了灌溉过程在农业碳足迹中的关键作用,这一结果与现有文献中关于灌溉活动作为农业生产主要碳排放源的观点相一致[64].其次,泥床准备和基质混合的碳排放主要归因于运输物料过程中柴油燃料的使用,这与相关研究报道的交通运输已成为第四大排放源的结论相符.所以探索降低燃料成本和运输过程碳排放的策略尤为重要[65].值得注意的是,本研究中的基质混合活动使用了无纺布容器,其重量轻、便于苗木运输,在一定程度上降低了运输成本和相关碳排放[66-67].聚丙烯托盘属于可回收利用物料,回收物料可带来降低碳排放的优势,固其生产碳排放可忽略不计[66].相比之下,种植等活动产生的碳排放较少,但这一结果与马来西亚一项关于水稻种植的研究结果有差异.后者发现移栽过程对水稻全生命周期环境影响的贡献率高达23.1%[68].这一差异反映了不同作物生产体系中种植活动的碳排放特征及其驱动因素的多样性,也提示需要针对不同作物和生产体系开展更为深入的碳足迹研究.
通过对不同活动的排放源排放占比分析,发现在灌水活动中能源消耗的排放占比最高,达到0.07kgCO2e,占所有活动的46.6%.在物料排放中淋水和灌水活动(21.4%)的贡献略高于基质混合活动(20.7%),但是总体物料排放占比与相关文献报道的结果较为接近[69].此外,防虫、播种等活动所使用的药剂等对二氧化碳排放的贡献较低[70].化学品排放主要集中在泥床准备和防虫活动中,而肥料排放主要在施肥和泥床准备活动中体现.为了减少八角苗木生产过程中的碳排放,建议采取以下措施:
(1)提高劳动效率.在起苗出圃阶段,通过改进工作流程和使用机械化设备来减少对人力的依赖.吕孟宽等[71]在苹果苗木机械化起苗技术研究进展中详细讨论了苹果苗木机械化起苗技术的发展,详细阐述了提高劳动效率和降低人力投入的方法.
(2)优化能源使用.在苗圃管理阶段,采用节能技术和可再生能源(如太阳能和风能),以减少化石燃料的使用.
(3)改进物料管理.在移栽阶段,考虑使用可回收或生物降解的容器和覆盖物,以减少物料消耗.
(4)化学品和肥料管理.在苗圃管理阶段,采用精准农业技术,合理施用化学品和肥料,减少对环境的影响.
(5)运输优化.在苗圃地准备阶段,优化运输路线和方式.
本研究通过单因素敏感度分析,深入探讨了不同因素对八角苗木生产过程中总碳足迹的影响.分析结果揭示了各类输入变量对碳足迹的贡献程度,为制定减排策略提供了科学依据.
在八角苗木生产过程中,柴油的使用是碳足迹的主要贡献者,这一点在研究中得已验证,如谷艾婷等学者证明了中国木质林产品生产中温室气体的排放以燃料燃烧产生的二氧化碳为主[72].柴油不仅在苗木的起苗、运输和种植过程中发挥着关键作用,而且在提供必要的机械动力方面也不可或缺.然而,柴油燃烧产生的二氧化碳排放量巨大,直接推高了整个生产周期的碳排放水平[73].为了降低这一环境影响,研究者和生产者正在探索多种替代方案.如优化机械操作流程和提高能源使用效率;转向使用生物柴油或电力等更清洁的能源等[59,74-76].尿素对碳足迹的贡献相对较大,作为一种常用的氮肥,在苗木生长过程中提供了必要的营养,但其生产和使用过程中的碳排放不容忽视.相关研究表明,通过优化肥料使用、技术创新和综合管理等多个方面可有效降低碳排放[77-79].物料在本研究中对于碳足迹的贡献较小,但仍不可忽视.综上,通过LCA和敏感性分析,可以更精确地识别出生产过程中的碳排放热点,从而为制定减排策略提供科学依据.这不仅有助于理解不同生产阶段的碳排放贡献,还能揭示各种输入(如能源、物料和化学品)对总碳足迹的影响程度,从而助力生产者优化生产流程、精准减排、降低环境影响.
4.1 通过计算,生产1株八角苗木所产生的全球变暖潜势为0.145kgCO2e,每EQU的总GWP为0.036kgCO2e.其中,苗圃直接使用能源(现场消耗的燃料、电力和人工)是最大的排放贡献者,为0.083kgCO2e.
4.2 八角苗木生产过程中,温室播种苗阶段的总碳排放量约为0.03kgCO2e,大田容器苗阶段总碳排放量约为0.1kgCO2e,收获及分销阶段排放量为0.01kgCO2e.
4.3 八角苗木生产过程中,灌水活动在整个过程中排放占比最大(46.6%),施肥活动次之(13.2%),第三为泥床准备活动(9.6%).
4.4 八角苗木生产过程中,能源消耗是核心驱动因子,其敏感度高达0.804.其中,柴油影响最大(42.4%).
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31971456)
  • 广西林业科技项目(桂林科字2023GXLK34; 2023GXLK31; 2023GXZCLK63)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31971456)
广西林业科技项目(桂林科字2023GXLK34; 2023GXLK31; 2023GXZCLK63)
作者信息
    1.中南林业科技大学生命与环境科学学院,湖南 长沙 410004
    2.中南林业科技大学中国南方林业生态应用技术国家工程实验室,湖南 长沙 410004
    3.广西壮族自治区国有派阳山林场,广西 宁明 532599
    4.广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院,广西 南宁 530002
    5.广西壮族自治区林业实验室,广西 南宁 530002
    6.广西壮族自治区林业勘察设计院,广西 南宁 530011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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