Article(id=1241057211804349072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820697022, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820697022, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820697022, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820697022, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2875, endPage=2883, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057212454466217, articleId=1241057211804349072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Spatial heterogeneity of dissolved CH4 in typical tributary bays of the Three Gorges Reservoir during high water level operation, columnId=1234106390126588740, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Carbon Emission Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of density currents brought by the mainstream of Yangtze River on the distribution of dissolved CH4 in its tributaries, three representative tributaries-Xiaojiang, Daning, and Shennong Rivers were selected as the study sites. Spatial measurements of dissolved methane(CH4)concentrations in the surface water were conducted using a Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator(FaRAGE)coupled with a greenhouse gas analyzer. The results were shown to vary in CH4 concentrations among the tributaries, with average concentrations being(0.06±0.02)µmol/L in Xiaojiang,(0.17±0.12)µmol/L in Daning, and(0.16±0.14)µmol/L in Shennong Bays. The CH4 concentrations in these three bays were also found to exhibit distinct spatial heterogeneities. In Xiaojiang Bay, a pattern was observed where high surface concentrations and low bottom concentrations were present in the midstream, while higher concentrations were found at the bottom compared to the surface in both the upstream and downstream areas. Comparable distribution patterns of CH4 concentrations were noted in Daning Bay and Shennong Bay, characterized by higher concentrations upstream compared to downstream, and higher concentrations at the bottom layer relative to the surface layer. It was found that the distribution of dissolved CH4 concentrations in the tributary bays was influenced by environmental factors. Furthermore, the density currents from the mainstream were not only found to dilute the dissolved CH4 concentrations in the bays but also indirectly altered their distributions by influencing the hydrological and hydrodynamic processes within the tributary bays. The integrated effects revealed the complex dynamic processes of CH4 production and consumption within the bay ecosystems, which were of great significance for understanding and predicting the greenhouse gas emissions from the bays of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

, correspAuthors=Jia LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-yi ZHANG, Jia LIU, Shang-bin XIAO, Min CHEN, Man-chun KANG, Zheng-jian YANG, Dao-bin JI, Jiang-huai MENG, Hong LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057213691785964, articleId=1241057211804349072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=三峡水库高水位运行期典型支流库湾溶存CH4空间异质性, columnId=1234106391661704058, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=碳排放控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨三峡水库高水位运行时期,长江干流倒灌对支流库湾溶存CH4分布的影响,以库区三条典型支流:小江、大宁河、神农溪库湾为研究对象,采用新型快速水-气平衡装置(FaRAGE)耦合温室气体分析仪对水体溶解甲烷(CH4)浓度进行空间监测.结果表明,不同支流库湾的CH4浓度存在差异,平均CH4浓度分别为小江(0.06±0.02)µmol/L、大宁河(0.17±0.12)µmol/L、神农溪(0.16±0.14)µmol/L,且表现出不同的空间异质性.小江库湾溶解CH4浓度呈现出中游表层高底层低的分布特征,上下游则呈现底层浓度高于表层的规律.大宁河库湾与神农溪库湾的CH4分布相似,均表现为上游浓度高于下游,且底层浓度高于表层.三条支流库湾自身的环境因子影响溶解CH4浓度的分布规律,而干流倒灌形成的异重流,不仅稀释库湾的溶解CH4浓度,还通过影响支流库湾的水文水动力过程间接改变库湾溶解CH4浓度的时空分布,这种综合作用揭示了库湾生态系统中CH4产生与消耗的复杂动态过程,对于理解和预测库湾温室气体排放具有重要意义.

, correspAuthors=刘佳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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张鑫毅(1999-),男,山东济南人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事水库碳循环研究..

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张鑫毅(1999-),男,山东济南人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事水库碳循环研究..

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张鑫毅(1999-),男,山东济南人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事水库碳循环研究..

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同一库湾中不同字母表示均值差异显著,P<0.05

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Differential analysis of environmental factors and CH4 concentration in the vertical profiles of three tributary bays

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
库湾水温(℃)叶绿素a(µg/L)溶解氧(mg/L)电导率(µS/cm)CH4(µmol/L)
小江库湾16.2±0.4a3.02±0.28a6.44±0.69a435±21a0.06±0.02a
大宁河库湾16.7±0.6b3.23±0.22b6.79±0.18b423±7b0.17±0.12b
神农溪库湾17.2±0.3c3.10±0.20c7.10±0.21c416±9c0.16±0.14c
), ArticleFig(id=1241057220918571406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211804349072, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3条支流库湾垂向剖面环境因子、CH4浓度差异性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
库湾水温(℃)叶绿素a(µg/L)溶解氧(mg/L)电导率(µS/cm)CH4(µmol/L)
小江库湾16.2±0.4a3.02±0.28a6.44±0.69a435±21a0.06±0.02a
大宁河库湾16.7±0.6b3.23±0.22b6.79±0.18b423±7b0.17±0.12b
神农溪库湾17.2±0.3c3.10±0.20c7.10±0.21c416±9c0.16±0.14c
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221090537887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211804349072, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Differential analysis of environmental factors and CH4 concentration in vertical profiles along three tributary bays

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域水温(℃)叶绿素a(µg/L)溶解氧(mg/L)电导率(µS/cm)CH4(µmol/L)
小江库湾上游16.5±0.2a3.34±0.19f5.30±0.34a394±15a0.05±0.02a
小江库湾中游16.1±0.3b2.99±0.22b6.75±0.36b434±14b0.08±0.03b
小江库湾下游15.9±0.4c2.77±0.15a6.98±0.21c441±6c0.05±0.01a
大宁河库湾上游16.4±0.5c3.37±0.20f6.99±0.20c407±8d0.25±0.18c
大宁河库湾中游16.6±0.6d3.22±0.19de7.12±0.23d417±6e0.17±0.11d
大宁河库湾下游16.9±0.4e3.13±0.23c7.13±0.07d421±3f0.08±0.01b
神农溪库湾上游16.9±0.3e3.24±0.20e6.78±0.24b404±9d0.26±0.19c
神农溪库湾中游17.1±0.3f3.17±0.09cd6.63±0.11e415±9e0.19±0.15d
神农溪库湾下游17.2±0.3f2.99±0.08b6.90±0.10f431±3b0.09±0.04b
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221216367022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211804349072, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3条支流库湾上中下游垂向剖面环境因子、CH4浓度差异性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域水温(℃)叶绿素a(µg/L)溶解氧(mg/L)电导率(µS/cm)CH4(µmol/L)
小江库湾上游16.5±0.2a3.34±0.19f5.30±0.34a394±15a0.05±0.02a
小江库湾中游16.1±0.3b2.99±0.22b6.75±0.36b434±14b0.08±0.03b
小江库湾下游15.9±0.4c2.77±0.15a6.98±0.21c441±6c0.05±0.01a
大宁河库湾上游16.4±0.5c3.37±0.20f6.99±0.20c407±8d0.25±0.18c
大宁河库湾中游16.6±0.6d3.22±0.19de7.12±0.23d417±6e0.17±0.11d
大宁河库湾下游16.9±0.4e3.13±0.23c7.13±0.07d421±3f0.08±0.01b
神农溪库湾上游16.9±0.3e3.24±0.20e6.78±0.24b404±9d0.26±0.19c
神农溪库湾中游17.1±0.3f3.17±0.09cd6.63±0.11e415±9e0.19±0.15d
神农溪库湾下游17.2±0.3f2.99±0.08b6.90±0.10f431±3b0.09±0.04b
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221350584763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211804349072, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis between vertical CH4 concentration and environmental factors in three tributary bays

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域溶解氧(mg/L)水温(℃)电导率(µS/cm)叶绿素(µg/L)
小江上游-0.237**0.590**-0.456**-0.876**
小江中游-0.531**-0.567**-0.748**0.602**
小江下游0.555-0.580**0.449**0.408**
大宁河上游-0.261**-0.794**0.684**-0.812**
大宁河中游-0.915**-0.893**0.443**0.160*
大宁河下游-0.345*-0.482**0.1450.061
神农溪上游-0.672**-0.649**0.145-0.248**
神农溪中游-0.767**-0.905**0.730**-0.152
神农溪下游-0.139-0.688**0.493**-0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221509968330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211804349072, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3条支流库湾垂向CH4浓度与环境因子相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域溶解氧(mg/L)水温(℃)电导率(µS/cm)叶绿素(µg/L)
小江上游-0.237**0.590**-0.456**-0.876**
小江中游-0.531**-0.567**-0.748**0.602**
小江下游0.555-0.580**0.449**0.408**
大宁河上游-0.261**-0.794**0.684**-0.812**
大宁河中游-0.915**-0.893**0.443**0.160*
大宁河下游-0.345*-0.482**0.1450.061
神农溪上游-0.672**-0.649**0.145-0.248**
神农溪中游-0.767**-0.905**0.730**-0.152
神农溪下游-0.139-0.688**0.493**-0.013
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三峡水库高水位运行期典型支流库湾溶存CH4空间异质性
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张鑫毅 1, 2 , 刘佳 1, 2, 3, * , 肖尚斌 1, 2 , 陈敏 1, 2 , 康满春 1, 2 , 杨正健 1, 2 , 纪道斌 1, 2 , 孟江槐 1, 2 , 李鸿 1
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(5): 2875-2883
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(5): 2875-2883
三峡水库高水位运行期典型支流库湾溶存CH4空间异质性
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张鑫毅1, 2 , 刘佳1, 2, 3, * , 肖尚斌1, 2, 陈敏1, 2, 康满春1, 2, 杨正健1, 2, 纪道斌1, 2, 孟江槐1, 2, 李鸿1
作者信息
  • 1.三峡库区生态环境教育部工程中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3.三峡大学水利工程博士后科研流动站,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 张鑫毅(1999-),男,山东济南人,三峡大学硕士研究生,主要从事水库碳循环研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,讲师,
Spatial heterogeneity of dissolved CH4 in typical tributary bays of the Three Gorges Reservoir during high water level operation
Xin-yi ZHANG1, 2 , Jia LIU1, 2, 3, * , Shang-bin XIAO1, 2, Min CHEN1, 2, Man-chun KANG1, 2, Zheng-jian YANG1, 2, Dao-bin JI1, 2, Jiang-huai MENG1, 2, Hong LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.Hubei Field Observation and Scientific Research Stations for Water Ecosystem in Three Gorges Reservoir, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3.Post doctoral Research Station of Hydraulic Engineering of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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为探讨三峡水库高水位运行时期,长江干流倒灌对支流库湾溶存CH4分布的影响,以库区三条典型支流:小江、大宁河、神农溪库湾为研究对象,采用新型快速水-气平衡装置(FaRAGE)耦合温室气体分析仪对水体溶解甲烷(CH4)浓度进行空间监测.结果表明,不同支流库湾的CH4浓度存在差异,平均CH4浓度分别为小江(0.06±0.02)µmol/L、大宁河(0.17±0.12)µmol/L、神农溪(0.16±0.14)µmol/L,且表现出不同的空间异质性.小江库湾溶解CH4浓度呈现出中游表层高底层低的分布特征,上下游则呈现底层浓度高于表层的规律.大宁河库湾与神农溪库湾的CH4分布相似,均表现为上游浓度高于下游,且底层浓度高于表层.三条支流库湾自身的环境因子影响溶解CH4浓度的分布规律,而干流倒灌形成的异重流,不仅稀释库湾的溶解CH4浓度,还通过影响支流库湾的水文水动力过程间接改变库湾溶解CH4浓度的时空分布,这种综合作用揭示了库湾生态系统中CH4产生与消耗的复杂动态过程,对于理解和预测库湾温室气体排放具有重要意义.

三峡水库  /  异重流  /  甲烷  /  空间异质性

To investigate the impact of density currents brought by the mainstream of Yangtze River on the distribution of dissolved CH4 in its tributaries, three representative tributaries-Xiaojiang, Daning, and Shennong Rivers were selected as the study sites. Spatial measurements of dissolved methane(CH4)concentrations in the surface water were conducted using a Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator(FaRAGE)coupled with a greenhouse gas analyzer. The results were shown to vary in CH4 concentrations among the tributaries, with average concentrations being(0.06±0.02)µmol/L in Xiaojiang,(0.17±0.12)µmol/L in Daning, and(0.16±0.14)µmol/L in Shennong Bays. The CH4 concentrations in these three bays were also found to exhibit distinct spatial heterogeneities. In Xiaojiang Bay, a pattern was observed where high surface concentrations and low bottom concentrations were present in the midstream, while higher concentrations were found at the bottom compared to the surface in both the upstream and downstream areas. Comparable distribution patterns of CH4 concentrations were noted in Daning Bay and Shennong Bay, characterized by higher concentrations upstream compared to downstream, and higher concentrations at the bottom layer relative to the surface layer. It was found that the distribution of dissolved CH4 concentrations in the tributary bays was influenced by environmental factors. Furthermore, the density currents from the mainstream were not only found to dilute the dissolved CH4 concentrations in the bays but also indirectly altered their distributions by influencing the hydrological and hydrodynamic processes within the tributary bays. The integrated effects revealed the complex dynamic processes of CH4 production and consumption within the bay ecosystems, which were of great significance for understanding and predicting the greenhouse gas emissions from the bays of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Three Gorges Reservoir  /  density currents  /  dissolved methane  /  spatial heterogeneity
张鑫毅, 刘佳, 肖尚斌, 陈敏, 康满春, 杨正健, 纪道斌, 孟江槐, 李鸿. 三峡水库高水位运行期典型支流库湾溶存CH4空间异质性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2875 -2883 .
Xin-yi ZHANG, Jia LIU, Shang-bin XIAO, Min CHEN, Man-chun KANG, Zheng-jian YANG, Dao-bin JI, Jiang-huai MENG, Hong LI. Spatial heterogeneity of dissolved CH4 in typical tributary bays of the Three Gorges Reservoir during high water level operation[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2875 -2883 .
水库作为人类开发利用水资源的最主要方式,不仅改变了水生生态系统的自然状态,其排放的CH4还占据了全球人为CH4排放总量的20%[1].在这一背景下,作为全球最大的水利枢纽,三峡水库温室气体排放问题备受关注[2].自蓄水以来,筑坝对长江干流的水文、水动力及水质产生了重大影响[3-4],同时也显著影响了水库温室气体排放时空格局[5-7]:干流甲烷排放量减少[8],而支流库湾显著上升[9].显然,水库蓄水以后,水库支流成为了CH4排放的热点区域.支流库湾作为三峡水库的重要组成部分[10],反季节调度改变了库湾原有的水环境条件,使得物质输移以及水生生态过程与干流和蓄水前环境存在显著差异[11].除此之外,库湾中广泛存在的倒灌异重流现象加剧了库湾环境的多变性[12],使得库湾的CH4排放展现出复杂且多样的时空特性.
近年来,支流库湾温室气体排放,特别是CH4的排放,已成为众多学者关注的焦点.研究表明,支流库湾在不同水库运行阶段的CH4排放通量存在显著差异.例如,澎溪河支流库湾在高水位和低水位运行时期的CH4排放通量相差高达4倍[13].进一步的研究指出,在同一时期的三峡水库运行中,龙溪河支流库湾的CH4通量远高于澎溪河支流库湾,差异达到两个数量级[14].此外,刘佳等[15]的研究还发现,作为水库蓄水影响最为显著的区域,香溪河库湾的CH4浓度分布特征在水库蓄水期和泄水期表现出明显的不同.然而,当前的研究大多聚焦于单一支流的CH4分布变化,或是相邻支流在同一时间点的对比,忽略了不同支流间环境条件的显著差异.另一方面,现有研究主要依靠少数点位的监测数据来探索CH4的分布与变化规律,有限的数据点往往难以全面捕捉并真实反映CH4在库湾中的实际状况.这对全面认知和准确评估CH4在库湾中的分布、变化及其环境影响产生了困难.
鉴于此,本文选取三峡库区内位于不同河段的小江、大宁河、神农溪三条支流库湾作为研究对象.为了高分辨率监测支流库湾的温室气体排放情况,采用Xiao等[16]研发的快速水-气平衡装置(FaRAGE),并将其与便携式温室气体分析仪连接,进行走航与定点监测.同时,还将监测各环境因子,以探讨三峡库区高水位时期支流库湾CH4的时空分布规律及其产生差异的原因.期望能够更深入地了解支流库湾CH4的变化规律,并为同类型支流库湾的CH4排放提供更为准确的科学估计.
调查的三条支流均为库区北岸典型一级支流,(图1(a)).小江,也称澎溪河,河口距三峡大坝约247km,流经区域大部分为低山丘陵(丘陵较平缓),河谷平坦,地势北高南低,流速较慢.本次研究选择距离河口约26km的库湾回水区为研究对象,沿河道布置垂向6个调查点(XJ01-XJ06),并在河口位置布置点位CJXJ(图1(b)),走航监测1378个数据点.大宁河位于重庆市巫溪、巫山两县境内,在三峡大坝上游约125km处的巫峡西口注入长江.本次研究选择距离河口约32km的库湾回水区作为研究对象,沿河道布置7个垂向调查点(DN01~DN07),同时在长江干流河道布置垂向采样点CJDN(图1(c)),走航监测1863个数据点.神农溪河口到三峡大坝距离69.9km.地貌主要为峡谷地貌,两岸坡度均较陡,河流流速较快.本次研究选择距离河口约19km的库湾回水区作为研究对象,沿河道布置6个垂向调查点(SN01~SN06),同时在神农溪河口位置布置垂向采样点CJSN(图1(d))走航监测1177个数据点.本次调查时间是2021年12月,此时三峡库区蓄水结束,处于高水位(175m)的相对稳定状态.
使用多参数水质仪(YSI-EXO,美国)进行现场水环境因子监测,监测指标包括溶解氧(0.01mg/L)、水温(0.001℃)、叶绿素a(0.01μg/L)、电导率(1μS/cm)等.
水体溶解CH4浓度监测主要通过快速水-气平衡装置耦合温室气体分析仪(Picarro G2201-i)完成.其中,表层水体走航监测是沿库湾河道“Z”字形走航,通过移动GPS设备记录轨迹,使用蠕动泵连续采集表层水体(水下20cm)进入快速水气平衡装置进行监测.垂向监测是在每一个点位定点抛锚,通过向下连续缓慢释放潜水泵(约2m/min)采集垂向水体监测溶解CH4浓度.
根据表层水体溶解CH4浓度及其记录的经纬度坐标,采用surfur16进行空间分析,因走航监测空间精度较高,数据分布均匀,纵剖面采用Kriging插值法完成;3条支流库湾垂向监测数据(水深)分布不均,垂向剖面空间分布采用Natural Neighbor插值法完成.相关性和差异性采用SPSS进行分析,并在Python 3.6环境下,从scikit-learn库中引入随机森林算法,以进一步分析垂向剖面上各环境因子指标对溶解CH4浓度的贡献率,即进行特征重要性评估.
三条支流库湾水体的水温、叶绿素a、溶解氧和电导率在空间上呈现出明显的规律变化.具体而言,各支流平均温度分别为:小江(16.2±0.4)℃,大宁河(16.7±0.6)℃,神农溪(17.2±0.3)℃(表1),均呈现出表层水温高于底层的分布特征.在纵向上小江库湾表现为上游高于下游,大宁河和神农溪库湾则表现为下游高于上游的分布趋势,且上下游差异显著(P<0.05)(表2).
三条支流叶绿素a的平均浓度分别为,小江(3.02±0.28)μg/L、大宁河(3.23±0.22)μg/L、神农溪(3.10±0.20)μg/L,三者间存在统计学显著差异(P<0.05)(表1).在垂向剖面上,三条支流库湾叶绿素a浓度呈现一致的下降趋势,即由表层向底层递减.而在纵向分布上,各支流均表现为上游浓度显著高于下游(P<0.05),最高值均出现在上游(表2).
三条支流库湾溶解氧平均含量分别为:小江库湾(6.44±0.69)mg/L、大宁河库湾(6.79±0.18)mg/L、神农溪库湾(7.10±0.21)mg/L(表1).其中,小江库湾溶解氧含量最低,其上游溶解氧含量变化在垂向上均呈现出表层高、底层低的分布,中下游则相反.相比之下,大宁河库湾与神农溪库湾的溶解氧垂向分布与小江库湾上游相似,均为表层高于底层.在纵向分布上,三条支流库湾溶解氧均呈现出下游高上游低的趋势,且上下游差异显著(P<0.05)(表2).
三条支流库湾电导率的平均含量分别为:小江(435±21)μS/cm,大宁河(423±7)μS/cm,神农溪(416±9)μS/cm.干流较支流有更广泛的集水区域和更复杂的溶质来源,电导率水平通常较高[17],因而可通过干支流电导率的差异,初步揭示库湾内水体的来源[18].三条支流库湾电导率在垂向上变化趋势相同即底层电导率高于表层,纵向上呈现出下游高于上游的分布规律,最高值均出现在下游,且上下游差异显著(P<0.05)(表2).这种分布规律可能意味着三条支流库湾中倒灌异重流主要以中下层为主,上游受到倒灌影响也相对较小.
流速的方向和大小可以反映出3条支流的流场特征,通过流速的方向可以判断水体来源以及异重流的潜入方式.由图2(j)、(k)、(l)可知:倒灌异重流仅影响到了大宁河和神农溪的库湾中下游河段,主要为底层异重流,而小江库湾的倒灌异重流最为严重,以中下层异重流为主,几乎整个研究河段都受到倒灌异重流的影响.
三条支流库湾表层水体溶解CH4浓度平均值分别为,小江库湾(0.05±0.03)μmol/L、大宁河库湾(0.06±0.02)μmol/L、神农溪库湾(0.04±0.02)μmol/L.其中,小江库湾呈现出上游至河口方向先上升再下降的变化规律,在采样点XJ04~XJ03附近出现最大值(图3(a)).大宁河库湾表层水体溶解CH4浓度从上游至河口方向逐渐减少,上游出现表层CH4浓度的最大值,河口附近出现最小值,两者相差3倍(图3(b)).神农溪库湾表层溶解CH4浓度从上游至中游浓度逐渐减少,在采样点SN03与SN02之间出现最小值,随后浓度逐渐升高.表层水体最大值出现在SN06,是下游表层水体的2倍(图3(c)).三条支流库湾溶解CH4浓度的底层纵向分布表现出相同的变化趋势,即上游底层浓度高于下游,分别为下游的2倍、10倍和15倍.
图4所示,小江库湾垂向溶解CH4平均浓度为(0.06±0.02)μmol/L(表1),上下游垂向浓度从底层到表层逐渐减少,而中游垂向溶解CH4浓度从表层到底层先减少后增大,并且中游表层的溶解CH4浓度最高,是上游底层的2.5倍,下游底层的2倍.
大宁河和神农溪库湾的垂向平均浓度分别为:(0.17±0.12)μmol/L、(0.16±0.14)μmol/L,三条支流库湾之间存在着显著差异(P<0.05)(表1).两条支流库湾下游垂向浓度变化趋势相对较小,中上游整体表现为从底层到表层逐渐减少的趋势,在温跃层附近减少速率最快.值得注意的是,两者最大值均出现在上游底层(大宁河:0.63μmol/L;神农溪:0.64μmol/L),分别是上游表层的4倍和9倍,.此外,两者溶解CH4浓度上下游存在着显著差异(P<0.05),上游垂向平均浓度均是下游的3倍(表2).
高水位运行时期,长江干流水体垂向溶解CH4浓度变化较小,小江、大宁河、神农溪三条支流库湾河口处的长江干流垂向平均浓度分别为:(0.03±0.02)μmol/L、(0.04±0.01)μmol/L、(0.05±0.03)μmol/L,且均小于库湾中的溶解CH4浓度.
对垂向剖面溶解CH4浓度和环境因子进行Pearson相关性分析,溶解氧、温度、叶绿素与垂向溶解CH4浓度呈现负相关关系,电导率则呈现正相关.使用随机森林模型计算相关指标对溶解CH4浓度的贡献率[19].结果表明(图5),在小江库湾中贡献率从大到小依次排列为:电导率37.3%、叶绿素26.3%、溶解氧18.7%、水温17.7%.大宁河和神农溪库湾环境因子贡献率最大的均为水温(大宁河库湾:57.8%、神农溪库湾:46.1%),溶解氧贡献率均最小,分别为:6.6%、7.1%.
纵向上,三条支流库湾上游溶解CH4浓度均高于中下游(图4),这可能与上下游陆源和水生有机碳数量差异有关[20].研究表明,由于支流库湾上游河道窄、水流较快的特性,河岸两侧的土壤、植被更易被冲刷进入库湾,成为陆源有机碳的重要来源,导致库湾上游陆源有机碳数量高于中下游[21].另外,以往调查发现支流库湾上游区域全年水华爆发频率更高[22-23],三条支流库湾叶绿素a浓度变化也呈现出上游到下游降低的变化趋势(图2),这意味着库湾上游水体具有更高的水生有机碳含量,并持续在沉积物表层积累[24].而水生有机碳因其不稳定、分解利用速率较快的特性,在降解过程中会极大地促进沉积物CH4的产生[25].最近在三峡水库香溪河库湾的研究中就指出,由于水生有机碳对CH4产生的特殊贡献,导致水体CH4浓度呈现极高的时空异质性[20],这种现象可能也是本研究中底层水体形成纵向差异的关键因素.由于各库湾内纵向水深的变化,底层沉积物中产生的CH4在扩散至表层水体的过程中受到的氧化、掺混等过程有所差异,使得表、底层水体尽管纵向空间趋势一致,但其差异完全不同.
垂向上,三条支流库湾溶解CH4浓度呈现出底层高,表层低的分布趋势,这可能与水温分层现象有关.水温分层导致上下层水体难以掺混,底层高浓度CH4积累,难以向上迁移[20].本研究中,大宁河与神农溪支流库湾上游垂向溶解CH4浓度与水温变化趋势一致,且两个库湾垂向水温对CH4浓度分布的贡献率可达57.8%和46.1%.相反,表底温差较小的小江库湾CH4在底层水体中的积累明显较小(图2),贡献率分析结果也较低,仅为17.7%.这些现象表明,水温分层影响的水体掺混过程是影响垂向甲烷分布的重要因素.此外,研究还指出水温是影响CH4产生和消耗过程的重要因素[26-27].但在本研究中,3条支流库湾上下游水温差异均较小,对CH4产生和氧化的影响可能是有限的.同时,三体支流库湾上下游水温分层现象存在差异(图2),垂向水体的掺混情况不同,这也进一步导致了表底纵向的差异变化.
沉积物和水体的氧化还原条件是影响甲烷产生、消耗过程的关键.已有研究指出,香溪河库湾富氧的水体环境,使得库湾中CH4氧化比例高达96.6%[24].水体甲烷厌氧氧化的溶解氧浓度阈值为0.1mg/L[28],由于本研究中三条支流库湾溶解氧浓度未出现此现象,以及垂向剖面相关性分析也表明溶解氧与溶解CH4浓度存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05)(表3),这说明有氧氧化可能是垂向CH4浓度分布差异的影响因素.
三峡水库中,干流的水位波动及与支流水体的密度差异,导致支流库湾内长期存在着倒灌异重流现象[4,11],不仅改变了支流库湾的水文和水动力过程[29];同时也显著影响了支流库湾水体的来源和物质输移[30-31],其中也包括溶解CH4.因此,支流库湾溶解CH4浓度所表现出的空间异质性也可能与长江干流倒灌有关.根据图2中三条支流库湾电导率分布图,可以看出小江库湾倒灌异重流以中底层为主,大宁河和神农溪库湾主要以底层倒灌异重流为主.此前刘佳等[15]的研究证实,干支流交互作用造成了香溪河库湾在泄水期和蓄水期间溶解CH4浓度的差异.首先,干流水体的涌入破坏了水体原有的分层结构,水体在垂向上混合均匀[29],导致三条库湾下游溶解CH4浓度在垂向剖面上表底层差异较小(图4).其次,与支流相比长江干流具有更低的CH4浓度[8],使倒灌现象较为严重的库湾下游CH4浓度被稀释,偏向干流水平.而受干流影响较小的库湾上游,水体分层结构未被打破,底层仍呈现出高溶解CH4浓度积累的分布特征(图4),浓度也未被稀释,使整个库湾溶存CH4浓度进一步呈现出上游高下游低的分布特征.
三条支流库湾中,小江库湾倒灌异重流现象更为严重(图2),这可能与水温特性反应有关.研究表明,三峡水库支流河口的水体出现分层异向流动现象,主要是水温及含沙量差异导致的密度不同所引起的.其中,水温差异是造成干流与支流水体密度差异的主要原因,其影响占比超过了80%[22].本研究中,小江库湾水温低于大宁河和神农溪,水温分布更加均匀且接近长江干流水体,导致小江成为受干流倒灌影响最为严重的支流库湾.也正因如此,CH4浓度相对较低的干流水体以中底层倒灌异重流的形式涌入小江库湾,几乎波及整个区域,打破了水体分层,使小江库湾上下游溶解CH4浓度差异较小,也降低了原有CH4浓度,导致溶解CH4浓度在三条支流中处于最低水平.
大宁河、神农溪库湾的溶解CH4浓度最大值出现在库湾上游底层,小江库湾溶解CH4浓度的最大值出现在采样点XJ03至XJ04之间,浓度要高于其底层以及库湾上下游的CH4浓度,因此排除是上游纵向输移,可能是人为污水排放引起.小江中游XJ04附近建设有黄石镇污水厂,具备每日处理450吨污水的规模,其采用传统的污水处理方法在厌氧处理环节会消耗有机物产生CH4[32].Yang等[33]的研究发现污水中的溶解CH4浓度大约是自然水体中的3~8倍,可能导致溶解CH4直接输入到河流水体中.Liu等[6]的研究也证实了这一点,三峡库区溶解CH4浓度与污水排放量存在显著的正相关关系,特别是在冬季,三峡库区干支流流速减缓,污水排放对干流水体溶解CH4浓度的影响更为显著.尽管黄石镇污水厂进行了处理,但处理后的污水中溶解CH4浓度可能高于库湾自然水体.其次,由于干流水体的涌入,降低了库湾流速,几乎达到厘米级(图2(j)、(l)、(k)),水体纵向输移能力减弱,从而导致该河段溶解CH4浓度出现高值.
长江干流倒灌不仅通过稀释作用直接影响支流CH4分布,还通过影响支流库湾水体的溶解氧来间接影响CH4的释放[15].由于倒灌异重流的涌入,增强了水体的垂向混合,表层水体的复氧通道被打开,促进了底层水体的补氧[34],因此,尽管三条支流库湾已经转化为类似湖泊的水域,但并未出现缺氧或厌氧状态,这种溶解氧条件的改变抑制了CH4的产生,也加剧了CH4的消耗.除此之外,三峡水库采用冬蓄夏排的反季节运行方式主导的支流水位变动也影响了CH4的氧化作用,从而对表层CH4浓度产生了重要影响[19].尽管温度较低的冬季,甲烷氧化率更低,但蓄水后支流水位升高,氧化路径变长,水体中的CH4在传输过程中消耗量增大,传输到表层的CH4相对较少[28],使表层溶解CH4浓度降低.
4.1 三条支流库湾溶解CH4浓度呈现显著空间异质性,其中小江库湾浓度最低,大宁河和神农溪库湾浓度相对较高,该差异与支流库湾内有机碳分布、水温及水深等环境因子的空间分布密切相关.
4.2 倒灌异重流影响支流库湾溶解CH4浓度分布:倒灌异重流不仅直接稀释支流库湾的溶解CH4浓度,还通过改变支流库湾的水文水动力过程,间接影响支流库湾溶解CH4浓度的分布规律.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52130903; U24A20180)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金创新发展联合基金项目(2022CFD032)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52130903; U24A20180)
湖北省自然科学基金创新发展联合基金项目(2022CFD032)
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    1.三峡库区生态环境教育部工程中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3.三峡大学水利工程博士后科研流动站,湖北 宜昌 443002

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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