Article(id=1241057211548487864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820696961, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820696961, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820696961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820696961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2530, endPage=2545, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057212068581562, articleId=1241057211548487864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Progress and prospects of research on environmental background value of groundwater, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The determination of environmental background values for groundwater was recognized as a prerequisite and key step for the scientific identification, evaluation, and prevention of groundwater pollution. In this paper, the development history of groundwater environmental background value research was reviewed both domestically and internationally. Existing calculation methods for groundwater environmental background values were discussed along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The research paradigm for background value reasonableness validation analysis and cause analysis was systematically summarized. Finally, existing problems in current groundwater environmental background value research were identified, and future development trends were projected. It was observed that inconsistencies in naming and definitions of groundwater environmental background values persisted among scholars worldwide. Although the influence of human activities on groundwater chemical components had been considered, quantitative determination of the "low human activity impact" threshold in conceptual frameworks remained challenging. Methods for determining environmental background values were generally categorized into mathematical-statistical approaches, model-based methodologies, and other alternative techniques. Each method was found to possess distinct advantages and limitations. The combination of hydrochemical analysis with mathematical statistics was demonstrated to emerge as one of the representative integrated approaches for calculating groundwater environmental background values, though methodologies for trace and micro-component analysis were noted to require further development. The reasonableness of environmental background values was typically assessed through comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors including surrounding pollution sources, hydrogeological conditions, lithological characteristics, land use patterns, pollution percentage indices, and stable isotope results. Regional geological settings and hydrogeological conditions were identified as primary controllers of groundwater environmental background values, while biogeochemical processes were determined to dominate micro-enrichment mechanisms. Based on established environmental background values, groundwater pollution levels were effectively evaluated, pollution risk areas were scientifically delineated, and reference thresholds were provided for environmental regulation and remediation targets. Future priorities were emphasized to include the urgent establishment of a global groundwater environmental background value database, enhanced application of existing background value data, and strategic utilization of big data analytics. These measures were proposed to optimize global groundwater resource protection and pollution control strategies under combined pressures of climate change and anthropogenic impacts.

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确定地下水环境背景值是科学开展地下水污染识别、评价与防治工作的前提与关键.本文回顾了国内外地下水环境背景值研究发展历程,讨论了现有地下水环境背景值计算方法及其优缺点,总结了背景值合理性验证分析与成因分析的研究范式,最后指出了现有地下水环境背景值研究中存在的问题并展望了未来发展趋势.当前国内外学者对地下水环境背景值的命名与定义并不一致,虽均考虑了人类活动对地下水化学组分的影响,但如何定量确定概念中“人类活动影响较小”的阈值仍是难题.确定地下水环境背景值的方法大致分为数理统计方法、基于模型方法和其他方法.各方法均有优劣性,结合水化学与数理统计的组合方法成为目前地下水环境背景值计算的代表性组合方法之一,但对于微量组分与痕量组分的环境背景值计算方法还需进一步发展.通常结合异常点的周边污染源情况、污染百分比指数、水文地质条件、土地利用类型、岩性、稳定同位素结果等方面来综合判断环境背景值的合理性.区域地质与水文地质条件、沉积环境、含水层介质特征宏观控制地下水环境背景值,生物地球化学作用主导地下水环境背景值微观富集机制.基于环境背景值,可判断地下水污染程度、科学划定污染风险区,为环境监管与污染修复目标阈值提供参考值.未来应尽快建立全国地下水环境背景值数据库、重视地下水环境背景值的应用、科学利用大数据,对气候变化与人类活动影响下的全球地下水资源保护与污染防控措施优化具有重要意义.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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邓远东(1998-),男,湖南衡阳人,吉林大学博士研究生,主要从事地下水资源与环境的研究工作.发表论文4篇..

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邓远东(1998-),男,湖南衡阳人,吉林大学博士研究生,主要从事地下水资源与环境的研究工作.发表论文4篇..

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邓远东(1998-),男,湖南衡阳人,吉林大学博士研究生,主要从事地下水资源与环境的研究工作.发表论文4篇..

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journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于图形方法的地下水异常值识别

a为累计曲线图,椭圆形虚线圈定处(Ⅰ-1与Ⅱ-1曲线)拐点较多,连续性差;而椭圆形虚线圈定处(Ⅰ-2与Ⅱ-2曲线)拐点较少或基本无拐点,连续性好,异常值点见图中箭头指示处.b为箱线图,Ⅱ-2箱形与晶须较短,说明数据离散度低.c为概率图(改自Panno[51]).d为水化学图形法,大于马氏距离临界阈值的点为异常值点

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Research progress of background value of groundwater environment in foreign countries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份来源概念或进展文献
1924F.W.克拉克地壳、岩石、大气和水体各种化学元素的平均含量称为克拉克值.[5]
1975Connor在不受污染的情况下,环境中水体、土壤、农作物、植物、大气、水生生物等在自然界存在和发展过程中,其本身固有的化学物质含量.[15]
1993IGCP地球化学基线:指某一区域在特定时间点的元素自然丰度基准值.[16]
1995美国环保局用于评估现场危险物质是否发生排放的可靠参考浓度.[17]
2000WFD强调成员国有义务区分污染物浓度的任何显著和持续上升的趋势,并确定趋势变化的拐点.[18]
2006EU地下水体中某种物质的浓度或指标值与未受干扰条件下或仅有非常轻微的人为改变相对应.[19]
2008Edmunds和Shand介绍如何利用水文地球化学控制、地下水运动的时间尺度和其他空间因素来定义和量化地下水基线.[23]
2012土耳其以GWD为基础制定了保护地下水免受污染和恶化的法规,要求确定目标化学污染物的阈值.[24]
2014WFD监测策略和数据解释应考虑到流量条件和地下水化学在横向和垂直方向上变化的事实.[25]
2017意大利采用正态分布检验来选择背景值评估的百分位数.关于预选,提出了三种选择硝酸盐/氨氮限值的方案.[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057220759180065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国外地下水环境背景值研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份来源概念或进展文献
1924F.W.克拉克地壳、岩石、大气和水体各种化学元素的平均含量称为克拉克值.[5]
1975Connor在不受污染的情况下,环境中水体、土壤、农作物、植物、大气、水生生物等在自然界存在和发展过程中,其本身固有的化学物质含量.[15]
1993IGCP地球化学基线:指某一区域在特定时间点的元素自然丰度基准值.[16]
1995美国环保局用于评估现场危险物质是否发生排放的可靠参考浓度.[17]
2000WFD强调成员国有义务区分污染物浓度的任何显著和持续上升的趋势,并确定趋势变化的拐点.[18]
2006EU地下水体中某种物质的浓度或指标值与未受干扰条件下或仅有非常轻微的人为改变相对应.[19]
2008Edmunds和Shand介绍如何利用水文地球化学控制、地下水运动的时间尺度和其他空间因素来定义和量化地下水基线.[23]
2012土耳其以GWD为基础制定了保护地下水免受污染和恶化的法规,要求确定目标化学污染物的阈值.[24]
2014WFD监测策略和数据解释应考虑到流量条件和地下水化学在横向和垂直方向上变化的事实.[25]
2017意大利采用正态分布检验来选择背景值评估的百分位数.关于预选,提出了三种选择硝酸盐/氨氮限值的方案.[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057220876620587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Conceptual statistics of environmental background values for groundwater in the country

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份来源概念文献
1975何纪力等人土壤环境背景值:未受或受人类活动少的土壤环境本身化学元素及其含量.[27]
1994贺秀全等人地下水环境背景值是指未受污染或基本未受污染的情况下,地下水的化学组分和含量.[34]
2007环境保护标准(地下水环境)未受人类活动影响的情况下,地下水所含化学成分的浓度,也称为地下水环境本底值.[5]
2011《环境影响评价技术导则》指自然条件下地下水中各个化学组分在未受污染情况下的含量.[35]
2022高燕燕未受污染或者基本未受污染的情况下,某区域在一定时期地下水化学组分的含量.[5]
2023《地下水环境背景值统计表征技术指南(试行)》在一定时间范围内,不受人类活动影响或受人类活动影响较小地下水天然化学组分和综合指标含量.[36]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221086335799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内地下水环境背景值概念统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份来源概念文献
1975何纪力等人土壤环境背景值:未受或受人类活动少的土壤环境本身化学元素及其含量.[27]
1994贺秀全等人地下水环境背景值是指未受污染或基本未受污染的情况下,地下水的化学组分和含量.[34]
2007环境保护标准(地下水环境)未受人类活动影响的情况下,地下水所含化学成分的浓度,也称为地下水环境本底值.[5]
2011《环境影响评价技术导则》指自然条件下地下水中各个化学组分在未受污染情况下的含量.[35]
2022高燕燕未受污染或者基本未受污染的情况下,某区域在一定时期地下水化学组分的含量.[5]
2023《地下水环境背景值统计表征技术指南(试行)》在一定时间范围内,不受人类活动影响或受人类活动影响较小地下水天然化学组分和综合指标含量.[36]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221220553537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Types of data and precision required to determine environmental background values for groundwater

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数据类型具体内容精度要求
区域基础数据气象水文、土壤、水文地质、土地利用类型区域调查比例尺为1:250000,重点区为1:50000
地下水监测井数据监测井建设和管理密度不低于1个/100km2,井深单位为m,记至小数点后两位
地下水型饮用水水源数据水源基础信息、地下水环境监管情况图件比例尺不低于1:5000
地下水重点污染源数据污染源基本情况及空间分布信息对于“一企两场”等重点污染源图件比例尺不低于1:2000,其余不低于1:10000
地下水环境监测数据地下水采样数据和样品分析结果承压水样品数据的允许误差<30%,潜水<20%
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221426074449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

确定地下水环境背景值所需的数据类型及精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型具体内容精度要求
区域基础数据气象水文、土壤、水文地质、土地利用类型区域调查比例尺为1:250000,重点区为1:50000
地下水监测井数据监测井建设和管理密度不低于1个/100km2,井深单位为m,记至小数点后两位
地下水型饮用水水源数据水源基础信息、地下水环境监管情况图件比例尺不低于1:5000
地下水重点污染源数据污染源基本情况及空间分布信息对于“一企两场”等重点污染源图件比例尺不低于1:2000,其余不低于1:10000
地下水环境监测数据地下水采样数据和样品分析结果承压水样品数据的允许误差<30%,潜水<20%
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221539320668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mathematical and statistical methods for calculating environmental background values for groundwater(parametric methods)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
Grubbs检验 ,式中,为Grubb的检验,为平均值,为标准差,Xs为怀疑值.Grubbs检验法的临界值定义为.当>时,Xs被认为是异常值.严格度适中,计算简便可靠.多次迭代会更改检测概率.[46]
Dixon检验 ,式中,Q为可疑值与其最近邻近值的距离除以数值范围得出的比率.N是样本数量,则相应的N值按升序排列:x1<x2<...<xn.客观简便异常值筛选不严格,必须使用列表形式的值进行,并且无法估计错误拒绝的概率.[47]
迭代标准差法迭代去除所有超出mean±2δ范围样品,剩余数据集即为环境背景值.客观简便筛选严格,不适用异常值数据较多、服从双峰或多峰模态分布的数据[48-49]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221740647279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

计算地下水环境背景值的数理统计方法(参数方法)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
Grubbs检验 ,式中,为Grubb的检验,为平均值,为标准差,Xs为怀疑值.Grubbs检验法的临界值定义为.当>时,Xs被认为是异常值.严格度适中,计算简便可靠.多次迭代会更改检测概率.[46]
Dixon检验 ,式中,Q为可疑值与其最近邻近值的距离除以数值范围得出的比率.N是样本数量,则相应的N值按升序排列:x1<x2<...<xn.客观简便异常值筛选不严格,必须使用列表形式的值进行,并且无法估计错误拒绝的概率.[47]
迭代标准差法迭代去除所有超出mean±2δ范围样品,剩余数据集即为环境背景值.客观简便筛选严格,不适用异常值数据较多、服从双峰或多峰模态分布的数据[48-49]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221832921976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mathematical and statistical methods(non-parametric methods)for calculating environmental background values for groundwater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
预选(PS)通过诸如Cl-, SO42-, NO3-等或毒理性指标来识别并剔除异常样本易于应用,无需全面的统计知识.适用于取样点多、数据量大的情况具有一定的主观性,可能导致数据集的减少和相关的统计显著性损失[56]
累计曲线法横坐标为累计频率,纵坐标为元素浓度,根据频率分布曲线的拐点数量识别异常值不需要满足相关先验分布可能呈现多个拐点,易受外界干扰[55]
概率图通过累积概率图上的拐点划分为两个或多个种群.以这种方式确定的种群被指定为背景和一个或多个“异常”,而拐点处的浓度被定义为“阈值”能够很好区分两个或更多重叠影响的阈值至少需要约100个值,阈值易受随机和系统误差的影响[51]
Median+2MADMAD=mediani|log10xi-medianj log10xj|TV=10a;式中,median-中位数;MAD-中位数绝对偏差的中位数;TV-背景值阈值对极值宽容度高,具有较强的鲁棒性和稳定性筛选的背景值阈值较为保守[12]
箱线图TIF=Q3+1.5IQR;式中,Q3代表第三个四分位数;IQR为25~75百分位);1.5是基于对称分布假设的系数被认为是计算任何数据集的阈值和检测异常值的最可靠、最强大的工具之一适用于异常值的数量低于10%的数据集[52]
经验累积分布函数(ECDF)基于排序值与经验累积分布的概率作图,通过观察曲线中的拐点和断裂来估计阈值提供了对数据结构(即范围、极值、检测限)的全面洞察,每个数据值在图中仍然可见需要大量数据,对阈值的估计具有一定主观性[62]
层次聚类分析根据所选特征的相似性将案例或变量划分为不同的组或子集能清晰的判断和排除异常值需要具体问题具体分析,模式不可重复[53]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221946168200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

计算地下水环境背景值的数理统计方法(非参数方法)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
预选(PS)通过诸如Cl-, SO42-, NO3-等或毒理性指标来识别并剔除异常样本易于应用,无需全面的统计知识.适用于取样点多、数据量大的情况具有一定的主观性,可能导致数据集的减少和相关的统计显著性损失[56]
累计曲线法横坐标为累计频率,纵坐标为元素浓度,根据频率分布曲线的拐点数量识别异常值不需要满足相关先验分布可能呈现多个拐点,易受外界干扰[55]
概率图通过累积概率图上的拐点划分为两个或多个种群.以这种方式确定的种群被指定为背景和一个或多个“异常”,而拐点处的浓度被定义为“阈值”能够很好区分两个或更多重叠影响的阈值至少需要约100个值,阈值易受随机和系统误差的影响[51]
Median+2MADMAD=mediani|log10xi-medianj log10xj|TV=10a;式中,median-中位数;MAD-中位数绝对偏差的中位数;TV-背景值阈值对极值宽容度高,具有较强的鲁棒性和稳定性筛选的背景值阈值较为保守[12]
箱线图TIF=Q3+1.5IQR;式中,Q3代表第三个四分位数;IQR为25~75百分位);1.5是基于对称分布假设的系数被认为是计算任何数据集的阈值和检测异常值的最可靠、最强大的工具之一适用于异常值的数量低于10%的数据集[52]
经验累积分布函数(ECDF)基于排序值与经验累积分布的概率作图,通过观察曲线中的拐点和断裂来估计阈值提供了对数据结构(即范围、极值、检测限)的全面洞察,每个数据值在图中仍然可见需要大量数据,对阈值的估计具有一定主观性[62]
层次聚类分析根据所选特征的相似性将案例或变量划分为不同的组或子集能清晰的判断和排除异常值需要具体问题具体分析,模式不可重复[53]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222105551769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Modelling approach for calculating environmental background values for groundwater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
成分分离方法fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x);;式中,i-数据集的平均数目B-混合比例;σnat-背景数据集标准差;σant-人为数据集的标准差;μnat-背景数据集均值;μant人为数据集的均值;tN-截断因子.;在自然和人类来源交汇的复杂地区具有应用优势.没有先验的理由表明自然地球化学数据遵循对数正态分布,拟合观测到的分布可能会受到很大的不确定性的影响.[14]
混合总体筛分法 ;式中,参数集Q=(kQ1,…,QK,…,),k-分支的个数fxQ)-第i个分支的概率密度函数-相应的参数-第i个分支的权重Z-隐含变量;Qi-隐含变量Z的某种分布,(l-1)-相应参数或密度函数的第l-1次迭代结果.在多个混合来源的复杂地区具有优势.混合模型参数和模型分支不易确定.[5]
二元混合模型fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x);δsample=xδA+(1−x)δBx为人为输入的比例,δsample为样品的同位素特征值.更快、更精确、更客观的确定地下水环境背景值.需要确定输入的端元值具有代表性,还需确定特定化合物没有从系统中移除.[8]
地统计方法探索性数据分析(EDA)+变异分析+交叉验证+普通协同克里金法.有助于解释地下水质量数据,可以直接划定浓度超过既定阈值的受污染区域.超过阈值的浓度无法量化,易错估地区的污染水平.[65]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222420124588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

计算地下水环境背景值的模型方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
成分分离方法fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x);;式中,i-数据集的平均数目B-混合比例;σnat-背景数据集标准差;σant-人为数据集的标准差;μnat-背景数据集均值;μant人为数据集的均值;tN-截断因子.;在自然和人类来源交汇的复杂地区具有应用优势.没有先验的理由表明自然地球化学数据遵循对数正态分布,拟合观测到的分布可能会受到很大的不确定性的影响.[14]
混合总体筛分法 ;式中,参数集Q=(kQ1,…,QK,…,),k-分支的个数fxQ)-第i个分支的概率密度函数-相应的参数-第i个分支的权重Z-隐含变量;Qi-隐含变量Z的某种分布,(l-1)-相应参数或密度函数的第l-1次迭代结果.在多个混合来源的复杂地区具有优势.混合模型参数和模型分支不易确定.[5]
二元混合模型fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x);δsample=xδA+(1−x)δBx为人为输入的比例,δsample为样品的同位素特征值.更快、更精确、更客观的确定地下水环境背景值.需要确定输入的端元值具有代表性,还需确定特定化合物没有从系统中移除.[8]
地统计方法探索性数据分析(EDA)+变异分析+交叉验证+普通协同克里金法.有助于解释地下水质量数据,可以直接划定浓度超过既定阈值的受污染区域.超过阈值的浓度无法量化,易错估地区的污染水平.[65]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222529176500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Alternative methods for calculating environmental background values for groundwater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
比拟法背景值参考与工作区地质及水文地质条件相似的比照区内的地下水背景值.不用在研究区内开展工作,可作为粗略估计背景值的简便方法.背景值结果可靠性未得到验证,不确定性较大.[67-68]
平均值法将数据集中某一组分的算术平均值作为环境背景值.简便易操作.结果过于粗略,不适用区域背景值研究.[55,71-72]
趋势面法根据数据集制作长序列浓度变化图,以此评估地下水背景值.既可以判断背景值的时间差异性,也可以判断研究区的局部变化.只适用于非污染区,即人类活动影响相对较小的地区.[73-74]
剖面图法以指标浓度、取样位置分别为纵坐标和横坐标制作剖面图,然后作直线平行于横轴且于该直线上下分别做外包线,分离相对污染较少的取样点,以两线之中的样本点此代表工作区内的背景值.简便易操作,应用于污染区.需要查明污染源水动力条件,在面源污染区不适用.[75]
历时曲线法基于长序列水质观测数据的历史变化特征,将出现阶跃性变化的浓度数据视为异常值.反映地下水化学要素随时间的变化特征.长序列地下水化学资料难以收集.[3,55]
水化学法通过使用水化学图和马氏距离的组合来识别和量化地球化学过程中的异常.能够有效辨别不同样本之间的相似性,从而判断出异常样本.对于面源污染区识别效果差,无法全面的识别异常值.[38,71,76]
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222722114507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

计算地下水环境背景值的其他方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点文献
比拟法背景值参考与工作区地质及水文地质条件相似的比照区内的地下水背景值.不用在研究区内开展工作,可作为粗略估计背景值的简便方法.背景值结果可靠性未得到验证,不确定性较大.[67-68]
平均值法将数据集中某一组分的算术平均值作为环境背景值.简便易操作.结果过于粗略,不适用区域背景值研究.[55,71-72]
趋势面法根据数据集制作长序列浓度变化图,以此评估地下水背景值.既可以判断背景值的时间差异性,也可以判断研究区的局部变化.只适用于非污染区,即人类活动影响相对较小的地区.[73-74]
剖面图法以指标浓度、取样位置分别为纵坐标和横坐标制作剖面图,然后作直线平行于横轴且于该直线上下分别做外包线,分离相对污染较少的取样点,以两线之中的样本点此代表工作区内的背景值.简便易操作,应用于污染区.需要查明污染源水动力条件,在面源污染区不适用.[75]
历时曲线法基于长序列水质观测数据的历史变化特征,将出现阶跃性变化的浓度数据视为异常值.反映地下水化学要素随时间的变化特征.长序列地下水化学资料难以收集.[3,55]
水化学法通过使用水化学图和马氏距离的组合来识别和量化地球化学过程中的异常.能够有效辨别不同样本之间的相似性,从而判断出异常样本.对于面源污染区识别效果差,无法全面的识别异常值.[38,71,76]
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地下水环境背景值研究进展及展望
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邓远东 1, 2 , 冶雪艳 3, 4 , 杜新强 3, 4, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2530-2545
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2530-2545
地下水环境背景值研究进展及展望
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邓远东1, 2 , 冶雪艳3, 4, 杜新强3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.吉林大学,地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021
  • 2.吉林大学新能源与环境学院,吉林 长春 130021
  • 3.北京师范大学珠海校区,粤港水安全保障联合实验室,广东 珠海 519087
  • 4.北京师范大学珠海校区,自然科学高等研究院水科学研究中心,广东 珠海 519087
  • 邓远东(1998-),男,湖南衡阳人,吉林大学博士研究生,主要从事地下水资源与环境的研究工作.发表论文4篇..

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* 责任作者,教授,
Progress and prospects of research on environmental background value of groundwater
Yuan-dong DENG1, 2 , Xue-yan YE3, 4, Xin-qiang DU3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment(Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China
  • 2.College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
  • 3.Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
  • 4.Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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确定地下水环境背景值是科学开展地下水污染识别、评价与防治工作的前提与关键.本文回顾了国内外地下水环境背景值研究发展历程,讨论了现有地下水环境背景值计算方法及其优缺点,总结了背景值合理性验证分析与成因分析的研究范式,最后指出了现有地下水环境背景值研究中存在的问题并展望了未来发展趋势.当前国内外学者对地下水环境背景值的命名与定义并不一致,虽均考虑了人类活动对地下水化学组分的影响,但如何定量确定概念中“人类活动影响较小”的阈值仍是难题.确定地下水环境背景值的方法大致分为数理统计方法、基于模型方法和其他方法.各方法均有优劣性,结合水化学与数理统计的组合方法成为目前地下水环境背景值计算的代表性组合方法之一,但对于微量组分与痕量组分的环境背景值计算方法还需进一步发展.通常结合异常点的周边污染源情况、污染百分比指数、水文地质条件、土地利用类型、岩性、稳定同位素结果等方面来综合判断环境背景值的合理性.区域地质与水文地质条件、沉积环境、含水层介质特征宏观控制地下水环境背景值,生物地球化学作用主导地下水环境背景值微观富集机制.基于环境背景值,可判断地下水污染程度、科学划定污染风险区,为环境监管与污染修复目标阈值提供参考值.未来应尽快建立全国地下水环境背景值数据库、重视地下水环境背景值的应用、科学利用大数据,对气候变化与人类活动影响下的全球地下水资源保护与污染防控措施优化具有重要意义.

地下水环境背景值  /  数理统计方法  /  水化学法  /  成因分析

The determination of environmental background values for groundwater was recognized as a prerequisite and key step for the scientific identification, evaluation, and prevention of groundwater pollution. In this paper, the development history of groundwater environmental background value research was reviewed both domestically and internationally. Existing calculation methods for groundwater environmental background values were discussed along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The research paradigm for background value reasonableness validation analysis and cause analysis was systematically summarized. Finally, existing problems in current groundwater environmental background value research were identified, and future development trends were projected. It was observed that inconsistencies in naming and definitions of groundwater environmental background values persisted among scholars worldwide. Although the influence of human activities on groundwater chemical components had been considered, quantitative determination of the "low human activity impact" threshold in conceptual frameworks remained challenging. Methods for determining environmental background values were generally categorized into mathematical-statistical approaches, model-based methodologies, and other alternative techniques. Each method was found to possess distinct advantages and limitations. The combination of hydrochemical analysis with mathematical statistics was demonstrated to emerge as one of the representative integrated approaches for calculating groundwater environmental background values, though methodologies for trace and micro-component analysis were noted to require further development. The reasonableness of environmental background values was typically assessed through comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors including surrounding pollution sources, hydrogeological conditions, lithological characteristics, land use patterns, pollution percentage indices, and stable isotope results. Regional geological settings and hydrogeological conditions were identified as primary controllers of groundwater environmental background values, while biogeochemical processes were determined to dominate micro-enrichment mechanisms. Based on established environmental background values, groundwater pollution levels were effectively evaluated, pollution risk areas were scientifically delineated, and reference thresholds were provided for environmental regulation and remediation targets. Future priorities were emphasized to include the urgent establishment of a global groundwater environmental background value database, enhanced application of existing background value data, and strategic utilization of big data analytics. These measures were proposed to optimize global groundwater resource protection and pollution control strategies under combined pressures of climate change and anthropogenic impacts.

groundwater environmental background values  /  mathematical and statistical methods  /  hydrochemical methods  /  causal analyses
邓远东, 冶雪艳, 杜新强. 地下水环境背景值研究进展及展望. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2530 -2545 .
Yuan-dong DENG, Xue-yan YE, Xin-qiang DU. Progress and prospects of research on environmental background value of groundwater[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2530 -2545 .
地下水是重要的淡水资源,为数十亿人提供饮用水来源,且满足全球约40%的灌溉需求[1].然而,剧烈而频繁的人类活动易使地下水质量退化,影响社会经济稳定、环境与人类健康[2].为应对地下水污染危机,地下水污染评价、污染源识别、污染成因分析、污染趋势预测等一系列研究工作陆续开展.而确定地下水环境背景值则是科学开展地下水污染防治工作的前提与重要支撑.基于环境背景值,可判断地下水污染程度、科学划定污染风险区,为环境监管与污染修复目标阈值提供参考值[3].因此开展地下水环境背景值研究对水资源保护与污染防控措施优化具有重要意义.
地下水环境背景值一般被定义为在一定时间范围内,不受人类活动影响或受人类活动影响较小的地下水天然化学组分和综合指标含量[4].然而,由于长期和普遍的人类活动,地下水质量不可避免地受到干扰,没有人为影响的严格意义上的环境背景值是不存在的,因此环境背景值的概念一直争议不断[5].环境背景值不是一个单值,而是一个范围,且在不同水文地质单元不同时期内不断变化[6].地下水环境背景水平主要受水的来源、含水层介质类型和储留时间控制[7-8].补给来源决定了地下水初始水质,含水层介质类型基本决定了地下水化学类型.地下水在径流路径的储留时间不仅反映了径流强度,还反映了水岩相互作用程度.地下水储留时间越长,矿物溶解进入地下水的组分含量越高.评估地下水环境背景值的关键在于分离数据集中自然与人为的影响[9].然而,在降雨、包气带岩性、人类活动等外在因素与生物地球化学作用的影响下,分离自然与人为因素对地下水化学的影响是困难的[10-11].目前计算地下水环境背景值的方法包括Grubbs检验、迭代标准差法、预选法(PS)、累计曲线法、概率图、Median±2MAD等数理统计方法,以及成分分离法、混合总体筛分、地统计方法、平均值法、趋势面分析法、剖面图法、水化学图形法等其他方法[3,12-14].虽然计算方法多样,但也存在最优计算方法尚未统一定论,计算结果不确定性分析缺乏的问题.本文将综述国内外地下水环境背景值的研究进展,包括国内外地下水环境背景值概念的发展、地下水环境背景值计算方法分类及优劣点、背景值合理性验证分析与成因分析研究现状、地下水环境背景值研究存在问题及展望.
1924年,美国学者F.W.克拉克最先提出了背景值概念,其将地壳、岩石、大气和水体各种化学元素的平均含量称为克拉克值(表1).1975年美国人Connor等[15]提出了“环境背景值”的概念,将其定义为:在不受污染的情况下,环境中水体、土壤、农作物、植物、大气、水生生物等在自然界存在和发展过程中,其本身固有的化学物质含量.1993年,国际地质对比计划(IGCP)360项目正式引入了“地球化学基线”一词,这一术语用于描述一个地区不再原始的环境背景值或由于人类活动而改变的本底值[16]. 1995年,环境背景值被美国环保局定义为“用于评估现场危险物质是否发生排放的可靠参考浓度[17]”. 2000年欧盟颁布了欧洲水框架指令(WFD),强调成员国有义务区分污染物浓度的任何显著和持续上升的趋势,并确定趋势变化的拐点[18].关于如何实现这一目标以及其他一些目标的规范和标准是由地下水指令(GWD)[19](欧盟,2006年)制定的,该指令基于两个明确的目标:(1)评估地下水体的状态,这涉及到事先确定自然背景水平(NBLs)和建立阈值(TVs)[20];(2)确定污染物浓度的显著和持续趋势[21-22].地下水指令(GWD)在第5.2条中对地下水环境背景值的定义是:“地下水体中某种物质的浓度或指标值与未受干扰条件下或仅有非常轻微的人为改变相对应.”2008年,Edmunds和Shand合著的《天然地下水水质》中,记录了欧洲12个国家地下水系统的无机化学基线,确定了欧洲地下水系统的自然基线[23].2012年,土耳其以GWD为基础制定了保护地下水免受污染和恶化的法规,要求确定目标化学污染物的阈值,以实现地下水体的可持续管理[24].欧洲水框架指令2014/80/ EC修订,指出“监测策略和数据解释应考虑到流量条件和地下水化学在横向和垂直方向上变化的事实[25]”.近年意大利发布了地下水体自然本底水平(NBL)评估的国家指南,采用正态分布检验来选择NBL评估的百分位数.关于预选,该指南提出了三种选择硝酸盐/氨氮限值的方案[26].总的来说,美国、英国、欧盟、意大利等发达国家对地下水环境背景值的研究较早,且积累了长期的地下水质量数据资料.但各国制定的地下水质量标准不同,且计算地下水环境背景值的方法也尚未统一.发展中国家对地下水环境背景值的研究起步较晚,且因监测成本高等原因限制了长期地下水质量数据的收集.
我国环境背景值研究最早开始于土壤,而后逐渐延伸到水、大气等环境领域.地下水环境背景值研究过程可大致分为四个阶段(表2).
1975年~上世纪80年代初的萌芽期,该阶段我国土壤与生物环境背景值研究蓬勃发展,水环境领域的研究开始受到重视.1975年,我国学者在多个区域开展土壤调查工作中,首次引入“土壤环境背景值”的概念并将其定义为“未受或受人类活动少的土壤环境本身化学元素及其含量”[27].上世纪70年代末各地陆续开展各种地下水质指标检测工作[5].80年代初我国学者正式提出了“地下水环境背景值”的概念[28].
上世纪80年代初~2006年的探索期,该阶段我国开展了大量的区域地下水环境背景值调查工作,进一步讨论了地下水环境背景值相关概念的定义、丰富了背景值调查工作方法.例如,上世纪90年代,吉林省环境水文地质总站调查了第二松花江流域地下水区域环境背景值,出版了《第二松花江流域地下水环境背景值检测技术》,系统梳理了地下水环境背景值调查技术方法等方面内容[29-31].1991年曾昭华等人在《长江中下游重点地区地下水环境背景值调查》中建立了包括各类特征数据及图件的地下水环境背景值数据库,标志着我国地下水环境背景值研究达到新的开端[32-33].2006年,随着地下水污染形势愈发严峻,为保障供水安全,我国展开了大量的地下水污染调查工作[3].但该阶段地下水环境背景值的相关概念也存在争议:一种观点认为地下水环境背景值应当反映水环境的天然状态;另一种观点认为,背景值研究不可囿于水体天然未污染的定义,应结合实际情况包含少部分人为污染[34].
2007~2018年稳步发展期,该阶段地下水环境背景值研究走向规范化.2007年国家环境保护部在《环境保护标准(地下水环境)》中将地下水环境背景值定义为“未受人类活动影响的情况下,地下水所含化学成分的浓度”.2011年,国家环境保护部在《环境影响评价技术导则(地下水环境)》中进一步将概念精炼为:“地下水背景值又称地下水本底值,是指自然条件下地下水中各个化学组分在未受污染情况下的含量”[35].
2019年以后的高速发展期,该阶段地下水环境背景值研究已成为国家战略性研究课题.2019年12月,国家生态环境部在《地表水和地下水环境本底值判定技术规定(暂行)》中明确了国家地下水环境本底判定的原则、标准和程序.2023年,国家环保指南《地下水环境背景值统计表征技术指南(试行)》已编制完成[36].总的来说,虽然目前地下水环境背景值研究已得到国家的极大重视,相关学术研究成果也大量增加,但地下水环境背景值的计算方法创新性不够,最优方法仍未统一定论.此外,面临人类活动与气候变化共同影响的大环境下,尽早建立全国地下水环境背景值的数据库是一项长期且重要的基础工作.
各国政府均出台了相关规范定义了地下水环境背景值概念,但仍未形成统一认识.地下水环境背景值概念争议的关键在于,没有人为影响的严格意义上的环境背景值是不存在的.因此有学者认为地下水自然背景值不能过于强调“零污染”的重要性,否则会给研究工作带来极大的困难[37].何江涛提出了“视背景值”的概念,认为地下水环境背景值是自然状态与人类正常活动叠加形成的[38].然而,如何去定量辨识“正常人类活动”却是一个难题.如果从“是否受人类活动影响”的视角考虑,具体梳理已有概念.那么针对实际问题,笔者认为地下水自然背景值的概念至少有二个延伸.第一种概念是地下水绝对原始环境背景值,指在不受到人为活动干扰的条件下,完全来自自然地质、生物或大气来源的地下水溶液中存在的特定元素、物种或化学物质的浓度(地球上尚未出现人类以前).第二种概念是地下水相对原始环境背景值,指受人类活动干扰较少的条件下,绝大部分来自自然地质、生物或大气来源的地下水溶液中存在的特定元素、物种或化学物质的浓度.(工业革命以前).因此,目前而言所研究的地下水环境背景值是工业革命以后人类活动与自然条件共同影响的结果.
地下水环境背景值概念中“不受人类活动影响”、“受人类活动影响较少”的客观定量判断,对促进地下水环境背景值概念发展至关重要.本文提出了一种可客观判断地下水环境的人为影响程度的研究思路:多年主成分分析方法.基于地下水水质数据的主成分分析可将地下水环境主控因素分为人类活动(PC1一般包括NO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-、TDS、Na+)、还原环境(PC2一般包括NH4+-N、Mn或Fe)、方解石和白云石等碳酸盐矿物的风化作用等(PC3一般包括K+、pH值和HCO3-).而多年主成分分析结果可揭示地下水质主控因素的时间变化特征.计算各PC的得分,可发现多年地下水样本的最高得分PC(主控PC)状态在发生变化.那么,若某一监测点多年的主控PC未变化,则说明该点地下水质受外界干扰较少.相反的,若某一监测点多年的主控PC变化明显,则说明该点地下水质受外界干扰较大.因此根据主控PC的时空变化,可将人类活动对地下水质影响程度划分3个等级:人类活动控制区,PC1、PC2、PC3/PC4等三/四种主控PC频繁切换,主控PC时空变化程度高;人类-自然耦合区,两种主控PC频繁切换,主控PC时空变化程度中等;自然环境控制区,由单一主控PC控制,主控PC时空变化程度低.
确定地下水环境背景值需要地下水污染调查的数据支撑.例如在计算环境背景值之前,需要参考区域基础数据与监测井数据以确定调查范围和目标含水层、划分水文地质单元;参考地下水型饮用水水源数据与地下水重点污染源数据以科学的布设背景值采样点;参考地下水环境监测数据以筛选及分析历史水化学数据.此外,在环境背景值确定后,背景值合理性分析验证、成因分析及应用还需污染调查数据支撑.表3归纳了确定地下水环境背景值所需的数据类型及精度,以上数据精度的参考规范包括《地下水环境监测技术规范HJ 164-2020》[39]、《饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范HJ 338-2018》[40]、《地下水生态环境监管系统数据编码及目录要求(试行)》[41]、《地下水环境状况调查评价工作指南》[42]、《地下水污染地质调查评价规范》[43]等.
准确计算地下水环境背景值的关键在于有效识别数据集中的异常值,即分离数据集中自然与人为的影响[9].目前确定地下水环境背景值的方法大致分为三类:数理统计方法、基于模型方法和其他方法.
数理统计方法旨在通过判别数据连续性识别异常值,是目前应用最广的方法,根据是否考虑数据分布特征可分为参数方法和非参数方法(表4~5).参数方法需要考虑数据的分布特征,包括Grubbs检验、Dixon检验和迭代标准差法[44-45].Grubbs检验适合小样本数据集(6<n<100),要求数据符合正态分布或近似正态分布,以平均值±3倍标准差为临界值可稳健而有效的识别数据集中的离群值,因而早在上世纪90年代就被广泛应用于地下水环境背景值计算[46].相反的,Dixon法为极差型检验,检验不严格易遗漏异常值点;迭代标准差法灵敏度高,检验严格易误判背景值点[47].
非参数方法无需假设数据的分布状态,包括预选法(PS)、累计曲线法、概率图、Median+2MAD、箱线图、经验累积分布函数(ECDF)、层次聚类分析[12,50-53].其中累计曲线法(图1a)、箱线图(图1b)、概率图(图1c)均是通过绘制图形识别异常值,此三种基于图形的数理统计方法常耦合其他方法共同剔除数据集中的异常值.例如,箱线图的箱型与晶须长度可辅助判断剩余数据集的离散型[54],累计曲线图中的拐点数量反映了数据连续性[55].预选法通过一些反映人为污染的化学指标(如Cl-、SO2-、NO-43等或毒理性指标)来识别并剔除异常样本,简便易操作而被广泛应用.例如,通过Cl/Br比、NO3->10mg/L、Cl->1000mg/L、有机污染>0.05μg/L、7[SO42-]+5[NO3-]>2meq/L(氧化容量法)等来识别受污染的地下水,也可通过地下水测年结果选择年龄偏老的地下水样本为背景值数据集[4,20,56-58].预选法适用于大样本数据集,但存在一定主观性而导致相关的统计显著性损失.以层次聚类分析为代表的机器学习方法具有高效率与出色的非线性处理能力,近年来被广泛运用于地下水异常值识别研究[59].例如近期褚宴佳利用随机森林识别浅层地下水溶解性总固体的异常并取得了不错的识别效果[60].Afrifa等[61]采用迭代离群值移除技术与伽马混合模型两种无监督学习方法评估了登苏河流域含水层的环境背景值,发现伽马混合模型在估计多个来源的污染时更为稳健.在大数据时代背景下(庞大的数据量与多样化的数据源),机器学习方法在地下水异常值识别领域具有广阔的发展空间,但其实质为“黑箱”模型,对结果的解释性弱且模式不可重复.
基于模型的方法的共同目标是对自然分布的数据进行建模,根据输入的地下水化学数据大小识别背景值(表6),主要包括成分分离方法、混合总体筛分法、二元混合模型、和地统计方法[8,63-65].成分分离方法假设观测的数据是自然与人为因素耦合作用下的表征,在自然和人类来源交汇的复杂地区具有应用优势,但没有先验的证据表明自然地球化学数据遵循对数正态分布[14].与成分分离方法不同,混合总体筛分法认为原始数据是多种因素混合叠加的总体,在地质条件与人类活动复杂区域具有应用优势,但难以确定混合模型的参数和模型分支[5].二元混合模型需要结合稳定同位素数据进行建模,例如可利用硫酸盐的硫氧稳定同位素(δ34S-SO42-δ18O-SO42-)量化每个源对总溶解硫酸盐的贡献,利用硝酸盐的氮氧同位素(δ15N-NO3-δ18O-NO3-)量化硝酸盐的污染源贡献,计算自然源贡献后即可确定环境背景值[8].
二元混合模型不需要剔除异常值,最大程度保留了数据的完整性,但不同来源的同位素端元值叠加时导致识别结果不确定性较大,未来可结合其他同位素辅助判断污染源端元值(例如可利用硼同位素分析污水在硝酸盐污染中的作用[66]).地统计方法应用第90个百分位数据的空间分布建立浓度类别定义,从中估算地下水局部环境背景值[65].地统计方法可最小化自然和人为污染之间的误差,但在阈值较高区的自然背景样本易被误判为污染样本.
其他方法包括比拟法、平均值法、趋势面分析法、剖面图法、历时曲线法、水化学图形法(表7[11,38,55,67].平均值法适宜于人类活动较少区域的地下水环境背景值计算,但以平均值代表一个区域的背景值水平过于粗略[55].比拟法、趋势面分析法、剖面图法、历时曲线法、水化学图形法(图1d)适宜于相对污染区,其中比拟法、历时曲线法、水化学图形应用较多[3].比拟法是一种不用开展调查工作的快速简便的背景值计算方法,但主观性太强而无法体现空间差异性[68].历时曲线法基于长序列水质观测数据的历史变化特征,将出现阶跃性变化的浓度数据视为异常值[67].历时曲线法识别的异常值结果较为可靠,但长序列数据难以获取.水化学图形法通过水文地球化学异常来剔除异常值,充分考虑了水岩相互作用的内部演化规律与特征,但评估宏量组分以外的微量组分的背景值时,评估效果取决于微量组分与宏量组分的相关性[38,69-70].
目前确定地下水环境背景值的最优方法并未统一,各种方法都有其优点与局限性.基于组合方法的地下水异常值识别效果要优于单一方法[58].例如,欧盟研究项目“BRIDGE”将离子平衡大于10%、[Na+]+[Cl]>1000mg/L、NO3->10mg/L、7[SO42-]+5[NO3-]>2meq/L的样本视为异常值,多种预选方法的结合比单一方法更系统完备[77].Preziosi等[13]结合概率图和预选方法评估了意大利中部火山沉积含水层中As、F、Mn和Fe的环境背景值,发现两种方法的整合加强了评估的有效性.Ducci等[64]结合地统计方法与概率图法评估了葡萄牙和意大利三个案例的地下水环境背景值,发现开发的组合方法可对地下水环境背景值进行空间解释,有助于地下水污染风险管控.Huang[56]结合Cl/Br比率与Grubbs检验的组合方法识别中国珠江三角洲地区的地下水环境背景值,发现该组合方法在城市化地区的应用较可靠.He[38]比较了多种方法在中国柳江盆地浅层地下水环境背景值计算的应用效果,发现结合水化学方法与Grubbs检验的组合方法既考虑了数据本身的离散性,还考虑了水化学成分的内部联系和演变过程,评价结果更合理可靠.需要注意的是,He开发的Piper三线图+Grubbs检验组合方法已被《地下水环境背景值统计表征技术指南(试行)》采用,因此结合水化学与数理统计的组合方法成为目前地下水环境背景值计算的主要研究趋势.但不管运用何种方法,都应结合区域水文地质条件、污染源分布特征等具体分析.
图2给出了地下水环境背景值的计算流程.更具体的过程将以典型案例的方式展示.选取何江涛教授团队在柳江盆地的研究成果为典型案例[38].如图3所示.前期需要收集污染调查的相关资料,而后根据含水层介质、地质构造、地形地貌特征等条件将柳江盆地分为4个水文地质单元(图3(a)).通过电荷平衡和酸碱平衡以确保地下水化学数据集的准确性和可靠性.计算方法包括层次聚类-水化学图形法(HCA-Hydro)、Grubbs检验-水化学图形法(Grubbs-Hydro)、水化学图形法-层次聚类(Hydro-HCA)和水化学图形法-Grubbs检验(Hydro-Grubbs).BasinI-3水化学图形法结果如图3(b)所示.以离子交换图反映含水层内部水文地球化学演化过程.超越临近距离的样本被视为异常值而被剔除出原数据集.剩余数据集中的样本将经过Grubbs检验法以进一步筛选出离群值点.因而最终得到仅受自然影响的数据集.绘制累计频率图观察曲线的连续性.5%~95%百分位数的值域被视为环境背景值(图3(c)).通过比较异常值识别数量.拐点法与箱线图评判各方法的异常值识别效果.以筛选最优计算方法.最后.结合污染源调查、土地利用类型、污染指数百分比验证环境背景值的合理性(图3(d)).例如.在I-1中.结合土地利用类型图发现SO42-浓度较高的采样点主要分布在煤矿区(污染源).Cl-、Na+、K+浓度异常的采样点分布在人口密集的居民区.此外.计算出的污染百分比指数在I-1中均大于53.08%.进一步支持了结合土地利用类型的异常值验证分析结果.地下水环境背景值概念的深刻认识与新技术的发展有助于环境背景值新方法的开发.目前大多数方法计算出的地下水环境背景值属于自然与人为来源(相对影响程度较小)的叠加值.完全未受人类活动影响的天然地下水环境背景值是难以获得的.此外,在农田面源污染区、城市化地区的数据集易出现大量“异常值”,此时通过数理统计方法来消除异常值会导致大量样本被剔除,因此如何利用现有的受污染样本点来获取地下水环境背景值成为人类活动影响区背景值研究的关键.
为进一步确认计算的地下水环境背景值是否合理,有必要对其进行验证分析[78].学者们大多结合异常点的周边污染源情况、水文地质条件、岩性、水动力条件、土地利用类型、污染百分比指数、稳定同位素结果等方面来综合判断环境背景值的合理性.例如He等[38]结合遥感解译与GIS识别土地利用数据,发现中国柳江盆地的地下水硝酸盐异常值点分布在农村与化粪池附近.Kim[79]通过K-S检验确认了韩国地下水硝酸盐污染数据集具有正态性,因此估计的阈值是有效的.Urresti-Estala结合氮氧稳定同位素发现瓜达尔霍斯河流较高的δ15N-NO-3δ18O-NO3-值位于农场附近(农场直接的施肥与粪便)[80].污染百分比指数在40%~60%的区域被视为中度污染,大于60%被视为严重污染[81].需要注意的是,评估的地下水环境背景值易受生物地球化学作用的影响,因此应结合多次时间序列分析来综合确定阈值范围.总体来说,目前地下水环境背景值的合理性验证方法多为定性分析,缺少定量的评估.因此,未来应结合不确定分析与定性判断结果,综合评估环境背景值的合理性.
一般可从宏观与微观的角度进一步分析地下水环境背景值成因.在宏观上,地下水环境背景值成因与区域地质与水文地质条件、沉积环境、含水层介质特征密切相关[82-85].同级水文地质蓄水构造的地下水环境背景值成因相似.以Ⅱ级水文地质蓄水构造东北平原为例,大兴安岭、长白山、张广才岭等山区地势高差大,良好的水动力条件驱使水中元素迁移至下游,导致地下水中某些宏量组分环境背景值偏低(例如吉林东部山区地下水钙镁环境背景值低)[86].平原中心径流滞缓,导致吉林中部通榆、乾安、大安等地区元素富集,地下水氟、砷、矿化度等环境背景值偏高[86-87].区域地质与水文地质条件基本控制地下水环境背景值水平,沉积环境与含水层介质特征决定水中化学组分类型.例如基岩与超基性岩源沉积物的含氧含水层中铬背景值一般较高(>10μg/L)[88-89]、造山系统和克拉通基岩中的地下水砷、氟化物、硒和铀环境背景值一般较高[90-92]、冲湖积相与海相沉积背景下富含有机质沉积物的还原含水层中铵背景值较高[93-97].用于宏观分析地下水环境背景值成因的方法包括岩性分析、粒度分析、地质年代学、室内孵化试验、水化学与同位素、机器学习等方法[98-100].岩性组合与沉积物粒度参数特征可用于确定沉积相与水动力条件[101].地质年代学、粘土矿物含量、化学蚀变指数(CIA)、沉积物的Rb/Sr值与V/Cr可用于重建古气候[102-103].水化学与同位素常被用于定性确定元素迁移转化过程[104].机器学习方法被广泛运用于高氨、砷、氟等地下水预测与重要特征的筛选[105-106].
在微观上,生物地球化学作用主导地下水环境背景值微观富集机制.例如,陆源与海洋腐殖质特征与分解过程的不同导致地下水中铵的环境背景值不同[95,107-108].硅酸盐风化过程中溶解的三价镉被锰氧化物氧化,导致基岩含水层中四价镉的富集[88,109].浅层地下水砷富集一般受化学风化作用、沉积环境、铁锰氧化物的还原溶解、高pH值下的砷解吸和重碳酸根的竞争吸附等共同控制[92,110-112].浅层地下水氟富集一般受方解石与白云石的沉淀/溶解、含氟矿物的溶解、阳离子交换、蒸发浓缩作用和盐效应等作用控制[113-114].
虽然地下水环境背景值一般被定义为“在一定时间范围内,不受人类活动影响或受人类活动影响较小地下水天然化学组分和综合指标含量.”但一方面完全不受人类活动影响的地下水组分不存在,另一方面如何定量确定概念中“人类活动影响较小”的阈值仍是难题.
地下水环境背景值具有时空变异性.不同水文地质单元、不同层位、不同时间的地下水环境背景值不同.现有大多数研究地下水环境背景值的取样层位与取样时间不明,或将不同层位与时间的地下水化学数据统一处理,导致得出的地下水环境背景值可靠性差.因此需分水文地质单元、分层、分时间段说明地下水环境背景值.
目前对于微量组分与痕量组分的环境背景值计算仍较粗略,计算方法在数量与质量方面仍需进一步发展.特别是在我国地下水有机污染、农业面源污染的严峻背景下,发展地下水有机物、氮素环境背景值计算方法至关重要.
随着国家对地下水环保的重视,越来越多的地下水环境背景值工作已经开展.未来地下水环境背景值研究至少需要关注四个方面:
(1)加强污染普查信息在地下水环境背景值研究中的应用
地下水环境背景值与污染调查是一项工作的两个主要组成部分,即地下水环境背景值是进行污染评价的前提,而在确立地下水环境背景值时离不开污染调查的数据支撑(例如基于污染源空间信息科学布设背景值采样点,利用各类污染源强信息进行异常值分析).目前第二次全国污染普查工作已积累了庞大的多元数据,充分利用覆盖全国的污染源、污染处理设施等基本信息,对推进全国地下水环境背景值调查工作开展具有重要意义.
(2)充分利用大数据与人工智能新方法
卫星遥感、区域化探、航空物探等技术可以获取呈指数级增长的地质数据,人工智能算法可高效处理庞大复杂的非线性数据并识别和提取地球化学异常,两者结合的大数据分析方法为地下水环境背景值研究带来机遇[115-119].此外,全国历史污染普查大数据中包含的各类污染源空间信息、污染源强与污染治理信息等多维数据可为地下水环境背景值计算建模、合理性分析验证提供全面的参考依据.基于数据驱动的先进人工智能算法可充分利用以上大数据,促进地下水环境背景值计算方法发展与结果优化.在未来,地下水分层勘查技术、地下水质原位监测等新技术的应用可确保地下水环境背景值原始数据集的可靠性与全面性.而基于同位素与微生物数据构建的多元混合模型、基于地下水化学与动力学理论构建的物理信息神经网络等新方法的应用,可高效、可靠、精确的确定地下水环境背景值.
(3)尽快建立全国地下水环境背景值数据库
农区施肥、城市化扩张等人类活动持续影响地下水化学组分含量[120-121].核污水排海将直接改变海岸带地下水原生环境的元素含量.可以预见,随着核污染、农业活动、城市化扩张等人类活动对全国地下水环境的影响不断加剧,未来全国地下水环境背景值将越来难以准确评估.因此,面临人类活动与气候变化共同影响的大环境下,应尽早建立全国地下水环境背景值数据库.这是一项长期且重要的基础工作,但借此可以更好的评估气候与人类活动影响下全国地下水污染程度.
近年来我国已经在多个省份实施了地下水环境背景值确定项目,包括北京市平原区、江苏南通市、无锡、苏州、山东济宁市、安徽省淮北平原、河南省豫东平原、福建厦门市、广东珠海市、黑龙江省、青海省、海南省等,积累了大批地下水环境背景值数据,已具备建立全国地下水环境背景值数据库的基础.
(4)重视地下水环境背景值的应用
地下水环境背景值可应用于企业监管、场地污染修复阈值确定、污染区划定、成因机制分析等[122].然而,目前很多地下水污染研究工作忽视环境背景值,将严重影响研究的科学严谨性.例如,地下水氮污染评价若不考虑地下水氮素环境背景值将导致评价结果不准甚至完全相反;地下水氮污染预测若不考虑环境背景值将导致预测不准.因此,应重视地下水环境背景值在各项工作中的应用,提高研究的可靠性与科学严谨性.
5.1 英美等发达国家对地下水环境背景值的研究比我国更早,积累了丰富的长序列工作资料.国内外学者对地下水环境背景值的命名与定义并不一致,虽均考虑了人类活动对地下水化学组分的影响,但如何定量确定概念中“人类活动影响较小”的阈值仍是难题.
5.2 目前确定地下水环境背景值的方法大致分为数理统计方法、基于模型方法和其他方法.各方法均有优劣性,结合水化学与数理统计的组合方法成为目前地下水环境背景值计算的代表性组合方法之一.对于微量组分与痕量组分的环境背景值计算方法还需进一步发展.
5.3 通常结合异常点的周边污染源情况、水文地质条件、岩性、土地利用类型、污染百分比指数、稳定同位素结果等方面来综合判断环境背景值的合理性.从宏观与微观的角度进一步分析地下水环境背景值成因,区域地质与水文地质条件、沉积环境、含水层介质特征宏观控制地下水环境背景值,生物地球化学作用主导地下水环境背景值微观富集机制.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972247)
  • 广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212040001)
  • 粤港水安全联合保障实验室基金项目(2020B1212030005)
  • 吉林大学研究生创新基金资助项目
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41972247)
广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212040001)
粤港水安全联合保障实验室基金项目(2020B1212030005)
吉林大学研究生创新基金资助项目
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    1.吉林大学,地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021
    2.吉林大学新能源与环境学院,吉林 长春 130021
    3.北京师范大学珠海校区,粤港水安全保障联合实验室,广东 珠海 519087
    4.北京师范大学珠海校区,自然科学高等研究院水科学研究中心,广东 珠海 519087

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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