Article(id=1241057211548487864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820696961, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820696961, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820696961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820696961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2530, endPage=2545, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057212068581562, articleId=1241057211548487864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Progress and prospects of research on environmental background value of groundwater, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The determination of environmental background values for groundwater was recognized as a prerequisite and key step for the scientific identification, evaluation, and prevention of groundwater pollution. In this paper, the development history of groundwater environmental background value research was reviewed both domestically and internationally. Existing calculation methods for groundwater environmental background values were discussed along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The research paradigm for background value reasonableness validation analysis and cause analysis was systematically summarized. Finally, existing problems in current groundwater environmental background value research were identified, and future development trends were projected. It was observed that inconsistencies in naming and definitions of groundwater environmental background values persisted among scholars worldwide. Although the influence of human activities on groundwater chemical components had been considered, quantitative determination of the "low human activity impact" threshold in conceptual frameworks remained challenging. Methods for determining environmental background values were generally categorized into mathematical-statistical approaches, model-based methodologies, and other alternative techniques. Each method was found to possess distinct advantages and limitations. The combination of hydrochemical analysis with mathematical statistics was demonstrated to emerge as one of the representative integrated approaches for calculating groundwater environmental background values, though methodologies for trace and micro-component analysis were noted to require further development. The reasonableness of environmental background values was typically assessed through comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors including surrounding pollution sources, hydrogeological conditions, lithological characteristics, land use patterns, pollution percentage indices, and stable isotope results. Regional geological settings and hydrogeological conditions were identified as primary controllers of groundwater environmental background values, while biogeochemical processes were determined to dominate micro-enrichment mechanisms. Based on established environmental background values, groundwater pollution levels were effectively evaluated, pollution risk areas were scientifically delineated, and reference thresholds were provided for environmental regulation and remediation targets. Future priorities were emphasized to include the urgent establishment of a global groundwater environmental background value database, enhanced application of existing background value data, and strategic utilization of big data analytics. These measures were proposed to optimize global groundwater resource protection and pollution control strategies under combined pressures of climate change and anthropogenic impacts.
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确定地下水环境背景值是科学开展地下水污染识别、评价与防治工作的前提与关键.本文回顾了国内外地下水环境背景值研究发展历程,讨论了现有地下水环境背景值计算方法及其优缺点,总结了背景值合理性验证分析与成因分析的研究范式,最后指出了现有地下水环境背景值研究中存在的问题并展望了未来发展趋势.当前国内外学者对地下水环境背景值的命名与定义并不一致,虽均考虑了人类活动对地下水化学组分的影响,但如何定量确定概念中“人类活动影响较小”的阈值仍是难题.确定地下水环境背景值的方法大致分为数理统计方法、基于模型方法和其他方法.各方法均有优劣性,结合水化学与数理统计的组合方法成为目前地下水环境背景值计算的代表性组合方法之一,但对于微量组分与痕量组分的环境背景值计算方法还需进一步发展.通常结合异常点的周边污染源情况、污染百分比指数、水文地质条件、土地利用类型、岩性、稳定同位素结果等方面来综合判断环境背景值的合理性.区域地质与水文地质条件、沉积环境、含水层介质特征宏观控制地下水环境背景值,生物地球化学作用主导地下水环境背景值微观富集机制.基于环境背景值,可判断地下水污染程度、科学划定污染风险区,为环境监管与污染修复目标阈值提供参考值.未来应尽快建立全国地下水环境背景值数据库、重视地下水环境背景值的应用、科学利用大数据,对气候变化与人类活动影响下的全球地下水资源保护与污染防控措施优化具有重要意义.
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1, 2, address=
1.Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment(Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China
2.College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241057217932218900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, authorId=1241057217722503678, language=CN, stringName=邓远东, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=
1.吉林大学,地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021
2.吉林大学新能源与环境学院,吉林 长春 130021, bio={"content":"
邓远东(1998-),男,湖南衡阳人,吉林大学博士研究生,主要从事地下水资源与环境的研究工作.发表论文4篇.1875235909@qq.com.
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邓远东(1998-),男,湖南衡阳人,吉林大学博士研究生,主要从事地下水资源与环境的研究工作.发表论文4篇.1875235909@qq.com.
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3.Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
4.Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241057218271957553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, authorId=1241057218091602459, language=CN, stringName=冶雪艳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3.北京师范大学珠海校区,粤港水安全保障联合实验室,广东 珠海 519087
4.北京师范大学珠海校区,自然科学高等研究院水科学研究中心,广东 珠海 519087, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057217395347946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057217399542251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, companyId=1241057217395347946, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3.北京师范大学珠海校区,粤港水安全保障联合实验室,广东 珠海 519087)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241057217579897331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057217592480244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, companyId=1241057217579897331, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3.Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Water Security, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
4.Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241057218569753173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, authorId=1241057218351649342, language=CN, stringName=杜新强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3.北京师范大学珠海校区,粤港水安全保障联合实验室,广东 珠海 519087
4.北京师范大学珠海校区,自然科学高等研究院水科学研究中心,广东 珠海 519087, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057217395347946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057217399542251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, companyId=1241057217395347946, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Identification of groundwater outliers based on graphical methods, figureFileSmall=XA+fzAEkR1Cx1JB5qseQaA==, figureFileBig=v1FMOUo4i6uSE21+fBtVuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057219920319184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
基于图形方法的地下水异常值识别a为累计曲线图,椭圆形虚线圈定处(Ⅰ-1与Ⅱ-1曲线)拐点较多,连续性差;而椭圆形虚线圈定处(Ⅰ-2与Ⅱ-2曲线)拐点较少或基本无拐点,连续性好,异常值点见图中箭头指示处.b为箱线图,Ⅱ-2箱形与晶须较短,说明数据离散度低.c为概率图(改自Panno[51]).d为水化学图形法,大于马氏距离临界阈值的点为异常值点
, figureFileSmall=XA+fzAEkR1Cx1JB5qseQaA==, figureFileBig=v1FMOUo4i6uSE21+fBtVuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220218114794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Calculation process of groundwater environmental background value, figureFileSmall=IZXyqyY+l5LLuiQVcFBXLA==, figureFileBig=+hWpzkSrGjbZ7zD7P2Dddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220327166711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
地下水环境背景值计算流程, figureFileSmall=IZXyqyY+l5LLuiQVcFBXLA==, figureFileBig=+hWpzkSrGjbZ7zD7P2Dddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220415247107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Specific process for determining environmental background values for groundwater in the Liujiang, figureFileSmall=SJ2E0QmLfPU41QT/btjIHQ==, figureFileBig=AX4ll52vkhzjiJnvk8GfNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220515910415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
柳江盆地确定地下水环境背景值的具体过程(改自[38]), figureFileSmall=SJ2E0QmLfPU41QT/btjIHQ==, figureFileBig=AX4ll52vkhzjiJnvk8GfNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057220633350938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Research progress of background value of groundwater environment in foreign countries
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 来源 | 概念或进展 | 文献 |
|---|
| 1924 | F.W.克拉克 | 地壳、岩石、大气和水体各种化学元素的平均含量称为克拉克值. | [5] |
| 1975 | Connor | 在不受污染的情况下,环境中水体、土壤、农作物、植物、大气、水生生物等在自然界存在和发展过程中,其本身固有的化学物质含量. | [15] |
| 1993 | IGCP | 地球化学基线:指某一区域在特定时间点的元素自然丰度基准值. | [16] |
| 1995 | 美国环保局 | 用于评估现场危险物质是否发生排放的可靠参考浓度. | [17] |
| 2000 | WFD | 强调成员国有义务区分污染物浓度的任何显著和持续上升的趋势,并确定趋势变化的拐点. | [18] |
| 2006 | EU | 地下水体中某种物质的浓度或指标值与未受干扰条件下或仅有非常轻微的人为改变相对应. | [19] |
| 2008 | Edmunds和Shand | 介绍如何利用水文地球化学控制、地下水运动的时间尺度和其他空间因素来定义和量化地下水基线. | [23] |
| 2012 | 土耳其 | 以GWD为基础制定了保护地下水免受污染和恶化的法规,要求确定目标化学污染物的阈值. | [24] |
| 2014 | WFD | 监测策略和数据解释应考虑到流量条件和地下水化学在横向和垂直方向上变化的事实. | [25] |
| 2017 | 意大利 | 采用正态分布检验来选择背景值评估的百分位数.关于预选,提出了三种选择硝酸盐/氨氮限值的方案. | [26] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057220759180065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
国外地下水环境背景值研究进展
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 来源 | 概念或进展 | 文献 |
|---|
| 1924 | F.W.克拉克 | 地壳、岩石、大气和水体各种化学元素的平均含量称为克拉克值. | [5] |
| 1975 | Connor | 在不受污染的情况下,环境中水体、土壤、农作物、植物、大气、水生生物等在自然界存在和发展过程中,其本身固有的化学物质含量. | [15] |
| 1993 | IGCP | 地球化学基线:指某一区域在特定时间点的元素自然丰度基准值. | [16] |
| 1995 | 美国环保局 | 用于评估现场危险物质是否发生排放的可靠参考浓度. | [17] |
| 2000 | WFD | 强调成员国有义务区分污染物浓度的任何显著和持续上升的趋势,并确定趋势变化的拐点. | [18] |
| 2006 | EU | 地下水体中某种物质的浓度或指标值与未受干扰条件下或仅有非常轻微的人为改变相对应. | [19] |
| 2008 | Edmunds和Shand | 介绍如何利用水文地球化学控制、地下水运动的时间尺度和其他空间因素来定义和量化地下水基线. | [23] |
| 2012 | 土耳其 | 以GWD为基础制定了保护地下水免受污染和恶化的法规,要求确定目标化学污染物的阈值. | [24] |
| 2014 | WFD | 监测策略和数据解释应考虑到流量条件和地下水化学在横向和垂直方向上变化的事实. | [25] |
| 2017 | 意大利 | 采用正态分布检验来选择背景值评估的百分位数.关于预选,提出了三种选择硝酸盐/氨氮限值的方案. | [26] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057220876620587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Conceptual statistics of environmental background values for groundwater in the country
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 来源 | 概念 | 文献 |
|---|
| 1975 | 何纪力等人 | 土壤环境背景值:未受或受人类活动少的土壤环境本身化学元素及其含量. | [27] |
| 1994 | 贺秀全等人 | 地下水环境背景值是指未受污染或基本未受污染的情况下,地下水的化学组分和含量. | [34] |
| 2007 | 环境保护标准(地下水环境) | 未受人类活动影响的情况下,地下水所含化学成分的浓度,也称为地下水环境本底值. | [5] |
| 2011 | 《环境影响评价技术导则》 | 指自然条件下地下水中各个化学组分在未受污染情况下的含量. | [35] |
| 2022 | 高燕燕 | 未受污染或者基本未受污染的情况下,某区域在一定时期地下水化学组分的含量. | [5] |
| 2023 | 《地下水环境背景值统计表征技术指南(试行)》 | 在一定时间范围内,不受人类活动影响或受人类活动影响较小地下水天然化学组分和综合指标含量. | [36] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221086335799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
国内地下水环境背景值概念统计
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 来源 | 概念 | 文献 |
|---|
| 1975 | 何纪力等人 | 土壤环境背景值:未受或受人类活动少的土壤环境本身化学元素及其含量. | [27] |
| 1994 | 贺秀全等人 | 地下水环境背景值是指未受污染或基本未受污染的情况下,地下水的化学组分和含量. | [34] |
| 2007 | 环境保护标准(地下水环境) | 未受人类活动影响的情况下,地下水所含化学成分的浓度,也称为地下水环境本底值. | [5] |
| 2011 | 《环境影响评价技术导则》 | 指自然条件下地下水中各个化学组分在未受污染情况下的含量. | [35] |
| 2022 | 高燕燕 | 未受污染或者基本未受污染的情况下,某区域在一定时期地下水化学组分的含量. | [5] |
| 2023 | 《地下水环境背景值统计表征技术指南(试行)》 | 在一定时间范围内,不受人类活动影响或受人类活动影响较小地下水天然化学组分和综合指标含量. | [36] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221220553537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Types of data and precision required to determine environmental background values for groundwater
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据类型 | 具体内容 | 精度要求 |
|---|
| 区域基础数据 | 气象水文、土壤、水文地质、土地利用类型 | 区域调查比例尺为1:250000,重点区为1:50000 |
| 地下水监测井数据 | 监测井建设和管理 | 密度不低于1个/100km2,井深单位为m,记至小数点后两位 |
| 地下水型饮用水水源数据 | 水源基础信息、地下水环境监管情况 | 图件比例尺不低于1:5000 |
| 地下水重点污染源数据 | 污染源基本情况及空间分布信息 | 对于“一企两场”等重点污染源图件比例尺不低于1:2000,其余不低于1:10000 |
| 地下水环境监测数据 | 地下水采样数据和样品分析结果 | 承压水样品数据的允许误差<30%,潜水<20% |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221426074449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
确定地下水环境背景值所需的数据类型及精度
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据类型 | 具体内容 | 精度要求 |
|---|
| 区域基础数据 | 气象水文、土壤、水文地质、土地利用类型 | 区域调查比例尺为1:250000,重点区为1:50000 |
| 地下水监测井数据 | 监测井建设和管理 | 密度不低于1个/100km2,井深单位为m,记至小数点后两位 |
| 地下水型饮用水水源数据 | 水源基础信息、地下水环境监管情况 | 图件比例尺不低于1:5000 |
| 地下水重点污染源数据 | 污染源基本情况及空间分布信息 | 对于“一企两场”等重点污染源图件比例尺不低于1:2000,其余不低于1:10000 |
| 地下水环境监测数据 | 地下水采样数据和样品分析结果 | 承压水样品数据的允许误差<30%,潜水<20% |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221539320668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Mathematical and statistical methods for calculating environmental background values for groundwater(parametric methods)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| Grubbs检验 | ,式中, 为Grubb的检验, 为平均值, 为标准差,Xs为怀疑值.Grubbs检验法的临界值定义为 .当 > 时,Xs被认为是异常值. | 严格度适中,计算简便可靠. | 多次迭代会更改检测概率. | [46] |
| Dixon检验 | ,式中,Q为可疑值与其最近邻近值的距离除以数值范围得出的比率.N是样本数量,则相应的N值按升序排列:x1<x2<...<xn. | 客观简便 | 异常值筛选不严格,必须使用列表形式的值进行,并且无法估计错误拒绝的概率. | [47] |
| 迭代标准差法 | 迭代去除所有超出mean±2δ范围样品,剩余数据集即为环境背景值. | 客观简便 | 筛选严格,不适用异常值数据较多、服从双峰或多峰模态分布的数据 | [48-49] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221740647279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
计算地下水环境背景值的数理统计方法(参数方法)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| Grubbs检验 | ,式中, 为Grubb的检验, 为平均值, 为标准差,Xs为怀疑值.Grubbs检验法的临界值定义为 .当 > 时,Xs被认为是异常值. | 严格度适中,计算简便可靠. | 多次迭代会更改检测概率. | [46] |
| Dixon检验 | ,式中,Q为可疑值与其最近邻近值的距离除以数值范围得出的比率.N是样本数量,则相应的N值按升序排列:x1<x2<...<xn. | 客观简便 | 异常值筛选不严格,必须使用列表形式的值进行,并且无法估计错误拒绝的概率. | [47] |
| 迭代标准差法 | 迭代去除所有超出mean±2δ范围样品,剩余数据集即为环境背景值. | 客观简便 | 筛选严格,不适用异常值数据较多、服从双峰或多峰模态分布的数据 | [48-49] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221832921976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Mathematical and statistical methods(non-parametric methods)for calculating environmental background values for groundwater
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| 预选(PS) | 通过诸如Cl-, SO42-, NO3-等或毒理性指标来识别并剔除异常样本 | 易于应用,无需全面的统计知识.适用于取样点多、数据量大的情况 | 具有一定的主观性,可能导致数据集的减少和相关的统计显著性损失 | [56] |
| 累计曲线法 | 横坐标为累计频率,纵坐标为元素浓度,根据频率分布曲线的拐点数量识别异常值 | 不需要满足相关先验分布 | 可能呈现多个拐点,易受外界干扰 | [55] |
| 概率图 | 通过累积概率图上的拐点划分为两个或多个种群.以这种方式确定的种群被指定为背景和一个或多个“异常”,而拐点处的浓度被定义为“阈值” | 能够很好区分两个或更多重叠影响的阈值 | 至少需要约100个值,阈值易受随机和系统误差的影响 | [51] |
| Median+2MAD | MAD=mediani|log10xi-medianj log10xj|TV=10a;式中,median-中位数;MAD-中位数绝对偏差的中位数;TV-背景值阈值 | 对极值宽容度高,具有较强的鲁棒性和稳定性 | 筛选的背景值阈值较为保守 | [12] |
| 箱线图 | TIF=Q3+1.5IQR;式中,Q3代表第三个四分位数;IQR为25~75百分位);1.5是基于对称分布假设的系数 | 被认为是计算任何数据集的阈值和检测异常值的最可靠、最强大的工具之一 | 适用于异常值的数量低于10%的数据集 | [52] |
| 经验累积分布函数(ECDF) | 基于排序值与经验累积分布的概率作图,通过观察曲线中的拐点和断裂来估计阈值 | 提供了对数据结构(即范围、极值、检测限)的全面洞察,每个数据值在图中仍然可见 | 需要大量数据,对阈值的估计具有一定主观性 | [62] |
| 层次聚类分析 | 根据所选特征的相似性将案例或变量划分为不同的组或子集 | 能清晰的判断和排除异常值 | 需要具体问题具体分析,模式不可重复 | [53] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057221946168200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
计算地下水环境背景值的数理统计方法(非参数方法)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| 预选(PS) | 通过诸如Cl-, SO42-, NO3-等或毒理性指标来识别并剔除异常样本 | 易于应用,无需全面的统计知识.适用于取样点多、数据量大的情况 | 具有一定的主观性,可能导致数据集的减少和相关的统计显著性损失 | [56] |
| 累计曲线法 | 横坐标为累计频率,纵坐标为元素浓度,根据频率分布曲线的拐点数量识别异常值 | 不需要满足相关先验分布 | 可能呈现多个拐点,易受外界干扰 | [55] |
| 概率图 | 通过累积概率图上的拐点划分为两个或多个种群.以这种方式确定的种群被指定为背景和一个或多个“异常”,而拐点处的浓度被定义为“阈值” | 能够很好区分两个或更多重叠影响的阈值 | 至少需要约100个值,阈值易受随机和系统误差的影响 | [51] |
| Median+2MAD | MAD=mediani|log10xi-medianj log10xj|TV=10a;式中,median-中位数;MAD-中位数绝对偏差的中位数;TV-背景值阈值 | 对极值宽容度高,具有较强的鲁棒性和稳定性 | 筛选的背景值阈值较为保守 | [12] |
| 箱线图 | TIF=Q3+1.5IQR;式中,Q3代表第三个四分位数;IQR为25~75百分位);1.5是基于对称分布假设的系数 | 被认为是计算任何数据集的阈值和检测异常值的最可靠、最强大的工具之一 | 适用于异常值的数量低于10%的数据集 | [52] |
| 经验累积分布函数(ECDF) | 基于排序值与经验累积分布的概率作图,通过观察曲线中的拐点和断裂来估计阈值 | 提供了对数据结构(即范围、极值、检测限)的全面洞察,每个数据值在图中仍然可见 | 需要大量数据,对阈值的估计具有一定主观性 | [62] |
| 层次聚类分析 | 根据所选特征的相似性将案例或变量划分为不同的组或子集 | 能清晰的判断和排除异常值 | 需要具体问题具体分析,模式不可重复 | [53] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222105551769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Modelling approach for calculating environmental background values for groundwater
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| 成分分离方法 | fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x); ;式中,i-数据集的平均数目B-混合比例;σnat-背景数据集标准差;σant-人为数据集的标准差;μnat-背景数据集均值;μant人为数据集的均值;tN-截断因子. | ;在自然和人类来源交汇的复杂地区具有应用优势. | 没有先验的理由表明自然地球化学数据遵循对数正态分布,拟合观测到的分布可能会受到很大的不确定性的影响. | [14] |
| 混合总体筛分法 | ; ; ;式中,参数集Q=(k,Q1,…,QK, ,…, ),k-分支的个数f(x,Q)-第i个分支的概率密度函数 -相应的参数 -第i个分支的权重Z-隐含变量;Qi-隐含变量Z的某种分布,(l-1)-相应参数或密度函数的第l-1次迭代结果. | 在多个混合来源的复杂地区具有优势. | 混合模型参数和模型分支不易确定. | [5] |
| 二元混合模型 | fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x);δsample=xδA+(1−x)δB;x为人为输入的比例,δsample为样品的同位素特征值. | 更快、更精确、更客观的确定地下水环境背景值. | 需要确定输入的端元值具有代表性,还需确定特定化合物没有从系统中移除. | [8] |
| 地统计方法 | 探索性数据分析(EDA)+变异分析+交叉验证+普通协同克里金法. | 有助于解释地下水质量数据,可以直接划定浓度超过既定阈值的受污染区域. | 超过阈值的浓度无法量化,易错估地区的污染水平. | [65] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222420124588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
计算地下水环境背景值的模型方法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| 成分分离方法 | fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x); ;式中,i-数据集的平均数目B-混合比例;σnat-背景数据集标准差;σant-人为数据集的标准差;μnat-背景数据集均值;μant人为数据集的均值;tN-截断因子. | ;在自然和人类来源交汇的复杂地区具有应用优势. | 没有先验的理由表明自然地球化学数据遵循对数正态分布,拟合观测到的分布可能会受到很大的不确定性的影响. | [14] |
| 混合总体筛分法 | ; ; ;式中,参数集Q=(k,Q1,…,QK, ,…, ),k-分支的个数f(x,Q)-第i个分支的概率密度函数 -相应的参数 -第i个分支的权重Z-隐含变量;Qi-隐含变量Z的某种分布,(l-1)-相应参数或密度函数的第l-1次迭代结果. | 在多个混合来源的复杂地区具有优势. | 混合模型参数和模型分支不易确定. | [5] |
| 二元混合模型 | fobs(x)=fnat(x)+fant(x);δsample=xδA+(1−x)δB;x为人为输入的比例,δsample为样品的同位素特征值. | 更快、更精确、更客观的确定地下水环境背景值. | 需要确定输入的端元值具有代表性,还需确定特定化合物没有从系统中移除. | [8] |
| 地统计方法 | 探索性数据分析(EDA)+变异分析+交叉验证+普通协同克里金法. | 有助于解释地下水质量数据,可以直接划定浓度超过既定阈值的受污染区域. | 超过阈值的浓度无法量化,易错估地区的污染水平. | [65] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222529176500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Alternative methods for calculating environmental background values for groundwater
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| 比拟法 | 背景值参考与工作区地质及水文地质条件相似的比照区内的地下水背景值. | 不用在研究区内开展工作,可作为粗略估计背景值的简便方法. | 背景值结果可靠性未得到验证,不确定性较大. | [67-68] |
| 平均值法 | 将数据集中某一组分的算术平均值作为环境背景值. | 简便易操作. | 结果过于粗略,不适用区域背景值研究. | [55,71-72] |
| 趋势面法 | 根据数据集制作长序列浓度变化图,以此评估地下水背景值. | 既可以判断背景值的时间差异性,也可以判断研究区的局部变化. | 只适用于非污染区,即人类活动影响相对较小的地区. | [73-74] |
| 剖面图法 | 以指标浓度、取样位置分别为纵坐标和横坐标制作剖面图,然后作直线平行于横轴且于该直线上下分别做外包线,分离相对污染较少的取样点,以两线之中的样本点此代表工作区内的背景值. | 简便易操作,应用于污染区. | 需要查明污染源水动力条件,在面源污染区不适用. | [75] |
| 历时曲线法 | 基于长序列水质观测数据的历史变化特征,将出现阶跃性变化的浓度数据视为异常值. | 反映地下水化学要素随时间的变化特征. | 长序列地下水化学资料难以收集. | [3,55] |
| 水化学法 | 通过使用水化学图和马氏距离的组合来识别和量化地球化学过程中的异常. | 能够有效辨别不同样本之间的相似性,从而判断出异常样本. | 对于面源污染区识别效果差,无法全面的识别异常值. | [38,71,76] |
), ArticleFig(id=1241057222722114507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057211548487864, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
计算地下水环境背景值的其他方法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 文献 |
|---|
| 比拟法 | 背景值参考与工作区地质及水文地质条件相似的比照区内的地下水背景值. | 不用在研究区内开展工作,可作为粗略估计背景值的简便方法. | 背景值结果可靠性未得到验证,不确定性较大. | [67-68] |
| 平均值法 | 将数据集中某一组分的算术平均值作为环境背景值. | 简便易操作. | 结果过于粗略,不适用区域背景值研究. | [55,71-72] |
| 趋势面法 | 根据数据集制作长序列浓度变化图,以此评估地下水背景值. | 既可以判断背景值的时间差异性,也可以判断研究区的局部变化. | 只适用于非污染区,即人类活动影响相对较小的地区. | [73-74] |
| 剖面图法 | 以指标浓度、取样位置分别为纵坐标和横坐标制作剖面图,然后作直线平行于横轴且于该直线上下分别做外包线,分离相对污染较少的取样点,以两线之中的样本点此代表工作区内的背景值. | 简便易操作,应用于污染区. | 需要查明污染源水动力条件,在面源污染区不适用. | [75] |
| 历时曲线法 | 基于长序列水质观测数据的历史变化特征,将出现阶跃性变化的浓度数据视为异常值. | 反映地下水化学要素随时间的变化特征. | 长序列地下水化学资料难以收集. | [3,55] |
| 水化学法 | 通过使用水化学图和马氏距离的组合来识别和量化地球化学过程中的异常. | 能够有效辨别不同样本之间的相似性,从而判断出异常样本. | 对于面源污染区识别效果差,无法全面的识别异常值. | [38,71,76] |
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