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The impacts of dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles on DTPA-extractable Pb(II)content and Pb speciation in soils and material structure of weathered coal-based immobilized microbial materials were investigated through a controlled simulated experiment. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms through which these two factors affect the effectiveness of lead-contaminated soil remediation using selected microbes. The results showed that after 35 dry-rewetting cycles, the DTPA-extractable Pb(II)content in low-concentration lead-contaminated soil(LS)and high-concentration lead-contaminated soil(HS)decreased by 46.41% and 29.42%, respectively, compared to the initial levels. After 35 freeze-thaw cycles, the content in LS and HS decreased by 40.06% and 32.77%, respectively. Additionally, the residual fraction of Pb in LS increased under both dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw treatments. Structural analysis revealed that the surface of weathered coal-became rougher, with increases in specific surface area, oxygen-containing functional groups, and Pb adsorption sites increased after dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles. These changes enhanced complexation with functional groups thereby improving the stability of the passivation effect on lead contamination.

, correspAuthors=Jian-hua LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dai PANG, Xiao-zhen LI, Yan-wen SUN, Lin LI, Zi-le JIAO, Jian-hua LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057213213635278, articleId=1241057210990654077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=干湿交替和冻融循环促进风化煤固定化微生物材料钝化铅的稳定性, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过室内模拟试验,分析了干湿交替和冻融循环对土壤中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量、Pb形态及材料结构的影响,旨在探究这两种环境因素对风化煤固定化微生物材料修复铅污染土壤效果的稳定性及机制.结果显示:干湿交替35个周期后低浓度铅污染土壤(LS-DW)和高浓度铅污染土壤(HS-DW)中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量分别降低46.41%和29.42%;冻融循环35个周期后低浓度铅污染土壤(LS-FT)和高浓度铅污染土壤(HS-FT)中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量分别降低40.06%和32.77%;LS-DW、LS-FT处理的残渣态含量增加.结构表征发现,风化煤固定化微生物材料经干湿交替、冻融循环后,表面变粗糙,比表面积、含氧官能团和Pb吸附点位增加,与官能团的络合作用增强,促进了钝化铅污染效果的稳定性.

, correspAuthors=李建华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副研究员,
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庞黛(1998-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染修复研究..

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庞黛(1998-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染修复研究..

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庞黛(1998-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染修复研究..

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小写字母代表同一处理下不同时间的显著性,下同.

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F1、F2、F3和F4,分别代表重金属铅的弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态,下同.

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Basic parameters of the test soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称LSHS
全铅(mg/kg)307.871439.56
有效态铅(mg/kg)217.211144.17
pH值8.318.38
质量含水率(%)2.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241057219370873085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210990654077, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试土壤的基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称LSHS
全铅(mg/kg)307.871439.56
有效态铅(mg/kg)217.211144.17
pH值8.318.38
质量含水率(%)2.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241057219563811090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210990654077, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specific surface area and pore structure parameters of M-NA, M-DW and M-FT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称BET比表面积(m2/g)孔隙体积(cm3/g)孔径(nm)
M-NA2.4560.01216.95
M-DW2.8540.01515.13
M-FT3.2360.01414.42
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M-NA、M-DW和M-FT的比表面积和孔结构参数

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样品名称BET比表面积(m2/g)孔隙体积(cm3/g)孔径(nm)
M-NA2.4560.01216.95
M-DW2.8540.01515.13
M-FT3.2360.01414.42
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干湿交替和冻融循环促进风化煤固定化微生物材料钝化铅的稳定性
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庞黛 1, 2 , 李小针 1, 2 , 孙艳稳 1, 2 , 李林 1, 2 , 焦子乐 2 , 李建华 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(5): 2681-2692
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(5): 2681-2692
干湿交替和冻融循环促进风化煤固定化微生物材料钝化铅的稳定性
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庞黛1, 2 , 李小针1, 2, 孙艳稳1, 2, 李林1, 2, 焦子乐2, 李建华1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西农业大学资源与环境学院,山西 太谷 030801
  • 2.山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,土壤健康山西省实验室,山西 太原 030031
  • 庞黛(1998-),女,内蒙古乌兰察布人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤重金属污染修复研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副研究员,
Dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles enhance the stability of lead passivation by microbes immobilized in weathered coal
Dai PANG1, 2 , Xiao-zhen LI1, 2, Yan-wen SUN1, 2, Lin LI1, 2, Zi-le JIAO2, Jian-hua LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
  • 2.Institute of Eco-Environment and Industrial Technology Shanxi Agricultural University, Soil Health Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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通过室内模拟试验,分析了干湿交替和冻融循环对土壤中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量、Pb形态及材料结构的影响,旨在探究这两种环境因素对风化煤固定化微生物材料修复铅污染土壤效果的稳定性及机制.结果显示:干湿交替35个周期后低浓度铅污染土壤(LS-DW)和高浓度铅污染土壤(HS-DW)中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量分别降低46.41%和29.42%;冻融循环35个周期后低浓度铅污染土壤(LS-FT)和高浓度铅污染土壤(HS-FT)中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量分别降低40.06%和32.77%;LS-DW、LS-FT处理的残渣态含量增加.结构表征发现,风化煤固定化微生物材料经干湿交替、冻融循环后,表面变粗糙,比表面积、含氧官能团和Pb吸附点位增加,与官能团的络合作用增强,促进了钝化铅污染效果的稳定性.

干湿交替  /  冻融循环  /  稳定性  /  铅污染土壤  /  风化煤固定化微生物材料

The impacts of dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles on DTPA-extractable Pb(II)content and Pb speciation in soils and material structure of weathered coal-based immobilized microbial materials were investigated through a controlled simulated experiment. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms through which these two factors affect the effectiveness of lead-contaminated soil remediation using selected microbes. The results showed that after 35 dry-rewetting cycles, the DTPA-extractable Pb(II)content in low-concentration lead-contaminated soil(LS)and high-concentration lead-contaminated soil(HS)decreased by 46.41% and 29.42%, respectively, compared to the initial levels. After 35 freeze-thaw cycles, the content in LS and HS decreased by 40.06% and 32.77%, respectively. Additionally, the residual fraction of Pb in LS increased under both dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw treatments. Structural analysis revealed that the surface of weathered coal-became rougher, with increases in specific surface area, oxygen-containing functional groups, and Pb adsorption sites increased after dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles. These changes enhanced complexation with functional groups thereby improving the stability of the passivation effect on lead contamination.

dry-rewetting cycle  /  freeze-thaw cycle  /  stability  /  lead-contaminated soil  /  weathered coal-based immobilized microbes
庞黛, 李小针, 孙艳稳, 李林, 焦子乐, 李建华. 干湿交替和冻融循环促进风化煤固定化微生物材料钝化铅的稳定性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2681 -2692 .
Dai PANG, Xiao-zhen LI, Yan-wen SUN, Lin LI, Zi-le JIAO, Jian-hua LI. Dry-rewetting and freeze-thaw cycles enhance the stability of lead passivation by microbes immobilized in weathered coal[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2681 -2692 .
全国土壤重金属总的点位超标率为16.1%,其中铅为重点监控重金属之一,点位超标率为1.5%[1].由于土壤重金属污染具有隐蔽性、不可逆性和积累性[2].土壤Pb超标会严重影响植物的生长与代谢,导致作物的产量和品质下降[3],在食物链的作用下对动植物及人类健康构成严重的威胁[4].因此,为了食品安全和农业的可持续发展,对土壤Pb污染的治理刻不容缓.
目前主要的修复技术有物理修复技术、化学修复技术和生物修复技术,其中生物修复技术具有成本低、环保、不会造成二次污染的优点被广泛应用[5].但是,微生物修复技术在实际应用中面临生长速度缓慢以及环境条件制约的挑战[6].微生物固定化技术是一种利用物理或化学手段将微生物固定在特定载体上的方法,载体不仅为微生物的生长提供必要的营养支持,还能有效减轻环境压力,增强微生物的抵抗力,保持其较高的活性,该技术在重金属污染修复领域展现出了良好的应用效果[7].
重金属的修复技术多采用原位固定化方法,并不能从土壤中彻底去除重金属铅,只是降低其生物有效性和移动性[8].对重金属的固定化效果和稳定性取决于修复材料的物理化学性质、土壤环境条件以及与土壤的相互作用.固定化后的重金属可能会受到环境或人为因素的影响[9],导致土壤中重金属污染物的活化,引起重金属的再释放和植物中重金属的积累,造成二次污染[10].在重金属场地修复中,随季节变化的干湿交替、冻融循环广泛存在,二者都是由土壤水分变化引起的自然现象.干湿交替主要指的是土壤水分在湿润和干燥状态之间的周期性变化;而冻融循环则是指土壤中的水分在冻结和融化状态之间的周期性变化,这种两种变化会影响土壤的物理、化学和生物性质[11-12].在自然界中,干湿交替和冻融循环往往是相互伴随的,这种交替作用会进一步加剧土壤性质的改变,从而影响土壤中污染物的稳定形态.重金属在自然界中以不同的形态存在,形态越不稳定,其毒性和生物利用度就越高[13].有研究表明,冻融处理后土壤中交换性铅降低了6.4%~80.9%[14];但也有研究指出,冻融循环后,Pb2+从土壤中解吸,表明冻融过程后重金属与土壤表面的结合较低[15];干湿交替下添加生物炭显著降低了土壤Cd、As有效性,促进了Cd由酸可提取态和可氧化态向残渣态转化[16].重金属解吸现象的产生,可能源于修复材料物理结构的改变以及表面化学特性的变化,从而影响土壤中重金属的生物可利用性[17].因此,在进行重金属场地修复时,需要充分考虑自然因素的作用,制定科学合理的修复方案,以确保修复效果和环境安全.我们团队以风化煤为原料制备了一种风化煤固定化载体,联合高效耐铅菌株研发了高效钝化铅的风化煤固定化微生物材料,其通过离子交换、络合作用和微生物吞噬作用,在溶液中吸附铅可达338.90mg/g[18],并且在土壤中有较好的修复效果,但是对于修复后效果的稳定性如何还不清楚.在自然环境中经历干湿交替、冻融循环后该材料修复效果的稳定性及机制还需进一步研究.
因此,本文将选择风化煤固定化微生物材料修复28d的铅污染土壤,采用室内模拟干湿交替、冻融循环35个周期,通过测定不同循环周期土壤中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量和Pb形态的变化,研究风化煤固定化微生物材料对两种铅污染土壤修复效果的稳定性;结合结构表征,探究干湿交替、冻融循环影响风化煤固定化微生物材料修复效果的稳定性机制,为农田土壤的铅污染修复提供材料基础和理论支撑.
试验菌株为课题组从山西省太原市污染场地中筛选的高效耐铅菌株,经鉴定为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter Ludwig,CCTCC M2018095),其耐铅性达2000mg/L.风化煤采自山西省交口县永兴煤矿,采用超声交联方法制得微生物载体,采用吸附固定化法制备成风化煤固定化微生物材料[19].
供试土壤采自山西省晋中市榆次区东阳试验基地表层土壤(0~20cm),去除土壤中的石块、杂草等,风干磨碎后过20目筛.向上述土壤中添加Pb(NO32(分析纯)溶液,用去离子水干湿交替搅拌老化稳定3个月,得到铅含量分别为307.87mg/kg(LS)和1439.56mg/kg(HS)的铅污染土壤,铅含量分别超过风险筛选值1.81倍和风险管控值1.44倍[20],风干过2mm筛备用,其基本理化性质见表1.
向铅污染土壤中投加所制备的风化煤固定化微生物材料,LS添加量为1%(质量比);HS添加量为5%.充分混匀后,调节含水量为田间持水量的75%,放置于温度为(25±2)℃,相对湿度为60%的人工气候室修复28d,用于后续稳定化试验.
将上述修复28d后的LS和HS两种土壤,分别进行干湿交替和冻融循环模拟.分别称取修复后的两种土壤于塑料盒子中(规格:21cm×30cm×12cm),每盒1500g,每个处理重复3次.保持土壤水分含量为田间持水量的75%,培养16h,然后在35℃的烘箱中干燥8h,如此往复,干湿交替1次为1个周期(图1(a)),两种土壤分别标记为LS-DW和HS-DW;保持土壤水分含量为田间持水量的75%,在-20℃下冷冻16h,然后在25℃下解冻8h,如此往复,冻融循环1次为1个周期(图1(b)),两种土壤分别标记为LS-FT和HS-FT,干湿交替(DW)、冻融循环(FT)总共进行35个周期.同时设置未进行干湿交替和冻融循环的两种铅浓度土壤,保持田间持水量的75%、25℃恒温恒湿培养,分别标记为LS-CK、HS-CK,在第5,10,15,25和35个周期分别采集土壤样本,风干、过2mm的筛子用于测定DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量和铅形态.
同时在HS土壤中,埋入装有20g风化煤固定化微生物材料的尼龙袋(规格:5cm×5cm),修复28d后取出尼龙袋中的材料,标记为M-NA,进行上述的干湿交替和冻融循环35个周期后取样,分别标记为M-DW和M-FT.每个处理重复3次,将每次所取的样品进行冷冻干燥,用于结构表征[21].
采用二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)提取法测定样品的DTPA-Pb(II)含量[22];通过欧共体标准物质局BCR顺序提取法测定铅形态的分布[23].浸提液中铅的浓度均使用火焰原子吸收分光光度计(AA-1800H,上海美析)测定.
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM,捷克TESCAN MIRA LMS)观察表面形貌及元素组成;采用全自动比表面积分析仪(BET,美国Micromeritics ASAP 2460)测定比表面积和孔隙结构;采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,美国Thermo Fisher Scientific Nicolet Is20)进行官能团表征;采用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS,Thermo Scientific K-Alpha)测定元素组成及价态变化.
土壤中的重金属经二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)提取后被认为是生物可利用的形态,在植物生长过程中可被植物的根吸收.以重金属生物有效态的稳定化效率作为评价稳定性的指标[24].
式(1)中:C0为修复前土壤中DTPA可提取Pb(II)的初始浓度,mg/kg;而C1为修复后特定时间土壤中DTPA可提取Pb(II)的浓度,mg/kg.
使用Microsoft Excel 2019进行数据整理;使用IBM SPSS 26.0进行差异显著性分析;X射线电子能谱数据使用Thermo Avantage 5.9进行预处理;使用Origin 2021绘制图像.
图2所示,投加风化煤固定化微生物材料修复28d后,土壤中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量LS-DW为161.96mg/kg,HS-DW为927.41mg/kg.进行干湿交替35个周期,随着循环周期的增加LS-DW的DTPA可提取态Pb(Ⅱ)含量持续下降,到第25个周期后保持稳定,到第35个周期时为86.79mg/kg,与循环前相比降低了46.41%,比第35个周期时的LS-CK低28.17%;HS-DW土壤中的DTPA可提取态Pb(Ⅱ)含量随培养时间延长在不断波动,但始终显著低于循环前,到第35个周期时为654.58mg/kg,与循环前相比降低了29.42%,比第35个周期时的HS-CK低18.89%.修复28d后,随着循环周期的增加LS-DW循环前后Pb的稳定化效率始终大于LS-CK和HS-DW,第35个周期后LS-DW、HS-DW、LS-CK和HS-CK处理Pb的稳定化效率分别为60.04%、42.79%、44.37%和29.47%.说明风化煤固定化微生物材料在干湿交替下的稳定性较好,并且在低浓度的铅污染土壤中Pb的稳定化效率更高.
重金属形态的分布直接影响土壤中重金属的迁移和生物有效性,BCR连续提取法将重金属分为弱酸提取态(F1)、可还原态(F2)、可氧化态(F3)和残渣态(F4)四种形态,其中F1和F2对生物体的毒性较大,F3具有潜在毒性,F4较为稳定[25].由图3(b)可知,修复前LS-DW处理的F1、F2、F3和F4分别为11%、68%、6%和15%;HS-DW为28%、65%、2%和5%.修复28d后,LS-DW处理的F1、F2、F3和F4分别为12%、54%、6%和29%;进行干湿交替后随着循环周期的增加其稳定的F4含量逐渐增多,F2逐渐减少,在第35个周期时其占比分别为34%和50%;与循环前相比F4增加了5%,F2下降了4%;比第35个周期时LS-CK处理的F3和F4均多1%.修复28d后HS-DW处理的F1、F2、F3和F4分别为20%、65%、2%和13%;干湿交替35个周期后,F1降低了6%,F2增加了6%.
图4可知,投加风化煤固定化微生物材料修复28d后,进行冻融循环35个周期,随着循环周期的增加LS-FT的DTPA可提取态Pb(Ⅱ)含量持续下降,到第15个周期后保持稳定,到第35个周期时为97.08mg/kg,与循环前相比降低了40.06%,比第35个周期时的LS-CK低19.66%;HS-FT土壤中的DTPA可提取态Pb(Ⅱ)含量在波动,但始终显著低于循环前,到第35个周期时为623.50mg/kg,与循环前相比降低了32.77%,比第35个周期时的HS-CK低22.74%.随着循环周期的增加LS-FT和HS-FT循环前后稳定化效率始终大于LS-CK和HS-CK,第35个周期时LS-FT、HS-FT分别为55.30%、45.51%,并且进行冻融循环处理的稳定化效率大于未进行冻融循环处理.说明风化煤固定化微生物材料在冻融循环下的稳定性较好,并且在低浓度的铅污染土壤中Pb的稳定化效率更高.
图5可知修复28d后,LS-FT处理的F1、F2、F3和F4占比分别为12%、53%、4%和31%;进行冻融循环后,随着循环周期的增加,LS-FT稳定的F4含量逐渐增多,F2减少,在第35个周期时其占比分别为40%、45%;经历35个循环后F1和F2共降低了7%;比第35个周期时LS-CK处理的F4多7%.HS-FT修复28d后F1、F2、F3和F4占比分别为18%、66%、2%和13%;进行冻融循环后,各个形态的铅含量并未发生显著变化.
表面形貌及元素组成 通过电镜扫描(SEM)可以观察到干湿交替、冻融循环前后三种处理风化煤固定化微生物材料的表面形貌.如图6(a)~(c)所示,未进行干湿交替、冻融循环前M-NA处理呈现出不规则块状结构,经过干湿交替、冻融循环后M-FT、M-DW与M-NA相比表面更粗糙、更破碎.粗糙的表面具有更大的比表面积,这将为Pb的吸附提供更多的点位[26].通过能谱(EDS)进行3种处理下材料表面元素的分析,由图6(d)~(f)所示,C、O、Si、Al、Ca、N为主要构成元素.M-NA拥有较强的C峰,质量百分比和原子百分比含量分别为55.99%和66.40%;M-DW、M-FT处理C含量均降低;干湿交替、冻融循环后M-DW、M-FT处理O的峰增强,M-DW处理O的质量百分比和原子百分比分别为28.76%和26.18%,M-FT的分别为30.18%和28.61%.Huang等[21]的研究表明,氧含量增加,含氧官能团的丰富度会提高.
采用氮气吸附-脱附法测定了三种处理下材料的比表面积和孔径分布,如图7(a)~(c)所示.根据国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)的分类,M-NA、M-DW、M-FT吸附等温线属于Ⅲ型等温线,主要是介孔结构材料;此外,孔径分布显示,各处理的孔径分布在3.18~58.78nm之间,根据IUPAC定义,孔径小于2nm为微孔,孔径在2~50nm之间为介孔,孔径大于50nm为大孔,进一步证实了风化煤固定化微生物形成了介孔表面[27-28].材料的比表面积和孔结构参数由表2可知,三种处理后风化煤固定化微生物材料孔隙结构主要为介孔结构,与M-NA相比M-DW、M-FT的孔径分别减小了10.74%、14.93%;BET比表面积分别增大了16.21%、31.76%.较大的比表面积意味着材料有更多的吸附位点,从而能够吸附更多的Pb离子[2].
通过FTIR对M-NA、M-DW和M-FT表面的官能团进行表征,结果如图8(a)所示.风化煤固定化微生物材料经过干湿交替、冻融循环后,在3392~3396cm−1之间的峰值强度增加,表明存在羟基(-OH),经历干湿交替、冻融循环35个周期后,M-DW和M-FT在-OH伸缩振动带上出现了较小的位移.M-NA中1579~1583cm−1的峰可能是芳香族C=C的伸缩振动,经干湿交替、冻融循环35个周期后M-DW和M-FT均发生偏移,说明C=C参与了化学反应.
为了进一步揭示干湿交替、冻融循环对材料表面元素的变化,对其进行了XPS表征,结果如图8(b)所示.与M-NA相比M-DW、M-FT的O 1s、N 1s、C 1s的峰值均增强.其中对材料的C 1s峰进行分峰处理,可分为3个峰,如图8(c~e)所示,分别为C-C/C=C、C-O、C=O[29];与M-NA相比M-DW、M-FT的C-C/C=C含量分别减少13.12%、19.02%;C-O含量分别增加31.90%、106.95%;C=O含量分别减少了4.08%、19.55%.
土壤中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)易被植物吸收,通常于评估重金属稳定后的植物可及性,稳定化效率被作为评价钝化重金属稳定性的指标[30-31].DTPA可提取态Pb(II)结果表明,经过干湿交替、冻融循环35个周期后LS-DW、HS-DW、LS-FT和HS-FT土壤中DTPA可提取态Pb(II)的含量均下降,这一结果与Xu等[32]和Fang等[10]的研究结果相似.干湿交替、冻融循环后4个处理稳定化效率均升高,并且LS-DW和LS-FT的稳定化效率高于HS-DW和HS-FT,这与Zhang等[33]冻融循环下稳定性增加的研究结果类似.说明风化煤固定化微生物材料对环境的适应性强,修复不同铅污染土壤效果的稳定性都较好;干湿交替、冻融循环均促进修复效果的稳定性,并且在低浓度铅污土壤中修复效果的稳定性更好.
研究表明[34],该试验菌株在低浓度Pb2+环境下生长良好,当Pb2+浓度当达到2000mg/L时,依旧有菌株存活;且菌株对铅有极高的吸附作用,当含铅浓度为100mg/L时,菌株对铅的吸附率达到为98.88%.风化煤固定化微生物材料单位Pb2+去除率可达到80.42%[19].将该试验菌株与生物炭和有机肥配施,土壤中的DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量显著降低[35].说明风化煤固定化微生物材料中的微生物的抗铅性能较好,该试验菌株在低浓度Pb2+环境下生长没有发生抑制,这也可能是在低浓度铅污染土壤中修复效果的稳定性更好的原因.
土壤中重金属的生物毒性不仅取决于它们的总量,还取决于它们的化学形态[35].其中弱酸提取态和可还原态对生物体的毒性较大,可氧化态具有潜在毒性,残渣态较为稳定,残渣态与其他形态相比危害较小[3].土壤中Pb形态变化的结果显示,干湿交替、冻融循环后LS-DW和LS-FT处理稳定的残渣态含量均增加,这与Liu等[9]的研究结果相似,这可能是导致LS-DW和LS-FT在干湿交替和冻融循环过程种DTPA可提取态Pb(Ⅱ)含量逐渐下降的原因;LS-DW和LS-FT的稳定化效率高于LS-DW和LS-FT,可能是因为LS-DW和LS-FT残渣态含量占比大于HS-DW和HS-FT.有研究表明,多次干湿交替不会导致细菌类群发生不可逆转的死亡,重新湿润过程可能促进存活微生物的快速繁殖;冻融循环对细菌生物量不受影响[37-39].并且,风化煤载体为微生物提供一定的保护作用,其微生物量可能受影响较小,微生物可继续钝化铅,这也可能是风化煤固定化微生物材料修复铅污染土壤稳定的原因.
BET和SEM结果显示,干湿交替和冻融循环后材料表明更为粗糙,其比表面积、孔隙体积增加[40],其主要原因,一方面可能是冻融交替和干湿循环过程中是水相的变化,液态水在修复材料的孔内冻结或蒸发会扩大孔的大小,导致材料的孔结构部分破裂[41];其次,该过程可以去除材料表面的部分挥发性有机碳,加速了材料表面可溶有机化合物的矿化,导致比表面积和孔隙体积增加[42-43].张敏[44]和焦子乐等[19]的研究表明,该试验微生物对铅有吸附作用,活细胞吸附主要是靠菌体的胞外吸附和少量的胞内积累,并且试验菌株在Pb2+浓度达到2000mg/L时,依旧有菌株存活;微生物分泌物和载体复杂的孔结构加速固定化过程,使微生在载体表面或孔隙中生长,由此可见在风化煤负载微生物材料修复的过程中微生物活性依然稳定.同时,被吸附的重金属会被微生物吞噬,在微生物体内富集或被胞内酶(如还原酶等)还原成低毒状态[7,45].EDS表面元素分析表明,M-FT与M-NA处理O的质量百分比和原子百分比均增大,氧含量增加会提高含氧官能团的丰富度[46].
FTIR和XPS结果显示,干湿交替、冻融循环前后材料表面含有的官能团类型大致相同,可能是由于干湿交替、冻融循环对土壤的直接影响主要是一种物理反应,没有添加新物质;同时化学形态分析结果表明,土壤铅形态含量的变化趋势非常缓慢,并且逐渐趋于稳定[17].但干湿交替、冻融循环后O含量增加,-OH发生较小的位移,可能是含氧官能团增加导致,有研究表明,含氧基团的增加意味着有更多的活性位点可以与重金属离子发生络合反应[47].这些活性位点通过共享电子或提供配位键,与重金属离子形成稳定的络合物,从而将其固定在土壤中[48].表面络合作用不仅可以将重金属固定在土壤中,还可以降低其生物有效性,增加Pb的固定能力[49-50].M-DW、M-FT中C=C均发生位移,这是因为芳香族化合物中的π-电子可与Pb2+形成配位键或电荷转移复合物[31].风化煤固定化材料干湿交替、冻融循环后,表面碳键的状态从C-C向氧化态转变,这可能是有机质在材料上的吸附及材料表面的生物或非生物的氧化过程造成的[51-52].
基于上述讨论,干湿交替和冻融循环促进风化煤固定化材料钝化铅的稳定性机制主要为:含氧官能团、比表面积增加,为Pb提供更多的吸附点位;C=C提供π电子与Pb2+相互作用有效地的固定铅.
4.1 投加风化煤固定化微生物材料修复Pb污染土壤28d后,干湿交替、冻融循环过程中土壤DTPA可提取态Pb(II)含量下降,稳定化效率升高.风化煤固定化微生物材料所钝化的Pb在经历干湿交替和冻融循环过程中未发生解析释放,并且会进一步增强其修复效果的稳定性.
4.2 风化煤固定化微生物材料修复的污染土壤,在经历干湿交替、冻融循环后部分易交换的Pb形态转变为了相对稳定的形态,LS-DW处理Pb的残渣态含量增加到34%,LS-FT增加到40%.
4.3 风化煤固定化微生物材料经干湿交替、冻融循环后含氧官能团增加,进而增强了Pb2+和官能团的络合作用;材料的表面更粗糙、比表面积增加,为Pb2+的吸附提供更多的表面位点,促进其持续发挥钝化铅的作用.
  • 山西省自然科学基金项目(202103021224137)
  • 山西农大博士科研启动项目(2021BQ48)
  • 国家重点研发项目(2020YFC1806504-03)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
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山西省自然科学基金项目(202103021224137)
山西农大博士科研启动项目(2021BQ48)
国家重点研发项目(2020YFC1806504-03)
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    1.山西农业大学资源与环境学院,山西 太谷 030801
    2.山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院,土壤健康山西省实验室,山西 太原 030031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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