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Article(id=1241057210487337592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773820696707, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773820696707, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773820696707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820696707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241057209744945780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='2369', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773820696530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820837005, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057798994325890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241057209744945780, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2926, endPage=2931, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241057210764161660, articleId=1241057210487337592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Carbon footprint analysis of wind power system with generation and storage, columnId=1234106417825772207, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Impact Assessment and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the methodology of life cycle assessment（LCA）, the carbon footprint of the typical wind power system with generation and electricity storage（WPSGES）in China was calculated, so as to identify the reduction potential of carbon emission from life cycle stages. The results showed that the carbon footprint of WPSGES was 8.44gCO2/（kW·h）, which mainly came from the manufacturing process by 6.25gCO2/（kW·h）（74.05%）. Such processes as construction, operation, and end of life only contributed 1.04, 1.91 and -0.74gCO2/（kW·h）, respectively. It was also confirmed that expanding the system boundary, including power generation and storage, could reduce gross carbon footprint of WPSGES.

, correspAuthors=Jian-xin YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-he CHEN, Ning DING, Xiao-xuan BAI, Peng LI, Chao LI, Jian-xin YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057212169253535, articleId=1241057210487337592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=风力发电及储能系统碳足迹分析, columnId=1234106419604157142, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境影响评价与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用生命周期评价方法，核算我国典型风力发电及储能系统碳足迹，以揭示其不同生命周期阶段的碳减排潜力.结果表明，我国风力发电及储能系统的碳足迹为8.44gCO2/（kW·h），其中组件制造阶段的碳足迹贡献最大，为6.25gCO2/（kW·h），占整个系统碳足迹的74.05%.而系统建设、运营维护和废弃处理处置阶段的碳足迹分别为1.04，1.91，-0.74gCO2/（kW·h）.通过系统边界调整分析，发现在原有的发电系统上增加储能系统可以降低系统的总电力碳足迹.

, correspAuthors=杨建新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者，研究员，
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陈雅禾（2000-），女，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生，研究方向为环境经济与环境管理..

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陈雅禾（2000-），女，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生，研究方向为环境经济与环境管理..

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陈雅禾（2000-），女，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生，研究方向为环境经济与环境管理..

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Science of the Total Environment，2022，811:152224., articleTitle=Environmental impacts of hydrometallurgical recycling and reusing for manufacturing of lithium-ion traction batteries in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057223523234497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=于海洋, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于海洋. “双碳”目标下风储电站全生命周期碳排放评估方法研究[D]. 武汉:华中科技大学，2022., articleTitle=“双碳”目标下风储电站全生命周期碳排放评估方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057223661646549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Yu H Y, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu H Y. Research on life cycle carbon emission assessment method of wind storage power plant under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology，2022., articleTitle=Research on life cycle carbon emission assessment method of wind storage power plant under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057223791669987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=284, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Velez-Henao J-A, Vivanco D F, journalName=Journal of Environmental Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Velez-Henao J-A，Vivanco D F. Hybrid life cycle assessment of an onshore wind farm including direct and indirect services: A case study in Guajira，Colombia[J]. 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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments，2021，46:101286., articleTitle=Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries and vanadium redox flow batteries-based renewable energy storage systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241057218448126093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, awardId=2022YFC3901700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3901700), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241057212437688999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241057212450271912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, companyId=1241057212437688999, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院，北京 100045)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241057215440810880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Boundary of wind power system with generation and storage, figureFileSmall=54jIAMWY1Qo90FhSEtVptQ==, figureFileBig=3ghkFv9OfDv1Mvm15x46yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057215533085572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风力发电及储能系统边界, figureFileSmall=54jIAMWY1Qo90FhSEtVptQ==, figureFileBig=3ghkFv9OfDv1Mvm15x46yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057215788938142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Wet recovery process of lithium iron phosphate battery, figureFileSmall=iwv9IjHTNCvxVzJlSG9YCQ==, figureFileBig=E4d0sShGIDo77WRcOHSPYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057215877018536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=图2, caption=磷酸铁锂电池湿法回收工艺流程, figureFileSmall=iwv9IjHTNCvxVzJlSG9YCQ==, figureFileBig=E4d0sShGIDo77WRcOHSPYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057216065762227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Carbon footprint of different power generation methods, figureFileSmall=2rze+fOn6TBhCVdkbRAGow==, figureFileBig=qZXV5VEXQIhRQ+rQytRPXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057216141259706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同发电方式碳足迹, figureFileSmall=2rze+fOn6TBhCVdkbRAGow==, figureFileBig=qZXV5VEXQIhRQ+rQytRPXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057216275477448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, 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Material list of the manufacturing process[g/（kW·h）]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统设备材料数值
发电系统风机钢1.55
铁3.09×10-1
铬1.95×10-1
铜1.52×10-2
铝1.09×10-3
玻璃纤维8.63×10-2
碳纤维7.33×10-2
PVC2.27×10-4
树脂8.65×10-4
变压器油1.20×10-2
箱变铜8.55×10-3
硅钢1.72×10-2
铁1.52×10-2
变压器油1.20×10-2
接地网镀锌扁钢4.06×10-3
架空线路铝6.22×10-3
铜3.64×10-3
防腐涂料硅酸盐2.27×10-5
主变钢铁1.21×10-2
铜3.41×10-3
树脂3.79×10-4
玻璃纤维1.14×10-3
陶瓷/玻璃3.79×10-4
变压器油4.92×10-3
通信光缆环氧树脂1.41×10-5
二氧化硅2.50×10-6
钢1.16×10-5
开关柜冷轧钢板2.33×10-4
涂层锌板8.30×10-4
铜6.37×10-4
绝缘子陶瓷2.05×10-4
母线铜5.35×10-5
储能系统磷酸铁锂电池磷酸铁锂1.40×10-2
炭黑9.41×10-4
PVDF1.17×10-3
石墨7.33×10-3
六氟磷酸锂1.45×10-3
EC4.04×10-3
DMC4.04×10-3
PET8.82×10-4
铝1.72×10-2
铜1.55×10-2
变压器铜2.56×10-3
硅钢5.16×10-3
铁4.55×10-3
变压器油3.60×10-3
电池舱集装箱钢板6.82×10-3
PCS升压舱钢板3.00×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217319858201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

组件制造阶段材料清单[g/（kW·h）]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统设备材料数值
发电系统风机钢1.55
铁3.09×10-1
铬1.95×10-1
铜1.52×10-2
铝1.09×10-3
玻璃纤维8.63×10-2
碳纤维7.33×10-2
PVC2.27×10-4
树脂8.65×10-4
变压器油1.20×10-2
箱变铜8.55×10-3
硅钢1.72×10-2
铁1.52×10-2
变压器油1.20×10-2
接地网镀锌扁钢4.06×10-3
架空线路铝6.22×10-3
铜3.64×10-3
防腐涂料硅酸盐2.27×10-5
主变钢铁1.21×10-2
铜3.41×10-3
树脂3.79×10-4
玻璃纤维1.14×10-3
陶瓷/玻璃3.79×10-4
变压器油4.92×10-3
通信光缆环氧树脂1.41×10-5
二氧化硅2.50×10-6
钢1.16×10-5
开关柜冷轧钢板2.33×10-4
涂层锌板8.30×10-4
铜6.37×10-4
绝缘子陶瓷2.05×10-4
母线铜5.35×10-5
储能系统磷酸铁锂电池磷酸铁锂1.40×10-2
炭黑9.41×10-4
PVDF1.17×10-3
石墨7.33×10-3
六氟磷酸锂1.45×10-3
EC4.04×10-3
DMC4.04×10-3
PET8.82×10-4
铝1.72×10-2
铜1.55×10-2
变压器铜2.56×10-3
硅钢5.16×10-3
铁4.55×10-3
变压器油3.60×10-3
电池舱集装箱钢板6.82×10-3
PCS升压舱钢板3.00×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217433104419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material and energy list of the construction process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料/能源数量单位
混凝土2.01g/（kW·h）
钢筋3.82×101g/（kW·h）
水资源6.27g/（kW·h）
柴油8.53×10-2g/（kW·h）
电力1.09×10-4kW·h/（kW·h）
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217508601901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

建设阶段材料与能源清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料/能源数量单位
混凝土2.01g/（kW·h）
钢筋3.82×101g/（kW·h）
水资源6.27g/（kW·h）
柴油8.53×10-2g/（kW·h）
电力1.09×10-4kW·h/（kW·h）
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217663791163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material and energy list of the operation process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
资源/能源数量单位
润滑油1.50×10-2g/（kW·h）
水资源6.22g/（kW·h）
电力1.71×10-3kW·h/（kW·h）
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217785425995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

运营维护阶段消耗资源与能源清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
资源/能源数量单位
润滑油1.50×10-2g/（kW·h）
水资源6.22g/（kW·h）
电力1.71×10-3kW·h/（kW·h）
), ArticleFig(id=1241057217881894995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Resource processing methods and proportions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号资源类型处理方式比例（%）
1高分子材料（树脂等）填埋100
2建筑材料（混凝土等）填埋100
3金属材料（钢、铁、铜、铝等）回收利用50
), ArticleFig(id=1241057218049667171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

资源处理处置方式及比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号资源类型处理方式比例（%）
1高分子材料（树脂等）填埋100
2建筑材料（混凝土等）填埋100
3金属材料（钢、铁、铜、铝等）回收利用50
), ArticleFig(id=1241057218188079217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Material list of wet process of lithium iron phosphate battery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料数量单位
氯化钠1.88×10-4g/（kW·h）
氢氧化钠2.98×10-4g/（kW·h）
硫酸（98%）9.55×10-3g/（kW·h）
工业水8.87×10-2g/（kW·h）
双氧水（30%）2.09×10-3g/（kW·h）
碳酸钠7.26×10-3g/（kW·h）
氢氧化钙2.00×10-4g/（kW·h）
电力1.57×10-5kW·h/（kW·h）
天然气2.10×10-5g/（kW·h）
), ArticleFig(id=1241057218297131134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210487337592, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

磷酸铁锂电池湿法工艺消耗资源清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料数量单位
氯化钠1.88×10-4g/（kW·h）
氢氧化钠2.98×10-4g/（kW·h）
硫酸（98%）9.55×10-3g/（kW·h）
工业水8.87×10-2g/（kW·h）
双氧水（30%）2.09×10-3g/（kW·h）
碳酸钠7.26×10-3g/（kW·h）
氢氧化钙2.00×10-4g/（kW·h）
电力1.57×10-5kW·h/（kW·h）
天然气2.10×10-5g/（kW·h）
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风力发电及储能系统碳足迹分析
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陈雅禾 1, 2 , 丁宁 1 , 白孝轩 3 , 李朋 3 , 李超 3 , 杨建新 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025,45(5): 2926-2931
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中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025, 45(5): 2926-2931
风力发电及储能系统碳足迹分析
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陈雅禾1, 2 , 丁宁1, 白孝轩3, 李朋3, 李超3, 杨建新1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室，北京 100085
  • 2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院，北京 101499
  • 3.国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院，北京 100045

    • 陈雅禾（2000-），女，江苏淮安人，硕士研究生，研究方向为环境经济与环境管理..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者，研究员，
Carbon footprint analysis of wind power system with generation and storage
Ya-he CHEN1, 2 , Ning DING1, Xiao-xuan BAI3, Peng LI3, Chao LI3, Jian-xin YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
  • 2.College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
  • 3.Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Jibei Electric Power Company Limited, Beijing 100045, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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摘要
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采用生命周期评价方法，核算我国典型风力发电及储能系统碳足迹，以揭示其不同生命周期阶段的碳减排潜力.结果表明，我国风力发电及储能系统的碳足迹为8.44gCO2/（kW·h），其中组件制造阶段的碳足迹贡献最大，为6.25gCO2/（kW·h），占整个系统碳足迹的74.05%.而系统建设、运营维护和废弃处理处置阶段的碳足迹分别为1.04，1.91，-0.74gCO2/（kW·h）.通过系统边界调整分析，发现在原有的发电系统上增加储能系统可以降低系统的总电力碳足迹.

风力发电  /  储能系统  /  生命周期评价  /  碳足迹

Based on the methodology of life cycle assessment（LCA）, the carbon footprint of the typical wind power system with generation and electricity storage（WPSGES）in China was calculated, so as to identify the reduction potential of carbon emission from life cycle stages. The results showed that the carbon footprint of WPSGES was 8.44gCO2/（kW·h）, which mainly came from the manufacturing process by 6.25gCO2/（kW·h）（74.05%）. Such processes as construction, operation, and end of life only contributed 1.04, 1.91 and -0.74gCO2/（kW·h）, respectively. It was also confirmed that expanding the system boundary, including power generation and storage, could reduce gross carbon footprint of WPSGES.

wind power generation  /  electricity storage system  /  life cycle assessment  /  carbon footprint
陈雅禾, 丁宁, 白孝轩, 李朋, 李超, 杨建新. 风力发电及储能系统碳足迹分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2926 -2931 .
Ya-he CHEN, Ning DING, Xiao-xuan BAI, Peng LI, Chao LI, Jian-xin YANG. Carbon footprint analysis of wind power system with generation and storage[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2926 -2931 .
正文
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21世纪以来，我国大力发展风力发电等清洁能源，已成为世界第一风电大国[1].虽然风能在发电过程中基本不产生污染物，但从生命周期角度，风电场在生产、建设与回收处置等环节仍然存在温室气体与环境污染排放.因此，开展风力发电全生命周期碳排放（碳足迹）研究对我国新能源战略的推进有重要的支撑作用.
风能具有随机性和间歇性的特点，在发电时会带来电能不稳定、不可持续等问题，造成大量电能浪费，对风力发电的安全稳定运行构成巨大威胁.储能技术为解决弃风问题提供了新的方案.然而，目前将风力发电及储能系统作为一个整体，评估其对气候变化的环境影响的研究尚未发现于公开文献.
有关风力发电碳足迹的研究包含从设备生产到废弃处置的生命周期全过程.研究表明，风力发电生命周期的碳足迹大约为18~31.4gCO2/（kW·h）[2-3]，相比传统煤炭发电大约减少温室气体排放约435~1035gCO2/（kW·h），碳减排效益显著.[4]生产阶段是风力发电碳足迹的主要来源，可贡献生命周期70%以上的碳足迹[5]，其中风电机组的制造过程较其他设备的贡献最大[6].而建设和运营阶段的贡献较少，通常只占总碳足迹的不到15%.[7]对于风电设备退役后的回收处理环节，钢和铜的回收可以削减二氧化碳排放总量的12.3%~22.7%[8]，减少量受到回收率、回收工艺等因素的影响[9].鉴于风力发电的随机性与间歇性，越来越多的风电场开始安装储能系统以应对电能耗损问题.储能电站的碳足迹仅为风力发电的不到5%[10]，但考虑到储能电站的电力消纳功能，其对整个风电系统的碳减排效益仍然具有较大影响[11].
综上所示，现有研究明确了风力发电的碳足迹，但在划定系统边界时仅重点考虑风力发电机的生产过程，对其他设备的生产制造，以及建设、运营维护与废弃处理处置等环节的碳足迹分析不够深入；另外，在风力发电系统上增加储能系统是我国当前风电场建设重点推荐的一种新模式.新模式下，从生命周期的角度，新增的储能系统对风电场发电系统的碳减排潜力究竟如何，也是一个亟待回答的科学问题.
因此，本文采用生命周期评价方法，选择我国典型的200MW规模的风电场（包括风力发电及储能系统）作为数据来源，开展碳足迹核算，以揭示风电系统不同生命周期阶段的碳排放，为我国新能源产业的发展提供支持.
1　方法和数据
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1.1　系统边界与功能单位
研究的系统边界采用全生命周期的思想，包括原材料的获取与生产至退役期设备的回收与处置.碳足迹核算模型主要包含5个生命周期阶段，即原材料获取阶段、组件制造阶段、建设阶段、运营维护阶段与废弃处理处置阶段（图1）.其中，受数据限制，风机等设备的生产过程未考虑部件生产组装过程的资源损耗与能源投入.道路新建、消防工程以及储能系统的制冷设备等配套基础设施未纳入系统边界；设备材料的运输阶段由于占生命周期的环境影响很小，直接忽略[12].
本研究的功能单位定义为1kW·h风力发电量.
1.2　数据来源
本研究建模的现场数据主要来自青海省尖扎县尖扎滩乡200MW风力发电项目.该风电场位于青海省黄南藏族自治州尖扎县，安装40台SI-200500机型风力发电机组，项目总装机容量为200MW，并配备磷酸铁锂电池储能系统，预计年上网发电量为44000万kW·h.选择该风力发电项目作为研究对象的原因包括：青海风能资源丰富，风力发电量大，约占全省发电量的22%，具有地域代表性；该风电场采用5MW风力发电机组，符合目前风力发电机组大型化的发展趋势，并配备磷酸铁锂电池储能系统，以应对弃风问题.
其他背景数据来源于官方统计数据、CAS-RCEES数据库、GaBi数据库等.CAS-RCEES数据库是中国科学院生态环境研究中心开发的生命周期清单数据库，涵盖能源、交通等行业的清单背景数据，可广泛应用于生命周期评价领域.
1.3　清单分析
1.3.1　原材料获取阶段
原材料的投入主要依据组件物料清单（表1）.能源和基础原材料的碳排放数据主要根据CAS-RCEES数据库中材料单元数据由模型计算.
1.3.2　组件制造阶段
组件制造阶段作为风力发电及储能系统生命周期的上游阶段，主要涉及发电系统和储能系统设备及材料的生产制造[7].组件制造阶段各类设备消耗材料清单如表1所示.数据来源为文献[13-14].
1.3.3　建设阶段
风力发电及储能系统在建设阶段所需主要能源物资有混凝土、钢筋、水资源等，工程建设使用机械设备所消耗的能源主要为电能和柴油.建设阶段消耗的基础材料与能源清单见表2.
1.3.4　运营维护阶段
运营维护阶段的碳排放主要来自资源投入、运行耗能以及配件更新替换.其中，资源投入主要考虑润滑油和生活用水；运行耗能主要考虑照明系统、通风空调系统、通讯设备等用电；配件更新替换考虑风机的叶片和机舱，设定风机叶片更新比例为1/3，即每台风机在运营周期内需要更换一片叶片，机舱的更新比例为15%[15].风电场的运行寿命设定为20年，自身用电由国家电网提供.运营维护阶段的资源投入以及耗能清单见表3.
1.3.5　废弃处理处置阶段
废弃处理处置阶段是风力发电及储能系统结束运行退役后对不同设备材料进行处理处置的阶段.
发电系统：目前国内对风电设备处理处置的研究较少，因此参考国外风力发电退役阶段的情况.假设树脂等非金属材料采用填埋方式处理；钢筋混凝土基础直接废弃；钢、铁、铜等金属材料进行再生利用.理论上金属材料的回收利用率可以达到85%及以上，本文设定金属材料的回收利用率为50%[16-17]（表4）.
废金属再生过程考虑能源与材料的消耗，工艺流程数据来自文献[18-21].
储能系统：湿法工艺是目前回收废弃锂离子电池的主要工艺.本研究假定储能系统废弃的磷酸铁锂电池采用典型的湿法回收工艺（图2）[22-24].
磷酸铁锂电池湿法工艺消耗的资源种类和数量如表5所示，数据来源为文献[22,25-26].
1.4　碳足迹计算方法
本研究采用Gabi软件对风电场的生命周期过程进行建模，并选用IPCC推荐的全球变暖潜势（GWP）来表征碳足迹，单位为gCO2/（kW·h）.
计算公式为：
2　结果与分析
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2.1　风力发电及储能系统碳足迹
经过模型计算，我国典型风电场（包括风力发电及储能系统）生命周期碳排放（碳足迹）为8.44gCO2/（kW·h）.与其他文献风力发电的碳足迹计算结果进行比较（4.4~28.2g/（kW·h）），本文的研究结果位于其他研究结果的区间之内，是相对合理的[8,26-29].
通过与其他发电方式的碳足迹进行对比，风力发电的碳足迹远低于火力发电，也低于光电、水电等其他清洁能源发电（图3）[4].相比煤电等传统发电，风力发电每度电可减少碳排放约0.5~1kg，碳减排潜力巨大.
分析风电场各生命周期阶段的碳足迹，结果表明组件制造阶段（含材料）的碳足迹最大，达到6.25gCO2/（kW·h），占比74.02%；其次是运营维护阶段（1.91gCO2/（kW·h）），占比22.61%；而建设阶段的碳足迹相对较小，仅为1.04gCO2/（kW·h）（12.30%）；废弃处理处置阶段由于对金属材料进行再生利用，减少对应材料的生产制造，该阶段的碳足迹为负值（-0.74gCO2/（kW·h）），即减少了总碳足迹的8.75%.因此，组件制造阶段（含原材料）和废弃处理处置阶段是影响风力发电及储能系统碳足迹的重要阶段.
进一步分析组件制造阶段，93.82%的碳足迹来自发电系统，6.18%来自储能系统.而发电系统中，风力发电机的碳足迹贡献最大，其主要来源于材料的碳足迹.例如本研究中所分析的5.0MW风力发电机涉及的碳足迹较高的材料包括钢、铬、铁等金属材料以及碳纤维、玻璃纤维等非金属材料，其中钢对风力发电机碳足迹的贡献最大（图5）.因此，降低组件制造阶段的碳足迹可以优先考虑减少金属材料尤其是钢的用量.
废弃处理处置阶段通过对金属材料进行再生利用，减少对应材料的消耗，可减少碳足迹约0.74gCO2/（kW·h）.图6显示了金属材料回收利用对碳足迹的贡献，其中贡献最大的是钢（-0.50gCO2/（kW·h）），其次是铬（-0.24gCO2/（kW·h））和铁（-0.16gCO2/（kW·h））.
2.2　储能系统对碳足迹的影响
由于风能具有随机性和间歇性的特点，在发电时会导致电能不稳定、不可持续等问题，造成弃风问题.目前我国新建的风电场均采用增加储能系统来解决弃风问题.增加的储能系统的本身一定会直接增加二氧化碳排放，但由于储能系统的引入会增加系统的有效发电量，从生命周期的角度需要评估储能系统对风电场碳足迹的的影响.
本研究风电场采用磷酸铁锂储能电池的容量为60MWh，假设年充放电次数为400次.按照目前的弃风比率，风电场20年的运行期内不安装储能系统共浪费约48000万kW·h的电量，风电场的总发电量由880000万kW·h降至832000万kW·h，而二氧化碳排放由74300t降至71219t，通过模型计算无储能系统的风电场碳足迹变为8.56gCO2/（kW·h），比原来的系统碳足迹（8.44gCO2/（kW·h））略微增加.[30]这证明在风电场安装储能系统一方面减少了弃风问题，增加有效发电量，另一方面降低了系统碳足迹，同时具备经济和环境效益.
2.3　展望
本研究仍存在一些不足：由于国内目前LCA数据库尚不完善，目前国内外针对风力发电机、变压器等设备的生产制造数据质量有待提高，可能对最终计算结果造成一定的不确定性.
未来研究可以从以下两方面进行完善：（1）可采用生命周期评价方法，进一步对风力发电的其他环境影响进行测算，如酸化潜力、生态毒性、资源消耗等，对风力发电环境影响进行全面评价；（2）本文仅研究磷酸铁锂电池作为风电场的储能系统，随着储能市场的扩大，液流电池储能、飞轮储能、压缩空气储能等新型储能技术不断出现.未来可考虑开展风力发电与不同储能技术的碳足迹情景分析研究，对我国新能源高质量发展，实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义.
3　结论
收起
3.1　风力发电及储能系统的碳足迹为8.44gCO2/（kW·h），相比火电等传统发电方式可降低95%以上，碳减排效益明显.
3.2　系统碳足迹的95.85%来自发电系统，4.15%来自储能系统；组件制造阶段对碳足迹的贡献最大（74.02%），其次为运营维护阶段（22.61%）和建设阶段（12.30%），废弃处理处置阶段碳足迹为-0.74gCO2/（kW·h）.
3.3　安装储能系统一方面减少了弃风问题，增加有效发电量，另一方面降低了降低单位风力发电量的碳排放，即减少碳足迹，同时具备经济和环保效益.
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3901700)
文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2024-09-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-13
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3901700)
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    1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室，北京 100085
    2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院，北京 101499
    3.国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院，北京 100045

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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