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In response to the current limitations of the Fe2+/periodate(PI)system, which is difficult to sustain effective performance and is merely applicable under acidic conditions, a system of visible light(VL)and 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid(TA)cooperating with Fe3+ for activating PI was constructed. The results indicate that the combination of VL and TA can accelerate the redox cycling between Fe3+/Fe2+, significantly enhancing the performance of activating PI. The VL/TA/Fe3+/PI system can achieve the complete degradation of sulfadiazine(SD)within 30min, with better efficacy under neutral and acidic conditions. Anions such as Cl, NO3, and SO42− have minimal effects on SD removal, whereas the existence of HCO3 significantly inhibits SD elimination. At the same time, humic acid(HA)exhibits a promoting effect. Quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)analysis confirmed that hydroxyl radicals(HO•)and singlet oxygen(1O2)were the primary reactive species responsible for SD removal. Based on mass spectrometry analysis, 6degradation intermediates were verified, and 3 possible degradation pathways for SD were proposed. Using radish as a model organism for phytotoxicity assessment, it was demonstrated that the toxicity of SD-contaminated water was significantly reduced after treatment. Simultaneously, the system exhibited excellent treatment efficiency in various real water matrices. Furthermore, this system exhibits favourable degradation performance for multiple typical emerging contaminants prevalently existing in natural water bodies, indicating broad application prospects.

, correspAuthors=Ming-hua NIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui LIANG, Cai-xia YAN, Yue ZHANG, Ya-bing CHEN, Ming-jun DING, Peng WANG, Ming-hua NIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241057215512114050, articleId=1241057210302788214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=可见光/棓酸协同Fe3+活化高碘酸盐降解磺胺嘧啶, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对目前Fe2+/高碘酸盐(PI)体系难以持续有效,且仅适用于酸性条件的缺陷,开发了可见光(VL)和棓酸(TA)协同Fe3+活化PI体系.结果表明,VL联合TA可加速Fe3+/Fe2+之间的循环,显著增强活化PI的性能.VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系在30min内可实现磺胺嘧啶(SD)的完全降解,且在中性和酸性条件下效果更优.水中常见阴离子如Cl、NO3和SO42−对体系降解SD影响较小,但HCO3的存在显著抑制了SD的去除,而腐殖酸(HA)则表现出促进作用.通过淬灭实验及电子顺磁共振分析,发现羟基自由基(HO•)和单线态氧(1O2)是体系中降解SD的主要活性物种.基于质谱分析鉴定出的6种降解中间产物,提出了SD三种可能降解路径.以萝卜作为毒性评估模式植物,表明SD污染水体经体系修复后的毒性显著降低.同时,体系在不同实际水体中均表现出优异的处理效能.此外,体系对天然水体中普遍存在的多种典型新污染物都具有良好的降解效果,展示出广阔的应用前景.

, correspAuthors=聂明华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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梁卉(1999-),女,广东肇庆人,江西师范大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境污染与防治研究..

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梁卉(1999-),女,广东肇庆人,江西师范大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境污染与防治研究..

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Water Research2022226:119316., articleTitle=Efficient degradation of alkyl imidazole ionic liquids in simulated sunlight irradiated periodate system: Kinetics,reaction mechanisms and toxicity evolution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057239327372081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=7, pageStart=95, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=55, authorNames=彭程, 邱隆慧, 晏彩霞, journalName=环境科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭程,邱隆慧,晏彩霞,等. 太阳光联合高碘酸盐降解水中新污染物卡马西平[J]. 环境科学学报202444(7):95-103., articleTitle=太阳光联合高碘酸盐降解水中新污染物卡马西平, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057239449006905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=7, pageStart=95, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Peng C, Qiu L H, Yan C X, journalName=Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Peng CQiu L HYan C X,et al. Degradation of carbamazepine by periodate combined with solar light in water [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae202444(7):95-103., articleTitle=Degradation of carbamazepine by periodate combined with solar light in water, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057239570641733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=269, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Zhou J, Ma F, Guo H, journalName=Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou JMa FGuo H,et al. Activate hydrogen peroxide for efficient tetracycline degradation via a facile assembled carbon-based composite: Synergism of powdered activated carbon and ferroferric oxide nanocatalyst[J]. 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[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L

, figureFileSmall=3wwv/zVN+IETPLZNS4LfeA==, figureFileBig=BbZXNgEE51HKZ7Hs3GE1EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221220561327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different initial PI on the degradation of SD, figureFileSmall=bj9Fn0M/3Uk+O2DPtfi6fA==, figureFileBig=KyIzqBw3Noyyho4WMyrFnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221346390457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同初始PI对SD降解的影响

[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=0~3mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L

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[pH]0=7, [TA]0=0.1mmol/L, [Fe3+]0=0~0.3mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L,[SD]0=20µmol/L

, figureFileSmall=XfhNBXTGl1pokeEXaUjImQ==, figureFileBig=kqriJwIhy2Oh566ckfeEnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221765820905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different initial TA on the degradation of SD, figureFileSmall=HrugD+3ljPQmrUiHJpqNRw==, figureFileBig=xZeOPRxxg5vWhu46U40JCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221853901301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同初始TA对SD降解的影响

[pH]0=7, [TA]0=0~0.3mmol/L, [Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L , [PI]0=1mmol/L,[SD]0=20µmol/L

, figureFileSmall=HrugD+3ljPQmrUiHJpqNRw==, figureFileBig=xZeOPRxxg5vWhu46U40JCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057221954564609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of different initial concentrations of SD on the degradation of SD, figureFileSmall=0KrAeh2STmBdEyLQ5VaYig==, figureFileBig=f7bS6KHyJf6DfN4RwxYjfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222092976656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同初始SD浓度对SD降解的影响

[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=2~40µmol/L

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[TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L, [pH]0=3~11

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[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L

, figureFileSmall=g9uyMBP2IdJ4Lvki2tRhnQ==, figureFileBig=a5nTusqp9d0dAlVMrPMffg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222772453989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=PMSO loss and PMSO2 production in VL/TA/Fe3+/PI system, figureFileSmall=Df1DkbEV3XfkUjYmx0SzJg==, figureFileBig=IK3FcTd4yx04CrtGdl2ndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057222902477431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=CN, label=图8, caption=在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中PMSO的消耗和PMSO2的生成

[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L, [PMSO]0=0.1mmol/L

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[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L

, figureFileSmall=sCnMItjoUYYRxKS5syERqw==, figureFileBig=RjCeWm+tsi30bgExoV/zbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223674229463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The change of PI concentration during the reaction, figureFileSmall=st3WS7STLzG9TOsYf4EP0g==, figureFileBig=YHS5W01IuYxNYUenuZuasg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223774892769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=CN, label=图11, caption=氧化反应过程中PI的浓度变化

[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L

, figureFileSmall=st3WS7STLzG9TOsYf4EP0g==, figureFileBig=YHS5W01IuYxNYUenuZuasg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057223925887724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=TOC removal rate in the degradation process, figureFileSmall=IdpDswZE5I0J71LR55Pd4A==, figureFileBig=TKBfi2fevqlVGRd4tAx35g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057224127214330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=CN, label=图12, caption=降解过程中TOC的去除率

[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L

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[TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [SD]0=20µmol/L

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[pH]0=7, [TA]0=[Fe3+]0=0.1mmol/L, [PI]0=1mmol/L, [污染物]0=20µmol/L

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Effects on seed germination of radish before and after remediation of SD−contaminated water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标纯水SD污染溶液修复后溶液
发芽率(%)100100100
茎长(cm)4.621.243.97
叶长(cm)0.920.720.91
根长(cm)8.810.76.93
根数(根)111
), ArticleFig(id=1241057226790597532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241057210302788214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SD污染水体修复前后对萝卜种子萌发的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标纯水SD污染溶液修复后溶液
发芽率(%)100100100
茎长(cm)4.621.243.97
叶长(cm)0.920.720.91
根长(cm)8.810.76.93
根数(根)111
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可见光/棓酸协同Fe3+活化高碘酸盐降解磺胺嘧啶
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梁卉 , 晏彩霞 , 张悦 , 陈雅冰 , 丁明军 , 王鹏 , 聂明华 *
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(5): 2827-2838
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(5): 2827-2838
可见光/棓酸协同Fe3+活化高碘酸盐降解磺胺嘧啶
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梁卉 , 晏彩霞, 张悦, 陈雅冰, 丁明军, 王鹏, 聂明华*
作者信息
  • 江西师范大学地理与环境学院,鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,流域生态智能监测与综合治理江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330022
  • 梁卉(1999-),女,广东肇庆人,江西师范大学硕士研究生,主要从事环境污染与防治研究..

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* 责任作者,副教授,
Promoted degradation of sulfadiazine in Fe3+/periodate system with the assistant of visible light coupled with 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
Hui LIANG , Cai-xia YAN, Yue ZHANG, Ya-bing CHEN, Ming-jun DING, Peng WANG, Ming-hua NIE*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Comprehensive Treatment of Watershed, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20
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针对目前Fe2+/高碘酸盐(PI)体系难以持续有效,且仅适用于酸性条件的缺陷,开发了可见光(VL)和棓酸(TA)协同Fe3+活化PI体系.结果表明,VL联合TA可加速Fe3+/Fe2+之间的循环,显著增强活化PI的性能.VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系在30min内可实现磺胺嘧啶(SD)的完全降解,且在中性和酸性条件下效果更优.水中常见阴离子如Cl、NO3和SO42−对体系降解SD影响较小,但HCO3的存在显著抑制了SD的去除,而腐殖酸(HA)则表现出促进作用.通过淬灭实验及电子顺磁共振分析,发现羟基自由基(HO•)和单线态氧(1O2)是体系中降解SD的主要活性物种.基于质谱分析鉴定出的6种降解中间产物,提出了SD三种可能降解路径.以萝卜作为毒性评估模式植物,表明SD污染水体经体系修复后的毒性显著降低.同时,体系在不同实际水体中均表现出优异的处理效能.此外,体系对天然水体中普遍存在的多种典型新污染物都具有良好的降解效果,展示出广阔的应用前景.

可见光  /  Fe3+  /  棓酸  /  高碘酸盐  /  磺胺嘧啶

In response to the current limitations of the Fe2+/periodate(PI)system, which is difficult to sustain effective performance and is merely applicable under acidic conditions, a system of visible light(VL)and 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid(TA)cooperating with Fe3+ for activating PI was constructed. The results indicate that the combination of VL and TA can accelerate the redox cycling between Fe3+/Fe2+, significantly enhancing the performance of activating PI. The VL/TA/Fe3+/PI system can achieve the complete degradation of sulfadiazine(SD)within 30min, with better efficacy under neutral and acidic conditions. Anions such as Cl, NO3, and SO42− have minimal effects on SD removal, whereas the existence of HCO3 significantly inhibits SD elimination. At the same time, humic acid(HA)exhibits a promoting effect. Quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)analysis confirmed that hydroxyl radicals(HO•)and singlet oxygen(1O2)were the primary reactive species responsible for SD removal. Based on mass spectrometry analysis, 6degradation intermediates were verified, and 3 possible degradation pathways for SD were proposed. Using radish as a model organism for phytotoxicity assessment, it was demonstrated that the toxicity of SD-contaminated water was significantly reduced after treatment. Simultaneously, the system exhibited excellent treatment efficiency in various real water matrices. Furthermore, this system exhibits favourable degradation performance for multiple typical emerging contaminants prevalently existing in natural water bodies, indicating broad application prospects.

visible light  /  Fe3+  /  3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid  /  periodate  /  sulfadiazine
梁卉, 晏彩霞, 张悦, 陈雅冰, 丁明军, 王鹏, 聂明华. 可见光/棓酸协同Fe3+活化高碘酸盐降解磺胺嘧啶. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2827 -2838 .
Hui LIANG, Cai-xia YAN, Yue ZHANG, Ya-bing CHEN, Ming-jun DING, Peng WANG, Ming-hua NIE. Promoted degradation of sulfadiazine in Fe3+/periodate system with the assistant of visible light coupled with 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (5) : 2827 -2838 .
磺胺类抗生素(SAs)是应用最广、用量最大的医药品之一[1],被广泛用于人类和动物的疾病治疗.作为一种典型SA,磺胺嘧啶(SD)常用于治疗流行性脑膜炎、肠道感染等,同时也用于畜禽养殖[2].然而,摄入的SD仅有小部分会被机体吸收或代谢,其余则通过排泄进入环境.由于SD的可生化性较差,目前,污水处理厂难以有效降解这些污染物,导致其大量进入天然水体并频繁被检出[3],极大地影响了水质安全.当人体长期摄入含有残留SD的食品及饮用水后,会导致SD在体内蓄积,从而引发毒性损伤[4].因此,迫切需要有效的方法降解水体中残留的SD.
近年来,基于高碘酸盐(PI)的高级氧化技术以氧化能力强、适用条件广、可控性好等特点而备受关注[5].PI是一种强氧化剂,其氧化还原电位为1.60V[6],但其独立氧化降解有机污染物的能力有限.目前,PI的活化方式包括紫外光活化[7]、超声活化[4]、过渡金属活化[9]、炭质材料活化[10]以及碱性环境活化[11]等.在这些方法中,Fe2+驱动的PI活化技术因其成本低、无毒、具有高反应性而受到广泛关注[12].与Fe2+相比,Fe3+更稳定且更容易保存,因此在PI活化的实际应用中更具潜力[13].然而传统的Fe3+活化PI工艺仍存在一些问题,如适用的pH值范围较窄(pH<7)[14],Fe3+还原为Fe2+的速度缓慢,限制了Fe2+的生成和PI的活化[15].有研究表明,在电−Fenton反应中引入铁螯合剂,如乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和硝基三乙酸(NTA),可以促进Fe3+/Fe2+的循环[16].然而,不少铁螯合剂(如草酸和EDTA)的安全性一直存在争议,且成本较高[17].此外,引入羟胺虽然可快速还原Fe3+,但羟胺自身的高毒性限制了其实际应用[18].因此,需要更环保、更有效的还原剂来弥补Fe3+/PI体系的缺陷.
棓酸(TA)是天然有机物的主要成分之一,广泛存在于山茱萸、大叶桉等植物中,且毒性较低[19].TA可通过电子转移与活性物种(RS)反应,形成的中间体有助于Fe3+/Fe2+的氧化还原循环[20].Pan等[21]人发现TA可以通过络合和还原Fe3+,极大促进了Fe3+活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解2,2',4,4'−四溴二苯醚.由此推测,TA可能有助于Fe3+活化PI并且在这过程中防止Fe3+水解和促进Fe3+/Fe2+循环.然而,Fe3+/TA/氧化剂体系仍然面临反应时间长或污染物降解效率低的问题.先前研究表明,Fe3+络合物在光照下可以显著增强Fe3+/Fe2+的氧化还原循环[22].目前,光照辅助Fe3+络合物活化氧化剂工艺更侧重于紫外光(UV)的使用[23].Jin等[24]人观察到UV辐照增强了Fe3+−NTA配合物的还原,在经过UV/Fe3+−NTA/过二硫酸盐体系处理60min后,卡马西平的降解率超过99%.然而,需要注意的是,UV仅占太阳光谱的5%,这使得天然太阳光难以作为能源,限制了光驱动技术的实际应用[25].可见光(VL,λ≥400nm)占太阳辐射能量的44%以上[26],因此开发VL诱导TA/Fe3+/PI体系对于推进光驱动技术的应用具有重要意义[27].
因此,本研究采用VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系降解污染水体中的SD,重点探究体系内部关键参数(如TA投入量、Fe3+投入量、PI投入量)对SD降解的影响.同时,探讨水体常见共存阴离子(HCO3、Cl、NO3和SO42−)及腐殖酸(HA)对体系降解SD效能的影响及机理,分析体系的抗干扰能力;其次,利用淬灭和捕获实验以鉴定体系中产生的RS并基于SD的降解中间产物,推测SD的可能降解途径.此外,通过植物毒性实验考察体系降解水中SD前后的生态毒性,并评估体系在实际水体及对常见有机污染物降解中的应用前景,为PI的应用及废水处理拓展新思路.
主要实验试剂包括:SD、高碘酸钾(PI)、恩诺沙星(ENFX)、诺氟沙星(NOFX)、对乙酰氨基酚(ACE)、双酚S(BPS)、磺胺噻唑(STZ)、卡马西平(CMZ),由阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司提供.甲醇(MeOH)购自CNW Technologies GmbH(德国).H2SO4、NaOH、硫代硫酸钠(Na2S2O3)、NaCl、Na2CO3、NaNO3、NaHCO3、Fe2(SO43均购自国药控股.L−组氨酸(L−his)、叔丁醇(TBA)、糠醇(FFA)、氮蓝四唑(NBT)和苯酚(Phenol)由中国国药集团提供.H2O2购于西陇科学股份有限公司.腐殖酸(HA)、棓酸(TA)由西亚化工有限公司提供.实际水体取自鄱阳湖、乐安江、瑶湖、自来水及某高校生活废水,其理化参数见课题组前期报道[28].实验中使用的所有试剂和溶剂均为分析级或更高纯度,未经进一步纯化.所有实验溶液均使用超纯水配制.
本研究所有SD降解实验均在光化学反应仪器中进行.使用氙灯并配备420nm截止滤波片作为可见光光源,固定可见光强度为500W.反应混合物以恒定速率(500r/min)连续磁力搅拌,并通过水循环冷却以保持恒定温度((25±0.5)℃).在光照之前,使用1mol/L NaOH和1mol/L H2SO4溶液将SD溶液的pH值调节至所需范围.随后,在VL照射下立即向SD溶液中加入一定量的TA溶液(0.1mmol/L)、Fe3+溶液(0.1mmol/L)、PI溶液(1mmol/L)及其他化学物质以进行反应.根据预定的时间间隔,取1mL实验样品转移到玻璃小瓶中,然后加入10 µL Na2S2O3溶液(1mmol/L)以终止反应.
为了探究不同试剂投加剂量对SD降解效果的影响,向反应溶液中投入不同浓度的TA、Fe3+、PI溶液;利用1mol/L的H2SO4溶液和NaOH溶液将SD污染水样调节至不同pH值,考察初始pH值对降解效果的影响;通过将一定浓度的Cl、SO42−、NO3、HCO3和HA溶液加入氧化体系,探究实际水体共存物质对氧化体系修复效果的影响;为了鉴定在氧化降解SD过程中起主要作用的RS,将FFA、NBT、L−his、TBA、Phenol分别加入到反应体系中进行淬灭实验.所有实验均至少设置两组平行样.
采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC,Agilent 1260II,美国)测定有机物浓度,使用AthenaC18色谱柱(2.1mm×150mm,5μm),流动相比例设定为甲醇:0.5‰三氟乙酸(V/V=70:30),流速为0.2mL/min,进样量为10μL,检测波长为252nm.采用配备XB−C18色谱柱(2.1mm×150mm,3μm)的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(UPLC−MS,Agilent Ultivo,美国)对SD及其中间产物进行鉴定.使用pH计(雷磁PHS-3C,中国)测定溶液的pH值.选择DMPO和TEMP作为自旋捕获剂,并使用电子顺磁共振波谱仪(EPR,Bruker EMX Nano,德国)检测反应过程中的RS.IO3/IO4浓度变化采用的高效液相色谱仪进行测定.液相色谱流动相设置为:0.1%磷酸水溶液:乙腈(V/V=60:40),流速为0.2mL/min,进样体积为10μL,检测波长为214nm.利用甲基苯基亚砜(PMSO)确定是否存在高价铁参与SD的降解过程.在预定的时间间隔内收集1mL实验样品,用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)淬灭,然后测定反应过程中PMSO和甲基苯基砜(PMSO2)的变化情况.
污染物降解率的计算方法基于公式(1),其中C0Ct分别代表反应0时刻和t时刻目标污染物的浓度.不同体系降解SD的拟一级反应动力学常数(kobs)计算方法基于公式(2).
通过萝卜种子萌发实验,评估水体中SD及其降解产物的植物毒性.实验设置3种培养液:SD污染水体、修复后的水体和超纯水(对照).具体步骤如下:首先将滤纸放入培养皿(90mm×15mm)中,向每个培养皿添加三种不同的溶液(10mL),随后挑选15颗长势一致的种子分别放到不同溶液培养皿中.最后,在室温环境下避光培养7d(每个条件一式两份).最后随机选择15颗发芽的种子记录其生长数据.
分别设置单独VL体系、单独PI体系、VL/PI体系、TA/PI体系、Fe3+/PI体系、TA/Fe3+/PI体系、VL/TA/PI体系、VL/Fe3+/PI体系和VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系,考察对比了其对SD的降解效果.结果如图1所示,单独VL对SD降解无明显效果,说明VL不足以光解SD;而单独PI自身的氧化能力也难以快速降解SD.其次,与VL、PI体系相比,SD在VL/PI体系、TA/PI体系和Fe3+/PI体系中的降解率差距不明显.然而,当Fe3+和TA同时用于活化PI时(TA/Fe3+/PI体系),SD的降解效率有较大幅度提高.进一步在TA/Fe3+/PI体系中引入VL(VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系),发现VL的引入极大促进了SD的降解,SD在30min内降解率达到了100%.此外,SD降解的kobs值为0.1448/min,分别是VL/TA/PI体系(kobs=0.0078/min)、VL/Fe3+/PI体系(kobs=0.0073/min)和TA/Fe3+/PI体系(kobs=0.0307/min)的18.56,19.8和4.7倍.上述结果表明,在TA/Fe3+/PI体系中引入VL可以显著促进SD的降解,因为VL照射和TA对体系中Fe2+/Fe3+的循环具有显著的促进作用,表明VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系对水中的SD具有很好的降解效果.
在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中,Fe3+−TA络合物通过加速氧化剂的活化产生更多的RS[21].另外,TA的投加可能会导致Fe3+连续还原为Fe2+,而Fe3+则会通过TA的产物(半醌中间体(TA−SQ)和醌中间体(TA−BQ))转化为Fe2+(公式(3)~(5))[22],从而提高PI的活化性能.在VL的照射下,络合物(Fe3+−TA)可以被光还原形成Fe2+[15],因此,可以推测Fe3+−TA在VL照射下也可能产生Fe2+(公式(6)),从而加速Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原循环,进一步激活PI.为了验证这一假设,对TA/Fe3+、VL/Fe3+、VL/TA/Fe3+体系和VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中的Fe2+浓度进行了监测.如图1(b)所示,TA/Fe3+和VL/Fe3+两个体系中虽然有Fe2+生成,但其浓度较低.而VL/TA/Fe3+体系中Fe2+的浓度维持在较高水平,能够有效活化PI.在VL/GA/Fe3+/PI体系中有可能是PI的添加消耗了大部分的Fe2+所以检测到的Fe2+浓度较低.
图2所示,SD的降解率随着PI浓度的增加而升高.当PI剂量从0mmol/L提高到0.5mmol/L,SD在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中的降解效率从2.89%提高到69.84%.此外,在更高的PI剂量下(1mmol/L),SD可以被完全降解,并且SD降解率的kobs值也从0.0008/min增加到0.1448/min.这可能是由于在较低浓度的PI下,可用于活化的PI较少,因此产生的RS有限;当PI的投加量升高到1mmol/L后,IO4在体系中浓度也随即增加,产生更多的RS,从而促进了SD的降解.然而,进一步增加PI浓度至3mmol/L后,SD的降解效率受到了一定程度的抑制,且SD降解的kobs值降至0.0454/min.即当PI浓度大于1mmol/L时,VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系对SD的降解速率并不能随着PI投加量的增加而持续提升.主要原因可能是反应体系中已存在足够多可活化的PI,但由于体系接收到的光子有限,限制了PI的活化.同时过量的PI可能会与SD争夺RS[29],导致降解效率降低.因此,PI的初始浓度为1mmol/L时,对SD的降解效率最佳.
图3所示,当Fe3+初始浓度从0mmol/L增加到0.1mmol/L时,SD的降解效率达到了100.00%,30min内SD降解kobs值从0.0009/min提高到0.1448/min.这可能是因为较高浓度的Fe3+促进了更多Fe2+的生成,从而更有效地促进PI的活化[30].然而,随着Fe3+浓度从0.1mmol/L继续增加到0.3mmol/L时,SD的降解受到轻微抑制,kobs值降至0.0264/min.一方面,Fe3+的增加可能促进Fe(OH)3沉淀的产生[31],从而阻碍PI的活化[32].考虑到尽量减少铁泥的产生及污染物的降解效率,后续采用0.1mmol/L的Fe3+进行实验.
考察TA初始投加量对SD降解效果的影响.如图4所示,在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中,当TA的初始浓度从0mmol/L增加到0.1mmol/L时,SD降解的kobs值从0.0076/min迅速增加到0.1448/min.这可能是因为增加TA投加量能够加速Fe3+/Fe2+循环,从而促进PI的活化[33].然而,随着TA浓度从0.1mmol/L进一步升高至0.3mmol/L,SD的降解率从100.00%降低到47.39%,同时SD降解的kobs值从0.1148/min降低到0.0275/min.这可能是由于过量的TA可能会产生一些具有高空间位阻的物质[18],从而屏蔽Fe3+并阻止其与PI的相互作用[30].此外,TA本身可能与SD竞争体系中产生的RS,从而抑制了SD的降解.因此,后续采用0.1mmol/L的TA进行实验.
图5所示,SD的降解效率随着其初始浓度的增加而降低.当SD初始浓度从2μmol/L增加至20μmol/L时,SD完全降解所需的时间从5min延长至30min;当SD的初始浓度进一步升高至40μmol/L时,在30min内其降解效率为65.50%,SD降解的kobs值从0.1448/min下降到0.0334/min.造成这一现象的主要原因是SD初始浓度升高,氧化所需要的RS相应增加.然而,VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系所产生的RS数量有限,从而限制了SD的降解[34].
图6所示,VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系在pH值为3、5、7、9和11时,SD的降解效率分别为93.07%、93.55%、100.00%、82.42%和52.55%,说明该体系在中性和酸性条件下降解污染物效率更优.尽管氧化的Fe3+在pH>3时会迅速沉淀为氢氧化铁和氧化铁,但先前的研究表明,TA能够络合Fe3+,从而一定程度减少沉淀,增强Fe3+的利用率[32].然而,将pH值调节11后,SD的降解受到显著抑制,30min内的降解率降至47.45%.原因可能是在强碱条件下,OH对Fe的结合能力超过了Fe与螯合剂TA的络合能力[21],且TA主要以阴离子的形式存在,易被水中的溶解氧氧化,阻隔Fe2+的回收途径[30].同时,当反应溶液pH值过高时,OH浓度的增加会与生成的RS发生竞争反应[35],进一步降低SD的降解效率.
自由基淬灭实验用于鉴定VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中产生的RS.具体而言,引入TBA用于淬灭HO⋅(k=6×108mol/(L⋅s))[36],Phenol作为HO⋅、⋅IO3和⋅IO4的淬灭剂[37].同时,NBT被认为是O2•−的淬灭剂(k=5.88×104mol/(L⋅s))[38].先前的研究表明PI不会直接消耗FFA和L−his[15].因此,FFA和L−his被应用到VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中作为1O2的淬灭剂(kFFA,1O2=1.2×108mol/(L⋅s),kL−his,1O2=3.2×107mol/(L⋅s))[39-40].
实验结果如图7(a)所示,Phenol的引入会显著抑制SD的降解.当体系中加入1mmol/L的Phenol后,SD的降解效率从100.00%下降至46.10%.这一结果表明HO⋅,⋅IO3和⋅IO4可能对SD的降解起作用.同时,体系中的⋅IO3通常会进一步转化为⋅IO4,从而促进SD的降解.另外,当加入10和100mmol/L的TBA时,SD的降解效率分别从100.00%降至19.61%和15.38%,表明自由基链式反应产生的HO⋅有助于SD的降解.如图7(b)所示,向体系中添加5mmol/L的FFA和L–his,SD的降解率显著下降,分别从100.00%降到17.34%和18.31%,kobs值也降至0.0064/min和0.0049/min,这表明1O2对SD的降解发挥着重要作用.同时,将不同浓度的NBT(0.02,0.05和0.1mmol/L)加入到体系中,SD的降解也受到抑制,SD的降解率分别为72.23%、55.72%和48.10%,表明VL/TA/Fe3+/PI系统中产生了O2•−.以上结果表明,HO⋅、1O2、O2•−,⋅IO3和⋅IO4是VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中产生的RS,其中,HO⋅和1O2起主导作用.
此外,通过EPR进一步检测VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中RS的生成.TEMP用于捕获1O2,并反应产生稳定的TEMPO.在图7(c)中可以观察到TEMP−1O2的三元信号(1:1:1)和DMPO−O2•−的特征峰,证实了体系中1O2和O2•−的存在;同时,HO⋅被DMPO捕获并形成DMPOX的自旋加成物(DMPO−HO⋅).上述结果进一步证实了VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中产生的多种RS.
此外,选择PMSO作为定性探针来检测该体系中是否产生高价铁,因为PMSO可以被Fe4+或Fe5+氧化产生PMSO2.结果如图8所示,在该体系中,在30min内仅降解14.63%的PMSO,产生1.74%的PMSO2.通过计算形成的PMSO2与消耗的PMSO的物质的量比(η−PMSO2)仅为11.89%,较低的η−PMSO2可能是由于其他RS氧化产生.因此,尽管在VL/TA/ Fe3+/PI体系中生成微量高价铁,但其对SD降解并未产生显著影响.
通过以上分析,提出了在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中的降解机制.
图9所示,TA的加入可能会导致Fe3+连续还原为Fe2+,而Fe3+则会通过TA的产物(半醌中间体(TA−SQ)和醌中间体(TA−BQ))转化为Fe2+[22],从而提高PI的活化性能.在VL的照射下,铁络合物(Fe3+−NTA)可以被光还原形成Fe2+和TA⋅,产生的Fe2+会激活PI形成⋅IO3和O2•−[15].形成的O2•−和⋅IO3将与PI反应,进一步形成HO⋅和⋅IO4[10].此外,⋅IO4的自反应以及O2•−和HO⋅的转化可以产生1O2.同时,在这个过程中,生成的Fe3+再生为Fe2+,这加速了Fe3+/Fe2+的循环,从而持续活化PI.最终,所有产生的RS都有助于SD的降解.
水生环境中存在大量无机阴离子和天然有机质,可能对污染物氧化过程产生一定的影响.如图10(a)所示,HCO3的存在显著抑制了SD的降解.随着HCO3浓度从0mmol/L增加到10mmol/L,SD的降解率从100.00%降至24.96%,其降解的kobs值也从0.1448/min降至0.0086/min,原因可能是HCO3与O2•−反应生成CO3•−[41],生成的CO3•−与O2•−快速反应生成CO32−(公式(7)~(8)),从而抑制了SD的降解.此外,HCO3的缓冲作用使反应溶液的pH值显著提高,过高的pH值同样会抑制SD的降解.
图10(b)所示,随着SO42−浓度从0mmol/L增加到10mmol/L,SD的降解率从100.00%降至90.93%,SD降解的kobs值分别从0.1448/min下降至0.0791/min,说明SO42−对SD的降解产生了微弱的抑制作用.这可能是由于SO42−与反应体系竞争光照,从而降低SD的降解效果[42].
图10(c)可知,在体系中加入NO3后也出现类似情况.在反应溶液中加入1,5,10mmol/L的NO3,SD的降解率为92.37%、92.71%、95.60%,SD降解的kobs值分别为0.0803,0.0816和0.0458min-1.这可能是因为NO3具有一定的光屏蔽作用[43].
图10(d)显示了加入1,5,10mmol/LCl后对SD降解的影响,SD降解率分别为91.01%、90.49%、88.33%,kobs值分别为0.0846,0.0738和0.0666min-1.这说明Cl的存在对SD的降解有一定的抑制作用.可能是由于Cl与氯自由基的淬灭反应能够造成轻微的抑制作用[44].与HO⋅相比,生成的⋅ClOH不稳定(式(9)),与SD的反应活性较低[45].
HA是一种普遍存在于天然水体中的大分子有机物,对RS的生成、转化有着重要影响[46].如图10(e)所示,HA的存在极大促进了SD的降解.当HA的投加量从5mg/L增加到50mg/L时,SD均可在30min内被完全降解,kobs值从0.1142/min升到0.1791/min,这说明HA能够促进污染物降解.一方面,在光照条件下HA可产生一系列反应性物质,如激发态水体溶解性有机物(3DOM*)、1O2和HO⋅,这些物质能够激活PI,从而加速SD降解.另一方面,HA与TA类似,可以作为金属离子的络合剂,在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中加速Fe3+/Fe2+的氧化还原过程,从而提高PI的活化效率[30].
图11所示,随着反应持续进行,PI不断消耗,并在反应30min后被耗尽;与此同时,PI不断被转化为无毒的IO3,反应结束后IO3的浓度可达0.9822mmol/L,说明PI几乎全部被转化为IO3.此外,在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系去除SD的过程中,总碘的浓度保持平衡,这意味着该体系有效减少在水处理过程中形成具有潜在环境风险的剧毒碘化副产物(如I2、I3和HOI).
虽然VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系可能够在30min内完全降解SD,但TOC的去除率仅为17.17%(图12),这可能是由于SD在降解过程中产生了大量有机中间产物.而1O2是该体系中主要的RS之一,其氧化能力相对较弱(E0=2.2V)[47],难以深度矿化有机污染物[48].
为深入探究SD在VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中的降解过程,采用UPLC−MS技术对SD的降解中间体进行了鉴定,基于这些产物,提出了3种可能的降解路径.如图13所示,SD(m/z=251)中磺胺基团的S−N键被攻击形成产物P1(m/z=187)[49];其次,酰胺基水解,生成产物P2(m/z=96);另一种可能的途径为氨基酰化,形成产物P3(m/z=293)[50].随后,产物PI、P2、P3进一步转化成P4(m/z=60)、P5(m/z=74)、P6(m/z=89),最终被氧化形成CO2、水和其他小分子物质.
为考察VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系在实际污水处理中的应用,分别探讨了该体系在实际水体中对SD的降解效果.5种供试水体的理化性质各异,可能对有机污染物的去除产生不同程度的影响.如图14所示,SD在超纯水中能够在30min内被完全降解,而在其它水体中的降解均受到了一定程度的抑制,降解率分别为84.04%(鄱阳湖湖水)、79.95%(乐安江江水)、86.39%(瑶湖湖水)、71.27%(自来水)、72.57%(生活废水).相应地,SD降解的kobs值从0.1448min-1降至0.0582,0.0522,0.0681,0.0424和0.0417min-1.这可能是实际水体中广泛存在的有机胶体及其他溶解性有机物会与SD竞争RS[51],从而减缓了SD的降解速率[52].尽管VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系在实际水体中对SD的降解效果有所下降,但其降解率均保持在70%以上,表明该体系在实际应用中具有较好的应用潜力.
为评估VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系的降解性能,将该体系用于ENFX、NOFX、ACE、BPS、STZ和CMZ等其他典型有机污染物的降解.如图15所示,上述污染物均可被VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系高效降解.ENFX、NOFX、ACE、BPS和SD在30min内的降解率达到了100.00%,其降解kobs值分别为0.3412,0.229,0.2538,0.2485和0.1256min-1.此外,体系对STZ和CMZ的降解率均超过95%,相应的kobs值分别为0.1229和0.1255min-1.基于以上优异表现,可以推测VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系具有面向多种有机污染物处理的应用前景.
采用ECOSAR程序预测SD及其降解产物对不同水生生物的急/慢性毒浓度.根据全球化学品统一分类和标签系统(GHS)的预测结果对SD及其中间产物的浓度进行毒性分类[53]:剧毒(LC50/EC50/Chv≤1)、有毒(1<LC50/EC50/Chv≤10)、有害(10<LC50/EC50/Chv≤100)和无害(LC50/EC50/Chv>100).结果如图16所示,就急性毒性来说,SD及其降解产物对鱼类无明显危害,但SD及其产物P1、P2对水蚤和绿藻存在一定的危害.就慢性毒性而言,SD对鱼类、水蚤和绿藻具有一定毒性,其部分产物对水蚤和绿藻生长产生威胁.值得注意的是,与SD相比,大多数降解中间体的急/慢性毒性值明显降低.但一些中间体在SD降解过程中可能表现出稍高的毒性,如产物P1、P2.因此,在实际有机污染物处理过程中需要注意有毒中间体的形成机制和控制.
VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系能够有效降解水体中的SD,但降解过程中可能产生生态毒性更强的中间产物.因此,为了探究SD污染水体修复前后的生态风险,进行了萝卜种子萌发实验.如表1所示,萝卜种子在超纯水、SD污染溶液和经体系修复后溶液中的发芽率无明显差别,但SD溶液对萝卜幼苗的生长产生了一定毒害作用,抑制了其根长及茎长的生长.令人欣慰的是,萝卜幼苗在经体系修复后的SD溶液中根茎长度均有大幅度提升,说明体系可有效降低SD污染水体的植物毒性.
3.1 构建了VL/TA/Fe3+/PI氧化体系用于降解水环境中的SD,并对其效能和机理进行探究.在最佳条件下(0.10mmol/L Fe3+、0.10mmol/L TA、1mmol/L PI)该体系能够在30min内实现SD(20μmol/L)的完全降解;猝灭实验和电子顺磁共振分析结果表明,HO⋅和1O2是VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系中起主要作用的RS;反应溶液的电化学标准以及反应过程中PI的变化进一步阐明了PI的活化途径;通过UPLC−MS分析鉴定了SD的6种主要降解产物,并提出了可能的降解途径.
3.2 评估了典型水环境因子对VL/TA/Fe3+/PI氧化体系降解SD的影响.该体系在中性和酸性条件下表现出更优的SD降解效果;而水体共存的HCO3对SD的降解产生了显著抑制作用,而Cl、SO42−和NO3对其影响不明显,HA则可促进SD的降解.
3.3 探究了VL/TA/Fe3+/PI氧化体系的广泛适用性.该体系在多种实际水体中实现良好的修复效果.并且,该体系也可以高效降解多种有机污染物;此外,将萝卜种子作为毒性测试植物,发现SD污染水体经体系处理后,萝卜幼苗的各项生理指标有所改善.以上结果表明,VL/TA/Fe3+/PI体系具有良好的应用前景.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42067034; 42067058)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20232ACB213014; 20242BAB23026; 20232BAB203083)
  • 流域生态智能监测与综合治理江西省重点实验室(2023SSY01061)
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
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国家自然科学基金项目(42067034; 42067058)
江西省自然科学基金(20232ACB213014; 20242BAB23026; 20232BAB203083)
流域生态智能监测与综合治理江西省重点实验室(2023SSY01061)
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    江西师范大学地理与环境学院,鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,流域生态智能监测与综合治理江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌 330022

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