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This study collected 616 toxicological data of 8 elements on 5 species and 3 microbial processes in 31 Chinese soils through literature collection, attempting to construct a new model for predicting the toxicity of limited elements in soil data—the Quantitative ion characteristic activity relationship (s-QICAR) model. Firstly, based on the normalization method of soil properties, the toxicity values (logEC10; 1.42~3.35) of 8 elements to 5 species and 3 microbial processes were obtained under three soil scenarios of acidic, neutral, and alkaline. On this basis, the relationship between the 23 structural characteristic parameters of elements and their corresponding biological toxicity values was analyzed, and 24s-QICAR models (R2=0.70~0.98; P=0.001~0.023) were established using the covalent radius (CR) of elements. Furthermore, s-QICAR was used to predict the logEC10 (1.44~3.20) of V, As, Se, and Sn for 8species. Combined with the species sensitivity distribution curve, the HC5values of these four elements protecting 95% of organisms under three scenarios were calculated. After correction, the predicted no-effect concentrations of the four elements in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soil scenarios were V: 13, 16, 17mg/kg; As: 10, 13, 15mg/kg; Se: 4.9, 7.2, 8.4mg/kg; Sn: 42, 44, 45mg/kg, and the ecological risk threshold map for these 4elements was drawn. This study establishes a new method applicable to the ecological risk of soil elements in China, providing scientific basis for soil environmental risk assessment and management.

, correspAuthors=Xue-dong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wan-yang SHI, Xue-dong WANG, Jian-lin BIAN, Meng-jia LI, Yi-bing MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049989540016944, articleId=1241049979805036916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=土壤中金属元素生态安全阈值预测模型的构建, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过文献收集了31种中国土壤中8个元素对5个物种和3个微生物过程的616个毒理学数据,尝试构建土壤中数据有限元素毒性预测的新模型—定量离子特征活性关系(s-QICAR)模型.首先基于土壤性质归一化方法获得酸性、中性、碱性3种土壤情景下8个元素对5个物种和3个微生物的毒性值(logEC10;1.42~3.35),在此基础上分析了元素23个结构特征参数与对应生物毒性值的关系,并利用元素共价半径(CR)建立了24个s-QICAR模型(R2=0.70~0.98;P=0.001~0.023).进一步利用s-QICAR预测了V、As、Se和Sn对8个物种的logEC10(1.44~3.20),结合物种敏感性分布曲线计算了3种情景下这4种元素保护95%生物的HC5值.经过校正,4种元素在酸性、中性、碱性土壤情景下的预测无效应浓度分别为V:13,16,17mg/kg;As:10,13,15mg/kg;Se:4.9,7.2,8.4mg/kg;Sn:42,44,45mg/kg,进而绘制了这4种元素的生态风险阈值地图.本研究建立了一种适用于中国土壤元素生态风险的新方法,为土壤环境风险评估和管理提供科学依据.

, correspAuthors=王学东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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史婉阳(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,环境工程专业,主要从事土壤金属元素毒理学研究..

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史婉阳(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,环境工程专业,主要从事土壤金属元素毒理学研究..

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史婉阳(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,环境工程专业,主要从事土壤金属元素毒理学研究..

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Earth Science Frontiers201421(3):265-306., articleTitle=Geochemical backeround and baseline value of chemical elements in urhan soil in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241050007827182014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, awardId=42477433, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477433), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049989959447369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049989967835978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, companyId=1241049989959447369, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049989972030283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, companyId=1241049989959447369, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院,北京 100048)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241049990206911326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049990215299938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, companyId=1241049990206911326, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049990223688546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, companyId=1241049990206911326, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.澳门科技大学澳门环境研究院,澳门 999078)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241049998666821799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Soil sampling points and soil properties for toxicity data, figureFileSmall=Wc6a/tRzFplrQChg+/AmQA==, figureFileBig=zZ2v/AhqdOF3BXVsLj27vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049998754902191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=图1, caption=毒性数据涉及的土壤点位及土壤性质

审图号:GS(2022)1873

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条形图的颜色与饼状图中指标的分组相对应

, figureFileSmall=k5/dM4eUHGAXg4tkNU1wlA==, figureFileBig=NsKMbgRxzuuyaMHUoOw4uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002211008772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=s-QICAR model for 5species and 3microbial processes under acidic soil scenarios, figureFileSmall=oXlIe3Fh/lMoQu8bIBoqNQ==, figureFileBig=JmD5hnmgU7hp90Ujl8GIOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002508804372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=图4, caption=酸性土壤情景下5个物种和3个微生物过程的s-QICAR模型, figureFileSmall=oXlIe3Fh/lMoQu8bIBoqNQ==, figureFileBig=JmD5hnmgU7hp90Ujl8GIOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002676576543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relationship between measured and predicted biological toxicity values of different elements, figureFileSmall=kY+2Cw+JCxzs9vMvOCS5xQ==, figureFileBig=339XL5mENkUlJdCY+OArxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002802405671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同元素对生物毒性实测值与预测值的关系, figureFileSmall=kY+2Cw+JCxzs9vMvOCS5xQ==, figureFileBig=339XL5mENkUlJdCY+OArxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003003732274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Predicted logEC10 values of 4 elements for 5species and 3 microbial processes under 3 soil scenarios, figureFileSmall=0D8NgTIudpS0zoajZA4k/A==, figureFileBig=RlqZ1lLWlf9S8X6VOJv5NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003309916479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=图6, caption=4种元素对5个物种和3个微生物过程在3种土壤情景中的logEC10预测值, figureFileSmall=0D8NgTIudpS0zoajZA4k/A==, figureFileBig=RlqZ1lLWlf9S8X6VOJv5NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003578351944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=SSD curves of 4 elements under 3 soil scenarios, figureFileSmall=OU4qbDnH1o0vqZRgSBZOMg==, figureFileBig=4GhuN4MFzmC2DCbuB+pfSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003712569683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=图7, caption=4种元素在3种土壤情景中的SSD曲线, figureFileSmall=OU4qbDnH1o0vqZRgSBZOMg==, figureFileBig=4GhuN4MFzmC2DCbuB+pfSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003909701983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Ecological risk distribution map of 4elements in Chinese soil, figureFileSmall=RqlldZylki4RCRML+c/tDw==, figureFileBig=Tga6jTYO7s8GCgwMC9+hag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050005637755240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=图8, caption=中国土壤4种元素生态风险分布

审图号:GS(2022)1873

, figureFileSmall=RqlldZylki4RCRML+c/tDw==, figureFileBig=Tga6jTYO7s8GCgwMC9+hag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050006485004659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The species, elements, and their normalization models collected in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种评价终点土壤数量元素归一化模型R2参考文献
大麦根伸长11CulogEC10=-0.15+0.34pH0.61[31]
13NilogEC10=-0.34+0.37pH0.63[32]
13CologEC10=-0.13+0.30pH0.75[33]
13ZnlogEC10=1.61+0.11pH0.59[30]
9MologEC10=1.77+0.13pH0.60REACH数据库
10PblogEC10=1.49+0.20pH0.84[29]
12SblogEC10=1.57+1.04logCEC0.82[28]
番茄发芽量12CulogEC10=0.81+0.19pH0.94[31]
15NilogEC10=-1.67+0.49pH0.75[32]
7CologEC10=-0.35+0.33pH0.82[33]
16ZnlogEC10=1.22+0.18pH0.72[30]
8MologEC10=0.50+1.61logclay0.61REACH数据库
10PblogEC10=1.49+0.14pH0.84REACH数据库
白菜发芽量16CulogEC10=1.31+1.18logOC0.51[34]
9NilogEC10=-0.12+0.27pH0.95[32]
6CologEC10=0.35+0.20pH0.92[33]
16ZnlogEC10=1.32+0.12pH0.57[30]
10MologEC10=1.04+0.99logclay0.83REACH数据库
6PblogEC10=0.87+0.31pH0.89[29]
16SblogEC10=2.45+0.62logOC0.50[35]
赤子爱胜蚓繁殖量17CulogEC10=1.16+0.90logCEC0.82REACH数据库
17NilogEC10=1.27+0.74logCEC0.70REACH数据库
9CologEC10=0.66+0.20pH0.63REACH数据库
12ZnlogEC10=1.80+0.66logCEC0.40[36]
10PblogEC10=2.28+0.09pH0.74[29]
20SblogEC10=3.73-0.17pH0.59[9]
17CdlogEC10=2.12+0.11pH0.72[37]
白符跳虫繁殖量17CulogEC10=1.26+1.00logCEC0.55REACH数据库
17NilogEC10=1.35+0.91logCEC0.56REACH数据库
11CologEC10=1.55+0.63logCEC0.61REACH数据库
15ZnlogEC10=0.94+1.42logCEC0.70[30]
6PblogEC10=1.27+0.95logclay0.94[29]
18CdlogEC10=1.58+0.13pH0.73[37]
PNR潜在硝化反应速率17CulogEC10=0.97+1.12logCEC0.64[16]
14NilogEC10=0.97+0.95logCEC0.57REACH数据库
9CologEC10=0.12+0.30pH0.60REACH数据库
13ZnlogEC10=2.25+0.48logOC0.56REACH数据库
10MologEC10=1.07+1.01logclay0.68REACH数据库
15PblogEC10=1.37+1.21logclay0.68[29]
SIR葡萄糖诱导呼吸速率18CulogEC10=1.85+1.04logOC0.50[16]
12NilogEC10=0.41+1.39logCEC0.72REACH数据库
10CologEC10=0.98+0.97logCEC0.58REACH数据库
14ZnlogEC10=1.61+0.65logCEC0.79REACH数据库
10MologEC10=0.23+1.67logclay0.84REACH数据库
10PblogEC10=0.53+1.77logclay0.84[29]
MR玉米渣矿化速率16CulogEC10=4.00-0.30pH0.55[16]
10NilogEC10=1.33+0.79logCEC0.71REACH数据库
10CologEC10=1.48+0.53logCEC0.55REACH数据库
15ZnlogEC10=1.12+1.09logCEC0.53REACH数据库
10MologEC10=1.37+1.42logclay0.86REACH数据库
), ArticleFig(id=1241050006635999617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤中元素对物种的毒性数据及其归一化模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种评价终点土壤数量元素归一化模型R2参考文献
大麦根伸长11CulogEC10=-0.15+0.34pH0.61[31]
13NilogEC10=-0.34+0.37pH0.63[32]
13CologEC10=-0.13+0.30pH0.75[33]
13ZnlogEC10=1.61+0.11pH0.59[30]
9MologEC10=1.77+0.13pH0.60REACH数据库
10PblogEC10=1.49+0.20pH0.84[29]
12SblogEC10=1.57+1.04logCEC0.82[28]
番茄发芽量12CulogEC10=0.81+0.19pH0.94[31]
15NilogEC10=-1.67+0.49pH0.75[32]
7CologEC10=-0.35+0.33pH0.82[33]
16ZnlogEC10=1.22+0.18pH0.72[30]
8MologEC10=0.50+1.61logclay0.61REACH数据库
10PblogEC10=1.49+0.14pH0.84REACH数据库
白菜发芽量16CulogEC10=1.31+1.18logOC0.51[34]
9NilogEC10=-0.12+0.27pH0.95[32]
6CologEC10=0.35+0.20pH0.92[33]
16ZnlogEC10=1.32+0.12pH0.57[30]
10MologEC10=1.04+0.99logclay0.83REACH数据库
6PblogEC10=0.87+0.31pH0.89[29]
16SblogEC10=2.45+0.62logOC0.50[35]
赤子爱胜蚓繁殖量17CulogEC10=1.16+0.90logCEC0.82REACH数据库
17NilogEC10=1.27+0.74logCEC0.70REACH数据库
9CologEC10=0.66+0.20pH0.63REACH数据库
12ZnlogEC10=1.80+0.66logCEC0.40[36]
10PblogEC10=2.28+0.09pH0.74[29]
20SblogEC10=3.73-0.17pH0.59[9]
17CdlogEC10=2.12+0.11pH0.72[37]
白符跳虫繁殖量17CulogEC10=1.26+1.00logCEC0.55REACH数据库
17NilogEC10=1.35+0.91logCEC0.56REACH数据库
11CologEC10=1.55+0.63logCEC0.61REACH数据库
15ZnlogEC10=0.94+1.42logCEC0.70[30]
6PblogEC10=1.27+0.95logclay0.94[29]
18CdlogEC10=1.58+0.13pH0.73[37]
PNR潜在硝化反应速率17CulogEC10=0.97+1.12logCEC0.64[16]
14NilogEC10=0.97+0.95logCEC0.57REACH数据库
9CologEC10=0.12+0.30pH0.60REACH数据库
13ZnlogEC10=2.25+0.48logOC0.56REACH数据库
10MologEC10=1.07+1.01logclay0.68REACH数据库
15PblogEC10=1.37+1.21logclay0.68[29]
SIR葡萄糖诱导呼吸速率18CulogEC10=1.85+1.04logOC0.50[16]
12NilogEC10=0.41+1.39logCEC0.72REACH数据库
10CologEC10=0.98+0.97logCEC0.58REACH数据库
14ZnlogEC10=1.61+0.65logCEC0.79REACH数据库
10MologEC10=0.23+1.67logclay0.84REACH数据库
10PblogEC10=0.53+1.77logclay0.84[29]
MR玉米渣矿化速率16CulogEC10=4.00-0.30pH0.55[16]
10NilogEC10=1.33+0.79logCEC0.71REACH数据库
10CologEC10=1.48+0.53logCEC0.55REACH数据库
15ZnlogEC10=1.12+1.09logCEC0.53REACH数据库
10MologEC10=1.37+1.42logclay0.86REACH数据库
), ArticleFig(id=1241050006774411660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

23 structural characteristic constants of elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构特征参数元素
CuNiCoZnPbMoCdSb
AN29.028.027.030.082.042.048.051.0
AW63.658.758.965.420795.9112.4121.76
AR (nm)1.571.621.671.531.812.011.711.53
CR (nm)1.171.151.181.251.471.301.481.40
r (nm)0.730.690.750.741.190.590.970.76
MP (℃)108514551495419.73282617321630.9
D (g/cm3)8.968.918.907.1311.410.288.656.68
BP (℃)256229132927907174946127671587
△IP (eV)12.5610.529.28.577.6114.347.918.80
E0 (V)0.160.230.280.760.130.080.400.66
Xm1.901.911.881.651.802.161.692.05
|logKOH|8.009.869.658.967.703.8910.082.72
Xm2r2.642.522.652.026.462.752.773.19
AN/△IP2.312.662.933.5010.82.936.075.80
Σp0.100.130.130.120.130.120.080.12
IP(eV)20.318.217.0818.015.068.8316.925.30
AR/AW0.030.030.030.020.010.020.020.01
Z 2.002.002.002.002.006.002.003.00
Z2/r5.485.805.375.413.3661.024.1211.84
Z/r23.754.203.63.651.4117.242.135.19
Z/r2.742.902.682.701.6810.172.063.95
Z/AR20.810.760.720.850.621.490.681.28
Z/AR1.281.241.201.311.112.991.171.96
), ArticleFig(id=1241050007076401555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

元素的23种结构特征常数

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结构特征参数元素
CuNiCoZnPbMoCdSb
AN29.028.027.030.082.042.048.051.0
AW63.658.758.965.420795.9112.4121.76
AR (nm)1.571.621.671.531.812.011.711.53
CR (nm)1.171.151.181.251.471.301.481.40
r (nm)0.730.690.750.741.190.590.970.76
MP (℃)108514551495419.73282617321630.9
D (g/cm3)8.968.918.907.1311.410.288.656.68
BP (℃)256229132927907174946127671587
△IP (eV)12.5610.529.28.577.6114.347.918.80
E0 (V)0.160.230.280.760.130.080.400.66
Xm1.901.911.881.651.802.161.692.05
|logKOH|8.009.869.658.967.703.8910.082.72
Xm2r2.642.522.652.026.462.752.773.19
AN/△IP2.312.662.933.5010.82.936.075.80
Σp0.100.130.130.120.130.120.080.12
IP(eV)20.318.217.0818.015.068.8316.925.30
AR/AW0.030.030.030.020.010.020.020.01
Z 2.002.002.002.002.006.002.003.00
Z2/r5.485.805.375.413.3661.024.1211.84
Z/r23.754.203.63.651.4117.242.135.19
Z/r2.742.902.682.701.6810.172.063.95
Z/AR20.810.760.720.850.621.490.681.28
Z/AR1.281.241.201.311.112.991.171.96
), ArticleFig(id=1241050007235785115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

s-QICAR models of different biological species under 3typical soil scenarios

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物种土壤情景s-QICARR2R2adjRMSEF P
大麦酸性logEC10=-1.34+2.86CR0.870.840.1534.800.002
中性logEC10=0.08+1.88CR0.680.610.1910.440.023
碱性logEC10=-0.23+2.27CR0.940.930.0875.200.001
番茄酸性logEC10=-2.54+3.75CR0.880.830.1226.170.002
中性logEC10=-1.32+2.97CR0.860.820.1624.850.008
碱性logEC10=-0.25+2.22CR0.830.780.1419.100.012
白菜酸性logEC10=-3.13+4.12CR0.940.930.1394.310.001
中性logEC10=-3.38+4.38CR0.950.940.0993.850.001
碱性logEC10=-3.58+4.57CR0.900.880.2142.880.001
赤子爱胜蚓酸性logEC10=-0.79+2.44CR0.880.850.1435.920.002
中性logEC10=-0.18+2.06CR0.860.830.1530.720.003
碱性logEC10=-0.68+2.39CR0.870.840.1532.940.002
白符跳虫酸性logEC10=1.32+0.86CR0.960.950.02142.890.001
中性logEC10=1.80+0.55CR0.770.710.0513.680.021
碱性logEC10=1.49+0.65CR0.850.810.0522.700.009
PNR酸性logEC10=-1.49+3.02CR0.960.950.08111.270.001
中性logEC10=-0.11+1.98CR0.860.820.1124.430.008
碱性logEC10=0.05+1.74CR0.850.810.1122.140.009
SIR酸性logEC10=-1.87+3.33CR0.900.880.1076.490.001
中性logEC10=-0.86+2.54CR0.960.950.02148.610.001
碱性logEC10=-0.73+2.29CR0.960.950.05131.550.001
MR酸性logEC10=-2.85+4.26CR0.890.820.1021.400.013
中性logEC10=-3.22+4.59CR0.960.950.05125.980.001
碱性logEC10=-2.27+3.68CR0.910.880.0929.040.013
), ArticleFig(id=1241050007575523755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049979805036916, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同生物物种在3种典型土壤情景下的s-QICAR模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种土壤情景s-QICARR2R2adjRMSEF P
大麦酸性logEC10=-1.34+2.86CR0.870.840.1534.800.002
中性logEC10=0.08+1.88CR0.680.610.1910.440.023
碱性logEC10=-0.23+2.27CR0.940.930.0875.200.001
番茄酸性logEC10=-2.54+3.75CR0.880.830.1226.170.002
中性logEC10=-1.32+2.97CR0.860.820.1624.850.008
碱性logEC10=-0.25+2.22CR0.830.780.1419.100.012
白菜酸性logEC10=-3.13+4.12CR0.940.930.1394.310.001
中性logEC10=-3.38+4.38CR0.950.940.0993.850.001
碱性logEC10=-3.58+4.57CR0.900.880.2142.880.001
赤子爱胜蚓酸性logEC10=-0.79+2.44CR0.880.850.1435.920.002
中性logEC10=-0.18+2.06CR0.860.830.1530.720.003
碱性logEC10=-0.68+2.39CR0.870.840.1532.940.002
白符跳虫酸性logEC10=1.32+0.86CR0.960.950.02142.890.001
中性logEC10=1.80+0.55CR0.770.710.0513.680.021
碱性logEC10=1.49+0.65CR0.850.810.0522.700.009
PNR酸性logEC10=-1.49+3.02CR0.960.950.08111.270.001
中性logEC10=-0.11+1.98CR0.860.820.1124.430.008
碱性logEC10=0.05+1.74CR0.850.810.1122.140.009
SIR酸性logEC10=-1.87+3.33CR0.900.880.1076.490.001
中性logEC10=-0.86+2.54CR0.960.950.02148.610.001
碱性logEC10=-0.73+2.29CR0.960.950.05131.550.001
MR酸性logEC10=-2.85+4.26CR0.890.820.1021.400.013
中性logEC10=-3.22+4.59CR0.960.950.05125.980.001
碱性logEC10=-2.27+3.68CR0.910.880.0929.040.013
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土壤中金属元素生态安全阈值预测模型的构建
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史婉阳 1 , 王学东 1, * , 卞建林 1 , 李梦佳 1 , 马义兵 2
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(1): 253-264
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 253-264
土壤中金属元素生态安全阈值预测模型的构建
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史婉阳1 , 王学东1, * , 卞建林1, 李梦佳1, 马义兵2
作者信息
  • 1.首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院,北京 100048
  • 2.澳门科技大学澳门环境研究院,澳门 999078
  • 史婉阳(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,环境工程专业,主要从事土壤金属元素毒理学研究..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Construction of ecological safety threshold prediction model for metal elements in soils
Wan-yang SHI1 , Xue-dong WANG1, * , Jian-lin BIAN1, Meng-jia LI1, Yi-bing MA2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
  • 2.Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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通过文献收集了31种中国土壤中8个元素对5个物种和3个微生物过程的616个毒理学数据,尝试构建土壤中数据有限元素毒性预测的新模型—定量离子特征活性关系(s-QICAR)模型.首先基于土壤性质归一化方法获得酸性、中性、碱性3种土壤情景下8个元素对5个物种和3个微生物的毒性值(logEC10;1.42~3.35),在此基础上分析了元素23个结构特征参数与对应生物毒性值的关系,并利用元素共价半径(CR)建立了24个s-QICAR模型(R2=0.70~0.98;P=0.001~0.023).进一步利用s-QICAR预测了V、As、Se和Sn对8个物种的logEC10(1.44~3.20),结合物种敏感性分布曲线计算了3种情景下这4种元素保护95%生物的HC5值.经过校正,4种元素在酸性、中性、碱性土壤情景下的预测无效应浓度分别为V:13,16,17mg/kg;As:10,13,15mg/kg;Se:4.9,7.2,8.4mg/kg;Sn:42,44,45mg/kg,进而绘制了这4种元素的生态风险阈值地图.本研究建立了一种适用于中国土壤元素生态风险的新方法,为土壤环境风险评估和管理提供科学依据.

金属元素  /  定量离子特征活性关系模型  /  土壤生物  /  生态风险

This study collected 616 toxicological data of 8 elements on 5 species and 3 microbial processes in 31 Chinese soils through literature collection, attempting to construct a new model for predicting the toxicity of limited elements in soil data—the Quantitative ion characteristic activity relationship (s-QICAR) model. Firstly, based on the normalization method of soil properties, the toxicity values (logEC10; 1.42~3.35) of 8 elements to 5 species and 3 microbial processes were obtained under three soil scenarios of acidic, neutral, and alkaline. On this basis, the relationship between the 23 structural characteristic parameters of elements and their corresponding biological toxicity values was analyzed, and 24s-QICAR models (R2=0.70~0.98; P=0.001~0.023) were established using the covalent radius (CR) of elements. Furthermore, s-QICAR was used to predict the logEC10 (1.44~3.20) of V, As, Se, and Sn for 8species. Combined with the species sensitivity distribution curve, the HC5values of these four elements protecting 95% of organisms under three scenarios were calculated. After correction, the predicted no-effect concentrations of the four elements in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soil scenarios were V: 13, 16, 17mg/kg; As: 10, 13, 15mg/kg; Se: 4.9, 7.2, 8.4mg/kg; Sn: 42, 44, 45mg/kg, and the ecological risk threshold map for these 4elements was drawn. This study establishes a new method applicable to the ecological risk of soil elements in China, providing scientific basis for soil environmental risk assessment and management.

metal elements  /  quantitative ion character-activity relationships model  /  soil organisms  /  ecological risk
史婉阳, 王学东, 卞建林, 李梦佳, 马义兵. 土壤中金属元素生态安全阈值预测模型的构建. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 253 -264 .
Wan-yang SHI, Xue-dong WANG, Jian-lin BIAN, Meng-jia LI, Yi-bing MA. Construction of ecological safety threshold prediction model for metal elements in soils[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 253 -264 .
世界工农业发展产生的副产物加剧了土壤中污染物的累积,增加了土壤污染的风险[1-4].土壤是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,当一定数量的外源污染元素进入土壤后,会影响植物、动物和微生物的生长和繁衍,危及正常的土壤生态过程和生态服务功能,还可能对农产品安全和人体健康产生风险,这使得人们非常关注土壤中无机元素的污染风险和相关的土壤环境质量基准[5-7].然而随着新型工业、高新科技行业的发展,一些不常见的元素产生的污染也逐渐显现,如钪(Sc)、钛(Ti)、钒(V)和锡(Sn)等[8-11],这使得污染物阈值基准的制定速度难以跟上污染物在环境中出现速度,导致相关的风险评估和控制缺乏依据.
土壤元素生态安全阈值(SEST)是通过研究土壤中元素对人体和陆地生物等的危害影响,分析污染物剂量效应之间的相应关系,由此获得的污染物浓度水平阈值,通常基于人体健康风险和基于生态风险等保护对象开展[12-13].SEST的制定通常方法是针对动物、植物、微生物开展生态毒性测试,以获得不同土壤性质和不同物种的毒性数据,然后通过物种敏感性分布曲线(SSD)等方法获得保护土壤95%生物的基准值(HC5[14-15],最后结合土壤背景值(SBV)得到元素SEST.欧盟花费了10多年时间针对土壤中常见的元素,开展了10余种土壤对典型生物的毒性测试,结合SSD获得了6种金属元素的生态风险阈值[16].我国学者也针对Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr、Sb等元素开展了系列工作[17-20],但目前毒性数据的数量尚不足以满足多元素生态安全阈值建立的要求.综上所述,通过常规的毒理学试验来获取元素生态安全阈值需要进行多次、多周期的数据检测,难以满足环境保护的紧迫需求.因此,探索快速建立土壤元素生态安全基准的新方法和建立相关预测模型显得尤为必要.
定量离子特征活性关系模型(QICAR)旨在建立元素化学性质与宏观生态行为之间的联系,以便利用已有的毒性数据预测其他元素的潜在风险[21-22].该模型在水环境领域得到了广泛的应用与拓展,Chen等[23]和Wu等[24]发现金属离子结构特征常数和其毒性具有良好的相关性,并将QICAR模型和物种敏感度分布法相结合,预测了一系列淡水及海水中生物的金属水质基准浓度,为确定其他金属的水质基准提供了重要的参考价值.目前公开发表的文献中已发现超过20种金属理化性质参数与水生生物毒性具有相关性.
近期,研究者尝试将QICAR应用到土壤环境,Luo等[25-26]通过水培模拟试验研究了金属离子结构特征与其毒性的相关性,发现归一化硬配体量表(HLScale)、软度共识量表(σCon)等和不同植物毒性指标存在着显著相关性.这些结果为建立土壤的QICAR(s-QICAR)做了非常有益的探索,但元素在土壤中除了极小部分以溶解态存在于土壤溶液中外,绝大部分与土壤各种固相组分结合,因此,通过模拟土壤溶液得出的QICAR无法直接应用到田间实际,尝试利用土壤建立QICAR成为模型研究的焦点.近10几年来,部分国家和组织通过对多种土壤进行生态毒理学测试,逐渐掌握了土壤中常见元素如Cu、Zn、Co、Ni等多种生物的毒性阈值[27-30],这为以土壤为背景开展QICAR研究提供了良好的数据基础.
基于此,本研究拟通过查询公开发表的文献和毒理学数据库,收集中国土壤中元素对生物的毒理学数据,通过建立不同生物的s-QICAR预测模型,结合SSD推导中国3种不同土壤情景中V、As、Se和Sn元素的HC5值,在此基础上绘制中国不同省份土壤中这4种元素的生态风险地图,研究结果可为土壤生态环境基准制定,土壤污染修复效果评估提供理论依据和数据支撑.
本研究中生物毒性数据主要来源于公开发表的论文和REACH数据库(https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances),数据筛选主要依据以下原则:(1)毒性数据获得采用国际标准化组织(ISO)或经济合作与发展组织(OECD)等制定的国际通用标准方法;(2)在取样和测试过程中采用了有效的质量控制措施;(3)对于同一物种选取相同的测试终点,毒性结果以EC10(10%有效浓度)表示;(4)所搜集的毒性值均为添加值,不包括原始土壤的背景值,同时具有必要的土壤理化性质参数;(5)每个物种在特定土壤上的数据至少包括5种元素(满足OECD对QICAR建模要求);(6)对同一物种同一元素的毒性数据至少包括5种不同理化性质土壤.
根据这些原则,从5个物种和3个微生物过程中收集到616个毒性数据,其中植物包括大麦,番茄,白菜;动物包括赤子爱胜蚓和白符跳虫;微生物过程包括潜在硝化速率、底物诱导呼吸、玉米渣矿化(PNR,SIR,MR),涉及到的元素有8种,具体见表1.毒性数据主要来自于中国土壤,在没有中国土壤数据的情况下,使用其他国家的土壤数据代替,土壤性质的变化范围为:pH 5.6~8.9(0.01mol/L CaCl2),阳离子交换量(CEC)7.5~22.3(cmol/kg),有机碳含量(OC) 0.6%~3.2%,粘土含量(clay)14.4%~32.5%(<0.001mm),土壤采样点的位置和具体性质如图1所示.为保证s-QICAR建模所需的一致土壤情景,对31个省份采样点的土壤进行了基于主要性质pH值、CEC、OC和clay的聚类分析,获得酸性(pH=6.32,CEC=11.15,OC= 1.97%,clay=28.99%)、中性(pH=7.37,CEC=18.45,OC=1.87%,clay=24.19%)和碱性(pH=8.34,CEC=10.85,OC=1.46%,clay=16.49%)3种性质相差较大土壤情景.
查阅文献资料和元素热力学数据库获得8种元素的23种结构特征参数,其中包括表征几何构型的原子序数(AN)、相对原子质量(AW)、原子半径(AR)、共价半径(CR)和离子半径(r);表征热稳定性的熔点(MP)、沸点(BP)、300K时的密度D;表征亲水性及亲电性的电离势差(ΔIP)、标准氧化还原电位(ΔE0)、电负性(Xm)、第一水解常数(|logKOH|)、共价键指数(Xm2r)、原子电离势(AN/ΔIP)、软指数(Σp)、电势(IP)、电子密度(AR/AW)、离子价态(Z)、3个极化力参数(Z2/rZ/r2Z/r)以及两个类极化力参数(Z/AR2Z/AR).具体参数值如2所示.
首先针对同一元素对同一物种在不同土壤上的EC10值进行土壤归一化处理,即用EC10值的对数值与土壤性质进行多元逐步线性回归,然后选择R2最大,P值最小的模型作为该毒性阈值的土壤归一化模型.
根据土壤性质归一化模型得到不同物种毒性值(logEC10),随后将其与金属离子结构特征参数进行皮尔逊相关性分析.对于显著性水平低于0.05的结构特征,进一步构建与logEC10的线性回归模型.最终,根据决定系数(R2)、P值、均方根误差(RMSE)以及F统计量来确定最优化的s-QICAR模型.
根据s-QICAR模型推导出实测数据有限元素的logEC10值,进而利用SSD模型拟合得到这些元素的5%危害浓度值(HC5). SSD模型拟合采用中国国家生态环境基准委员会于2021年研制开发的EEC-SSD软件,拟合曲线采用log-logistics函数,进而基于log-logistics函数来计算HC5值.曲线的拟合公式如下:
式中:Y为累积概率;X为元素对物种的毒性值;P1为截距;P2为斜率.
PNEC和SEST计算方法见公式(2)和(3):
式中:HC5为SSD曲线计算出的元素毒性阈值;AF为安全系数,可选取1~5,本研究选取5.
式中:SBV为土壤元素背景值.
s-QICAR模型的预测潜力通过内部和外部验证进行评估[38].为减少模型过拟合的情况,采用留一验证(LOOCV)来做内部验证检验[39].使用LOOCV中的相关系数(Q2)来评估模型的预测能力[40]Q2计算见公式(4).外部验证将s-QICAR模型得出的预测的毒性值与文献中收集的相关毒性阈值数据进行比较,通过它们之间的差异来评估所选模型的预测潜力.
式中:yei为毒性值的实测值;yvi为毒性值的预测值;为实测值的平均值.
从文献和毒理学数据库中收集了8种元素对5种生物和3种微生物过程的毒性值数据.每种生物都包括5种以上元素的毒性数据,而每种元素对生物的毒性值又涵盖了5种以上的土壤类型.对不同土壤性质下每个元素对物种的logEC10进行逐步线性回归,得到了50个线性回归模型(表1).其中,22个模型的物种毒性阈值和pH值有关,主要涉及Cu、Ni、Co和Zn;15个和8个模型分别与CEC和clay有关,主要涉及Co、Zn、Pb和Mo;5个模型与OC有关,主要涉及Cu和Sb.这些结果表明,土壤中元素的毒性受到不同土壤性质的影响,其中pH值对元素毒性的影响最大,其次是CEC和clay. pH值通过改变金属离子的化学形态或者与金属竞争生物配体结合位点,进而影响金属离子的生物有效性和毒性.以往针对中国土壤的研究显示元素的毒性与土壤pH值显著相关[41-44],pH值从4.5到8.5,Cr和Ni对大麦的毒性分别变化了4.73倍和7.28倍[45],pH值从4.5升高至8.0,Cu毒性对大麦变化了9倍[46].因此,pH值被认为是影响中国土壤金属元素生物有效性的重要因素.
为保证s-QICAR建模所需的一致土壤情景,对31个省份采样点的土壤进行了基于主要性质pH值、CEC、OC和clay的聚类分析,获得酸性(pH=6.32,CEC=11.15,OC=1.97%,clay=28.99%)、中性(pH=7.37,CEC=18.45,OC=1.87%,clay=24.19%)和碱性(pH=8.34,CEC=10.85,OC=1.46%,clay=16.49%)3种性质相差较大土壤情景,其中酸性情景的土壤省份有13个,中性和碱性均为9个.将3种土壤性质数据带入表1中的归一化模型,得出各土壤情景下8种元素分别对5种生物和3个微生物过程的logEC10值(1.42~3.35,图2).所有土壤、元素和生物组合中,毒性最强的为酸性土壤上Ni对番茄,最弱的为碱性土壤上Pb对白菜,二者(EC10)相差了85倍;同一元素对不同物种的毒性差异很大,例如在碱性土壤情景下Pb对白菜的毒性是其对MR毒性的63倍;此外,不同元素对同一物种也有较大差异,例如在酸性土壤Ni对番茄的毒性是Pb对番茄毒性的22倍;土壤性质也对元素毒性有显著影响,例如在酸性土壤情景下,Ni对番茄的毒性是碱性土壤情景下的8倍.
针对各物种,将不同元素对其毒性值与元素结构特征进行皮尔逊相关分析,结果如图3所示.与5种生物和3种微生物过程毒性值相关的元素结构特征在3~6个之间,主要包括AN,AW,CR,r,Xm2r和AN/ΔIP(R2=0.74~0.97).其中用来描述元素几何构型的CR,AN和AW与3种土壤情景下动物、植物和微生物的logEC10相关性均排在前3位,能解释30%以上元素logEC10值高低的差异性;其次是元素亲电性和亲水性对其毒性大小有显著影响,平均占28.3%和22.3%;元素热稳定性对其毒性大小的影响最弱,占14.9%.
利用与元素毒性有显著相关性的结构特征AN,AW,CR,r,Xm2r,和AN/ΔIP分别与动物、植物和微生物logEC10进一步进行多元逐步线性回归分析,结果发现CR作为s-QICAR预测模型的自变量预测性能最好,所有的单变量线性回归模型R2在0.68~0.96之间,P值范围是0.001~0.023(表3图4).由此,将CR作为自变量建立的线性回归模型作为最终的s-QICAR模型.8个物种的s-QICAR预测模型均为正相关,即CR值越大,元素的毒性越弱.CR表示共价半径,通常是指由共价单键结合的两个相同原子核之间距离的一半,而核距离是影响键能的主要因素[47],一般而言,共价半径越长,元素稳定性越高.随着共价半径的增加,元素的化学活性降低,化学反应更难发生,logEC10也就越大,元素毒性相应越低.以往在对土壤元素毒性阈值与背景值研究中也发现类似现象,Li等[48]利用人工土壤对动物毒性的研究发现,元素的CR与4种无脊椎动物的EC50/LC50显著相关;在针对金属元素对水生生物和陆地生物毒性的研究中也发现,CR与陆地生物毒性有关[49-50];Peng等[51]选择了中国20种不同类型土壤和12种元素作为研究对象,分析了元素结构特征与土壤背景值之间的关系,结果发现CR与土壤元素背景值显著相关.
采用内部和外部验证相结合的方法对构建的s-QICAR方程进行验证.内部的留一验证法显示,模型中涉及的8个元素的平均Q2超过0.5,表明其具有良好的预测性能且没有过拟合.外部验证通过文献[52-56]获得Cu、Ni、Co、Zn、Pb对不同物种实测logEC10值,与s-QICAR模型预测的logEC10值进行对比.结果显示,预测值和测量值在0.5倍的范围内变化,其中90%的数据在0.2倍误差范围内(图5),表明所建立的s-QICAR模型具有准确的预测能力.
鉴于在中国土壤中,元素V、As、Se和Sn的毒性实测数据相对稀缺,同时这些元素具有较高的生态风险,但尚未确立相应的生态安全阈值,因此本研究利用建立的s-QICAR模型对其毒性值进行预测,以推导其生态安全阈值.将这4种元素的共价半径(CR=1.22、1.20、1.16、1.44)带入已建立的s-QICAR得到其对8种动物和微生物过程的logEC10值(图6),4种元素对5个物种和3个微生物过程logEC10的预测值在1.44~3.20之间.进一步利用SSD模型对4种元素的毒性阈值进行拟合,拟合的SSD曲线和HC5值如图7所示.结果发现,对于V、As、Se 3种元素,3种植物对其均比较敏感,处于曲线下方;微生物过程对其敏感度一般,处于曲线中部;无脊椎动物对其不敏感,处于曲线下方.而对于Sn,无脊椎动物对其较为敏感,处于曲线下方,微生物过程对其不敏感,处于曲线上方. 4种元素在酸性、中性、碱性土壤的HC5分别为V:66,78,86mg/kg;As:51,67,73mg/kg;Se:24,36,42mg/kg;Sn:210,220,225mg/kg.
利用公式(2)的评估因子法对HC5进行校正,得出4种元素在3种土壤情景下的PNEC,分别为V:13,16,17mg/kg;As:10,13,15mg/kg;Se:4.9,7.2,8.4mg/kg;Sn:42,44,45mg/kg.在欧美发达国家,针对不同用地类型(包括居住、商业、工业、休闲娱乐等用地)的土壤元素生态风险阈值研究已广泛开展.由于各国和地区在制定标准时依据不同,所考虑的保护对象、暴露途径、应用模型及参数、土壤类型等均有所差异,因此,这些标准值之间存在显著差异[57].将本研究结果与欧美国家标准进行比较,欧洲V,As和Se生态风险阈值为7.2,0.7和0.1mg/kg,与本研究结果相比偏低,这可能是由于物种选择差异或土壤性质不同所致[58];加拿大As,Se和Sn元素的土壤质量指导值分别为12,2.9和50mg/kg,与本研究结果相近;澳大利亚土壤调查限值中As,Sn土壤调查限值分别为20,50mg/kg,与本研究结果相似,这可能是因为澳大利亚土壤调查限值考虑了植物,动物,微生物,且使用SSD法进行推导[59].
为明确我国土壤V、As、Se和Sn元素的风险分布,进一步运用SSD模型推导出来的PNEC和土壤背景值[60]计算出中国各省份这4种元素的SEST值(公式(3)),所得结果见图8.其中,不同省份Se的生态安全阈值范围(5.0~8.6mg/kg)小于其他3种元素(V:79~114mg/kg;As:16~35mg/kg;Sn:45~53mg/kg),这可能是由于中国土壤中Se的含量和背景值普遍偏低所致.图8显示,西南地区的4种元素生态风险都处于低风险水平.西北地区除Se风险处于中风险水平外,其余3种元素的生态风险也较低.东部及南部沿海地区As、Se和Sn的生态风险较高,其中As-SEST值最低(生态风险最高)的省份为福建,为16mg/kg,As-SEST值最高(生态风险最低)的省份为西藏,为35mg/kg;Se-SEST值最低的省份为广东,5.2mg/kg,最高的为新疆,8.6mg/kg;Sn-SEST值最低的省份为安徽,45mg/kg,最高的为云南,53mg/kg.东北及华北地区V元素生态风险较高,V-SEST值最高的为云南,114mg/kg,最低的是黑龙江,79mg/kg.这表明东部地区应重视As、Sn的生态风险,南部地区应重视Se的生态风险,东北及华北地区应重视V元素生态风险.进一步将V、As、Se和Sn 4种元素在各省份的背景值与生态安全阈值进行了皮尔逊相关分析,结果表明V、As、Se和Sn背景值与生态安全阈值间的决定系数R2分别为0.97,0.91,0.67,0.82;p值分别为0.001,0.001,0.01,0.002;均呈显著相关关系.这表明元素生态安全阈值与其背景值即元素在土壤中的含量存在相关关系,即土壤中元素含量越高其生态安全阈值也越高.
3.1 中国多种土壤的理化性质与植物、无脊椎动物和微生物过程的609个毒性值数据的回归分析表明,土壤pH值与元素毒性最为相关,其次是CEC和clay.通过回归模型预测了我国酸性、中性、碱性土壤情景下8种元素对5个物种和3个微生物过程的logEC10值,其范围在1.42~3.35之间.
3.2 元素毒性与其结构特征的关系表明,元素CR、AW、和AN等与生物的logEC10有关,其中元素的CR与所有生物体的logEC10显著相关(r2=0.70~0.98),基于此建立了24个用于预测土壤中实测数据有限元素毒性的s-QICAR模型(R2=0.68~0.96,p=0.001~0.023),并利用此模型预测了V、As、Se和Sn元素在酸性、中性、碱性3种土壤情景下对5个物种和3个微生物过程的logEC10值(1.44~3.20).
3.3 利用SSD曲线推导了V、As、Se和Sn元素在酸性、中性、碱性3种土壤情景下的预测无效应浓(V:13,16,17mg/kg;As:10,13,15mg/kg;Se:4.9,7.2,8.4m g/kg;Sn:42,44,45mg/kg),并绘制了这四种元素在中国的生态风险地图,东部地区应重视As、Sn的生态风险,南部地区应重视Se的生态风险,东北及华北地区应重视V元素生态风险.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477433)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-06
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477433)
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    1.首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院,北京 100048
    2.澳门科技大学澳门环境研究院,澳门 999078

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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