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To prepare a highly efficient heterogeneous carbon-based magnetic catalyst with excellent solid-liquid separation properties and good stability for activating potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS), this study employed Mn.Zn.FeO (MZF)magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as the magnetic core, and dopamine (DA) along with powdered activated carbon (PAC) was utilized to synthesize the magnetic nanocomposite MZF@PDA-PAC through a step-by-step deposition method. MZF@PDA-PAC was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The efficiency of MZF@PDA-PAC in activating PMS for the degradation of diclofenac sodium (DS) was investigated, along with the removal mechanism of DS and the activation mechanism of PMS by MZF@PDA-PAC. The results showed that MZF@PDA-PAC possessed a "core-shell" structure, which exhibited excellent dispersibility and solid-liquid separation performance in water. Both radical pathways (, HO· and ) and non-radical pathways (electron transfer) played important roles in DS removal in the MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS system, with DS and TOC removal efficiencies of 99.50% and 66.32%, respectively. MZF@PDA-PAC was shown to have high stability and good recyclability, which has broad application prospect in the degradation of refractory organic compounds.

, correspAuthors=Jing YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-yao LI, Jing YU, Dong-ying XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241050014810690554, articleId=1241049978932613684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=磁性MZF@PDA-PAC活化过一硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠的机制, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为制备易固液分离和稳定性好的高效非均相碳基磁性催化剂活化过一硫酸钾(PMS),本文以Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4(MZF)磁性纳米颗粒(MNPs)为磁核,利用多巴胺(DA)和活性炭(PAC),通过分步沉积法制备得到磁性纳米复合物MZF@PDA-PAC,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和振动样品磁强计等对MZF@PDA-PAC进行了表征,研究了MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS降解双氯芬酸钠(DS)的效能,探究了DS的去除机理及MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS的机制.结果表明,MZF@PDA-PAC具有“核-壳”结构,在水中具有优异的分散性能和固液分离性能;MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系能通过自由基途径(、HO·和)和非自由基途径(电子转移)去除DS,DS去除率和TOC去除率分别为99.50%和66.32%,MZF@PDA-PAC具有较好的稳定性与循环使用性能,在难降解有机污染物去除方面具有广阔的应用前景.

, correspAuthors=余静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,
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李世尧(2001-),男,河南郑州人,硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制技术研究..

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磁性MZF@PDA-PAC活化过一硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠的机制
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李世尧 , 余静 * , 徐冬莹
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(1): 185-197
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 185-197
磁性MZF@PDA-PAC活化过一硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠的机制
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李世尧 , 余静* , 徐冬莹
作者信息
  • 成都信息工程大学资源环境学院,四川 成都 610225
  • 李世尧(2001-),男,河南郑州人,硕士研究生,主要从事水污染控制技术研究..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Degradation mechanism of diclofenac sodium by potassium persulfate activated by magnetic MZF@PDA-PAC in water
Shi-yao LI , Jing YU* , Dong-ying XU
Affiliations
  • College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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为制备易固液分离和稳定性好的高效非均相碳基磁性催化剂活化过一硫酸钾(PMS),本文以Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4(MZF)磁性纳米颗粒(MNPs)为磁核,利用多巴胺(DA)和活性炭(PAC),通过分步沉积法制备得到磁性纳米复合物MZF@PDA-PAC,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和振动样品磁强计等对MZF@PDA-PAC进行了表征,研究了MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS降解双氯芬酸钠(DS)的效能,探究了DS的去除机理及MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS的机制.结果表明,MZF@PDA-PAC具有“核-壳”结构,在水中具有优异的分散性能和固液分离性能;MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系能通过自由基途径(、HO·和)和非自由基途径(电子转移)去除DS,DS去除率和TOC去除率分别为99.50%和66.32%,MZF@PDA-PAC具有较好的稳定性与循环使用性能,在难降解有机污染物去除方面具有广阔的应用前景.

磁性催化剂  /  非均相  /  硫酸根自由基  /  双氯芬酸钠  /  降解

To prepare a highly efficient heterogeneous carbon-based magnetic catalyst with excellent solid-liquid separation properties and good stability for activating potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS), this study employed Mn.Zn.FeO (MZF)magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as the magnetic core, and dopamine (DA) along with powdered activated carbon (PAC) was utilized to synthesize the magnetic nanocomposite MZF@PDA-PAC through a step-by-step deposition method. MZF@PDA-PAC was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The efficiency of MZF@PDA-PAC in activating PMS for the degradation of diclofenac sodium (DS) was investigated, along with the removal mechanism of DS and the activation mechanism of PMS by MZF@PDA-PAC. The results showed that MZF@PDA-PAC possessed a "core-shell" structure, which exhibited excellent dispersibility and solid-liquid separation performance in water. Both radical pathways (, HO· and ) and non-radical pathways (electron transfer) played important roles in DS removal in the MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS system, with DS and TOC removal efficiencies of 99.50% and 66.32%, respectively. MZF@PDA-PAC was shown to have high stability and good recyclability, which has broad application prospect in the degradation of refractory organic compounds.

magnetic catalyst  /  heterogeneous  /  sulfate radica  /  diclofenac sodium  /  degradation
李世尧, 余静, 徐冬莹. 磁性MZF@PDA-PAC活化过一硫酸盐降解水中双氯芬酸钠的机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 185 -197 .
Shi-yao LI, Jing YU, Dong-ying XU. Degradation mechanism of diclofenac sodium by potassium persulfate activated by magnetic MZF@PDA-PAC in water[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 185 -197 .
双氯芬酸钠(DS)具有抗炎、镇痛及解热作用,是使用非常广泛的药物和个人护理品,具有高水溶性且难生物降解,污水处理厂进水中DS的浓度在0.44~7.15 μg/L之间,现有常规水处理工艺对DS去除率大约为30%~70%[1],污水中未完全去除的DS排放进入水环境,导致其在水环境中不断累积,目前在地表水、地下水和海水中均已检测到DS[2].即使水环境中DS的浓度处于痕量水平,也会给生物体造成不良的影响[3-5];DS在成分复杂的水体中还能与其他药物结合,大大增加其毒性[6-7].难生物降解的DS作为卤代有机污染物,具有生态毒性和生物蓄积性,DS对水环境中生物和人类健康均存在潜在的威胁和安全隐患[8-9],因此,研究污水中DS的去除具有重要意义.
去除污水中难生物降解有机污染物的方法较多[10-14],基于的高级氧化技术(SR-AOPs)具有氧化能力强、自由基产率较高、适用pH值范围广、处理效率对氧化剂浓度和背景成分等依赖性较小以及固体催化剂储存和运输成本低等诸多优点,因此SR-AOPs是当前处理难降解有机污染物最有效,最具应用前景的技术之一.
不管均相还是非均相体系,过渡金属均可活化过一硫酸钾(PMS)或过二硫酸钾(PDS)生成,由于非均相催化剂能在较宽的pH值范围内保持反应活性,可解决中性和碱性环境下,均相体系中金属沉淀的问题,故非均相体系比均相体系更有优势,但是非均相过渡金属催化剂在使用过程中也存在活性组分流失的问题.
活性炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管和生物炭等碳材料也可活化PMS和PDS[15-17],碳材料催化剂的活性甚至高于常用的Fe3O4、Co3O4、MnO2等金属氧化物[18],故碳材料催化剂被视为过渡金属催化剂的有效替代品.活性炭作为催化剂虽不存在金属流失造成的二次污染,但使用后的活性炭固液分离难.
若以具有催化功能的磁性纳米颗粒(MNPs)为核,利用粉末活性炭(PAC)包覆MNPs,制备一种易固液分离、稳定性好、催化活性高的“核-壳”型碳基磁性催化剂有望突破SR-AOPs在使用过程中存在的上述瓶颈问题.
本文以实验室前期制备的磁性纳米颗粒Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4(MZF)MNPs为磁核,在室温下,利用多巴胺(DA)和PAC通过分步沉积法制备得到“核-壳”型碳基磁性催化剂MZF@PDA-PAC,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和振动样品磁强计等对MZF@PDA-PAC进行了表征,研究了MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS降解DS的效能及其稳定性与重复使用性能,分析了DS的去除机理;基于猝灭实验结果,利用电子顺磁共振波谱仪探究了MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中的活性氧化物种类,利用X射线光电子能谱确定了主要的活性位点,推测了MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS的机制.研究结果可为制备易固液分离、稳定性好、催化活性高的高效非均相碳基磁性催化剂活化PMS提供切实可行的策略.
双氯芬酸钠、三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)、盐酸多巴胺、粉末活性炭、过一硫酸钾、无水甲醇、叔丁醇、苯酚,上述材料均为分析纯,购于成都市科龙化工试剂厂;MZF-MNPs(自制).
UV-2250型紫外-可见分光光度计(日本Shimadzu公司);DX-2700BH型X射线衍射仪(XRD,丹东浩元仪器有限公司);SSA-4200型孔隙及比表面积分析仪(北京比奥德电子技术有限公司);Zeiss Merlin Compact型扫描电子显微镜(SEM,上海蔡司光学仪器国际贸易有限公司);Tecnai G2F30型高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM,美国FEI公司);LakeShore7404型振动样品磁强计(VSM,美国LakeShore公司);K-Alpha型X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS,美国Thermo Scientific公司);ICPOES-725型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP,安捷伦科技有限公司);Bruker EMXplus型顺磁共振波谱仪(EPR,瑞士布鲁克拜厄斯宾有限公司);Multi N/C 2100型总有机碳分析仪(德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司);761型阴离子色谱仪(瑞士万通中国有限公司).
实验室前期利用溶胶-凝胶法已制备得到MZF-MNPs[19].称取0.1g MZF-MNPs于250mL三口烧瓶中,加入200mL pH=8.50Tris溶液,在35℃,200r/min条件下,水浴机械搅拌3h使其分散均匀;然后将0.020g DA快速加入三口烧瓶中,在35℃,200r/min条件下,边搅拌边加入1mol/L的NaOH溶液至溶液pH=8.50,水浴机械搅拌4h后,得到聚多巴胺(PDA)包覆的MZF-MNPs(MZF@PDA);然后在三口烧瓶中加入0.25g PAC,继续水浴机械搅拌4h后,停止搅拌进行磁分离,将所得固体产物先用蒸馏水洗涤至中性,再用无水乙醇洗涤,最后将所得固体产物置于60℃的真空干燥箱中干燥24h,得到“核-壳”型碳基磁性催化剂MZF@PDA-PAC,制备过程示意图如图1所示.
将30mg/L的DS溶液加入到锥形瓶中,在35℃、200r/min条件下,于回旋式气浴恒温振荡器内预热30min后加入催化剂(0.2g/L),吸附240min后作为降解起点,加入PMS(0.15g/L)并计时,降解一定时间后取样、磁分离并通过0.22μm滤膜抽滤,利用紫外-可见光分光光度计分析不同时刻降解液中的DS浓度(图2),计算DS去除率:
式中:c0ct分别为吸附240min后DS溶液的浓度和不同时刻降解液中DS的浓度,mg/L.
在DS溶液(30mg/L)中加入MZF@PDA-PAC(0.2g/L),在35℃,200r/min条件下,于恒温振荡器内吸附120min后作为降解起点,向体系分别加入甲醇(50mL/L)、叔丁醇(100mL/L)和苯酚(100mL/L)后,再立即加入PMS(0.15g/L)并计时,反应结束后立即进行磁分离,取液相经0.22μm滤膜过滤后,利用紫外-可见光分光光度计分析DS浓度,计算DS去除率.
称取10mg MZF@PDA-PAC分散于490μL的乙醇溶液中,加入500μL的蒸馏水和10μL全氟磺酸溶液,超声30min充分分散,然后将10μL液相逐滴涂于玻碳电极表面,得到MZF@PDA-PAC修饰的玻碳电极.工作电极为MZF@PDA-PAC修饰的玻碳电极,铂片电极为对电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,电解液为0.1mol/L的H2SO4溶液.线性扫描伏安(LSV)和瞬态电流测定均在CHI600E型电化学工作站进行.LSV的起始电位0.01V,扫描速度为10mV/s,分别测定电解液中电流、体系中加入PMS后的电流以及体系中同时加入PMS和DS后的电流;安培i-t曲线的脉冲时间为400s.利用电化学性能测试的结果,绘制相应伏安特性曲线图和瞬态电流曲线图.
图3(a)为MZF-MNPs和MZF@PDA-PAC的XRD谱图,两者在2θ=30.0°、35.1°、42.7°、52.7°、56.6°、62.2°处均分别出现了特征衍射峰,与Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4的标准图谱(JCPDS card NO.74-2401)的衍射峰相吻合,分别对应于Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4晶体的(220)、(311)、(400)、(422)、(511)、(440)晶面,磁核MZF-MNPs经PDA和PAC先后包覆后,其晶体结构并未发生改变,仍具有尖晶石结构.
图3(b)图3(c)可知,MZF@PDA-PAC的最可几孔径为4.0nm,属于介孔材料,根据IUPAC分类,MZF@PDA-PAC的N2吸附-脱附等温线同时符合I型和IV型的特点;在低的P/P0下具有较高的N2吸附能力,表明其内部存在微孔;当P/P0在0.4~1.0范围时,出现了H4型滞后环,表明其孔径不均一,具有丰富的孔隙结构,而孔结构不规整的情况常出现在活性炭等微孔和介孔混合的材料中[23];当P/P0大于1.0时,吸附量仍呈上升趋势,这是由于大孔隙对N2的吸附所致[24].因此,MZF@PDA-PAC具有高比表面积和发达的分级多孔结构(即:微孔、介孔、大孔结构),具有高吸附能力,能提供丰富的活性位点,有利于污染物在孔隙中的扩散[24].图3(d)为MZF@PDA-PAC的XPS全谱图,电子结合能位于1021.0,712.0,642.6,532.7,400.5和284.8eV处的峰分别对应于Zn 2p、Fe 2p、Mn 2p、O 1s、N 1s和C 1s,表明MZF@PDA-PAC由Mn、Zn、Fe、O、N、C组成,与所述制备方法相吻合.
MZF@PDA-PAC的SEM图像(图4)显示,其表面凹凸不平、蓬松多孔,具有不规则的孔结构,丰富的孔隙结构使其具有较大的比表面积和丰富的活性位点,有助于提高污染物的去除效率.在图5(a)中可观察到MZF@PDA-PAC呈现球形,图中深色部分为磁核MZF-MNPs,浅色部分为包覆层,MZF-MNPs被完全包覆,MZF@PDA-PAC具有“核-壳”结构.图5(b)为MZF@PDA-PAC的HRTEM图,图中深色部分为磁核MZF-MNPs,其晶面间距为0.26nm,对应于MZF-MNPs的(311)晶面;而浅色部分为呈无序多孔结构的包覆层PAC,与XRD表征结果相吻合.图5(c)为MZF@PDA-PAC的选区电子衍射(SAED)图,经标定,MZF@PDA-PAC具有(440)、(422)、(400)、(311)和(220)晶面,其对应的晶面间距分别为0.150、0.173、0.212、0.256、0.300nm,这一结果也与XRD的表征结果相一致.
图6为常温下MZF@PDA-PAC的磁滞回线,其饱和磁化强度(Ms)为7.97emu/g,剩磁(Mr)为0.088emu/g,矫顽力(Hc)为7.679Oe,MZF@PDA-PAC具有超顺磁性,较低的剩磁和矫顽力有利于其在液相中的分散.自制的MZF-MNPs的Ms为26.00emu/g[25],这是由于包覆层有磁惰性,导致MZF@PDA-PAC的Ms降低;图6中的插图展示了MZF@PDA-PAC的磁分离5min的效果,实验结果表明MZF@PDA-PAC具有优异的固液分离性能.
图7(a)可知,分别只加入MZF@PDA-PAC、PAC和PMS,120min后,DS去除率为分别为18.31%、21.35%和30.42%,这是由于前两种材料主要依靠吸附作用去除DS,而PMS能直接氧化去除污染物.虽然PAC+PMS和MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS两个体系的DS去除率均可达到99.50%,但MZF@PDA-PAC可磁分离,易回收且循环利用.
反应120min,MZF@PDA+PMS、MZF+PMS和MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS三个体系的DS去除率分别为55.57%、77.29%和99.50%,推测这3种物质均能活化PMS生成活性氧化物(ROS),从而去除水中的DS;反应30min,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中DS去除率为96.00%,表明该体系降解DS的速率及去除效果均优于另外两个体系,这可能是由于MZF@PDA和MZF-MNPs的比表面积分别为87m2/g和111m2/g,而MZF@PDA-PAC的比表面积为753m2/g,其较大的比表面积能提供更多的催化活性位点,且PAC自身也能活化PMS,有利于电子迁移[26].
反应120min,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系对DS的去除率(99.50%)大于仅加入MZF@PDA-PAC或PMS对DS的去除率之和(48.73%),表明MZF@PDA-PAC和PMS之间存在正协同作用;利用式(2)可计算得到该体系的增强因子(R)为2.04,当R>1时,催化剂与氧化剂之间产生的协同效应高于各组分累积效应,有利于对污染物的降解[27],该结果进一步说明MZF@PDA-PAC与PMS之间存在正协同作用,有利于去除DS.
降解液中总有机碳(TOC)去除率的大小可反映DS矿化率的高低,如图7(b)所示,随着反应进行,DS去除率和TOC去除率的变化趋势基本一致,反应120min,DS去除率和TOC去除率分别为99.50%和66.32%,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系对DS具有较高的去除率和矿化率.整个反应过程中,DS去除率始终高于其矿化率,这是可能是由于DS的降解是通过羟基化、脱羧基反应、C-N断键、脱氢作用、甲酰化、脱氯-羟基化等步骤逐渐缓慢生成次级结构,直至最终被矿化为H2O、CO2、Cl-[28-29],故分析降解液中c(Cl-)和的变化也能从另一个角度了解DS的矿化效率.
图7(c)和(d)所示(插图为DS的分子结构示意图),随着反应的进行,降解液中c(Cl-)和的变化趋势与TOC去除率的变化趋势一致,反应120min,降解液中c(Cl-)和c(NO3-)分别为0.63和50.06mg/L,这可能是由于DS分子中的-NH-的吸电子诱导效应小于给电子共轭效应,对苯环具有较强的致活作用,而Cl-的吸电子诱导效应大于给电子共轭效应,对苯环具有致钝作用,故当DS通过自由基途径或者给电子的非自由基途径降解时,-NH-比Cl-更容易与苯环断裂,生成NO3-[30].
分析降解液中UV254值可掌握未被矿化的降解中间产物的特性,如图7(e)所示,随降解时间增加,降解液的UV254值不断降低,120min时UV254值降低了94.21%,说明未被矿化的降解中间产物中含C=C和C=O的芳香族化合物及三氯甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)的含量较低[31-32],故MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系对DS具有极强的降解能力,降解液生物毒性减弱,环境友好性提升.
在波长为200~800nm范围内,采用紫外-可见分光光度计对不同时刻的降解液进行扫描,如图7(f)所示,反应前,DS在276nm处具有强吸收峰,随着反应的进行,该位置的峰强度逐渐降低,反应60min,276nm处的吸收峰基本消失,表明降解过程中DS的结构不断被破坏;与此同时,随着降解过程的进行,250nm~300nm处的紫外吸收带呈现不断下降的趋势,表明降解液中芳香族化合物的含量不断减少[33],降解过程中没有生成新的类苯环结构或者说产生的单环结构降解产物较少,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系对苯环结构破坏较为彻底,能使DS断裂为链状小分子,这也与降解液中UV254值的研究结果相吻合.
采用ICP分析了降解液(降解120min)中的金属浓度,降解液中未检测到铁,锰和锌的浓度分别为1.706mg/L和0.831mg/L,符合《GB8978-1996污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准;溶出的锰和锌约占催化剂总质量的1.26%;MZF@PDA-PAC的6次循环使用实验结果表明,DS去除率随着循环次数的增加而缓慢减小,MZF@PDA-PAC具有较好的稳定性和循环使用性能.MZF@PDA-PAC在多次循环使用后,DS去除率逐渐下降的原因可能是因为:(1)降解反应过程中金属的溶出导致部分活性位点减小;(2)MZF@PDA-PAC表面元素价态的变化,导致一些活性位点被遮盖,从而降低催化剂活性;(3)MZF@PDA-PAC表面吸附了部分降解产物,催化活性位点受到阻塞,进而影响了传质速率,导致相同时间MZF@PDA-PAC对DS的去除率下降.
活化PMS能生成、HO·和,而的氧化性较弱,对污染物无明显降解作用[34-35],能降解污染物的主要是和HO·.甲醇(MeOH)可以猝灭和HO·,叔丁醇(TBA)只对HO·有较好的猝灭效果,故在MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中,分别加入MeOH和TBA,实验结果如图8(a)所示.反应60min,未加入任何猝灭剂,DS去除率为97.55%;加入MeOH后,DS去除率仍高达95.43%;加入TBA后,DS去除率降至74.17%,表明TBA对MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系降解DS的抑制作用强于MeOH.
基于上述实验结果,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系去除DS有可能存在如下两种机理:
(1)MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS产生的自由基主要存在于MZF@PDA-PAC表面,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系通过自由基途径降解DS.
实验结果表明,TBA对DS降解的抑制作用强于MeOH,可能是由于TBA的亲水性较差,易吸附在MZF@PDA-PAC表面,从而使得自由基猝灭,而MeOH的亲水性很强,难吸附在MZF@PDA-PAC表面,故其对自由基的猝灭效果较差.
(2)MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系通过非自由基途径降解DS.
因TBA与MZF@PDA-PAC亲和力强,吸附在MZF@PDA-PAC表面的TBA占据了部分活性位点,阻碍了DS与活性位点的接触,故TBA对DS降解的抑制作用强于MeOH[36-37].
为验证上述推测,向MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中加入猝灭剂苯酚(Phenol),如图8(a)所示,反应60min后,DS去除率降至30.42%,表明苯酚对MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系降解DS有明显阻碍作用,这可能是由于苯酚极性弱,易与存在于催化剂表面的和HO·发生猝灭反应[38],进一步证实自由基主要存在于MZF@PDA-PAC表面.
在MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中加入苯酚后,DS去除率(30.42%)仍高于仅加入MZF@PDA-PAC时的DS去除率(18.31%),表明该体系中除了和HO·外,有可能存在其他ROS,也有可能存在电子转移的非自由基途径.因此,首先采用EPR技术检测了MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中ROS的种类.
5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉N-氧化物(DMPO)是常用的HO·、自由基的捕获剂,DMPO能够与上述自由基形成相应的加合产物且在EPR光谱上有对应的特征峰.如图8(b)所示,EPR谱图中出现DMPO-OH四重特征峰(4条分裂线,强度比为1:2:2:1),说明体系中存在HO·,但是图8(b)中未出现DMPO与的加合物的信号,可能是由于易转化为HO·,且该加合物易通过亲核取代反应转化为DMPO-OH,故在水溶液中很难单独检测到DMPO与的加合物,这也与其他文献的研究结果相一致[39-40].图8(c)的EPR谱图中出现了强烈的DMPO与的加合物的四重特征峰(峰强度比为1:1:1:1),表明MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中存在,与苯酚淬灭实验结果相吻合.以2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(TEMPO)为单线态氧1O2的特异性自旋诱捕剂,TEMPO-1O2加合物的三重特征峰的强度比为1:1:1,在图8(d)的EPR谱图中并未出现该加合物的信号特征峰,表明MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中不存在1O2.因此,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系中主要的ROS为、HO·和.
猝灭实验结果表明MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系降解DS的过程中还可能存在电子转移的非自由基途径,为了进一步研究MZF@PDA-PAC、PMS和DS构成的三元体系的电子转移情况,采用三电极体系,在0.1mol/L的H2SO4电解液中测定了MZF@PDA-PAC的线性伏安(LSV)和瞬态电流.LSV可以用来确定MZF@PDA-PAC作为电子转移媒介的功能,只有当体系中同时存在污染物和PMS时,才能观察到材料表面显著的电流增加.如图9(a)所示,体系中无PMS和DS时,电流较弱;仅向体系中加入PMS时,电流发生了轻微的变化,而当向体系中同时加入PMS和DS时,电流强度明显增加,说明发生了电子转移[41],而且目标污染物(电子供体)和PMS(电子受体)的共存是电子传递作用的必要条件.
瞬态电流法是指在工作电极上施加一个瞬间变化的阶跃电势,足够使测定物发生氧化或者还原反应,产生一定的响应电流的分析方法.如图9(b)所示,200s时,将PMS加入电解液中,输出电流增加;300s时,向电解液中再次加入DS,输出电流进一步增加,表明PMS和DS的加入导致了电子的定向流动[42].上述电化学实验结果表明:DS和PMS共存有利于电子传递,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系降解DS的过程中存在电子转移的非自由基途径,如图9(c)所示,DS降解的非自由基过程可能为:
PMS吸附在MZF@PDA-PAC表面,碳骨架和磁核中的金属通过电子排列能弱化PMS所含的过氧键(-O-O-),PMS被转化为亚稳态的PMS分子;当加入富电子污染物DS时,DS分子作为电子供体,失去电子,键断裂,DS被降解;而亚稳态的PMS分子作为电子受体转化为和OH-,MZF@PDA-PAC作为电子流动的传递介质,强化了电子转移过程,导致并加速了DS的氧化降解或矿化[43].
MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系去除DS主要为自由基途径,MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS,体系中主要的ROS为、HO·和,为探究PMS的活化机制,利用XPS技术对MZF@PDA-PAC进行了表征.结果表明,降解前后,MZF@PDA-PAC中Zn均以Zn(Ⅱ)的形式存在,Zn(Ⅱ)未参与PMS的活化过程.
图10(a)为降解DS前后Fe 2p的高分辨XPS图谱,Fe 2p在711.5和725.4eV处分别对应于Fe 2p3/2和Fe 2p1/2两个主峰,其中Fe 2p3/2主峰可以拟合成两个峰,结合能在710.6eV处的峰对应于Fe2+,结合能在712.2eV处的峰对应于Fe3+[44].降解前,MZF@PDA-PAC中Fe2+和Fe3+的比例分别为49.71%和50.21%;降解DS后,MZF@PDA-PAC中Fe2+升至53.68%,而Fe3+含量降至46.32%,表明MZF@PDA-PAC在降解DS的过程中Fe3+和Fe2+之间存在电子转移,Fe为催化活性位点.
图10(b)为降解前后Mn 2p高分辨XPS图谱,Mn 2p在642.2和653.9eV处分别对应于Mn 2p3/2和Mn 2p1/2两个主峰,其中Mn 2p3/2主峰可以拟合成3个峰:640.7eV处峰对应于Mn2+,占比31.34%;641.8eV处峰对应于Mn3+,占比为27.11%;643.1eV处峰对应于Mn4+,占比为41.55%[45].催化反应结束后,Mn2+、Mn3+和Mn4+的表面相对含量分别变为37.95%、29.69%和32.36%,表明Mn2+、Mn3+和Mn4+存在氧化还原循环,Mn参与了催化活化PMS降解DS的过程.
磁核MZF-MNPs具有尖晶石结构,有良好的可逆氧化还原特性,PMS含有过氧键(-O-O-),作为氧化剂参与反应时,MZF@PDA-PAC中的Fe(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)可提供电子激活PMS,≡Fe(Ⅱ)被氧化为≡Fe(Ⅲ),≡Mn(Ⅱ)可能被氧化为≡Mn(Ⅲ)或≡Mn(Ⅳ),而HSO5-中的过氧键断裂,生成或HO·(式3和4).
氧化生成的一部分≡Mn(Ⅲ)很容易继续被PMS氧化为≡Mn(Ⅳ),生成和OH-(式5);Fe3+/Fe2+的标准电极电势(0.77V)大于Mn4+/Mn3+的标准电极电势(0.15V)[46],故还有一部分的≡Mn(Ⅲ)也有可能被Fe(Ⅲ)氧化为≡Mn(Ⅳ),而Fe(Ⅲ)被还原为Fe(Ⅱ)(式6);由于Mn3+/Mn2+的标准电极电势(1.54V)大于Fe3+/Fe2+的标准电极电势(0.77V),故可能也有一部分≡Mn(Ⅲ)被≡Fe(Ⅱ)还原成≡Mn(Ⅱ),而≡Fe(Ⅱ)被氧化为≡Fe(Ⅲ)(式7);而≡Mn(Ⅳ)本身是一种强氧化剂,也可直接将DS转化为氧化产物[47-48],Mn(Ⅳ)被还原为Mn(Ⅱ)(式8).
≡Mn(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅲ)和Mn(Ⅳ)与Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)之间的氧化还原循环,能极大提高电子转移效率,有利于PMS活化;而也能与水分子或OH-反应生成·OH[49](式9).MZF@PDA-PA也可能通过金属协同作用,持续贡献电子进一步产生(式10).DS在、HO⋅和共同作用下逐渐降解,甚至被矿化(式11).
图10(c)为降解前后O 1s的高分辨XPS谱图,降解前,O 1s在530.3eV处的峰归属于磁核MZF-MNPs中的晶格氧(Olatt),531.7eV处的峰归属于表面氧(Osur),532.8eV处的峰归属于化学吸附氧(Oads),533.7eV处的峰归属于C-O-C/O-C=O键中的氧[50-51].降解后,Olatt的含量从8.17%增加至16.71%,Osur的含量从16.90%增加至24.40%,Oads的含量从41.41%降至34.60%,C-O-C/O=C-O键中的氧含量从33.52%降至24.29%,上述氧含量的变化说明MZF@PDA-PAC中不同种类的氧均参与了催化反应.
这可能是由于反应过程中,部分陷在体相空穴中的体相氧气接受电子被氧化,从而导致Olatt含量增加[52];为保持电荷平衡,Olatt接受电子并转化为被体相空穴捕捉的分子O2,而分子O2一方面可提供电子,使得被氧化的金属离子被还原,另一方面,也可提供催化剂表面的氧空位以保证催化剂活性[52].
Osur是最具有活性的氧物种,在氧化反应中起决定性作用,主要包括晶格缺陷引起的氧空穴、低配位的表面氧离子和具有弱配位键的氧物种[53],降解后Osur含量增加,表明反应过程中产生了更多的具有活性的氧物种,特别是氧空位能够诱导过量电子,强化电子转移,有利于高价态的金属离子被还原[54].
图10(d)为降解前后C 1s的高分辨XPS谱图,284.6eV处的峰归属于C-C/C=C,285.1eV处的峰归属于C-O,286.4eV处的峰归属于C=O,288.0eV处的峰归属于O-C=O,290.8eV处的峰归属于π-π基团.降解后,π-π基团含量从12.78%减少至12.33%,说明π-π基团参与了催化反应;C-C/C=C和O=C-O含量减少,而C-O和C=O含量增加,说明C-C/C=C和O=C-O在催化反应过程中可能转变为了C-O和C=O,这一研究结果也与Huang等[55]使用污泥生物炭活化PMS的研究结果相一致.
有研究表明,碳基材料作为SR-AOPs催化剂,主要作用机理是电子传导[56],而富电子官能团羰基(C=O)和边缘缺陷位形成的未参与成键的单电子均可作为电子供体,加速电子从催化剂到PMS的转移,活化PMS产生自由基,Lin等人还提出C-OH也有可能取代C=O作为活性中心[57].因此,推测C-C/C=C、O-C=O和π-π基团都可能是MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS的作用位点和主要的电子供给基团[58],均能促使PMS所含的过氧键断裂,产生[59-60].
综上所述,MZF@PDA-PAC各组分间的正协同作用使其具有优异的催化性能,PAC不仅可以充当保护磁核MZF-MNPs的包覆层,其丰富多样的缺陷形状和离域π电子能够作为电子供体,加速电子从MZF@PDA-PAC到PMS的转移,进一步强化对PMS的活化作用.
3.1 MZF@PDA-PAC具有"核-壳"结构、高比表面积和发达的分级多孔结构,其饱和磁化强度为7.97emu/g,剩磁和矫顽力均较低,在水中具有优异的分散性和固液分离性能.
3.2 当反应时间为120min,温度为303K,MZF@PDA-PAC投加量为0.2g/L,DS的去除率和矿化率分别为99.50%和66.30%,MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系对苯环结构破坏较为彻底,MZF@PDA-PAC具有较好的稳定性和循环使用性能.
3.3 MZF@PDA-PAC+PMS体系能通过自由基途径和非自由基途径去除DS,体系中主要的ROS为、HO·和;MZF@PDA-PAC作为电子流动的传递介质,能通过电子转移的非自由基途径实现DS的氧化降解.MZF@PDA-PAC中晶格氧、表面氧和吸附氧均参与了催化反应;Fe、Mn、C-C/C=C、O-C=O和π-π基团是MZF@PDA-PAC活化PMS的主要作用位点,MZF@PDA-PAC各组分间的正协同作用使其具有优异的催化性能.
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
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    成都信息工程大学资源环境学院,四川 成都 610225

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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