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To have explored the mechanism of the impact of MPs on the nitrogen metabolism function of water bodies, the study had conducted indoor simulation experiments from the perspective of microorganisms. Specifically, it had experimentally tested the impact of traditional polyethylene (PE) microplastics and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics at various concentrations (0, 1, 5, and 10mg/L) on total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrite (NO2--N), and nitrate (NO3--N) levels. Furthermore, it had analyzed the effects on nitrogen-metabolizing microbial communities and their functional genes. The results had shown that both PE and PLA microplastics had contribute to nitrogen accumulation in water. PE microplastics increased TN concentrations by 53.77% to 94.76%, while PLA microplastics had caused an increase of 24.04% to 48.74% compared to the control. The impact on different nitrogen forms had varied according to the type and concentration of microplastics. Notably, PE microplastics had been negatively correlated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Cyanobacteria, whereas PLA microplastics had exhibited a positive correlation with bacteria involved in inorganic nitrogen processes, such as Actinobacteria. It had further shown that both PE and PLA microplastics had significantly affected genes responsible for nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction, and denitrification. This research had highlightsed the complex effects of microplastics on nitrogen cycling in aquatic systems, with the same particle size but different types and concentrations of MPs leading to varied outcomes on microbial community structure and nitrogen metabolism functions.

, correspAuthors=Wei-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-chao WANG, Yu MA, Li-wen YANG, Zhen-yu YIN, Long BAI, Wei-ping LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049986192954264, articleId=1241049978546737700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=PE和PLA微塑料对水体氮代谢相关功能微生物的影响, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究MPs赋存对水体氮代谢功能的影响机理,从微生物角度开展室内模拟实验,探究不同浓度(0,1,5,10mg/L)和不同类型(不可生物降解微塑料聚乙烯PE-MPs、可生物降解微塑料聚乳酸PLA-MPs)MPs颗粒对水体氮浓度(TN、NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N)、氮代谢相关功能微生物群落结构和氮代谢功能基因等的影响.研究发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs可能会导致水体氮积累,与CK相比在PE的影响下水中TN浓度增加了53.77%~94.76%,在PLA的影响下水中TN浓度增加了24.04%~48.74%,且不同浓度和类型的MPs对不同形态氮存在差异性影响;通过分析水体氮代谢相关功能微生物发现,PE-MPs与固氮菌蓝细菌门之间的负相关作用更大,PLA-MPs与无机氮功能菌浮霉菌门的正相关性更大.分析水体中氮代谢功能菌属发现,PE-MPs与水体中硝化和反硝化功能菌群之间的作用影响更大,PLA-MPs与栖湖菌属呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明PLA-MPs会通过促进栖湖菌属的生长而影响氮代谢硝化过程.筛选水体微生物的功能基因发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对水体固氮功能基因、异化硝酸盐还原和反硝化功能基因的影响更大,说明MPs在水体中可能会通过影响氮代谢功能基因的合成而影响水体氮代谢过程,在相同粒径不同浓度和类型MPs赋存对水体氮代谢功能的影响存在差异性.

, correspAuthors=李卫平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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王志超(1988-),男,山东德州人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微塑料的环境效应.发表论文30余..

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王志超(1988-),男,山东德州人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微塑料的环境效应.发表论文30余..

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王志超(1988-),男,山东德州人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微塑料的环境效应.发表论文30余..

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a1:变形菌门(Proteobacteria);a2:拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota);a3:放线菌门(Actinobacteriota);a4:蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria);a5:浮游菌门(Planctomycetota)

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b1:多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter);b2:黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);b3:栖湖菌属(Limnohabitans);b4:鱼孢菌科未定名属(norank_f__Sporichthyaceae);b5:嗜冷菌属(Algoriphagus);b6:红细菌科未分类属(unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae);b7:海生杆菌属(Marivita);b8:甲基娇养杆菌属(Methylotenera);b9:弗兰克菌属(hgcI_clade);b10:噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga)

, figureFileSmall=4SLWgDOoQUuRkA2W7qwRbA==, figureFileBig=pLKmvd8rbbGbq9DE+7LknQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003901305510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978546737700, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relative abundance of functional genes in water bodies under different treatment conditions, figureFileSmall=h+BRBQelvj9m7VBNvh9KvA==, figureFileBig=xXasblPd3oGQSb2MseofCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050005650330294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978546737700, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同处理情况下水体功能基因相对丰度, figureFileSmall=h+BRBQelvj9m7VBNvh9KvA==, figureFileBig=xXasblPd3oGQSb2MseofCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050006505968325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978546737700, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Heat map of the correlation between MPs and nitrogen metabolism functional genes, figureFileSmall=m/mlo3o5HjNrritTybIpww==, figureFileBig=wUvmIRckI7VTwd8NGisrqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050006631797456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978546737700, language=CN, label=图11, caption=MPs与氮代谢功能基因相关性热图, figureFileSmall=m/mlo3o5HjNrritTybIpww==, figureFileBig=wUvmIRckI7VTwd8NGisrqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050006753432284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978546737700, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physicochemical properties of water samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标pH值COD总氮(mg/L)氨氮(mg/L)硝态氮(mg/L)亚硝态氮(mg/L)总磷(mg/L)
8.8953.772.030.540.690.020.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241050007105753843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978546737700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水样基本理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标pH值COD总氮(mg/L)氨氮(mg/L)硝态氮(mg/L)亚硝态氮(mg/L)总磷(mg/L)
8.8953.772.030.540.690.020.09
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PE和PLA微塑料对水体氮代谢相关功能微生物的影响
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王志超 1 , 马钰 1 , 杨丽文 2 , 殷震育 1 , 白龙 1 , 李卫平 1, *
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(1): 278-291
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(1): 278-291
PE和PLA微塑料对水体氮代谢相关功能微生物的影响
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王志超1 , 马钰1, 杨丽文2, 殷震育1, 白龙1, 李卫平1, *
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,黄河流域内蒙古段生态保护与综合利用自治区协同创新中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2.包头市湿地保护中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 王志超(1988-),男,山东德州人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微塑料的环境效应.发表论文30余..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
The effects of PE and PLA microplastics on nitrogen metabolism related functional microorganisms in water
Zhi-chao WANG1 , Yu MA1, Li-wen YANG2, Zhen-yu YIN1, Long BAI1, Wei-ping LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
  • 2.Baotou Wetland Protection Center, Baotou 014010, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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为探究MPs赋存对水体氮代谢功能的影响机理,从微生物角度开展室内模拟实验,探究不同浓度(0,1,5,10mg/L)和不同类型(不可生物降解微塑料聚乙烯PE-MPs、可生物降解微塑料聚乳酸PLA-MPs)MPs颗粒对水体氮浓度(TN、NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N)、氮代谢相关功能微生物群落结构和氮代谢功能基因等的影响.研究发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs可能会导致水体氮积累,与CK相比在PE的影响下水中TN浓度增加了53.77%~94.76%,在PLA的影响下水中TN浓度增加了24.04%~48.74%,且不同浓度和类型的MPs对不同形态氮存在差异性影响;通过分析水体氮代谢相关功能微生物发现,PE-MPs与固氮菌蓝细菌门之间的负相关作用更大,PLA-MPs与无机氮功能菌浮霉菌门的正相关性更大.分析水体中氮代谢功能菌属发现,PE-MPs与水体中硝化和反硝化功能菌群之间的作用影响更大,PLA-MPs与栖湖菌属呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明PLA-MPs会通过促进栖湖菌属的生长而影响氮代谢硝化过程.筛选水体微生物的功能基因发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对水体固氮功能基因、异化硝酸盐还原和反硝化功能基因的影响更大,说明MPs在水体中可能会通过影响氮代谢功能基因的合成而影响水体氮代谢过程,在相同粒径不同浓度和类型MPs赋存对水体氮代谢功能的影响存在差异性.

微塑料  /  水体  /  氮代谢  /  微生物  /  功能基因

To have explored the mechanism of the impact of MPs on the nitrogen metabolism function of water bodies, the study had conducted indoor simulation experiments from the perspective of microorganisms. Specifically, it had experimentally tested the impact of traditional polyethylene (PE) microplastics and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics at various concentrations (0, 1, 5, and 10mg/L) on total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrite (NO2--N), and nitrate (NO3--N) levels. Furthermore, it had analyzed the effects on nitrogen-metabolizing microbial communities and their functional genes. The results had shown that both PE and PLA microplastics had contribute to nitrogen accumulation in water. PE microplastics increased TN concentrations by 53.77% to 94.76%, while PLA microplastics had caused an increase of 24.04% to 48.74% compared to the control. The impact on different nitrogen forms had varied according to the type and concentration of microplastics. Notably, PE microplastics had been negatively correlated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Cyanobacteria, whereas PLA microplastics had exhibited a positive correlation with bacteria involved in inorganic nitrogen processes, such as Actinobacteria. It had further shown that both PE and PLA microplastics had significantly affected genes responsible for nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction, and denitrification. This research had highlightsed the complex effects of microplastics on nitrogen cycling in aquatic systems, with the same particle size but different types and concentrations of MPs leading to varied outcomes on microbial community structure and nitrogen metabolism functions.

microplastics (MPs)  /  water bodies  /  nitrogen metabolism  /  microorganisms  /  functional genes
王志超, 马钰, 杨丽文, 殷震育, 白龙, 李卫平. PE和PLA微塑料对水体氮代谢相关功能微生物的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 278 -291 .
Zhi-chao WANG, Yu MA, Li-wen YANG, Zhen-yu YIN, Long BAI, Wei-ping LI. The effects of PE and PLA microplastics on nitrogen metabolism related functional microorganisms in water[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 278 -291 .
微塑料(MPs)作为新型污染物其在水体中的污染效应越来越受到国内外学者的关注.已有研究表明MPs在湖泊会改变水体浮游动物等群落结构[2],在水产养殖水体中发现MPs会造成水体中微生物生态失调,且功能发生改变[3].水体环境中MPs会富集微生物形成“塑料圈”[4],当其赋存于水体,在第24和72h表面就可以观察到微生物群落的存在,且可快速形成生物膜[5],随着MPs在湖泊环境中的迁移还会加速物种间交流[6].而氮转化是湖泊淡水环境中重要的物质转化,水体中氮可以通过氨化、硝化、反硝化等方式释放,并且总氮和氨氮含量在一定程度上可以反映湖泊的营养化程度并且会影响微生物群落组成[7].随着对MPs环境影响的深入研究,发现聚氨酯泡沫(PUF-MPs)和聚乳酸(PLA-MPs)会促进盐沼沉积物中硝化和反硝化过程,而聚氯乙烯(PVC- MPs)则会抑制这两个过程[9].在土壤环境中发现MPs会显著影响土壤中氨氮、硝态氮等浓度,并且影响土壤中氮循环功能基因的丰度增加,进而对土壤生态结构造成影响[10].MPs暴露还会影响土壤硝化和反硝化过程[11],对氮代谢不同途径产生不同且复杂的影响.
在水体环境中氮代谢主要依靠功能微生物进行,MPs作为外源污染物[12],赋存于水体中会影响水体微生物的群落结构[13].尽管前人在MPs对环境中氮代谢的影响进行了大量研究,但是针对淡水水体中不可生物降解MPs与可生物降解MPs对氮代谢功能的研究还不够深入.故本文主要针对可生物降解PLA-MPs和不可生物降解PE-MPs进行研究分析,目的是阐明MPs污染对水体氮含量、氮代谢过程中功能微生物群落和功能基因的影响,为MPs在环境中暴露对氮代谢影响提供理论依据,以更全面了解MPs对淡水湖泊的影响和生态风险.
实验选择不可生物降解的聚乙烯(PE)和可生物降解的聚乳酸(PLA)(如图1),均购自上海冠部机电科技有限公司,形状为无规则球状结构,粒径为150μm,供试材料的傅里叶光谱图如图2所示,符合PE和PLA的光谱特性.实验前将MPs颗粒进行消毒处理,以减少微生物污染.水样取自乌梁素海(2023年4月)表层0~0.2m水,主要理化性质如表1,水样带回室内经500目孔径不锈钢筛子过滤后进行MPs的投加.
取乌梁素海水样过滤掉其它杂质.刘淑丽等[14]指出饮用水和淡水中MPs的质量浓度范围在1×10-2~108个/L、2μg/L~40mg/L可引发各种毒性效应,在张明等[15]的研究中提到实验中MPs浓度在5mg/L时与淡水环境中MPs接相近,Guo[16]在研究MPs对水体微生物的影响中发现,10mg/L的MPs会引起水体中微生物生态失衡,因此设置等梯度的MPs投加量,分析不同浓度MPs赋存下对氮代谢功能的影响,具体如下:CK(不添加)、PE_1(1mg/L)、PE_2(5mg/L)、PE_3(10mg/L)、PLA_1(1mg/L)、PLA_5(5mg/L)、PLA_10(10mg/L).将MPs与原水样充分混合,暴露时间为14d,在暴露的过程中每天定时用玻璃棒搅拌,且保持水体中DO在7.00~8.00,水体的温度维持在15℃~20℃.
查阅相关规范,本实验中水体理化性质指标检测方法如下:总氮(TN)碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012);氨氮(NH4+-N)纳氏试剂光度法(HJ 535-2009);硝态氮(NO3--N)紫外分光光度法(HJ/T 346-2007);亚硝态氮(NO2--N)N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺二盐酸盐光度法(GB 7493-87).
取500mL水样用0.2μm的滤膜进行抽滤,后将滤膜-80℃保存并进行DNA提取,使用NanoDrop2000检测样品DNA的纯度和浓度,使用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测样品DNA的完整性.测序引物区域为515F_907R,引物序列为“GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGG”和“CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT”,扩增出16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区.使用TruSeqTM DNA Sample Prep Kit建库试剂盒生成测序文库,将Illumina测序得到的序列进行质控和过滤,然后进行样本物种分类学分析,对测序进行深度检测获取有效数据.对16S rRNA扩增子结果进行PICRUSt2功能预测,结合KEGG数据库得出样本中KO、Pathway、EC等信息.
本实验数据采用Microsoft Excel对数据进行初步整理和分析;利用TBtools绘制氮代谢过程微生物群落分布热图;利用SPSS对数据进行相关性分析,通过最小显著差异(LSD)进行数据差异性分析(P<0.05);利用Origin绘制功能基因丰度图,并绘制MPs浓度与功能微生物群落组成和功能基因之间的相关性热图.
MPs赋存对水体中氮素浓度存在差异性影响,在PE_1、PE_5、PE_10影响下与CK相比水体中的TN浓度分别增加了53.77%、72.79%、94.76%;PLA_1、PLA_5、PLA_10影响下TN增加了48.74%、33.42%、24.04%(如图3(a)),说明MPs可能会通过抑制水体氮转化而引起氮富集,对比发现PE-MPs对TN的作用影响更强.分析NH4+-N浓度变化发现不同MPs对NH4+-N的转化产生不同的影响.与CK相比,在PE_1影响下NH4+-N浓度增加了42.49%,但在PE_5和PE_10影响下NH4+-N浓度分别降低了26.39%、45.06%,说明随着PE-MPs浓度升高可能会促进水体氨化作用使氨氮转化为亚硝酸盐和硝态氮从而导致水体中氨氮浓度降低.与CK相比,PLA_1、PLA_5、PLA_10影响下NH4+-N浓度分别增加了37.12%、38.41%、39.16%(如图3(b)),说明PLA-MPs会通过抑制水体氨氧化过程而导致水体中NH4+-N浓度升高,进一步验证了水体中不同类型MPs对氨氧化存在不同的影响.水体中NO2--N浓度变化发现随着PE-MPs和PLA-MPs浓度升高水体中NO2--N浓度升高,与CK相比,在PE_1、PE_5、PE_10水体NO2--N浓度分别增加了7.15%、21.99%、82.19%,在PLA_1、PLA_5、PLA_10影响下NO2--N浓度分别增加了15.38%、30.59%、49.98%(如图3(c)),说明PE和PLA会通过影响水体短程硝化而促进水体氨氧化生成NO2--N.检测水体中NO3--N浓度变化发现在PE_1、PE_5、PE_10、PLA_5、PLA_10影响下NO3--N分别增加了5.00%、9.69%、8.75%、8.75%、34.06%,但在PLA_1影响下导致NO3--N浓度降低了6.25%(如图3(d)).
Seeley等[9]发现PE和PET赋存于沉积物16d后,上覆水中NO3--N和NO2--N浓度较高,PVC处理组中NO3--N和NO2--N浓度较低,NH4+-N浓度较高,说明相同粒径不同类型和浓度的MPs对水体氮代谢存在不同的影响效果,水体中氮素转化是一个复杂的过程,故将从氮代谢功能微生物角度分析MPs对水体氮代谢的影响.
分析水体中门水平氮代谢相关的功能微生物,将相对丰度前5的菌门作为优势菌门:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和浮游菌门(Planctomycetota)(如图4).分析微生物在氮代谢过程中的功能,探究MPs暴露对水体氮代谢的潜在危害.
水体中变形菌门主要参与反硝化过程,与CK相比在PE_1、PE_10和PLA_1、PLA_10影响下变形菌门相对丰度分别增加了20.46%、33.08%和8.33%、16.03%,但在PE_5和PLA_5影响下变形菌门相对丰度分别降低了7.12%和8.67%.实验发现在1和10mg/L与5mg/L MPs对变形菌门的作用效果相反,出现这样的原因可能是MPs在5mg/L的浓度范围下会对水体中变形菌门所需要的营养条件等产生差异性影响.对比发现PE_10和PLA_10对变形菌门的促进作用最强(如图5(a)),说明在相同粒径下MPs浓度越高会通过促进水体变形菌门的生长而影响反硝化过程.实验发现PE-MPs会导致水体中硝化功能菌拟杆菌门丰度降低,与CK相比PE_1、PE_5、PE_10分别降低了27.41%、3.01%、28.56%,说明PE-MPs在水体中很难为拟杆菌门提供有利的生长环境,对其产生毒害效果.在PLA-MPs影响下PLA_1对拟杆菌门的作用并不明显,但是PLA_5会促进拟杆菌门生长,PLA_10抑制该菌生长(如图5(b)),出现这样的原因可能是随着PLA-MPs浓度的增加水体中降解PLA微生物丰度增加,当水体中微生物增加到一定范围而抢夺营养物质导致拟杆菌门降低.实验发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对硝酸盐还原菌放线菌门存在相反的影响效果(如图5(c)),与CK相比PE_1和PE_5影响下该菌门增加了5.09%、10.44%,但在PE_10影响下该菌降低了5.24%,说明PE-MPs赋存于环境中对放线菌门是低浓度促进高浓度抑制,当其积累到一定浓度时产生的毒性会危害该菌生长.在PLA_1下放线菌门降低了8.46%,PLA_5、PLA_10影响下该菌增加了2.16%、5.17%,PLA-MPs作为可生物降解低浓度时会对放线菌门产生毒性作用,但随着其浓度的升高会为放线菌门提供碳源等物质,而促进该菌生长.实验中发现PE-MPs会抑制固氮菌蓝细菌门生长,与CK相比在PE_1、PE_5、PE_10影响下该菌分别降低了0.59%、1.35%、1.05%,水环境中蓝细菌门容易附着于PE-MPs表面,这样就会导致水体中蓝细菌丰度降低而影响水体固氮过程.但是相同粒径不同浓度PLA-MPs对蓝细菌门产生差异性影响,PLA_1促进蓝细菌门生长,增加了1.25%,PLA_5和PLA_10抑制蓝细菌生长,导致该菌门相对丰度降低2.16%和5.17%(如图5(d)).实验发现PE-MPs会导致浮霉菌门丰度升高,与CK相比浮霉菌门分别增加了2.04%、1.06%、0.85%,说明PE-MPs会促进该菌生长但随着PE-MPs浓度的升高对浮霉菌门的影响减弱,在PLA_5和PLA_10影响下该菌丰度增加,分别增加了0.04%和0.74%,但在PLA_1影响下导致该菌降低了0.13%(如图5(e)).
分析相同粒径不同浓度的PE-MPs与优势门之间的相关性:PE-MPs与变形菌门呈正相关,与拟杆菌门、放线菌门和蓝细菌门呈负相关(如图6(a)).对比发现PE-MPs与蓝细菌门之间的相关性更大(r=-0.73),说明PE-MPs对蓝细菌门的作用效果更明显,水体中PE-MPs赋存可能会通过抑制蓝细菌门的生长而破坏水体固氮功能,目前针对MPs与蓝细菌门的研究发现高浓度的PE会抑制蓝细菌的生长,但是PET会促进其生长[18-19],说明不同类型的MPs对蓝细菌门的生长存在差异性影响.分析PLA-MPs与优势门之间的相关性:PLA-MPs与变形菌门、放线菌门和浮霉菌门呈正相关,与拟杆菌门和蓝细菌门呈负相关(如图6(b)).对比发现PLA-MPs与浮霉菌门之间的相关性更大(r=0.91),说明PLA-MPs对浮霉菌门的促进作用更强,猜测水体中PLA-MPs赋存会通过促进浮霉菌门的生长而促进水体无机氮转化.对比发现PE-MPs(r=-0.40)和PLA-MPs(r=0.73)与放线菌门的相关性相反,说明PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对放线菌门的作用效果不同,根据相关系数发现PLA-MPs对放线菌门的作用效果更强,前期有实验证明土壤环境中PLA会促进放线菌门生长,PE会抑制其生长[20],结合本实验研究结果表明环境中关注MPs污染时还需要注意MPs类型对环境的影响.
MPs赋存下水体功能微生物属水平的变化如图7所示,筛选出与氮代谢相关的相对丰度前10的属作为优势属:多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、栖湖菌属(Limnohabitans)、鱼孢菌科未定名属(norank_f__Sporichthyaceae)、嗜冷菌属(Algoriphagus)、红细菌科未分类属(unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae)、海生杆菌属(Marivita)、甲基娇养杆菌属(Methylotenera)、弗兰克菌属(hgcI_clade)、噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga).
优势菌中具有固氮功能的菌为:孢鱼菌科f型未知属(norank_f__Sporichthyaceae).研究发现相同粒径不同浓度的PE-MPs对该菌产生不同的影响效果,与CK相比PE_1和PE_10会导致该菌分别降低2.26%和5.25%,但PE_5会导致该菌增长了4.12%,出现这种情况的原因可能是:当水体中出现PE-MPs时会使孢鱼菌科f型未知属出现应激反应而造成该菌死亡,当PE投加到一定浓度时会为该菌属提供营养物质等创造有利的生长环境,但是随着PE浓度升高产生的生理毒性越大而又抑制该菌生长.在PLA-MPs影响下发现PLA_1会抑制孢鱼菌科f型未知属生长,但是随着PLA浓度升高该菌属丰度增加,且PLA_10对该菌属的促进效果最强,与CK相比增长了6.84%(如图8(a)),出现这种情况的原因可能是:低浓度下孢鱼菌科f型未知属对PLA产生应激反应而死亡,但是PLA-MPs作为可生物降解塑料,高浓度PLA在水体中会分解为微生物提供原料而有利于其生长.
优势菌中具有硝化功能的菌为:栖湖菌属(Limnohabitans)、嗜冷菌属(Algoriphagus)、海生杆菌属(Marivita).对比发现在PE_10和PLA_10影响下对栖湖菌属的促进效果更明显,与CK相比该菌属分别增加了9.97%、8.17%(如图8(b)),说明高浓度PE和PLA会通过促进栖湖菌属的生长而促进水体氨氧化过程.目前有相关研究指出水环境中MPs可为栖湖菌属提供栖息环境[21],猜测菌属可随着MPs的迁移而影响水体硝化过程.对比发现PE-MPs对栖湖菌属的作用效果更强,说明PE-MPs作为难降解塑料碎片暴露于水体中可为栖湖菌属提供稳定的栖息场所而加快菌属繁殖.实验中发现高浓度的PE-MPs和PLA-MPs会抑制嗜冷菌属的生长,与CK相比PE_10和PLA_10影响下该菌分别降低了10.23%、6.70%(如图8(c)),说明高浓度的PE和PLA会通过抑制嗜冷菌属的生长而破坏水体硝化过程.实验发现MPs对海生杆菌属会产生不同的影响效果具体为低浓度抑制高浓度促进其生长,且石油基塑料PE-MPs对海生杆菌属的刺激更强[22](如图8(d)).
优势菌中具有反硝化功能的菌为:黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、红细菌科未分类属(g__unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae)、甲基娇养杆菌属(Methylotenera)、噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga).实验发现PE-MPs会引起水体中黄杆菌属丰度降低,而不同浓度PLA-MPs对黄杆菌属影响不同,PLA_1和PLA_5影响下水体中黄杆菌属丰度升高,在PLA_10的影响下该菌丰度降低,说明低浓度的PLA-MPs为反硝化菌属提供碳源[23]而促进黄杆菌属的生长,随着PLA-MPs浓度升高对黄杆菌属的毒害作用增强而抑制其生长(如图8(e)).实验发现高浓度的MPs对红细菌科未分类属的影响最大,与CK相比PE_10影响下该菌增加了17.17%,PLA_10影响下红细菌科未分类属增加了3.17%(如图8(f)),说明高浓度PE和PLA会通过影响红细菌科未分类属而影响水体异养硝化和好氧反硝化.实验发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs会导致水体中甲基娇养杆菌属丰度增加,对比发现PE-MPs对甲基娇养杆菌属的促进效果更明显,有相关研究表明PE-MPs会显著提高土壤中甲基娇养杆菌属的相对丰度[24],说明环境中PE-MPs相较于PLA-MPs更能为甲基娇养杆菌属提供合适的栖息环境有利于其生长(如图8(g)).实验发现相同粒径下PE-MPs和PLA-MPs会引起水体中噬氢菌属丰度降低,说明MPs会通过抑制噬氢菌属而降低水体反硝化功能(如图8(h)).
多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter)在脱氮过程中发挥重要的功能[25],弗兰克菌属(hgcI_clade)通过参与碳氮循环而去除氮素营养盐[26].实验发现不同赋存特征的MPs对多核杆菌属的影响存在差异性,与CK相比,PE_1影响下多核杆菌属增加了13.13%,但在PE_5和PE_10影响下该菌分别降低了3.16%、11.82%,说明低浓度的PE-MPs会促进多核杆菌属的生长,随着PE浓度的升高会抑制脱氮过程而导致氮积累.在PLA-MPs影响下发现PLA_1中多核杆菌属丰度增加最大,增加了21.63%(如图8(i)),说明低浓度的PLA-MPs会通过脱氮过程而有利于水体氮代谢.实验发现PE-MPs会引起弗兰克菌属增加,在PE_1、PE_5、PE_10影响下该菌属分别增加了7.67%、6.95%、0.46%,说明PE-MPs会促进弗兰克菌属的生长.与CK相比,PLA_1赋存下弗兰克菌属降低了0.48%,PLA_5和PLA_10赋存下该菌属增加了0.89%、0.12%,对比发现PE-MPs对弗兰克菌属的作用效果更强,并且有相关研究表明PE材质的供水管会促进弗兰克菌属生长和富集[27],说明水体中相同粒径的PE-MPs会通过促进弗兰克菌属生长而影响氮素转化(如图8(j)).
分析PE-MPs与优势菌属之间的相关性(如图9(a)):PE-MPs与栖湖菌属、红细菌科未分类属、海生杆菌属和甲基娇养杆菌属呈正相关,与多核杆菌属、黄杆菌属、鱼孢菌科未定名属、嗜冷菌属、弗兰克菌属和噬氢菌属呈负相关.对比发现PE-MPs与栖湖菌属(r=0.89)、红细菌科未分类属(r=0.87)、海生杆菌属(r=0.85)之间的相关性更大,说明水体中PE-MPs对栖湖菌属、红细菌科未分类属和海生杆菌属的促进效果更强,说明PE-MPs对硝化和反硝化过程的影响更大.分析PLA-MPs与优势菌属之间的相关性(如图9(b)):PLA-MPs与栖湖菌属、鱼孢菌科未定名属、红细菌科未分类属、海生杆菌属、甲基娇养杆菌属和弗兰克菌属呈正相关,与多核杆菌属、黄杆菌属、嗜冷菌属和噬氢菌属呈负相关.对比发现PLA-MPs与栖湖菌属呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与红细菌科未分类属(r=0.83)的相关性更大,说明PLA-MPs对栖湖菌属和红细菌科未分类属的促进效果更强,会通过促进菌属的生长而促进水体硝化和反硝化过程.研究发现水体中PE-MPs和PLA-MPs均对栖湖菌属的生长有促进作用,相关系数分别为0.89和0.98,对比发现PLA-MPs对栖湖菌属的影响更强.张岭等[28]发现当MPs暴露于水体中会导致栖湖菌属成为优势菌属,但在MPs表面栖湖菌属的生长并不显著,进一步说明MPs会直接导致水体栖湖菌属生长而影响水体硝化过程.研究发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对鱼孢菌科未定名属(r=-0.33;r=0.77)和弗兰克菌属(r=-0.23;r=0.38)的相关性相反,说明PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对这两种优势菌的影响效果相反.PE-MPs是由乙烯单体聚合,而PLA-MPs由乳酸单体聚合,由于合成单体不同而导致性质不同,当其赋存于水体时,PE-MPs密度大沉于水底,PLA-MPs密度小漂浮在水面上,这就导致MPs表面接触氧气不同也会影响水体微生物的交流和繁殖,因此在研究MPs对水环境的影响时,更要注重MPs类型之间的差异性.
通过对微生物数据进行分析,借助PICRUSt2功能预测和KEGG数据库,筛选出与氮代谢相关的功能基因.实验中检测出参与固氮过程的主要功能基因nifKnifDnifH(如图10(a));参与同化硝酸盐还原过程的主要功能基因nasAnarBnirAnasB(如图10(b));实验中检测出参与异化硝酸盐还原过程的主要功能基因nirBnirDnrfAnrfHnarGnarHnarInapAnapB(如图10(c));实验中检测出参与反硝化过程的主要功能基因norBnosZnorCnirKnarGnarHnarInirSnapAnapB(如图10(d));实验中检测出参与完全硝化过程的主要功能基因nxrAnxrB(如图10(e)).
分析PE-MPs与氮代谢功能基因之间的相关性(如图11(a)),发现PE-MPs与nasAnirB、nirDnapAnapB呈正相关,与narBnirAnrfAnrfHnarGnarHnarInosZnirKnarGnarHnarInxrAnxrB呈负相关,对nifKnifDnifHnasBnorBnorCnirS的相关性并不明显.对比发现PE-MPs与napA(r=0.87)、napB(r=0.88)的正相关性更强,与nirK的负相关性更强(r=-0.92).napAnapB参与异化硝酸盐还原和反硝化过程中硝态氮向亚硝态氮转化的过程,PE-MPs对napAnapB有较强的相关性,说明在异化硝酸盐还原过程中PE-MPs会容易通过促进napAnapB的合成而影响硝态氮的转化;在反硝化过程中nirK参与亚硝态氮向NO转化,PE-MPs与其负相关程度更高,说明反硝化功能基因中nirK对PE-MPs的影响更敏感,在反硝化过程中PE-MPs可能会通过抑制nirK的合成破坏反硝化过程中亚硝态氮的还原,并且在相金汛[29]研究中也证明了PE-MPs会通过抑制反硝化功能基因而抑制反硝化过程.
分析PLA-MPs与氮代谢功能基因之间的相关性(如图11(b)),发现PLA-MPs与napAnapBnasAnirBnirD呈正相关,与nifKnifDnifHnirAnarGnarHnarI、norBnosZnorCnirKnarGnarHnarInirSnxrAnxrB呈负相关,对narB、nrfAnrfH相关性并不明显.对比发现PLA-MPs与napAnapB呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明PLA-MPs赋存于水体中容易促进异化硝酸盐还原和反硝化功能基因napAnapB的合成,而影响硝态氮还原.PLA-MPs与nifKr=-0.78)、nifDr=-0.79)、nifHr=-0.79)、nosZr=-0.78)的负相关性更高,在氮代谢过程中nifKnifDnifH参与固氮过程将N2还原成氨,PLA-MPs与其负相关性更高说明PLA-MPs对固氮功能基因nifKnifDnifH的抑制作用更强,会通过抑制功能基因的合成而破坏固氮过程,阻碍水体中无机氮来源而导致水体氮代谢紊乱.nosZ参与反硝化过程将N2O还原成N2[30],PLA-MPs与nosZ的负相关性更高说明PLA-MPs可能对该功能基因的作用更强,会通过抑制该基因的合成而破坏反硝化过程.
比较相同粒径下PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对氮代谢功能基因的影响,发现PLA-MPs与氮代谢功能基因之间的相关性更大,说明水体环境中PLA-MPs对氮代谢功能基因的环境效应更强.并且对比发现PE-MPs和PLA-MPs对大部分功能基因呈负相关,说明MPs暴露于水体后可能会通过抑制氮代谢功能基因的形成而影响微生物正常的功能代谢,破坏水体氮代谢过程.
3.1 MPs的类型和浓度对水体氮转化均存在影响,对TN的影响更明显.在PE-MPs的影响下水体中TN的浓度增加了53.77%~94.79%,在PLA的影响下水体中TN的浓度增加了24.04~48.74%.
3.2 从氮代谢功能微生物群落分析:优势门水平PE-MPs对蓝细菌门(r=-0.73)的抑制作用更强,PLA-MPs对浮霉菌门(r=0.91)的促进作用更强,且PE-MPs(r=-0.40)和PLA-MPs(r=0.73)对放线菌门作用相反,说明不同MPs类型对水体氮代谢功能菌门的影响存在差异性.优势属水平PE-MPs对栖湖菌属(r=0.89)、红细菌科未分类属(r=0.87)、海生杆菌属(r=0.85)的促进效果更强,说明PE-MPs对硝化和反硝化过程的影响更大;PLA-MPs对栖湖菌属(r=0.98)和红细菌科未分类属(r=0.83)的促进效果更强,说明PLA-MPs通过对栖湖菌属和红细菌科未分类属的影响而促进水体硝化和反硝化过程.
3.3 PE-MPs可能容易通过促进napAr=0.87)和napBr=0.88)合成而促进水体固氮和硝态氮转化,抑制nirKr=-0.92)的合成而影响反硝化过程亚硝态氮还原.PLA-MPs可能会通过促进napAr=0.98)和napBr=0.98)功能基因的合成而影响水体异化硝酸盐还原和反硝化过程中硝态氮转化,会通过抑制nifKr=-0.78)、nifDr=-0.79)和nifHr=-0.79)功能基因的合成而影响水体固氮过程.
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
基金
内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2023KJHZ0026)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023YXXS025)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2022038)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023CXPT005)
黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展联合研究项目(2022-YRUC-01-050205-03)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,黄河流域内蒙古段生态保护与综合利用自治区协同创新中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2.包头市湿地保护中心,内蒙古 包头 014010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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