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This research increases the accuracy of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) estimation in the CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model by refining the calculation methods for solar radiation parameters and water stress coefficients. Based on the improvement, correlation and trend analysis of NPP and meteorological variables were carried out.Following model optimization, the correlation between NPP and field observation data improved to 0.62. From 2001 to 2022, the annual average NPP in Jiangxi Province increased steadily, with the average value exceeding 1000gC/(m2⋅a). The monthly NPP values were in the following seasonal order: autumn > summer > winter > spring, with July having the highest value. The highest and lowest annual NPP values were observed in 2018 and 2010, respectively. Trend analysis and correlation facts show that, despite a decline in solar radiation from 2001 to 2022, NPP changes were not considerably impacted. A least-squares regression model revealed that NPP increased with rising temperature and decreased with decreasing sun radiation. Despite recent increases in extreme events (2019~2022), there has been no notable decrease in NPP levels.

, correspAuthors=Yuan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tie-ding LU, Yuan ZHANG, Si-ting ZENG, Rui TAO, Yue TENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049989804249106, articleId=1241049978093752860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=江西省NPP估算及其与气候因子的关联分析-基于改进CASA模型, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过改进太阳辐射参数和水分子胁迫系数计算方法提高了CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型估算净初级生产力(NPP)的精度,并在此基础上对NPP和气象因子进行相关性和趋势分析.结果表明,基于改进后模型,NPP与实地观测数据的相关性达0.62;2001~2022年,江西省年均NPP整体呈上升趋势,年均值超过1000gC/(m2⋅a);NPP月均值为秋季>夏季>冬季>春季,月均值最大值出现在7月;NPP年均值上最大值、最小值出现在2018年、2010年;趋势变化和相关性分析的结果表明,2001~2022年江西省太阳辐射量呈现下降趋势,但NPP的变化未受显著影响;最小二乘法回归模型结果表明,温度每增加一个单位,NPP平均随温度的增加而增加,随太阳辐射的减少而减少;NPP在近几年(2019~2022年)极端事件增加的情况下,NPP未出现显著下降.

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*责任作者,助理工程师,
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鲁铁定(1974-),男,陕西富平人,教授,博士,主要从事测绘数据研究.发表论文200余篇..

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2.东华理工大学自然资源部鄱阳湖区域矿山环境监测与治理重点实验室,江西 南昌 330013, bio={"content":"

鲁铁定(1974-),男,陕西富平人,教授,博士,主要从事测绘数据研究.发表论文200余篇..

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鲁铁定(1974-),男,陕西富平人,教授,博士,主要从事测绘数据研究.发表论文200余篇..

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***为P值<0.01;**为P值<0.05;*为P值<0.1

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, figureFileSmall=wdmvpqkaIS4HJYnujbpLsw==, figureFileBig=Yyf11iS+MG5+uhBikD5Kog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050007953003300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Correlation of July trends from 2001 to 2022, figureFileSmall=REX6LUVLH59E3I3fC8YR4A==, figureFileBig=mHC0R16HUM39UhIxUso2gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050008200467249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2001~2022年7月变化趋势的相关性, figureFileSmall=REX6LUVLH59E3I3fC8YR4A==, figureFileBig=mHC0R16HUM39UhIxUso2gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050008439542585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Values of light energy use efficiency

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Type类型LUE
1常绿针叶林0.389
2常绿阔叶林0.985
3落叶针叶林0.485
4落叶阔叶林0.692
5混交林0.768
6封闭灌木地0.429
7
开放灌木丛0.429
8~17其他0.542
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光能利用效率取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type类型LUE
1常绿针叶林0.389
2常绿阔叶林0.985
3落叶针叶林0.485
4落叶阔叶林0.692
5混交林0.768
6封闭灌木地0.429
7
开放灌木丛0.429
8~17其他0.542
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010339562326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Significance levels to determine the significance level of time series trends

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
βZ范围类别趋势特征显著性水平α
β>02.58<Z4极显著增加等于0.01
1.96<Z≤2.583显著增加等于0.05
1.65 <Z≤1.962微显著增加等于0.1
Z≤1.651不显著增加大于0.1
β=0Z=00无变化
β<0Z≤1.65-1不显著减少大于0.1
1.65<Z≤1.96-2微显著减少等于0.1
1.96<Z≤2.58-3显著减少等于0.05
2.58<Z-4极显著减少等于0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010486362982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

显著性水平判断时间序列趋势显著性等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
βZ范围类别趋势特征显著性水平α
β>02.58<Z4极显著增加等于0.01
1.96<Z≤2.583显著增加等于0.05
1.65 <Z≤1.962微显著增加等于0.1
Z≤1.651不显著增加大于0.1
β=0Z=00无变化
β<0Z≤1.65-1不显著减少大于0.1
1.65<Z≤1.96-2微显著减少等于0.1
1.96<Z≤2.58-3显著减少等于0.05
2.58<Z-4极显著减少等于0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010742215539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Drought class classification of SPI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SPI值等级
2.00≤SPI特涝
1.50≤SPI≤1.99重涝
-1.49≤SPI≤1.49中旱、中涝以下
-1.99≤SPI≤-1.50重旱
SPI≤-2.00特旱
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010926764928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SPI干旱等级分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SPI值等级
2.00≤SPI特涝
1.50≤SPI≤1.99重涝
-1.49≤SPI≤1.49中旱、中涝以下
-1.99≤SPI≤-1.50重旱
SPI≤-2.00特旱
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011056788364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of data accuracy with radiation site data for different parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献dataRI(%)RMSEI(%)MAEI(%)
[27]Copernicus0.895/0.154/0.123/
[27]STRM-V40.8960.080.1540.30.1230.3
[28]STRM-V40.9485.900.079-48.80.062-49.8
[28]Copernicus0.9485.880.079-48.80.062-49.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011354583959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同参数下与辐射站点数据精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献dataRI(%)RMSEI(%)MAEI(%)
[27]Copernicus0.895/0.154/0.123/
[27]STRM-V40.8960.080.1540.30.1230.3
[28]STRM-V40.9485.900.079-48.80.062-49.8
[28]Copernicus0.9485.880.079-48.80.062-49.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011581076392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Validation with TerraClimat dataset (based on radiation sites)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献dataRI(%)RMSEI(%)MAEI(%)
[27]Copernicus0.915/0.149/0.11/
[27]STRM-V40.9150.020.14900.110.35
[28]STRM-V40.9574.580.077-48.10.06-46.4
[28]Copernicus0.9574.580.077-48.10.06-46.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011715294124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

与TerraClimat数据集验证(基于辐射站点)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献dataRI(%)RMSEI(%)MAEI(%)
[27]Copernicus0.915/0.149/0.11/
[27]STRM-V40.9150.020.14900.110.35
[28]STRM-V40.9574.580.077-48.10.06-46.4
[28]Copernicus0.9574.580.077-48.10.06-46.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011895649209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Model-driven estimation of NPP using different data and calculations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CASA公式(1)SOLW(xt)FPARLUCCTg1Tg2[2]
CASATERRACLIMATE的srad数据公式参考文献[2]
CASA1TERRACLIMATE的srad数据公式参考文献[16]
CASA2选择STRM-V4和文献[8]采用的大气条件来共同驱动SOLARFLUX模型选择STRM-V4和[8]公式参考文献[16]公式参考文献[14-15]MCD12Q1数据集按表1重采样公式参考文献[2]
CASA3采用的大气条件来共同驱动SOLARFLUX模型公式参考文献[2]
), ArticleFig(id=1241050012176667594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

利用不同数据和计算方式来驱动模型估算NPP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CASA公式(1)SOLW(xt)FPARLUCCTg1Tg2[2]
CASATERRACLIMATE的srad数据公式参考文献[2]
CASA1TERRACLIMATE的srad数据公式参考文献[16]
CASA2选择STRM-V4和文献[8]采用的大气条件来共同驱动SOLARFLUX模型选择STRM-V4和[8]公式参考文献[16]公式参考文献[14-15]MCD12Q1数据集按表1重采样公式参考文献[2]
CASA3采用的大气条件来共同驱动SOLARFLUX模型公式参考文献[2]
), ArticleFig(id=1241050012377994203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Correlation with field data NPP (n=9)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目MOD17A3HGFMO/YD17A3HGFcasa3casa2casa
R0.5620.5900.6280.3520.372
), ArticleFig(id=1241050012684178403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

与实地数据NPP(n=9)相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目MOD17A3HGFMO/YD17A3HGFcasa3casa2casa
R0.5620.5900.6280.3520.372
), ArticleFig(id=1241050014500312044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Evaluation of precision with mean values of MOD17A3HGF and MYD17A3HGF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份CASA modelRRMSEMAE
200130.560.160.11
200930.230.460.43
201730.230.350.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241050014777136117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

与MOD17A3HGF和MYD17A3HGF均值的精度评价

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年份CASA modelRRMSEMAE
200130.560.160.11
200930.230.460.43
201730.230.350.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241050014986851323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Correlation coefficients between NPP and various climate factors from 2001 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目最小温度平均温度最大温度太阳辐射降水量
R0.9350.9360.9320.9130.362
), ArticleFig(id=1241050015217537034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

2001~2022月NPP与各气候因子相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目最小温度平均温度最大温度太阳辐射降水量
R0.9350.9360.9320.9130.362
), ArticleFig(id=1241050015393697812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Results of cross-analysis of monthly solar radiation and precipitation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
延迟交叉相关性延迟交叉相关性
-7-0.5827-0.090
-6-0.4486-0.412
-5-0.1405-0.624
-40.2114-0.592
-30.4613-0.472
-20.6462-0.208
-10.56410.099
00.167
), ArticleFig(id=1241050015615995933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

月太阳辐射与降水量交叉分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
延迟交叉相关性延迟交叉相关性
-7-0.5827-0.090
-6-0.4486-0.412
-5-0.1405-0.624
-40.2114-0.592
-30.4613-0.472
-20.6462-0.208
-10.56410.099
00.167
), ArticleFig(id=1241050015741825064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Results of OLS regression analysis

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条件变量系数P
极端事件常数项-145.6890.000
太阳辐射0.3080.002
温度11.6400.000
非极端事件常数项-147.9810.000
太阳辐射0.5370.000
温度9.3480.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241050015959928882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049978093752860, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

OLS回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量系数P
极端事件常数项-145.6890.000
太阳辐射0.3080.002
温度11.6400.000
非极端事件常数项-147.9810.000
太阳辐射0.5370.000
温度9.3480.000
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江西省NPP估算及其与气候因子的关联分析-基于改进CASA模型
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鲁铁定 1, 2 , 章园 1, * , 曾思婷 1 , 陶蕊 3 , 腾月 4
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(1): 369-378
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(1): 369-378
江西省NPP估算及其与气候因子的关联分析-基于改进CASA模型
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鲁铁定1, 2 , 章园1, * , 曾思婷1, 陶蕊3, 腾月4
作者信息
  • 1.东华理工大学测绘与空间信息工程学院,江西 南昌 330013
  • 2.东华理工大学自然资源部鄱阳湖区域矿山环境监测与治理重点实验室,江西 南昌 330013
  • 3.江西省交通设计研究院有限责任公司,江西 南昌 330013
  • 4.江西省自然资源测绘与监测院,江西 南昌 330002
  • 鲁铁定(1974-),男,陕西富平人,教授,博士,主要从事测绘数据研究.发表论文200余篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,助理工程师,
Estimation of net primary productivity and correlation study with climate parameters in Jiangxi Province using the enhanced CASA model
Tie-ding LU1, 2 , Yuan ZHANG1, * , Si-ting ZENG1, Rui TAO3, Yue TENG4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 3.Jiangxi Communications Design and Research Instituteco., Ltd, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 4.Jiangxi Provincial Natural Resources Surveying and Monitoring Institute, Nanchang 330002, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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通过改进太阳辐射参数和水分子胁迫系数计算方法提高了CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型估算净初级生产力(NPP)的精度,并在此基础上对NPP和气象因子进行相关性和趋势分析.结果表明,基于改进后模型,NPP与实地观测数据的相关性达0.62;2001~2022年,江西省年均NPP整体呈上升趋势,年均值超过1000gC/(m2⋅a);NPP月均值为秋季>夏季>冬季>春季,月均值最大值出现在7月;NPP年均值上最大值、最小值出现在2018年、2010年;趋势变化和相关性分析的结果表明,2001~2022年江西省太阳辐射量呈现下降趋势,但NPP的变化未受显著影响;最小二乘法回归模型结果表明,温度每增加一个单位,NPP平均随温度的增加而增加,随太阳辐射的减少而减少;NPP在近几年(2019~2022年)极端事件增加的情况下,NPP未出现显著下降.

CASA模型  /  净初级生产力  /  太阳辐射  /  气候变化  /  江西省

This research increases the accuracy of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) estimation in the CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model by refining the calculation methods for solar radiation parameters and water stress coefficients. Based on the improvement, correlation and trend analysis of NPP and meteorological variables were carried out.Following model optimization, the correlation between NPP and field observation data improved to 0.62. From 2001 to 2022, the annual average NPP in Jiangxi Province increased steadily, with the average value exceeding 1000gC/(m2⋅a). The monthly NPP values were in the following seasonal order: autumn > summer > winter > spring, with July having the highest value. The highest and lowest annual NPP values were observed in 2018 and 2010, respectively. Trend analysis and correlation facts show that, despite a decline in solar radiation from 2001 to 2022, NPP changes were not considerably impacted. A least-squares regression model revealed that NPP increased with rising temperature and decreased with decreasing sun radiation. Despite recent increases in extreme events (2019~2022), there has been no notable decrease in NPP levels.

CASA model  /  net primary productivity  /  solar radiation  /  climate change  /  Jiangxi Province
鲁铁定, 章园, 曾思婷, 陶蕊, 腾月. 江西省NPP估算及其与气候因子的关联分析-基于改进CASA模型. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 369 -378 .
Tie-ding LU, Yuan ZHANG, Si-ting ZENG, Rui TAO, Yue TENG. Estimation of net primary productivity and correlation study with climate parameters in Jiangxi Province using the enhanced CASA model[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 369 -378 .
净初级生产力(NPP)作为一个衡量生态系统能量获取能力的重要指标,对于理解碳循环及其对环境变化的响应尤为重要,它是指一定时间内和空间内绿色植被光合作用所产生的有机物总量减去自养呼吸和生长消耗后的部分[1-2].国际地球生物组织(IGBP)、全球变化与陆地生态系统计划(GCTE)等机构均将其确认为评估生态系统生产力及能量转化的核心指标[2-4],其不仅映射了植物生长的速率,而且反映了生态系统在碳储存方面的潜力.因此,测定和理解NPP对于剖析生态系统的产品力、能量循环及碳流具有至关重要的意义.
面对耗时成本高昂的野外测量、生态定位研究站和通量观测塔数量较少且分布不均的问题,这给大范围动态监控带来巨大挑战,因此模拟模型估算NPP[5-7]成为一种常见的方法.目前,植被NPP估算方法大致可分为野外测量法和模型模拟法,现有NPP估算模型主要分为过程模型、光能利用率模型、统计模型等[7-8],其中作为过程模型代表之一的光能利用效率(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型[2,9],被广泛应用于研究地球生态系统的碳循环过程和估算植被的生态过程.CASA模型关键在于综合应用若干参数--如太阳辐射量(SOL)、光合有效辐射的比例(FPAR)、水分和温度胁迫因子和最大光能利用率等,共同作用下模拟植被的NPP和碳循环.彭少麟等[10]发现,最大光能利用率0.389gC/(MJ)的取值并不适用于中国地区.基于这一发现,许多学者相继对CASA模型参数进行了优化和校正.以进一步提升模型的地域适用性与精确度.例如,朱文泉等[2]基于NPP实地数据引入植被覆盖分类数据,模拟最大光能利用率来估算NPP;苏胜涛等人基于中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)数据结合土地覆盖数据,对传统CASA模型进行优化[11];Bao等[12]和Wu等[8]分别利用地表湿润指数(LSWI)和短波红外土壤湿度指数[13](SIMI),简化CASA模型中的水分胁迫系数来估算NPP;朱文泉等[14]与Zheng等[15]基于FPAR和归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间的线性关系,表示FPAR以提升CASA模型精度.
尽管CASA模型在全球范围内的应用[16-17]已较为广泛,且其NPP估算的精度相对较高,但在实际应用中仍面临诸多不确定性问题,包括参数设置的时序动态性、模型结构的复杂性以及对气候变化背景下NPP响应机制的准确模拟等.基于此,本文以江西省为研究区域,该区域植被类型丰富,包括森林、农田和湿地等多种生态系统,研究其NPP变化有助于理解不同生态系统对气候变化及极端气候事件的响应机制.在前人研究基础上,本文通过引入云量数据改进SOLARFLUX参数计算SOL,并采用短波红外土壤湿度指数和TerraClimate数据计算水分胁迫系数参数,以提高模型在江西省区域气候特征下的适用性.同时,通过统计分析和Theil-Sen斜率分析NPP与气象因子的相关性和趋势变化,以探讨江西省NPP及其对气候变化和极端事件下的响应.这将提供一种更加符合江西省区域气候特征的NPP估算方法,为类似区域的NPP估算和气候变化研究提供参考.
江西省位于中国东南部,北纬24°29′14″~30°04′43″,东经113°34′18″~118°28′56″之间,总面积约16.69万km2,濒临长江中下游的南岸.它属亚热带季风湿润气候,雨季易遭洪涝灾害.雨季过后,受亚热带高压影响,晴朗高温天气易引发干旱.被列为中国13个粮食主产区之一的江西,虽是重要的商品粮基地,但年年受气象灾害(如干旱、高温、洪涝等)影响,农业和经济发展备受挑战.
遥感数据:实验使用(通过8d合成)MOD09GA和MYD09GA(空间分辨率500m)的近红外波段、红波段、短波红外地表反射率数据,数据用于分析植被覆盖、健康状况和光合有效辐射比;DEM数据中STRM-V4(空间分辨率90m)和Copernicus DEM(空间分辨率30m)用于计算辐射数据;MCD12Q1土地覆盖数据(空间分辨率500m)用于确定不同植被类型分布;已在全球地区研究中得到验证和应用的TerraClimate数据集[18-19],提供完整时间段高分辨率高覆盖(空间分辨率4638m)数据,选取月最大温度、最小温度、辐射数据、降水量数据,用于计算实际光能利用率;上述这些数据均基于GEE(Google Earth Engine)遥感云平台进行数据处理和下载,按照质量波段进行质量控制,然后重投影为WGS 84(EPSG:4326),进行镶嵌、掩膜和重采样为500m.最后,MOD09GA和MYD09GA反射率数据取均值,反射率和其余数据均处理为月数据.所使用的MOD08M3的云量数据(空间分辨率为500m)主要用于arcgis中SOLARFLUX模型(Solar Radiation Flux Model),使固定参数(漫射比和透射率)动态化估算太阳辐射量,数据来源于美国国家航空航天局(NASA)网站;时间为2001~2022年.
NPP数据:本研究所使用的实测数据主要来源于中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的地面站点生物量样本数据[20],是通过在江西省内特定地点直接进行生物量测定获得的,根据总初级生产力(GPP)与NPP成比例(0.47)的数据关系[21]换算得到样本的植被NPP,用于本地NPP估算模型的验证.为了解决样本数据限制和生物量到NPP的转换不确定性所带来的问题,本文进一步通过与MOD17A3HGF数据集(时间分辨率为1a,空间分辨率为500m)的对比来验证本地估算模型.MOD17A3HGF与MYD17A3HGF的年度均值NPP均利用GEE进行获取和预处理,MOD17A3HGF数据集已在全球范围内的多项研究中得到了验证和应用[9,22].最后使用两种数据对本地NPP估算模型进行验证.
太阳辐射数据:月太阳辐射数据来源于国家生态科学数据中心(http://www.cnern.org.cn/)的江西大岗山森林生态站(2017年)和鹰潭生态站(2002~2020年)数据,该数据主要用于验证和校准MOD08M3数据、高程数据、TerraClimat数据中太阳辐射数据,确保这些数据能准确反映实际观测站点情况.
其余数据:江西省级行政区划边界数据来源于资源环境科学数据注册与出版系统[23].
CASA模型综合考虑气象、环境和土壤因素,以模拟植物对光合有效辐射的吸收,并将其转化为有机碳的生理过程[14-16],计算公式如下:
式中:NPP(xt)为在t月位于网格单元x的净初生产力gC/(m2);0.5表示植物在0.4~0.7μm波长范围内能够吸收的辐射比例;SOL(xt),FPAR(xt)分别为在t月位于网格x的太阳总辐射MJ/m2,吸收的光合有效辐射比;LUE(xt)为在i月位于网格x实际光能利用率.
光合有效辐射比和实际光能利用率采用朱文泉等[14]经验公式计算,实际光能利用率在t月位于网格x实际光能利用率,其计算公式如下:
式中:Tε1(xt)Tε2(xt)是温度胁迫因子,分别表示高温、低温对光能利用效率的影响;Wxt)表示在t月份中网格单元x上的水分胁迫系数.该实验未考虑人为和非人为影响,由于MCD12A1产品中其他土地利用类型的累积土地利用变化没有足够准确性来区分人为和非人为影响[24].LUEMAX指在理想条件的最大效率取值(如表1).
SOL参数:采用arcgis中的SOLARFLUX模型[25-26]计算SOL数据.该模型是基于数字高程模型(DEM)精确估算广泛区域内的太阳辐射量,一个综合大气条件、纬度、地形等因素的模型.首先在由漫射比和透射率参数确定的大气条件上,采用前人研究成果[8,25,27],利用MOD08M3云量数据来对大气条件进行划分为10个类,分别参考文献[825]的大气划分来对漫射比和透射率参数进行线性处理.在DEM数据上,利用STRM-V4和Copernicus DEM数据分别在SOLARFLUX模型计算,最后选一种数据做后续处理.
水分胁迫影响系数:反映可利用水分含量对植物太阳辐射利用效率的影响[8],计算公式参考朱文泉等[2,14]利用实际蒸发量(EET)和潜在蒸发量(PET)的关系计算水分胁迫影响系数.红外土壤湿度指数SIMI具体计算过程参考姚云军等[13]的研究,根据短波红外反射率与地表水分含量呈负相关的关系[8,13],这两种模式的水分胁迫影响系数在前人研究中已得到局部或中国区域验证,可使用其驱动CASA估算NPP.
利用3个性能评估指标来评估模型的准确性:均方根误差(RMSE)[28],平均绝对误差(MAE)[28]和皮尔逊相关系数(R[29].其中RMSE、MAE的值越小,说明模型模拟效果越好;R绝对值越大表明数据模型间相关性越强.
普通最小二乘法(OLS)回归是一种广泛使用的统计方法,用于评估一个或多个自变量X1X2)对一个因变量Y的影响[30].
Theil-Sen趋势分析是一种稳健的非参数统计的趋势计算方法[22-31],用于估计时间序列中线性趋势,对于小序列趋势的估计特别有效.该方法能够确定数据集中的变量随时间变化的趋势强度或速率,提供一个对趋势变化量的直接估计;Mann-Kendall方法[16,22,31-32]是对趋势分析进行显著性检验.这两种方法都是非参数统计方法,不需要数据遵循特定的分布,不受异常值的影响,适用于具有非正态分布的数据.计算步骤如下:
(1)计算Sen斜率的中位数,判断时间序列的趋势:
式中:2001<I<j<2022,χiχj分别是时间序列中第i和第j年的数据;β是计算2001~2022年间的斜率的中位数(量化单调趋势),作为Sen斜率估计量.
(2)Sen斜率显著性检验:根据中位数斜率β估计判断时间序列的趋势:当β>0、β=0、β<0时分别反映了这时间序列数据呈正趋势、无显著趋势、负趋势.
(3)Mann-Kendall检验:计算统计量S,标准化统计量Z.根据Z和显著性水平α(如表2),判断时间序列是否存在显著变化趋势.
在给定显著性水平α下,在正态分布表中查得临界值Z1-α/2.当|Z|≤Z1-α/2时,接受原假设,即趋势不显著;反之,即认为趋势显著.在显著性水平α=0.05,则临界值Z1-α/2=±1.96的条件下,当Z的绝对值大于1.65、1.96、2.58时,表示趋势分别通过信度为90%、95%和99%的显著性检验,趋势显著性的判断方法如表2.
标准化降水指数(Standardized Precipitation Index,SPI)[33]需要一定的时间序列数据来准确评估降水的异常情况,它是将某时间尺度降水量的连续时间序列视为服从gamma分布,然后将累积概率函数转换为标准正态分布.转换后某一时间尺度的SPI值表示该时间段内降水量的累积概率(对应标准正态分布的x轴).干旱等级分类如表3.
研究采用STRM-V4和Copernicus两种DEM数据源,同时引入MOD08M3云量数据(表示不同天气条件下的漫射比和透射率)来共同驱动SOLARFLUX模型模拟太阳辐射,最后将模拟结果分别与气象站点数据和公开的TerraClimate太阳辐射数据进行比对.SOL模拟结果与现有的气象辐射站月度数据精度对比结果如表4.同时针对单站点数据带来的不确定性,使用公开的TerraClimate数据对模拟结果进行进一步的验证,结果如表5.
该实验参考文献[827]进行不同大气条件的划分,将其划分为10个类(从无云到阴天).文献[8]将无云时漫射比和透射率分别为0.6和0.2,而文献[27]设为0.7和0.2.由表4表5可知,当在相同大气条件的参数(漫射比和透射率)划分下,STRM-V4DEM相比于Copernicus,在各评价指标上均为最优,改进率最大.进一步与气象站点和公开TerraClimate数据对比时,在相同数据集下,参考文献[8]调参进行实验时比文献[27]精度更高,因此,本文选择STRM-V4数据和大气条件[8]时来驱动SOLARFLUX模型计算SOL.
在FPAR、T、LUEmax参数固定前提下,通过改变CASA模型中的SOL和W(x,t)参数的方法来改进其模型精度,如表6所示.本研究中的实测数据点数量较少(n=9),采用RMSE和MAE精度评价指标会导致结果不具代表性和说服力.因此,为了避免误导,在与实地数据的对比计算中未直接计算该误差指标.首先4种模型(CASA、CASA1、CASA2、CASA3)、MOD17A3HGF与MYD17A3HGF的均值、MOD17A3HGF与实地数据的相关分析结果为表7,CASA3模型与MO/YD17A3HGF(MOD17A-3HGF和MYD17A3HGF的均值)在2001,2009,2017年份上做进一步的验证,结果如表8所示.经过对不同CASA模型的相关性分析和显著性检验,本研究所采用SOL和W(x,t)参数的方法,对模型精度的提高起到了作用,CASA3模型的精度比其他3个模型更高.因此,本文研究中使用CASA3作为CASA模型估算的月NPP进行下一步分析.
2001~2022年,江西省NPP呈现显著的年际波动,并呈整体上升趋势.如图1所示,江西省NPP年平均和年最大值均呈上升趋势,斜率为0.89.其中年平均的最大值出现在2018年(996.08gC/(m2⋅a)),最小值出现在2010年(711.30gC/(m2⋅a)),整体振幅达到284.79gC/(m2⋅a.整个研究时段中,位于400~1000gC/(m2⋅a)区间的土地面积约占全省2/3,均值在900gC/(m2⋅a)左右.江西省NPP呈现出单峰的季节波动趋势,NPP月均值表现出为秋季>夏季>冬季>春季(如图2),分别为887.61,670.42,157.93,3.81gC/(m2⋅a),其中,月均值的峰值出现在7月(342.95gC/(m2⋅a)).
研究表明太阳辐射与降水量之间存在时间滞后效应. 2001~2022年江西省月最小温度、月平均温度、月最大温度和太阳辐射与NPP相关系数均约0.91,呈现显著正相关(表9).相较之下,降水量与NPP相关系数为0.362,虽然通过显著性检验,但其相关性显著低于温度和太阳辐射.江西省时序图如图3,利用spss软件对月太阳辐射均值(mean_sol)和降水量(mean_pr)进行交叉相关性分析(表10),结果表明太阳辐射与降水量之间存在时间滞后效应.其中,在太阳辐射滞后于降水量2个月时,交叉相关性达到最高(0.646).这表明降水事件发生后,充足水分使得太阳辐射更有效地促进光合作用和植物生长.在极端天气事件的频率和强度增加的情况下,对其进行简单回归模型分析.
本文利用标准化降水指数(SPI)计算不同时间尺度(SPI1、SPI3、SPI12),其变化趋势结果如图4.研究表明,SPI1和SPI3均表现出周期性波动(如图4).本文利用标准化降水指数(SPI)计算不同时间尺度(SPI1、SPI3、SPI12)的变化趋势,以不同时间尺度绝对值大于1.5的阈值来识别2001~2022年月尺度极端干旱和湿润事件,从而分析极端气候事件对NPP的影响(如图5);结果表明温度、降水量和SPI在不同季节的相关性特征存在不一致(如图6).其中冬季和春季,降水量与温度的负相关性较强,表明低温度伴随着低降水;夏季降水与温度呈现正相关.
依据SPI干旱等级分类[33],选取绝对值大于2的值以识别极端事件发生的时间点,对其进行相关性分析,结果如图7所示.在极端事件下,NPP与温度、太阳辐射、降水量呈显著正相关,和上述分析结果保持一致;极端事件太阳辐射表现出负相关,但未达显著水平,系数为-0.4.
结果表明,2001~2022年,太阳辐射量呈下降趋势,但NPP变化未受显著影响(如图8).本文选取2001~2022年NPP均值最大值所在月份(7月,见图2),对NPP、平均温度和降水量的变化趋势进行了相关性分析,结果如图9所示,相关性分析结果如图10所示.土壤湿度在研究期间变化趋势相对稳定.SOL的下降趋势较为显著,水分胁迫指数则显著上升,而NPP略有上升,但整体趋势不明显,LUE保持相对稳定,表明光能利用效率未受显著影响.
图8所示,太阳辐射与水分胁迫呈显著正相关(0.95),表明太阳辐射减少显著增加了水分胁迫.进一步显示,太阳辐射与SOL和水分胁迫指数分别呈强正相关(0.80和0.78),进一步验证了这影响.如图9图10所示,7月NPP和降水量变化趋势较为平稳,而温度呈上升趋势,且此时平均温度与降水量的变化无显著相关性.在7月NPP与平均温度变化之间存在显著正相关关系,而降水量对NPP的影响较小,表明适当的温度升高有助于该月NPP的增加.在高温和强太阳辐射条件下,植物需额外灌溉以弥补水分损失.结合上述分析与前人研究结果,在江西省内温度上升与太阳辐射下降的背景下,适度的温度升高和太阳辐射减少有助于7月NPP增长.
根据上文分析结果,依据SPI分类,将2001~2022年间的气候事件按月尺度划分为为非极端气候事件和极端气候事件(绝对值大于1.5).通过建立两种OLS回归模型,以分析太阳辐射、温度对NPP的影响,结果如表11.模型结果表明,温度每增加一个单位,NPP平均增加11.64gC/(m2a),相较非极端事件更大.而太阳辐射每减少一个单位,NPP减少0.308gC/(m2a),其影响在极端事件期间较非极端事件更小.图1中NPP在长时间尺度的显著上升趋势,尤其在2019~2022年间NPP表现出“U”的年际波动特征,虽然近几年(2019~2022年)极端事件频率有所增加(图4),但NPP未显著下降,甚至2019年和2021年依然较高.根据表11中,温度和太阳辐射对NPP的影响在极端事件和非极端事件下存在差异.极端事件期间,温度对NPP的影响较为显著,而太阳辐射的影响则相对较小.这表明温度在极端气候条件下可能成为NPP变化的主导因素.
4.1 该研究在前人基础上,通过利用短波红外土壤湿度指数以及引入可变云量数据改进太阳辐射参数,提升了估算NPP精度.
4.2 过去20a,江西省气候变化显著,降水和温度的波动影响NPP.极端干旱期的NPP月平均值显著低于极端湿润期和正常条件下,气候变化对NPP有明显作用.江西省NPP年均呈上升趋势,400~1000gC/(m2⋅a)区间的土地面积占比较大约占全省2/3,年均值影像在1000gC/(m2⋅a)以上.NPP月度均值为秋季>夏季>冬季>春季,成明显的单峰.
4.3 温度和太阳辐射是影响NPP的重要因素.在2001~2022年,江西省的太阳辐射量呈现下降趋势,太阳辐射的减少导致水分胁迫增加,但NPP的变化未受显著影响.太阳辐射与降水量之间存在时间滞后效应.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42374040)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42061077)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42374040)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42061077)
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    1.东华理工大学测绘与空间信息工程学院,江西 南昌 330013
    2.东华理工大学自然资源部鄱阳湖区域矿山环境监测与治理重点实验室,江西 南昌 330013
    3.江西省交通设计研究院有限责任公司,江西 南昌 330013
    4.江西省自然资源测绘与监测院,江西 南昌 330002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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