Article(id=1241049977263280660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718553600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818972173, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818972173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818972173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818972173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049978710315563, articleId=1241049977263280660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Source apportionment of ambient VOCs during ozone pollution periods in Linfen, columnId=1241049967662518582, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Ozone Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study estimated the initial volume mixing ratios of the ambient VOCs measured from 18 April to 31 July 2021 in Linfen, Shanxi Province, using a photochemical age-based parameterization method, and corrected photochemical loss effects.Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to conduct the initial-data source apportionment. The results showed that the average volume mixing ratio of total VOCs (TVOCs) during the study period was 17.1×10-9. The average initial volume mixing ratio of TVOCs in the daytime was 27.2×10-9, with chemical loss of 10.6×10-9 and loss rate was approximately 39.0%. Compared with other VOC groups, alkenes had the highest loss rate (66.0%). The chemical losses of isoprene (3.16×10-9), 1,3-butadiene (1.27×10-9), and ethylene (1.19×10-9) were higher than any other species. During the ozone pollution (OP) period, the chemical loss of TVOCs was 15.1×10-9, which was 1.6times higher than during the non-ozone pollution (NOP) period. During the OP period, the loss rate of alkenes was the highest (81.7%) than the other VOC groups. The losses of isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, trans-2-butene, and trans-2-pentene were 5.05×10-9, 1.85×10-9, 1.59×10-9, and 1.10×10-9, respectively, substantially higher than any other species. The PMF apportioned results based on the initial volume mixing ratios (i.e., IC-PMF) showed that petrochemical-related enterprise emissions (36.4%), natural gas (17.2%), the mixed source of diesel vehicle emissions and solvent usage (12.9%), gasoline vehicle emissions (9.6%), liquefied petroleum gas (8.6%), biogenic emissions (8.6%), and combustion sources (6.7%) were the main contributors to the ambient VOCs in Linfen during the study period. Compared to the PMF apportioned results based on the observed volume mixing ratios (i.e., OC-PMF), the contribution of biogenic emissions was underestimated by 83.3%, which was substantially higher than those of other sources; followed by the mixed sources of diesel vehicle emissions and solvent usage (22.2%) and the petrochemical-related enterprise emissions (19.7%). Meanwhile, the IC-PMF results suggested that the sources with higher contributions during the OP period were the petrochemical-related enterprise emissions and biogenic emissions, accounting for 24.1% and 21.7%, respectively. According to the IC-PMF apportioned results, the estimated results using the ozone formation potential (OFP) model showed that petrochemical-related enterprise emissions was the highest contributor to the OFP, with the contribution of 50.7% to the total OFP, followed by biogenic emissions (24.8%) and the mixed source of diesel vehicle emissions and solvent usage (10.4%). The emission sources with higher contributions to the OFP during OP period were biogenic emissions and petrochemical-related enterprise emissions, reaching 52.6% and 27.8%, respectively.

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本文通过基于光化学年龄的参数方法,估算了山西临汾市2021年4月18日~7月31日在线监测的VOCs初始体积分数数据,矫正其光化学损耗影响;然后利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型进行了其来源解析.结果表明,研究期间临汾市环境总VOCs(TVOCs)的平均体积分数为17.1×10-9;其中白天TVOCs的平均初始体积分数为27.2×10-9,其化学损耗达到10.6×10-9,化学损耗率约为39.0%.相比与其它VOCs类别,烯烃化学损耗率最高(66.0%),其中异戊二烯(3.16×10-9)、1,3-丁二烯(1.27×10-9)和乙烯(1.19×10-9)的化学损耗明显高于其它物种.臭氧污染时期TVOCs化学损耗达到15.1×10-9,是非臭氧污染时期的1.6倍.臭氧污染时期烯烃的化学损耗率最高(81.7%),其中异戊二烯、1,3-丁二烯、反-2-丁烯和反-2-戊烯的化学损耗分别达到5.05×10-9、1.85×10-9、1.59×10-9和1.10×10-9,显著高于其它物种.基于初始体积分数的PMF来源解析(IC-PMF)结果发现,石化相关企业排放(36.4%)、天然气(17.2%)、柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源(12.9%)、汽油车排放(9.6%)、液化石油气(8.6%)、植物排放(8.6%)和燃烧源(6.7%)是研究期间临汾市环境VOCs的主要贡献源类.相比于基于观测体积分数的PMF解析结果(OC-PMF),植物排放贡献被低估了83.3%,其被低估量明显高于其它源类;其次是柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源以及石化相关企业排放,分别被低估了22.2%和19.7%.同时,IC-PMF结果表明臭氧污染期间贡献较高的源类是石化相关企业排放和植物排放,分别达到24.1%和21.7%.基于IC-PMF的解析结果,利用臭氧生成潜势(OFP)模型的估算结果表明,石化相关企业排放是臭氧生成潜势(OFP)最高的贡献源类,其对总OFP贡献率达到50.7%,其次为植物排放以及柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源,其对总OFP的贡献率分别达到24.8%和10.4%;其中臭氧污染期间对于OFP的贡献较高的源类为植物排放和石化相关企业排放,分别达到52.6%和27.8%.

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*责任作者,副教授,
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段丽琴(1974-),女,山西临汾人,工程师,学士,研究方向为环境监测与数据分析.发表论文4篇..

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段丽琴(1974-),女,山西临汾人,工程师,学士,研究方向为环境监测与数据分析.发表论文4篇..

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段丽琴(1974-),女,山西临汾人,工程师,学士,研究方向为环境监测与数据分析.发表论文4篇..

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percentages of VOC groups in Linfen during different periods, figureFileSmall=Wrt0zyJm5vD4LnT6XkVGRg==, figureFileBig=33xOmnZ7enl8Rpw8sE+axQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050001988702751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977263280660, language=CN, label=图3, caption=临汾市不同时期不同VOCs类别的体积分数和臭氧生成潜势及其相关占比, figureFileSmall=Wrt0zyJm5vD4LnT6XkVGRg==, figureFileBig=33xOmnZ7enl8Rpw8sE+axQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002240361008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977263280660, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Volume mixing ratios and percentages of main VOC species and their ozone formation potentials and percentages in Linfen during different periods, figureFileSmall=j9cZGHdAh9wCoOALmm/Ihw==, figureFileBig=R029WgCMRwlFmc18GHCFWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002424910398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977263280660, 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化学损耗率为化学损耗占到初始体积分数的比例(%),损耗占比为不同VOCs类别的化学损耗占到总损耗的比例(%),损耗OFP占比为不同VOCs类别化学损耗的OFP占到总损耗OFP的比例(%)

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Average values of O3 and NO2 concentrations and meteorological parameters during different periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数指标臭氧污染时期非臭氧污染时期研究期间
O3(µg/m3)200±3178±41101±61
NO2(µg/m3)15±629±1826±17
温度(℃)33.5±3.923.8±5.525.6±6.5
相对湿度(%)36.7±10.956.2±21.952.7±21.7
风速(m/s)1.1±0.30.9±0.30.9±0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241050008015917861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977263280660, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同时期O3和NO2浓度以及气象参数的平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数指标臭氧污染时期非臭氧污染时期研究期间
O3(µg/m3)200±3178±41101±61
NO2(µg/m3)15±629±1826±17
温度(℃)33.5±3.923.8±5.525.6±6.5
相对湿度(%)36.7±10.956.2±21.952.7±21.7
风速(m/s)1.1±0.30.9±0.30.9±0.4
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临汾市臭氧污染时期VOCs来源解析研究
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段丽琴 1 , 吴雨彤 2 , 刘保双 2, *
中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025,45(1): 78-92
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中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 78-92
临汾市臭氧污染时期VOCs来源解析研究
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段丽琴1 , 吴雨彤2, 刘保双2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西省临汾生态环境监测中心,山西 临汾 041000
  • 2.南开大学环境科学与工程学院,国家环境保护城市空气颗粒物污染防治重点实验室,中国气象局-南开大学大气环境与健康研究联合实验室,天津 300350
  • 段丽琴(1974-),女,山西临汾人,工程师,学士,研究方向为环境监测与数据分析.发表论文4篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Source apportionment of ambient VOCs during ozone pollution periods in Linfen
Li-qin DUAN1 , Yu-tong WU2, Bao-shuang LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Linfen Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Shanxi Province, Linfen 041000, China
  • 2.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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本文通过基于光化学年龄的参数方法,估算了山西临汾市2021年4月18日~7月31日在线监测的VOCs初始体积分数数据,矫正其光化学损耗影响;然后利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型进行了其来源解析.结果表明,研究期间临汾市环境总VOCs(TVOCs)的平均体积分数为17.1×10-9;其中白天TVOCs的平均初始体积分数为27.2×10-9,其化学损耗达到10.6×10-9,化学损耗率约为39.0%.相比与其它VOCs类别,烯烃化学损耗率最高(66.0%),其中异戊二烯(3.16×10-9)、1,3-丁二烯(1.27×10-9)和乙烯(1.19×10-9)的化学损耗明显高于其它物种.臭氧污染时期TVOCs化学损耗达到15.1×10-9,是非臭氧污染时期的1.6倍.臭氧污染时期烯烃的化学损耗率最高(81.7%),其中异戊二烯、1,3-丁二烯、反-2-丁烯和反-2-戊烯的化学损耗分别达到5.05×10-9、1.85×10-9、1.59×10-9和1.10×10-9,显著高于其它物种.基于初始体积分数的PMF来源解析(IC-PMF)结果发现,石化相关企业排放(36.4%)、天然气(17.2%)、柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源(12.9%)、汽油车排放(9.6%)、液化石油气(8.6%)、植物排放(8.6%)和燃烧源(6.7%)是研究期间临汾市环境VOCs的主要贡献源类.相比于基于观测体积分数的PMF解析结果(OC-PMF),植物排放贡献被低估了83.3%,其被低估量明显高于其它源类;其次是柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源以及石化相关企业排放,分别被低估了22.2%和19.7%.同时,IC-PMF结果表明臭氧污染期间贡献较高的源类是石化相关企业排放和植物排放,分别达到24.1%和21.7%.基于IC-PMF的解析结果,利用臭氧生成潜势(OFP)模型的估算结果表明,石化相关企业排放是臭氧生成潜势(OFP)最高的贡献源类,其对总OFP贡献率达到50.7%,其次为植物排放以及柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源,其对总OFP的贡献率分别达到24.8%和10.4%;其中臭氧污染期间对于OFP的贡献较高的源类为植物排放和石化相关企业排放,分别达到52.6%和27.8%.

临汾  /  挥发性有机化合物  /  光化学损耗  /  初始体积分数  /  源解析

This study estimated the initial volume mixing ratios of the ambient VOCs measured from 18 April to 31 July 2021 in Linfen, Shanxi Province, using a photochemical age-based parameterization method, and corrected photochemical loss effects.Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to conduct the initial-data source apportionment. The results showed that the average volume mixing ratio of total VOCs (TVOCs) during the study period was 17.1×10-9. The average initial volume mixing ratio of TVOCs in the daytime was 27.2×10-9, with chemical loss of 10.6×10-9 and loss rate was approximately 39.0%. Compared with other VOC groups, alkenes had the highest loss rate (66.0%). The chemical losses of isoprene (3.16×10-9), 1,3-butadiene (1.27×10-9), and ethylene (1.19×10-9) were higher than any other species. During the ozone pollution (OP) period, the chemical loss of TVOCs was 15.1×10-9, which was 1.6times higher than during the non-ozone pollution (NOP) period. During the OP period, the loss rate of alkenes was the highest (81.7%) than the other VOC groups. The losses of isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, trans-2-butene, and trans-2-pentene were 5.05×10-9, 1.85×10-9, 1.59×10-9, and 1.10×10-9, respectively, substantially higher than any other species. The PMF apportioned results based on the initial volume mixing ratios (i.e., IC-PMF) showed that petrochemical-related enterprise emissions (36.4%), natural gas (17.2%), the mixed source of diesel vehicle emissions and solvent usage (12.9%), gasoline vehicle emissions (9.6%), liquefied petroleum gas (8.6%), biogenic emissions (8.6%), and combustion sources (6.7%) were the main contributors to the ambient VOCs in Linfen during the study period. Compared to the PMF apportioned results based on the observed volume mixing ratios (i.e., OC-PMF), the contribution of biogenic emissions was underestimated by 83.3%, which was substantially higher than those of other sources; followed by the mixed sources of diesel vehicle emissions and solvent usage (22.2%) and the petrochemical-related enterprise emissions (19.7%). Meanwhile, the IC-PMF results suggested that the sources with higher contributions during the OP period were the petrochemical-related enterprise emissions and biogenic emissions, accounting for 24.1% and 21.7%, respectively. According to the IC-PMF apportioned results, the estimated results using the ozone formation potential (OFP) model showed that petrochemical-related enterprise emissions was the highest contributor to the OFP, with the contribution of 50.7% to the total OFP, followed by biogenic emissions (24.8%) and the mixed source of diesel vehicle emissions and solvent usage (10.4%). The emission sources with higher contributions to the OFP during OP period were biogenic emissions and petrochemical-related enterprise emissions, reaching 52.6% and 27.8%, respectively.

Linfen  /  volatile organic compounds (VOCs)  /  photochemical loss  /  initial volume mixing ratio  /  source apportionment
段丽琴, 吴雨彤, 刘保双. 临汾市臭氧污染时期VOCs来源解析研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 78 -92 .
Li-qin DUAN, Yu-tong WU, Bao-shuang LIU. Source apportionment of ambient VOCs during ozone pollution periods in Linfen[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 78 -92 .
近年来,随着我国大气污染控制措施的持续实施[1-2],我国环境空气质量明显改善,PM2.5浓度呈明显下降趋势[3-4].但近些年我国很多城市大气臭氧浓度却表现出上升趋势[5-7].臭氧主要来自于前体物VOCs和NOx的二次转化[8-9],并受到气象因子(如温度和辐射)显著影响[10-11].目前我国大部分城市的臭氧污染属于VOCs敏感区[12-13];如张鸿宇等[14]和李睿等[15]的研究发现京津冀及周边、汾渭平原、苏鲁皖豫和长江三角洲的臭氧污染属于VOCs主控区.因此,环境VOCs污染特征及其来源解析已经成为当前研究热点[16-18].
当前,环境VOCs来源解析方法主要包括正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型[19-21]、化学质量平衡(CMB)模型[22-23]、主成分分析/多元线性回归(PCA/MLR)[24-25]以及基于光化学年龄的参数方法[26-27].如Hui等[28]、徐晨曦等[29]、纪德钰[30]和Zhu等[31]分别利用PMF、CMB、主成分分析和基于光化学年龄参数法对武汉市、宜宾市、大连市和深圳市环境VOCs进行了来源解析研究.2022年,Yang等[17]梳理了2015-2021年全球关于VOCs来源解析的技术方法及其存在问题,发现PMF是目前主流的VOCs来源解析方法.但是,由于VOCs从源排放到扩散传输到受体点位的过程中经历了光化学损耗[32-33],使得基于观测数据的源解析结果难以准确反映排放源的实际贡献[34-35].Liu等[11]、Wang等[35]、Wu等[36]和Gu等[37]研究发现VOCs化学损耗会对PMF解析因子谱及其贡献产生显著影响,其中生物质排放贡献低估值明显高于其它源类.
因此,有研究通过估算环境VOCs初始体积分数来矫正化学损耗的影响,然后利用其开展来源解析[34,38].如Gao等[39]、Wang等[35]、孔翠丽等[32]基于光化学年龄参数方法分别估算了北京、上海和青岛的环境VOCs初始体积分数,然后利用PMF开展了来源解析研究.随着我国臭氧污染事件频发,高臭氧污染期间VOCs的化学损耗将会明显增加,其对源解析结果的影响也会明显提升.Cui等[40]和Wu等[41]分别在石家庄和青岛的研究表明,臭氧污染时期VOCs的光化学损耗及损耗率均显著高于非臭氧污染时期.Liu等[11]发现当臭氧浓度高于140 μg/m3时,炼油厂、柴油车和汽油挥发、液化石油气以及机动车排放的贡献被显著低估.因此,通过矫正VOCs化学损耗后再开展来源解析十分必要,特别是在高臭氧污染时期,但目前相关研究仍十分有限.
临汾市位于我国汾渭平原,近些年臭氧污染问题逐年凸显.研究发现临汾市2020年O3年均浓度相比与2014年上升了78.79%[42],2020-2022年O3年平均值均超过国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)[43-44].但近年来鲜有学者在临汾市开展VOCs来源解析研究[45].此外,环境VOCs化学反应损耗才是大气中臭氧及二次有机气溶胶的实际贡献者[39,46].因此,本研究主要利用基于光化学年龄参数方法矫正环境VOCs化学损耗,然后基于化学损耗矫正后的VOCs初始体积分数开展临汾市高臭氧污染时期的VOCs及其臭氧生成潜势来源解析研究,从而为临汾市臭氧污染的有效防治提供基础数据支撑.
2021年4月18日~7月31日,本文在临汾市区VOCs监测站(36.10°N;111.51°E)连续测量了小时分辨率VOCs数据,其中采样口距离地面约12m,周边无遮挡.监测点位周边主要为居民区和商业区,西面有交通干道,西面约6km和西南方约20km处有多家石化企业(图1).气象数据来自位于VOCs站的微型气象站(WS-6P,深圳市智翔宇仪器设备有限公司,中国),气象站定期校准,每月至少清洗一次采样管路.O3和NO2数据来自于VOCs站附近的国控监测站,根据国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)[44],本研究将≥160μg/m3的O3浓度的时刻作为臭氧污染时期,反之则为非臭氧污染时期.研究期间、臭氧污染时期及非臭氧污染时期的O3与NO2平均浓度、气象参数见表1图2所示.
利用中国杭州谱育科技发展有限公司VOCs监测仪器(EXPEC 2000-MS)开展监测,共监测55种VOCs物种,包括29种烷烃物种、11种烯烃物种、14种芳香烃以及1种炔烃.仪器采用气相色谱-火焰离子检测/质谱(GC-FID/MS)方法.样品经过深冷预处理装置除水和低温富集后,通过高温热脱附,被气相色谱柱分离;其中低碳(C2-C5)VOCs物种利用FID测定,高碳(C6-C12)VOCs物种通过MS测定.监测期间使用大连大特气体有限公司VOCs标气每月进行一次五点标准曲线更新,相关系数(R2)>0.98;同时使用标气进行每日单点校准.对峰窗漂移校准,保留时间漂移<0.5min.检测器对目标化合物响应良好且稳定,符合国家标准(实验室气相色谱仪,GB/T 30431-2020)[47]要求.此外,每天进行仪器硬件的日常维护.
环境VOCs化学损耗假设主要来自与·OH自由基的光化学反应[11,35],本文使用基于光化学年龄参数方法[48-49]估算临汾市环境VOCs初始体积分数.观测期间,间/对-二甲苯和乙苯体积分数相关系数(R2)达到0.84,故本文选取具有较高同源性的间/对-二甲苯(X)和乙苯(E)的初始比值(X/E)估算VOCs初始体积分数.环境VOCs物种初始体积分数的计算公式为:
式中:[·OH]为·OH浓度,[VOCi]tt时刻VOCs物种i的观测体积分数;[VOCi]0,tt时刻VOC物种i的初始体积分数;ki为VOC物种i的·OH反应速率常数,详见文献[50-51],其中间/对-二甲苯的·OH反应速率常数来自间-二甲苯和对-二甲苯的均值;kX为间/对-二甲苯的·OH反应速率常数,kE为乙苯的·OH反应速率常数;Δt为光化学反应年龄;(X/E)t=0为间/对-二甲苯和乙苯的初始体积分数之比;(X/E)t=t为间/对-二甲苯和乙苯在t时刻的体积分数之比.
参考Liu等[11]、Gu等[37]和Wu等[41]的估算方法计算初始X/E比值.基于研究期间X/E比值日变化,选择晚间22:00~05:00时间段的X/E比值估算其初始比值,选取这段时间内高于95th分位数X/E比值的均值(3.4)作为初始比值,同时相应的X和E体积分数的相关系数(R2)高达0.98.根据研究期间临汾市的日出日落时间,本文VOCs初始体积分数估算时间段为白天06:00~19:00.
本文利用美国EPA PMF 5.0开展临汾市环境VOCs来源解析研究,其原理如下[52]
式中:Xij代表第i个样本中第j个物种的浓度;Gik代表第k个因子对第i个样本的贡献;Fkj代表第k个因子中第j个物种的含量;eij代表第i个样本中第j个物种的残差;p表示因子数量.
通过最小化目标函数Q值从而解析出合理的因子谱及因子贡献,具体公式为:
式中:µij代表第i个样本中第j个物种的不确定性;nm分别表示样本数量和物种数量.
本文中缺失值用相应VOCs物种的中位数替代,其不确定性为4倍的中位数;小于或等于方法检出限(MDLs)数据的不确定性设置为5/6的MDLs,而大于MDLs数据的不确定性计算公式为:
式中:Unc.代表不确定性;Error Fraction为误差系数,主要来自于仪器测量与分析误差[19,32],通常为10%~50%[19];concentration为VOCs物种浓度.当物种信噪比(S/N)<1时设置为“weak”,当S/N>1时设置为“strong”[52].总VOCs(TVOCs)同步纳入PMF模型计算,设定其为总变量(Total Variable),其不确定性为4倍TVOCs体积分数.本文分别将初始与观测体积分数数据纳入PMF进行解析,得到基于初始数据PMF(即IC-PMF)结果和基于观测数据PMF(即OC-PMF)结果.参考Liu等[11]和Gu等[37]报道,本文中输入PMF的初始数据主要包括白天(06:00~19:00)估算的初始数据与晚上(20:00~05:00)的观测数据.
环境VOCs物种的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)能被用来评估VOCs物种对于大气O3的生成能力[53-54].本文采用环境VOCs物种的最大增量反应活性(MIR)法估算VOCs物种的OFP,具体公式为:
式中:OFPi为VOCs物种i的OFP;MIRi为VOCs物种i的MIR系数,引自文献[50];OFP为全部VOCs物种的臭氧生成潜势之和.
研究期间环境TVOCs的平均体积分数为17.1×10-9,其中烷烃和烯烃的体积分数分别为8.88×10-9和4.64×10-9,明显高于芳香烃和炔烃(图3).臭氧污染期间TVOCs的平均体积分数为13.7×10-9,显著低于非臭氧污染期间的17.7×10-9,这可能与臭氧污染期间高温(表1)导致的较高化学损耗有关[11,55];同时也使得臭氧污染期间TVOCs的OFP值(40.8×10-9)低于非臭氧污染期间(60.2×10-9).臭氧污染期间烷烃平均体积分数为7.87×10-9,低于非臭氧污染期间(9.04×10-9),占到TVOCs的57.4%;烯烃的平均体积分数为3.07×10-9,占到TVOCs的22.4%.相比与非臭氧污染期间,臭氧污染期间烯烃的体积分数及其占比明显降低,表明烯烃的化学损耗相比与其它VOCs物种类别要相对较高[34,39],同时这也导致了臭氧污染期间烯烃的OFP值明显下降(图3);这与Wu等[36]、Liu等[11]和Gu等[37]在北京、天津和青岛的研究结果一致.非臭氧污染期间烯烃的OFP值达到46.1×10-9,而臭氧污染期间OFP值则明显降低到了29.8×10-9.尽管如此,臭氧污染期间烯烃的OFP值仍占到总OFP值的73.0%,明显高于其它VOCs物种类别(图3).
臭氧污染与非污染时期主要VOCs物种的体积分数及其OFP值见图4所示.臭氧污染期间乙烷、丙烷、乙烯及乙炔的体积分数分别为3.81×10-9、1.45×10-9、1.61×10-9和1.18×10-9,分别占到TVOCs的27.8%、10.6%、11.8%和8.61%,明显高于其它VOCs物种.尽管如此,臭氧污染期间乙烯和异戊二烯的OFP值分别为14.5×10-9和9.66×10-9,分别占到总OFP的35.5%和23.6%,显著高于其它物种,可能与二者较高的最大增量反应活性有关[50].研究表明乙烯和异戊二烯主要来自于燃烧源、石化企业和生物质排放源[56-58].非臭氧污染期间主导VOCs物种与臭氧污染期间基本一致,其中乙烷、丙烷、乙烯、苯和乙炔体积分数分别为4.68×10-9、1.52×10-9、3.99×10-9、1.27×10-9和1.33×10-9,明显高于其它物种;期间乙烯OFP值高达35.9×10-9,占到总OFP的59.7%,显著高于其它物种.相比与非臭氧污染时期,臭氧污染时期乙烯体积分数及其OFP值均下降了59.6%.相比之下,大部分烷烃类物种的体积分数及其OFP值在臭氧污染与非污染时期却变化不大(图4),可能与它们相对较低的最大增量反应活性有关[50].此外,臭氧污染与非污染期间甲苯/苯(T/B)比值均为0.36,而异戊烷/正戊烷(i/n)比值分别为2.04和1.97.研究发现T/B小于2.0或i/n接近2.9时,可能表明机动车排放的影响较为明显[17,59].
研究期间白天VOCs物种类别的初始体积分数及其化学损耗(即初始浓度减去观测浓度)见图5所示.白天TVOCs的平均初始体积分数为27.2×10-9,其中烯烃和烷烃的初始体积分数为13.7×10-9和8.98×10-9,明显高于其它VOCs物种类别.白天TVOCs的化学损耗为10.6×10-9,其化学损耗率达到39.0%,其OFP值为107×10-9.烯烃在白天的化学损耗为9.04×10-9,其化学损耗率和化学损耗占比分别达到66.0%和85.0%,显著高于其它物种类别.臭氧污染时期TVOCs的化学损耗达到15.1×10-9,是非臭氧污染时期的1.6倍;其中烯烃在臭氧污染时期的化学损耗达到13.4×10-9,其化学损耗率和化学损耗占比分别达到81.7%和88.6%.相比于其它物种,烷烃和炔烃的化学损耗及其OFP值均较低;其在臭氧污染时期与非污染时期变化不大.此外,临汾市TVOCs化学损耗及其损耗率要明显低于青岛[37]、天津[11],但高于北京[36]和广州[60].
临汾市白天、臭氧污染与非污染时期主要VOCs物种的化学损耗及其OFP值见图6所示.白天异戊二烯、1,3-丁二烯和乙烯的化学损耗分别达到3.16×10-9、1.27×10-9和1.19×10-9,其化学损耗率分别为85.9%、94.8%和25.1%,OFP值分别为33.5×10-9、16.0×10-9和10.7×10-9.异戊二烯主要来自于生物质排放[17,36],而1,3-丁二烯和乙烯主要来自机动车、燃烧源和石化企业排放[56-57,61].苯乙烯和间/对-二甲苯化学损耗分别为0.32×10-9和0.20×10-9,明显高于其它芳香烃类物种;其中苯乙烯主要来自于石化企业排放[62].相比之下,白天烷烃类VOCs物种化学损耗均低于0.1×10-9.
臭氧污染期间,异戊二烯、1,3-丁二烯、反-2-丁烯和反-2-戊烯的化学损耗分别达到5.05×10-9、1.85×10-9、1.59×10-9和1.10×10-9,其化学损耗率分别达到83.6%、97.4%、97.5%和97.3%,OFP值分别达到53.6×10-9、23.3×10-9、24.1×10-9和11.6×10-9;基于物种标识性表明臭氧污染期间生物质排放、机动车以及燃烧源对于臭氧生成的影响可能较为明显[58,61,63].相比与非臭氧污染时期,臭氧污染时期异戊二烯、1,3-丁二烯和反-2-丁烯的化学损耗及其OFP值均分别增加了63.4%、71.3%和170%,可能表明臭氧污染期间生物质排放和机动车排放对于臭氧生成的贡献明显增加[61,63-64].臭氧污染与非污染期间烷烃、芳香烃和炔烃类VOCs的化学损耗及其OFP值变化不大,这可能与它们较低的反应活性[50-51]以及较低的浓度有关(图4图6).
使用美国EPA PMF 5.0模型对临汾市的观测VOCs数据和初始数据进行来源解析研究.选取30个物种纳入PMF模型,纳入物种的选择标准为:①选择具有较强源标识性的物种;②选择具有较高体积分数的物种;③选择大气光化学反应活性相对较弱的物种.根据排放源实地调研以及PMF模型设置4~8个因子后的多次运算调整,最终确定7个因子作为模型的输入因子数.本研究中OC-PMF和IC-PMF运算结果的Qtrue/Qexp分别为1.10和1.07,Bootstrap结果表明80%以上的因子被重新映射,运算结果较为合理.
OC-PMF和IC-PMF解析的因子谱如图7所示.因子1中乙烷的贡献率和含量最高,它是天然气的标识性物种[65-66],因此,该因子被识别为天然气.因子2中乙炔的贡献率和含量最高,它是燃烧源的标识性物种[67-68],故该因子被识别为燃烧源.因子3中正辛烷、正壬烷、正癸烷、乙苯、邻-二甲苯、间/对-二甲苯、1,2,3-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯和1,3,5-三甲苯贡献率相对较高,同时苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻-二甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的含量较高,研究表明高碳烷烃是柴油车排放的标识性物种[61,69],而芳香烃是溶剂使用的标识性物种[70-71],因此,该因子被识别为柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源.因子4中异戊烷、正戊烷的2-甲基戊烷的贡献率较高,同时异戊烷的含量最高,2-甲基戊烷是汽油车排放的标识性物种[69,71],异戊烷和正戊烷主要来源于汽油车排放[61,73],故因子4被识别为汽油车排放.因子5中乙烯、丙烯和苯的贡献率较高,且乙烯和苯的含量较高,乙烯和苯是石化企业排放的标识性物种[56,61],同时丙烯也会排放于石化企业[56,74],因此,该因子被识别为石化相关企业排放.因子6中异戊二烯的贡献率和含量最高,异戊二烯是植物排放的标识性物种[58,75],因此,因子6被识别为植物排放.因子7中丙烷、异丁烷和正丁烷的贡献率和含量最高,研究表明丙烷、异丁烷和正丁烷是液化石油气的标识性物种[76-77],故因子7被识别为液化石油气.
研究期间OC-PMF和IC-PMF的源解析结果见图8所示.基于IC-PMF的解析结果可知,石化相关企业排放的贡献体积分数和占比分别达到7.6×10-9和36.4%,明显高于其它源类,可能与临汾市存在多家石化企业有关.天然气、柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源、汽油车排放的贡献体积分数和占比分别达到3.6×10-9和17.2%、2.7×10-9和12.9%、2.0×10-9和9.6%.相比之下,液化石油气、植物排放和燃烧源的贡献体积分数和占比相对较低,分别为1.8×10-9和8.6%、1.8×10-9和8.6%、1.4×10-9和6.7%.OC-PMF结果中,石化相关企业排放的贡献体积分数和占比分别为6.1×10-9和37.4%,明显高于其它源类;其贡献体积分数相比于IC-PMF结果被低估了19.7%,但其贡献占比变化不大;该源类贡献被低估的原因可能与其排放的乙烯和苯等主要物种的化学活性相对较高有关(图7[50-51].植物排放的贡献体积分数和占比为0.3×10-9和1.8%,相比于IC-PMF的结果分别被低估了83.3%和79.1%,明显高于其它源类,可能与其主导物种异戊二烯的反应活性较高有关(图7[50-51].柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源的贡献体积分数和占比分别为2.1×10-9和12.9%,其贡献体积分数相比于IC-PMF被低估了22.2%,但贡献占比保持不变.该源类因子谱中主要物种为芳香烃(图7),其较高的化学反应活性可能是该源类贡献体积分数被低估的重要原因[50-51].OC-PMF中汽油车排放和液化石油气的贡献体积分数和占比分别为1.9×10-9和11.7%、1.8×10-9和11.0%,与IC-PMF解析的这两类源贡献体积分数差异并不明显;可能是由于汽油车排放的异戊烷和正戊烷含量较高(图7),液化石油气的主要物种为丙烷、异丁烷和正丁烷(图7),而这些烷烃物种的反应活性均较低[50-51].
IC-PMF和OC-PMF解析的臭氧污染与非臭氧污染期间不同源类的贡献体积分数和占比如图9所示.IC-PMF解析结果中臭氧污染与非臭氧污染期间贡献较高的源类有所不同,其中臭氧污染期间贡献较高的源类为石化相关企业排放(24.1%)和植物排放(21.7%),而非臭氧污染期间贡献较高的源类是石化相关企业排放(38.0%)和天然气(16.9%).相比于IC-PMF结果,OC-PMF解析的臭氧污染与非臭氧污染期间贡献损耗最多的源类均为植物排放和石化相关企业排放;其中臭氧污染期间植物排放和石化相关企业排放的贡献损耗分别为3.7×10-9和2.5×10-9,高于非臭氧污染期间的1.3×10-9和1.4×10-9.植物排放的主要物种为异戊二烯(图7),而石化相关企业排放的主要物种为乙烯和苯(图7);故臭氧污染期间的高损耗可能与该时期较高的气温以及烯烃具有较高的反应活性有关[50-51].此外,其它源类的贡献体积分数在臭氧污染与非臭氧污染时期被低估程度的差异性并不明显,可能与这些源类主要排放烷烃、乙炔等反应活性相对较低的物种有关[50-51].
本研究参考王艺璇等[19]构建的方法,基于OC-PMF和IC-PMF的源解析结果,利用OFP模型对不同源类的OFP贡献结果进行了估算,如图10所示.IC-PMF结果中石化相关企业排放是研究期间对臭氧生成贡献最高的源类,其OFP值达到36.6×10-9,占到总OFP的50.7%;其次是植物排放、柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源,OFP分别达到17.9×10-9和7.5×10-9,占总OFP的24.8%和10.4%.相比之下,其它源类对臭氧生成的贡献相对较低,其中汽油车排放、天然气、燃烧源和液化石油气的OFP和占比分别为3.8×10-9和5.3%、2.3×10-9和3.2%、2.1×10-9和2.9%、2.0×10-9和2.8%.OC-PMF结果中石化相关企业排放的OFP及其占比分别达到28.2×10-9和59.9%,为OFP贡献最高的源类;其OFP值相比IC-PMF的降低了8.4×10-9,这可能与该源类排放的主导物种乙烯和苯的反应活性较高有关(图7[50-51].植物排放的OFP及其占比分别为1.9×10-9和4.0%;相较于IC-PMF分别降低了89.4%和83.9%,是被低估程度最高的源类,可能与异戊二烯的高反应活性有关(图7[50-51].
臭氧污染与非臭氧污染期间IC-PMF和OC-PMF解析的不同源类OFP及其占比结果如图11所示.IC-PMF结果中臭氧污染与非臭氧污染期间对臭氧生成贡献较高的源类均为植物排放和石化相关企业排放,臭氧污染期间两者的OFP占比分别为52.6%和27.8%,而非臭氧污染期间的占比分别为22.4%和53.3%.相较于OC-PMF结果,臭氧污染与非臭氧污染时期OFP降低最高的源类均为植物排放和石化相关企业排放.臭氧污染期间植物排放和石化相关企业排放的OFP分别降低了41.3×10-9和12.3×10-9,远高于非臭氧污染期间;可能与臭氧污染期间较高的气温促使植物排放强度增加[11,78-80]以及这些源排放的烯烃物种具有较高的化学反应活性有关[50-51].相比之下,其它源类在臭氧污染与非臭氧污染时期被低估OFP值的差异性并不明显.
3.1 临汾市白天TVOCs平均初始体积分数为27.2×10-9,其化学损耗与损耗率分别为10.6×10-9和39.0%.烯烃化学损耗率为66.0%,显著高于其它物种类别,其中异戊二烯、1,3-丁二烯和乙烯的化学损耗分别为3.16×10-9、1.27×10-9和1.19×10-9,其OFP值分别达到33.5×10-9、16.0×10-9和10.7×10-9.
3.2 臭氧污染时期TVOCs化学损耗为15.1×10-9,是非臭氧污染时期的1.6倍.烯烃化学损耗与损耗率分别为13.4×10-9和81.7%.异戊二烯、1,3-丁二烯、反-2-丁烯和反-2-戊烯化学损耗较高,分别为5.05×10-9、1.85×10-9、1.59×10-9和1.10×10-9.
3.3 IC-PMF结果可见,石化相关企业排放(36.4%)、天然气(17.2%)、柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源(12.9%)、汽油车排放(9.6%)、液化石油气(8.6%)、植物排放(8.6%)和燃烧源(6.7%)是临汾市VOCs主要贡献源类.相比于IC-PMF,OC-PMF结果中植物排放贡献被低估了83.3%;其次是柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源以及石化相关企业排放,分别被低估了22.2%和19.7%.臭氧污染期间贡献较高的源类为石化相关企业排放和植物排放,占比分别达到24.1%和21.7%.
3.4 IC-PMF结果中,临汾市石化相关企业排放的OFP值高达36.6×10-9,占到总OFP的50.7%,对臭氧生成的贡献较为显著;其次为植物排放、柴油车排放和溶剂使用混合源,其对总OFP的贡献占比分别为24.8%和10.4%;臭氧污染期间对于OFP贡献较高的源类为植物排放和石化相关企业排放,占比分别为52.6%和27.8%.
3.5 光化学反应损耗会导致基于直接观测数据的环境VOCs来源解析结果被明显低估,难以准确有效的支撑环境VOCs和臭氧污染的防治工作,通过矫正光化学损耗后的数据准确解析VOCs来源及其贡献十分必要.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3705801)
  • 国家自然基金资助面上项目(42177085)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3705801)
国家自然基金资助面上项目(42177085)
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    1.山西省临汾生态环境监测中心,山西 临汾 041000
    2.南开大学环境科学与工程学院,国家环境保护城市空气颗粒物污染防治重点实验室,中国气象局-南开大学大气环境与健康研究联合实验室,天津 300350

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