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Microplastics exhibited unique properties and possessed a wide distribution across various environments. The confluence served as a key point for the contamination of microplastics. At present, there was a lack of effective methods to reveal the motion characteristics and accumulation areas of microplastics at the confluence. The motion and fate of microplastics should be accurately captured at the confluence. The three-dimensional hydrodynamic-microplastic transport model for microplastics was established at the confluence. The transport mechanism and fate of microplastics were investigated under varying junction angles and flow ratios through the coupled CFD-DEM method. The results showed that (1) The low velocity zones, including the flow separation, flow stagnation, and downstream of the flow separation, would evolve into regions of microplastic accumulation. (2) Microplastics were primarily influenced by the vortex located in the flow separation, entering the vortex zone from the right bank of the mainstream and gradually forming an elliptical enrichment region. (3) The concentrations of microplastics in the center of the flow separation were positively correlated with the junction angles. (4) There was a linear negative correlation between the concentrations of microplastics and the flow ratios in the center of the flow separation, R2=0.9007. The number of microplastics in the flow separation exhibited a significant negative correlation with the flow ratio at the confluence. The findings of the study would advance the fundamental understanding of microplastic motion in confluences and establish a theoretical framework for precise prevention and control strategies against microplastic pollution.

, correspAuthors=Yu-han SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-wei CAO, Yu-han SHEN, Wei-zheng GAO, De-hong LI, Xiao-long LI, Sheng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049999287570920, articleId=1241049977007428114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=交汇区的交汇角和汇流比对微塑料运移的影响, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文建立了适用于交汇区的三维水动力-微塑料运动耦合模型,基于CFD-DEM耦合方法模拟,探究了不同交汇角、不同汇流比条件下微塑料的水动力输运机制与赋存特性.结果表明:干支流交汇区中的低流速区(分离区、停滞区、分离区下游)将发展为微塑料的富集区域;微塑料主要受位于流动分离区中漩涡的影响,从主流右岸进入漩涡区,逐渐形成椭圆形富集带;流动分离区中心微塑料丰度与交汇角呈线性正相关关系;流动分离区中心微塑料丰度与干支流汇流比呈线性负相关关系,R2=0.9007.研究结果将丰富干支流交汇区微塑料运动的基础理论,为精确化防治微塑料污染提供理论依据.

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*责任作者,副教授,
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曹力玮(2000-),男,甘肃定西人,西北农林科技大学硕士研究生,研究方向为生态与环境水力学.发表论文1篇..

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曹力玮(2000-),男,甘肃定西人,西北农林科技大学硕士研究生,研究方向为生态与环境水力学.发表论文1篇..

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曹力玮(2000-),男,甘肃定西人,西北农林科技大学硕士研究生,研究方向为生态与环境水力学.发表论文1篇..

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Material properties of microplastics

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材料密度(kg/m3)泊松比弹性模量恢复系数静摩擦系数滚动摩擦系数
PE9620.446400000001.240.1310.097
PS10500.32910000000.870.50.4
PA12000.3924000000001.460.60.53
), ArticleFig(id=1241050021630627990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977007428114, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微塑料材料性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度(kg/m3)泊松比弹性模量恢复系数静摩擦系数滚动摩擦系数
PE9620.446400000001.240.1310.097
PS10500.32910000000.870.50.4
PA12000.3924000000001.460.60.53
), ArticleFig(id=1241050021827760287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977007428114, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specific cases

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工况交汇角度α(°)颗粒材料颗粒粒径(mm)干支流汇流比η
145PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
1a67.5PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
290PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
2a112.5PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
3135PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
490PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
4a90PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.25
590PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01
5a90PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.00.75
690PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241050023564202146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977007428114, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

具体工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况交汇角度α(°)颗粒材料颗粒粒径(mm)干支流汇流比η
145PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
1a67.5PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
290PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
2a112.5PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
3135PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
490PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.5
4a90PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01.25
590PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.01
5a90PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.00.75
690PE/PS/PA0.5/1.5/2.5/3.5/5.00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241050023702614185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977007428114, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of simulation terminal velocity and measured terminal velocity and relative error E

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D(mm)TypeVS (cm/s)VM (cm/s)E(%)
0.0008Max9.7258.8609.762
Min8.5677.7969.890
Mean9.3338.44310.541
0.0011Max13.18312.0529.381
Min11.15811.1960.344
Mean12.26311.7514.353
), ArticleFig(id=1241050023979438260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977007428114, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

验证工况中微塑料终端上浮速度的实测值和模拟值比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
D(mm)TypeVS (cm/s)VM (cm/s)E(%)
0.0008Max9.7258.8609.762
Min8.5677.7969.890
Mean9.3338.44310.541
0.0011Max13.18312.0529.381
Min11.15811.1960.344
Mean12.26311.7514.353
), ArticleFig(id=1241050024180764860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977007428114, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The flow separation size and microplastic abundance in each region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况流动分离区长度l(m)流动分离区宽度w(m)流动分离区长宽比λ流动分离区微塑料数量N(items)交汇区最大流速V(m/s)最大流速区微塑料丰度C(items/L)
工况41.080.119.8210380.743.70
工况51.330.149.5015220.634.77
工况61.480.1410.5715380.773.67
), ArticleFig(id=1241050024445006019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049977007428114, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

流动分离区尺寸及各区域微塑料丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况流动分离区长度l(m)流动分离区宽度w(m)流动分离区长宽比λ流动分离区微塑料数量N(items)交汇区最大流速V(m/s)最大流速区微塑料丰度C(items/L)
工况41.080.119.8210380.743.70
工况51.330.149.5015220.634.77
工况61.480.1410.5715380.773.67
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交汇区的交汇角和汇流比对微塑料运移的影响
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曹力玮 1 , 谌昱含 1, 2, * , 高玮峥 1 , 李德鸿 1 , 李小龙 1 , 李昇 1
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(1): 265-277
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(1): 265-277
交汇区的交汇角和汇流比对微塑料运移的影响
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曹力玮1 , 谌昱含1, 2, * , 高玮峥1, 李德鸿1, 李小龙1, 李昇1
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2.西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西 杨陵 712100
  • 曹力玮(2000-),男,甘肃定西人,西北农林科技大学硕士研究生,研究方向为生态与环境水力学.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Simulation of the impacts of varying junction angles and flow ratios on microplastic transport in confluences
Li-wei CAO1 , Yu-han SHEN1, 2, * , Wei-zheng GAO1, De-hong LI1, Xiao-long LI1, Sheng LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water and Soil Engineering in Arid Regions, Ministry of Education, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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本文建立了适用于交汇区的三维水动力-微塑料运动耦合模型,基于CFD-DEM耦合方法模拟,探究了不同交汇角、不同汇流比条件下微塑料的水动力输运机制与赋存特性.结果表明:干支流交汇区中的低流速区(分离区、停滞区、分离区下游)将发展为微塑料的富集区域;微塑料主要受位于流动分离区中漩涡的影响,从主流右岸进入漩涡区,逐渐形成椭圆形富集带;流动分离区中心微塑料丰度与交汇角呈线性正相关关系;流动分离区中心微塑料丰度与干支流汇流比呈线性负相关关系,R2=0.9007.研究结果将丰富干支流交汇区微塑料运动的基础理论,为精确化防治微塑料污染提供理论依据.

微塑料  /  交汇区  /  CFD-DEM  /  交汇角  /  汇流比  /  富集区域

Microplastics exhibited unique properties and possessed a wide distribution across various environments. The confluence served as a key point for the contamination of microplastics. At present, there was a lack of effective methods to reveal the motion characteristics and accumulation areas of microplastics at the confluence. The motion and fate of microplastics should be accurately captured at the confluence. The three-dimensional hydrodynamic-microplastic transport model for microplastics was established at the confluence. The transport mechanism and fate of microplastics were investigated under varying junction angles and flow ratios through the coupled CFD-DEM method. The results showed that (1) The low velocity zones, including the flow separation, flow stagnation, and downstream of the flow separation, would evolve into regions of microplastic accumulation. (2) Microplastics were primarily influenced by the vortex located in the flow separation, entering the vortex zone from the right bank of the mainstream and gradually forming an elliptical enrichment region. (3) The concentrations of microplastics in the center of the flow separation were positively correlated with the junction angles. (4) There was a linear negative correlation between the concentrations of microplastics and the flow ratios in the center of the flow separation, R2=0.9007. The number of microplastics in the flow separation exhibited a significant negative correlation with the flow ratio at the confluence. The findings of the study would advance the fundamental understanding of microplastic motion in confluences and establish a theoretical framework for precise prevention and control strategies against microplastic pollution.

microplastics  /  confluence  /  CFD-DEM  /  junction angles  /  flow ratios  /  enrichment region
曹力玮, 谌昱含, 高玮峥, 李德鸿, 李小龙, 李昇. 交汇区的交汇角和汇流比对微塑料运移的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 265 -277 .
Li-wei CAO, Yu-han SHEN, Wei-zheng GAO, De-hong LI, Xiao-long LI, Sheng LI. Simulation of the impacts of varying junction angles and flow ratios on microplastic transport in confluences[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 265 -277 .
微塑料,通常被定义为小于等于5mm的塑料颗粒[1],吸附性强,可作为细菌向河流下游运输的载体[2],其降解历时长[3],广泛分布于海洋环境[4]、地表水[5]、城市河流沉积物[6]和排水系统[7]中.交汇区作为不同河流连接的重要节点[8],水动力特性表现出显著的三维特性[9-10],水质的混合可能会为鱼类提供栖息地[11],而微塑料在此生态关键区域中的输运规律和赋存特性尚不明晰,因此研究微塑料受特殊水动力特性驱动下的运动机制将为微塑料污染治理提供理论支撑.
干支流交汇区水流流态差异较大,相关研究[12]将表现出不同水力特性的区域划分为:流动停滞区、流动偏转区、流动分离区、最大流速区、流速恢复区和明显的剪切层.停滞区流速较低;流动偏转区流线方向变化较大;流动分离区内存在垂直河底方向的漩涡与平行水流方向的漩涡[10,13-14];最大流速区水流能量较大;流速恢复区水位梯度逐渐减小并趋于稳定[15].水流中的污染物和其他物质在这些水力分区影响下表现出不同分布滞留特征[16-17].微塑料在通过交汇区时,其运动与赋存特性同样发生变化,不同河流在交汇区汇合,将极大增加微塑料的通量[18],受水动力分区影响,河道交汇区表现出较高的微塑料丰度[19],可见,交汇区是微塑料富集和向下游输运的重要区域.然而,造成微塑料富集和通量增加现象的原因尚不明确,需要深入探究交汇区水动力条件影响下微塑料的细观运动机理.同时,汇流比和干支流交汇角显著影响交汇区的水流流态[14,20],很可能进一步影响微塑料在交汇区的归宿,明晰交汇角和汇流比对微塑料迁移的影响就显得格外重要.此外,微塑料运动还受自身物理性质影响[21],具体表现为密度小于水的微塑料会逐渐上浮于表层水体中,密度大于水的微塑料会逐渐下沉至底部水体中[22];不同颗粒形状的微塑料具有不同的垂直运动速度[23];微塑料粒径大小也是控制垂直运动的重要因素,较大粒径的微塑料较早的沉降[24],较小的微塑料则表现出较低的上升速度[25],综合考虑微塑料自身物理性质的影响将进一步提升模拟的准确性.微塑料在水中运动的因素较多,室内试验和原型观测缺乏有效手段追踪单个微塑料运动,此时就需要建立在动水条件下追踪微塑料运动的有效方法.计算流体力学(CFD)被认为是捕捉丁坝附近湍流的有效手段[26],是精确捕捉微塑料行为的前提.离散元法(DEM)是一种考虑多种物理性质直接模拟微塑料或细小颗粒运动的方法.将这两种方法耦合会形成CFD-DEM方法,其中连续相流体运动由CFD计算,离散相颗粒运动由DEM模拟,流体和颗粒之间的相互作用力通过耦合接口交换.此方法由于可为微塑料或细小颗粒在复杂水动力条件下的运移特性提供细致的见解,现已得到较为广泛的应用.例如,基于CFD-DEM方法精细化模拟泥沙在水流中的输移行为[27-29],同时获得泥沙颗粒的宏观运动轨迹和运动的细节信息[30].考虑浮力、拖曳力等的影响,即可模拟大体积滑坡与水库的相互作用,明确了水库水位和滑坡体下落高度是威胁坝体应力变化的因素[31].在难以通过实验手段测量的情况下,CFD-DEM方法还可以较好得反映小颗粒在岩石裂缝中的微观运动.可见,CFD-DEM耦合模拟方法具有一定可靠性和科学性,可弥补室内试验的不足,精确捕捉微塑料在水中的行为,以便得出微塑料运移机理和赋存特性.
本研究旨在通过一种耦合水流与微塑料的方法揭示不同因素影响下微塑料在交汇区的迁移规律和赋存机制.研究结果将丰富淡水环境中微塑料输运理论,增强对交汇区中微塑料污染空间分布机制的理解,将进一步为交汇区微塑料污染富集区域识别、微塑料污染防控提供理论依据.
本文采用计算流体力学-离散元耦合(CFD-DEM)方法,CFD方法可用于描述计算域中流体的行为特性,DEM方法可考虑颗粒间碰撞,精确捕捉微塑料在流体影响下的运动,二者耦合可对实验室尺度下的交汇区微塑料进行高精度模拟.在计算流体力学中,本文使用商业软件ANSYS FLUENT作为流体力学的求解器,而离散元求解器使用商业软件Altair EDEM.
FLUENT中流体计算采用RNG k-ε湍流模型、VOF两相流模型等,具体的控制方程如下:
质量守恒方程(连续方程)[32]
动量守恒方程(动量方程)[33]
式中:ρ为流体密度;P为压强;t为时间;U为速度矢量;uiuj分别为U在各方向的流速分量;xixj为与流速对应的坐标分量;i表示矢量方向,为xyz三个方向中的其中之一;j同样表示矢量方向,为与i不相同的另一矢量方向;µ为流体的动力黏度;µt为流体的紊动粘度;Si是广义源项.
紊流广泛存在于水流流动中,具有复杂的瞬时特性,目前针对紊流的数值模拟方法按对瞬态的脉动量处理方式不同可分为直接数值模拟(DNS)、大涡模拟(LES)和雷诺平均(RANS)三种方法[34].本文采用Reynolds平均法并以RNGk-ε模型作为补充方程组进一步求解紊流的三维特性,RNGk-ε紊流模型已被证明可以较好捕捉水流交汇区的水力特性[35].RNG k-ε模型[36]方程具体如下:
湍动能方程:
耗散方程:
式中:ρ为水的密度;k为湍动能;ε为湍动能耗散率;αkαε分别是kε的有效普朗特数的倒数;μeff为有效粘度;P为压强;t为时间;U为速度矢量;uiuj分别为U在各方向上的流速分量;xixj为与流速对应的坐标分量;µ为水的粘性系数;µt为湍流粘性系数;Gk是平均速度梯度引起的湍动能k的产生项;Eij是时均应变率;C1εC2εCμ为模型常数;η为湍流动能产生与耗散的比值;β是经验常数;Cμ=0.0845,αk=αε=1.39;C1ε=1.42,C2ε=1.68;η0=4.377,β=0.012.
对于明渠水流交汇区,本文使用VOF模型来捕捉自由液面,VOF法求解明渠流动通过定义Fwxyzt)和Faxyzt)分别代表计算区域内水和空气所占的体积分数,F的数值和梯度可分别用来确定水气交界面的位置和法线方向,F的控制方程[37]为:
式中:uii节点的平均速度.
使用成熟的商业软件EDEM对微塑料的运动行为进行仿真,在EDEM内可精细化、逻辑化地设置微塑料的性质参数、接触模型,为模拟的准确性提供了保障.在EDEM中,求解器以牛顿第二定律描述微塑料的运动,包括平移运动和旋转运动,控制方程如下:
旋转运动:
平移运动:
式中:I是微塑料的转动惯量;ω是微塑料的角速度;T是微塑料受到的总扭矩;m是微塑料的质量;v是微塑料的平移速度;g是当地的重力加速度;Ft是水流对微塑料作用力的合力;Fi是不同微塑料之间以及微塑料与水槽边壁之间的接触力.
本文中水流对微塑料作用的合力Ft包括水流对微塑料的浮力Fb及水流对微塑料的曳力Fd,浮力和曳力分别由式(14)[38-39]式(15)[40]计算:
式中:V是微塑料的体积;Cd是曳力系数;A是颗粒沿流向的投影面积;vr是微塑料与流体间的相对速度.
曳力系数Cd是计算曳力的重要参数,与微塑料的雷诺数Rp有关,在本文中,选用自由流曳力模型,具体公式[41]为:
式中:η为流体的黏度;L是微塑料的特征长度.
数值积分:
式中:vt)是速度;xt)是位置;at)是一个微塑料在给定时间步的加速度;Δt是时间步长;旋转速度和微塑料方向以类似的方式更新.
微塑料与水槽边壁之间的接触力Fi使用接触模型进行计算,作为对牛顿第二定律控制方程的补充,本文中使用“弹簧-阻尼器-摩擦板”这种颗粒间接触模型进行模拟,即Hertz-Mindlin(no slip)接触模型[42-44],法向接触力包括接触弹力和法向阻尼力,具体控制方程如下:
式中:E*是等效杨氏模量;R*是等效直径;δnδc分别是法向和切向的微塑料重叠;β是阻尼系数,与等效杨氏模量E*有关;Sn为法向刚度;Sc为切向刚度;m*是等效质量;是微塑料相对速度的法向和切向分量.
Hertz-Mindlin(no slip)模型中,EDEM使用Rayleigh时间准则,准则表示在多个颗粒接触时,一个时间步长内两两颗粒间的能量不应该影响到其他颗粒,故计算时间步长不应大于Rayleigh波传递半个球面所需要的时间,其计算公式如下:
式中:R为微塑料半径;ρp是微塑料密度;v为泊松比;G为剪切模量.
本文基于CFD-DEM方法,将ANSYS FLUENT软件和Altair EDEM软件通过耦合接口连接进行联合仿真.为了提高微塑料运动计算精度,需单独对流体进行先驱计算,计算中控制方程基于有限体积法在空间上离散,其中对流项运用二阶迎风格式,瞬态项与扩散项采用中心差分格式进行离散.求解器类型为压力基求解器瞬态计算,设置z方向上的重力加速度为-9.81m/s2.在离散后的每个控制体积上使用基于交错网格的求解压力耦合方程组的半隐式方法(SIMPLE)计算代数方程组,使用FLUENT进行仿真计算,得到流场相关参数.如图1,在FLUENT流体达到稳定状态后,再使用耦合接口将FLUENT与EDEM连接,进行联合仿真.在进行联合仿真的过程中,一个计算离散时间步内FLUENT的流场残差被计算到1×10-4收敛准则后,接着耦合接口调用EDEM,在流体模拟时间步结束时开始DEM时间步,通过耦合接口将流体网格单元中的数据传递到EDEM,并计算微塑料的受力,随后EDEM通过接触检索、接触模型计算等步骤更新微塑料位置,EDEM计算结束后调用FLUENT并将微塑料位置输入流场,进而计算出微塑料对流体的作用,完成一个时间步内的计算.在完整计算时间尺度上,后续计算重复上述步骤即可.
本文聚焦实验室尺度下干支流交汇区中微塑料的汇聚、扩散、输运及分布过程,以交汇水槽为基础,进行不同工况的设计.如图2(a),支流水槽以斜接的形式汇入干流水槽,干、支流水槽宽度均为0.5m,处于交汇区上游的干流水槽长3m,位于交汇区上游的支流水槽长2m,位于交汇区下游的干流水槽长11m,水槽总高0.3m,水槽整体被分为水和空气两部分,位于水槽底部水流的平均水深为0.2m,空气部分的z方向平均高度为0.1m.如图2(b),将建立的物理模型划分为结构化网格,如图2(c-f),控制最小网格尺寸为0.007m,对流场剧烈变化的区域进行适当加密.所建立的网格中最大网格尺寸为0.03m,各工况网格单元数量均在67万左右.
在FLUENT基于网格进行边界条件设置时,如图2(a),将干、支流水槽空气和水流进口(对应图中air inlet1、air inlet2、water inlet1和water inlet2)边界类型设置为velocity inlet,可设置不同的进口流量.将干、支流水槽汇合后的水槽出口(对应图中zeroGradient)边界类型设置为pressure outlet,在明渠的条件下固定水槽出口(对应图中zeroGradient)的水位为0.2m.水槽顶部(对应图中atmosphere)边界类型设置为pressure inlet,设置绝对压强为一个大气压.其他水槽边壁(对应图中wall)边界类型均设置为wall,粗糙高度设置为0.0001m.在EDEM进行初始条件设置时,采用广泛存在于天然水体且丰度较高的微塑料材料:PE、PS和PA,具体材料性质见表1.同时,本文将不同形状的微塑料简化为球形,主要模拟的微塑料粒径包括0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,5.0mm五类.此外,water inlet 1与water inlet 2同时也是微塑料的注入口,微塑料在注入口的初始速度与水流流速保持一致.本文主要探究不同交汇角和不同汇流比对交汇区水流特性和微塑料运动的影响,具体计算工况见表2.
由于Shen等[45]已经通过实验表明:采用RNG k-ε湍流闭合模型可以较好地描述交汇区的流速和水位变化.因此,本文通过微塑料在静水中的上浮实验并以终端上浮速度作为指标来验证CFD-DEM耦合模型的准确性.参考Waldschläger等[46]的沉降试验装置,建立如图3所示的沉降水槽,并使用他们已发表的数据进行验证.为了保证微塑料充分加速到终端上浮速度,分别在距水槽底部和顶部15cm处设置过渡区域,在此区域不对微塑料速度进行记录.剩余的70cm水槽为测量区域,其被平均分为两段,分别提取这两段水槽中微塑料上浮速度的平均值作为微塑料的终端上浮速度.在进行数值模拟时,选择粒径为0.84583和1.06099mm的EPS(密度为22kg/m3)微塑料分别由位于水槽底部的中心红色区域释放进入水中.每种微塑料模拟3次,以保证较高的精度.每种微塑料的终端上浮速度的实测值(VM)和模拟值(VS)分别列于表3,两者之间的最大相对误差(E)仅为10.541%,可见,本文使用的CFD-DEM耦合模型可以较好模拟微塑料在水中的行为.
以工况4为例,探究微塑料在交汇区复杂水动力条件影响下的运动特征.为了量化微塑料在计算域中的停留历时,现定义微塑料自进入计算域开始在计算域中停留的总时间为驻留时间(RT).如图4(a),在支流汇入干流后,交汇区流量骤增,交汇口上游水位升高形成壅水[47],如图4(b)受支流的顶托作用,在交汇区下游形成流速较大的区域,本文沿用Best[48]对交汇区水流的分区命名,将此区域称为最大流速区.同时,在交汇口下游干流右岸一侧形成流速较低的流动分离区.由图4(c)可见,随干流和支流运输的微塑料路径在交汇口均发生了不同程度的偏转,这主要是由于干流和支流相互顶托水流流线被压缩,微塑料被裹挟发生偏转.此外,共发现二个微塑料驻留时间异常区域,第一个区域为流动停滞区,第二个区域为流动分离区及其下游区域.流动分离区及其下游区域的微塑料数量大于流动停滞区,这表明流动分离区中的微塑料保留是一个不可忽略的问题,因此在本文后续研究中着重对流动分离区中的微塑料运动和分布进行深入探究.
与交汇区微塑料运动相似的是,高含沙支流在汇入干流后,部分泥沙也会进入分离区并逐渐落淤[49].但微塑料材质可由多种密度的聚合物组成[50],进入流动分离区的微塑料在低流速环境中可能受密度驱动[51]发生上浮或下沉,且微塑料丰度相较于高含沙水流中泥沙浓度更小,因此在流动分离区微塑料富集的水平分布和垂直分布可能与泥沙淤积的空间分布格局不同,这表明交汇区泥沙冲淤的相关理论应用于微塑料的适用性还有待考证.
为了探究不同交汇角影响下的水动力特性及水流-微塑料相互耦合过程,如表2所示,本节通过工况1、工况2及工况3设置水槽交汇角为45°、90°和135°进行研究.在以上3个工况中,干流水槽进口流速为0.3m/s,支流水槽进口流速为0.2m/s,干、支流的汇流比保持1.5不变.
图5,3种工况微塑料运动与归趋具有共性,微塑料沿流动分离区外围形成富集带,流动分离区内存在微塑料且微塑料的粒径分布呈现出中心小,外围大的趋势.结合图6中3种工况下的水流流线分布可见,水流流线在流动分离区靠近水槽中心一侧被剧烈压缩,随水流运动的微塑料很可能会在水流的裹挟下改变运动方向,在流动分离区外围形成富集带,同时,3种工况在流动分离区均存在顺时针漩涡,且该区域的水位自漩涡中心向外围递减(图7),由此可认为水位梯度可能是造成顺时针漩涡水压力梯度分布的原因,而水压力梯度可能会成为微塑料由漩涡外围向中心运动的主要驱动力.此外,小粒径的微塑料由于体积更小,更易受压力的影响,因此小粒径微塑料更易向流动分离区漩涡中心移动,逐渐形成中心粒径小,外围粒径大的空间分布格局.
在流动分离区外围存在剪切层,剪切层中存在剪切涡旋,可促进水流的掺混[15],有研究表明[12],溶解氧在流动分离区外围表现出增强混合,观察微塑料在流动分离区外围的分布,尚未观察到明显的混合现象,这表明剪切层中的剪切涡旋对微塑料的混合影响较小.
然而,3种工况间微塑料运动的差异性也显而易见.如图5,在工况1中,流动分离区中存在的微塑料丰度较低且分布分散,这是由于当交汇角为45°时,流动分离区尺度很小,水流中的微塑料不易进入回流区而被输送至下游.在工况2中,流动分离区内存在显著的长RT聚集带,分布形状与图6(b)中的漩涡形状保持一致,相较于工况1,工况2流动分离区中的微塑料富集量明显更大,流动分离区中依然存在较大的微塑料稀疏区,主要原因是:工况2流动分离区中的漩涡下缘接近X=4.4m,漩涡尺寸显然大于工况1中的漩涡尺寸,这将提高工况2中流动分离区漩涡对微塑料的滞留能力;此外,由于流动分离区外围的微塑料富集带中的颗粒速度较大,漩涡对这部分微塑料的影响效果弱,有相当一部分微塑料输送至下游,从而在流动分离区中存在颗粒分布稀疏的区域.在工况3中,流动分离区长RT微塑料数量进一步增加,微塑料稀疏区范围减小,流动分离区富集颗粒的椭圆状分布尺寸增长至x=4.8m附近,这是由于当交汇角增大到135°时,支流汇入时的水流流向与干流流向相反,沿干流右岸和支流右岸运动的微塑料速度被抑制,这些微塑料更容易受到更大流动分离区(图6c)漩涡的影响逐渐富集于漩涡中心.综上,交汇角显著影响微塑料在流动分离区中的分布规律,随着交汇角的增加,流动分离区中存在的顺时针漩涡更容易保留干流右岸及支流右岸的微塑料,并最终在流动分离区中滞留,造成局部区域的污染.
流动分离区是鲢鱼最喜欢的栖息地和觅食地[52],由以上分析可得,当交汇角为45°时,流动分离区内微塑料丰度较小且分布稀疏,鲢鱼的微塑料暴露风险最低,当交汇角为135°时,流动分离区内微塑料丰度最大,鲢鱼的微塑料暴露风险最高,可以预见的是,随着交汇角的增大,与鲢鱼具有相似栖息习惯的鱼类的微塑料摄入风险随交汇角的增大而增大.此外,鱼类可摄入水体中的微塑料并在其肠胃中存在[53-54],随着交汇角增大,微塑料在生态系统中累积的风险也随之增大.
微塑料在水深方向的运动和分布规律同样重要,在本节中,聚焦流动分离区及最大流速区,通过微塑料的三维坐标,分别绘制X=4m、X=4.5m、X=5m、X=5.5m横断面上的微塑料位置分布(图8).
图8可知,微塑料在向下游运输的过程中,在水槽沿水深方向表现出明显的分层现象,工况1~3各断面的微塑料表现为:密度小于水的PE微塑料大量分布于表层水体中,密度大于水的PS、PA微塑料大量分布于底层水体中,中层水体中微塑料分布稀疏,材料为PE、PS和PA的微塑料均存在.显然,微塑料的材料密度主导了微塑料在水体中的垂直分布,这与Andrady等[55]的研究结论相同,密度较轻的微塑料更易漂浮于水体表面并向下游输运,密度较重的微塑料更易沉降于下层水体之中,在下层水体中作推移运动[56-57].此外,各横断面的中层水体中存在一些特例,表现为中层水体内同时存在PE、PS、PA材料的微塑料,这可能是受微塑料注入位置影响,即微塑料在水体中下沉或上浮需要一定历时才能加速到终端速度[46],当低密度微塑料注入点靠近水槽底部和高密度微塑料靠近水面时,微塑料需要相当长的时间才能逐渐上浮或下沉,呈现出中层水体特殊的分布格局.表层水体中的低密度微塑料在流动分离区分布较少,底层水体中的高密度微塑料在分离区和分离区对岸分布较多,而水槽底部的中心分布较少;在流动分离区内,PS微塑料丰度较高,而PA微塑料丰度较低,这可能是由于材料密度的影响,PS微塑料密度更接近水,流动分离区中的漩涡携带PS微塑料的能力可能更强,最终导致了这种分布.
工况1~3之间也存在显著差异;在X=4m横断面时,工况1~3均在流动分离区一侧的表层水体中存在未分布PE微塑料的区域,但随着交汇角的增加,这一区域的长度从0.08m增长至0.18m,增长趋势与流动分离区尺寸变化趋势一致.工况1中,在横断面X=5m和X=5.5m表层水体中低密度微塑料分布已经趋于均匀,而工况2和工况3均存在未分布PE微塑料的区域.随着交汇角的增大,各断面低密度微塑料距水槽底部的高度极小值逐渐减小,各断面水位的极小值也逐渐减小,可见低密度微塑料的垂直位置受断面水位极小值的影响.
综上,不同材料的微塑料在水流中表现出不同的命运,低密度微塑料漂浮于表层水体,高密度微塑料逐渐沉积于下层水体,Aljaibachi等[58]发现低密度PE微塑料是河流上层水体中最常检出的材料之一,这与本结论一致;流动分离区对PE微塑料的保留效果强于PA微塑料,而PE微塑料吸附阿莫西林这种抗生素的能力更强[59],这预示着PE微塑料可能造成更大的潜在风险;低密度微塑料进入流动分离区比较困难,这表明更多的低密度微塑料在通过交汇区后向下游输送,具有较高的流动性[60].
以上结果与分析对不同交汇角条件下微塑料在交汇区的运动特性进行了全面分析与讨论,而汇流比是另一影响交汇区水动力特征的重要因素[61],在本节中,定义干流流量/支流流量为干支流汇流比,以交汇角为90°的交汇水槽为基础,探究不同汇流比条件下微塑料的输运机理.在运行相同时间后,微塑料在X=3.5m~X=7m内的空间分布及驻留时间如图10所示.不同汇流比工况下,微塑料分布区域与2.3节中微塑料分布相似,即均在流动分离区附近存在椭圆形微塑料富集区,靠近椭圆富集区域中心的微塑料的驻留时间更长,最长驻留时间为48s,微塑料驻留时间从椭圆富集区域外围向中心表现出逐渐递增的趋势,这表明微塑料是由椭圆富集区外围逐渐输运至中心区域.3种汇流工况中微塑料分布存在差异,具体表现为:当干支流汇流比为1.5时,在流动分离区内由长驻留时间微塑料组成的椭圆形区域呈扁长分布,当干支流汇流比为1时,在流动分离区内由长驻留时间微塑料组成的椭圆形区域的高度明显增大,而干支流汇流比为0.5时,在流动分离区内由长驻留时间微塑料组成的椭圆形区域的高度变化不大,但该区域内微塑料分布密集,并未出现中心区域较大空旷的情况.
同时,由本文前节分析可知,水流流场是造成这种空间分布格局的主要驱动力,因此,本文对工况4、工况5、工况6中的流动分离区通过流线法[62]定义并量化其尺寸,提取最大流速区中微塑料丰度,具体结果见表4.
表4所示,分析不同工况下流动分离区中微塑料富集数量的变化,随着干支流汇流比的减小,流动分离区中富集的微塑料数量逐渐增多,该区域中微塑料污染也随之加重,这主要是由于流动分离区长度和宽度都有不同程度的增大,流动分离区中存在的漩涡也更大,这使得更多微塑料受漩涡影响进入流动分离区并在此区域低流速富集.流动分离区长度和宽度随汇流比的变化趋势与吴菲等[20]所得结论一致.流动分离区长宽比工况6最大,工况5最小,3种工况的流动分离区长宽比均在9左右,呈现出扁长分布.流动分离区这种水动力学现象可能是驱动图9中长驻留时间微塑料组成的椭圆形区域呈扁长分布的主要原因.如图9,3种工况在最大流速区的微塑料分布均比较稀疏,但结合表4可得不同工况下微塑料丰度却存在差异,即在最大流速区中,工况5微塑料丰度最大,工况6微塑料丰度最小.微塑料呈现这种空间分布的主要原因可能是最大流速的变化,即最大流速区流速越大对微塑料的携带能力越强,这将有可能使更多微塑料向下游输送,最大流速区的微塑料丰度随之减少.泥沙在最大流速区速度快,很难淤积[32],这表现出与微塑料相似的运动规律.可见在高含沙水流的条件下微塑料和泥沙均会在最大流速区以较大的通量向下游输运,可能会促进微塑料与泥沙间的异质聚集现象[63].
通过以上分析不难发现,不同工况间流动分离区中心的微塑料疏密程度存在显著差异,这可能与交汇角(α)和干支流汇流比(η)的变化有关.为了更好量化这种关系,本文引入流动分离区中心微塑料丰度(Cc)来量化流动分离区中心的微塑料疏密程度,并建立CcαCcη间的数学关系.如图10(a),交汇角(α)与流动分离区中心微塑料丰度(Cc)间存在较好的线性拟合关系,关系式为:
由式(23)可知,随着交汇角的增加,流动分离区中心微塑料丰度也随之增大,在此区域栖息的生物将会面临较大的暴露风险.
图10(b),干支流汇流比(η)与流动分离区中心微塑料丰度(Cc)间同样存在线性拟合关系,关系式为:
可见,交汇角越小、干支流汇流比越大,在流动分离区中心微塑料的密集程度就越低,这将减小流动分离区局部的微塑料污染,有助于提升交汇区生态环境的质量.
本研究也存在一些不足,例如,天然河流中微塑料形态各异,主要形状包括纤维状,球状,薄膜状,发泡状,本研究尚未全面考虑非球形颗粒在水流中的特殊运动行为,下一步将构建多形状颗粒模型,调整形状参数,优化颗粒运动方程,进行更精细化的模拟.此外,交汇区干支流宽度差异的影响和交汇区产生的二次环流对微塑料运动的影响程度还需探索和论证,这也将是本研究下一阶段的重要内容.
3.1 干支流交汇后形成的低流速区域(分离区、停滞区、分离区下游)对微塑料有较强的滞留作用,逐渐发展成微塑料长驻留时间的富集区域.;
3.2 微塑料主要受流动分离区中漩涡的影响,从干流右岸进入漩涡区,逐渐形成椭圆形富集带;
3.3 不同的交汇角和汇流比显著影响流动分离区中微塑料的空间分布格局,相同条件下,流动分离区中心微塑料丰度Cc与交汇角a呈线性正相关关系,R2=0.8795,流动分离区中心微塑料丰度Cc与干支流汇流比η呈线性负相关关系,R2=0.9007.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52109101)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023T160532)
  • 陕西省科技计划项目-重点研发计划项目(2022SF-443)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52109101)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023T160532)
陕西省科技计划项目-重点研发计划项目(2022SF-443)
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    1.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
    2.西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西 杨陵 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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