Article(id=1241049976726409733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717603200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818972044, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818972044, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818972044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818972044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=538, endPage=556, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049978597069349, articleId=1241049976726409733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Reactive organic carbon emissions from automotive manufacturing industry in China, columnId=1234106390126588740, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Carbon Emission Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Eight representative automobile manufacturing enterprises were investigated, and 109 samples of raw and auxiliary materials, including coatings and adhesives, were collected to determine reactive organic carbon (ROC) and to establish the source composition spectrum of ROC in automobile manufacturing industry. The maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method and two-product parametric method were used to quantify the corresponding contributions of ROC to the generation of O3 and SOA. The results showed that: ① The VOC contents in different types of raw and auxiliary materials varied considerably: the average ρ(VOCs)of water-based and solvent-based automotive coatings were 289.92 and 490.32g/L; the average ρ(VOCs) of water-based, bulk and solvent-based adhesives were 27.00, 27.50 and 196.67g/L, respectively; and the average ρ(VOCs) of water-based and solvent-based cleaning agents were 116.60 and 831.20g/L. ② The main components of water-based coatings were alcohol ethers and ether esters, esters and alcohols, the main components of solvent-based coatings were aromatic hydrocarbons, esters and alcohols, and the main components of both bulk and solvent-based adhesives were alkanes. ③ In water-based coatings, the mass proportions of various organics were SVOCs (36.03%), IVOCs (37.77%) and VOCs (26.21%). In solvent-based coatings, the mass proportions of various organics were IVOCs (4.59%) and VOCs (95.41%). In bulk adhesives, the main organics was VOCs (100%). In solvent-based adhesives, the mass proportions of various organics were IVOCs (2.64%) and VOCs (97.36%). ④ The OFP productions by water-based coatings, solvent-based coatings, bulk and solvent-based adhesives were 93.67, 2679.27, 25.82, and 41.82g O3/(L raw materials), respectively, and the primary contributing species were diethylene glycol butyl ether (42.03%), 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene(28.29%), 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane (52.20%), and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptae (78.63%), respectively. ⑤ The SOA productions by water-based coatings, solvent-based coatings, bulk and solvent-based adhesives were 18.49, 16.70, 4.82, and 4.28g SOA/(L raw materials), respectively. The largest contributions to SOA formation were caused by IVOC and SVOC species in water-based coatings, yet the largest contributions to SOA formation were VOCs species in solvent-based coatings and adhesives. ⑥After adding the assessment of the contribution of IVOCs and SVOCs species to SOA generation in the study, it was found that SOA productions per unit volume of water-based coatings were higher than that for solvent-based coatings and adhesives, which showed that the effects of SVOCs and IVOCs in water-based coatings on the atmospheric environment should be taken into account in pollution prevention policies formulation.

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以汽车制造行业为对象,选取8家典型企业,采集109个涂料、胶粘剂等原辅料样品,检测其活性有机碳(ROC),建立汽车制造行业ROC源成分谱.通过最大增量反应活性法和二次产物的参数化产率法,量化样品中ROC对臭氧(O3)和SOA的生成贡献.结果表明:①不同类型原辅料中VOCs含量差异较大,水性和溶剂型汽车涂料平均ρ(VOCs)为289.92和490.32g/L;水性、本体型及溶剂型胶粘剂平均ρ(VOCs)为27.00,27.50和196.67g/L;水性和溶剂型清洗剂平均ρ(VOCs)为116.60和831.20g/L.②水性涂料的主要组分为醇醚及醚酯类、酯类和醇类,溶剂型涂料的主要组分为芳香烃、酯类和醇类,本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂的主要组分均为烷烃.③水性涂料中,各种类型有机物质量占比依次为SVOCs(36.03%)、IVOCs(37.77%)和VOCs(26.21%);溶剂型涂料中,主要为VOCs(95.41%),仅含少量IVOCs(4.59%),未检出SVOCs;本体型胶粘剂中仅检测出VOCs;溶剂型胶粘剂中,主要为VOCs(97.36%),含少量IVOCs(2.64%),未检出SVOCs.④水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中ROC的OFP值分别为93.67,2679.27,25.82和41.82g O3/(L 原辅料),首要贡献物种分别为二乙二醇丁醚(42.03%)、1,2,3-三甲苯(28.29%)、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(52.20%)和2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(78.63%).⑤水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中ROC的SOA值分别为18.49,16.70,4.82和4.28g SOA/(L原辅料),水性涂料中IVOCs和SVOCs物种对SOA生成贡献率最高;溶剂型涂料及胶粘剂中VOCs物种对SOA生成贡献率最高.⑥本研究加入IVOCs和SVOCs物种对SOA生成贡献的评估后,发现单位体积水性涂料所生成的SOA值高于溶剂型涂料和胶粘剂,应在污染防治政策制定中重视水性涂料中SVOCs和IVOCs对大气环境的影响.

, correspAuthors=高美平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副研究员,
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贾海洋(2000-),男,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为VOCs污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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贾海洋(2000-),男,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为VOCs污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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贾海洋(2000-),男,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为VOCs污染防治.发表论文1篇..

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Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology201813:1-9., articleTitle=Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241050011925009342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, awardId=JZ2022-010, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市生态环境保护科学研究院项目(JZ2022-010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049990655692870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049990659887175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, companyId=1241049990655692870, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Environment Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049990668275784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, companyId=1241049990655692870, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京工业大学环境科学与工程学院,北京 100124)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241049992224362589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049992245334113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, companyId=1241049992224362589, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049992262111331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, companyId=1241049992224362589, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,国家城市环境污染控制工程技术研究中心,城市大气挥发性有机物污染防治技术与应用北京市重点实验室,北京 100037)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241050002257138225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Traditional automotive coating process, figureFileSmall=BE+UDro5/sOnery31RgsxQ==, figureFileBig=TuHALm+jifTPNxX0pi/b0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002433299008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=图1, caption=传统汽车涂装工艺, figureFileSmall=BE+UDro5/sOnery31RgsxQ==, figureFileBig=TuHALm+jifTPNxX0pi/b0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002831757920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The VOC contents in raw and auxiliary material samples, figureFileSmall=QnoafQ8ejYm4lX/Lmd9kYw==, figureFileBig=Bd3F+WkrMbeYYNAkTZ/p7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002995335785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=图2, caption=原辅料样品VOCs含量情况, figureFileSmall=QnoafQ8ejYm4lX/Lmd9kYw==, figureFileBig=Bd3F+WkrMbeYYNAkTZ/p7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003305714301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Proportion of ROC components in raw and auxiliary materials, figureFileSmall=h5sCyu8xUamKJnuhAbquAw==, figureFileBig=qErsGXW6lYIpNQI65Qdw6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003574149770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=图3, caption=原辅料ROC组分占比情况, figureFileSmall=h5sCyu8xUamKJnuhAbquAw==, figureFileBig=qErsGXW6lYIpNQI65Qdw6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003704173206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Top ten species in the mass percentage of ROC in raw and auxiliary materials, figureFileSmall=U+5CviQjhtiuVeHVb+t5HQ==, figureFileBig=1SmpesAtElK0DXVpdwhaTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050003922277035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=图4, caption=原辅料中ROC质量分数前10位物种

a1.邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯,a2.二乙二醇丁醚,a3.乙二醇乙醚,a4.N-甲基吡咯烷酮,a5.正丁醇,a6.丙二醇丁醚,a7.丙二醇甲醚,a8.2-乙基己醇,a9.正丙醇,a10.1,1'-[(1-甲基-1,2-乙亚基)二(氧)]二-(2-丙醇);b1.3-乙氧基丙酸乙酯,b2.1,2,3-三甲苯,b3.正丁醇,b4.间-二甲苯,b5.3-乙基甲苯,b6.乙酸丁酯,b7.1,2,4-三甲苯,b8.邻-二甲苯,b9.异丁醇,b10.1,4-二乙基苯;c1.2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷,c2.2-甲基癸烷,c3.十一烷,c4.3-甲基癸烷,c5.2,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷;d1.2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷,d2.2,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷,d3.2-乙基己醇

, figureFileSmall=U+5CviQjhtiuVeHVb+t5HQ==, figureFileBig=1SmpesAtElK0DXVpdwhaTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050005629358771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Proportion of VOCs、SVOCs and IVOCs in raw and auxiliary materials, figureFileSmall=x8wuCeoVkOwK7Wia2zqEMg==, figureFileBig=4ni+MDNE7A6+ZxTCvXzt3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050006501774020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=图5, caption=原辅料中VOCs、SVOCs和IVOCs占比, figureFileSmall=x8wuCeoVkOwK7Wia2zqEMg==, figureFileBig=4ni+MDNE7A6+ZxTCvXzt3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050006623408846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Contribution of ROC to OFP in raw and auxiliary materials, figureFileSmall=tmafdwTpRLYlAGwFgMYknw==, figureFileBig=+/FbNwiNXi6VdYyvlace0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050006749237981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=图6, caption=原辅料中ROC对OFP的贡献率, figureFileSmall=tmafdwTpRLYlAGwFgMYknw==, figureFileBig=+/FbNwiNXi6VdYyvlace0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050007055422184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Top ten species with the largest contribution of ROC to OFP in raw and auxiliary materials, figureFileSmall=6tBuNy64wzJMh7eBi5pcTw==, figureFileBig=WtueM89uohRoNKTgJarLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050007323857659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=图7, caption=原辅料中ROC对OFP贡献率最高的前10位物种

a1.二乙二醇丁醚,a2.乙二醇乙醚,a3.N-甲基吡咯烷酮,a4.正丁醇,a5.N,N-二甲基乙醇胺,a6.丙二醇丁醚,a7.丙二醇甲醚,a8.正丙醇,a9.二丙二醇甲醚,a10.4-甲基-2-戊酮;b1.1,2,3-三甲苯,b2.间-二甲苯,b3.3-乙基甲苯,b4.3-乙氧基丙酸乙酯,b5.正丁醇,b6.1,2,4-三甲苯,b7.邻-二甲苯,b8.1,4-二乙基苯,b9.邻-乙基甲苯,b10.异丁醇;c1.2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷,c2.2-甲基癸烷,c3.3-甲基癸烷,c4.十一烷,c5.2,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷;d1.2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷,d2.2,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷,d3.2-乙基己醇

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Classification and basic information of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类别产品类型分散介质类型样品个数样品品牌数
涂料电泳底漆(包括其他底漆)水性86
中涂水性106
底色漆水性406
溶剂型 21
本色面漆水性83
清漆溶剂型107
PVC抗击石涂料溶剂型53
胶粘剂水性32
溶剂型33
本体型125
清洗剂水性33
溶剂型54
合计109
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010473780064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品分类情况及基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类别产品类型分散介质类型样品个数样品品牌数
涂料电泳底漆(包括其他底漆)水性86
中涂水性106
底色漆水性406
溶剂型 21
本色面漆水性83
清漆溶剂型107
PVC抗击石涂料溶剂型53
胶粘剂水性32
溶剂型33
本体型125
清洗剂水性33
溶剂型54
合计109
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010658329457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparisons of the VOC contents in raw and auxiliary materials measured in this study with relevant standards and researches

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类别产品类型分散介质类型标准限值(g/L)本研究平均VOCs含量(g/L)样品数量达标率(%)其他研究结果(g/L)
涂料底漆(电泳底漆)水性250.00[39]169.95875.00260.06[26]
中涂水性350.00[39]178.7110100.00199.90[26]
底色漆水性530.00[39]311.584087.50186.73[26]
溶剂型750.00[39]615.562100.00669.48[26]
本色面漆水性420.00[39]440.61837.50
清漆溶剂型550.00[39]465.281090.00429.60[26]
PVC抗击石涂料溶剂型71.805
胶粘剂水性50.00[43]27.00366.67
溶剂型250.00[43]196.67366.67
本体型100.00[43]27.5012100.00
清洗剂水性50.00[44]116.6030.00
溶剂型900.00[44]831.205100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010901599101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

原辅料VOCs含量检测结果与相关标准及研究结果比对

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类别产品类型分散介质类型标准限值(g/L)本研究平均VOCs含量(g/L)样品数量达标率(%)其他研究结果(g/L)
涂料底漆(电泳底漆)水性250.00[39]169.95875.00260.06[26]
中涂水性350.00[39]178.7110100.00199.90[26]
底色漆水性530.00[39]311.584087.50186.73[26]
溶剂型750.00[39]615.562100.00669.48[26]
本色面漆水性420.00[39]440.61837.50
清漆溶剂型550.00[39]465.281090.00429.60[26]
PVC抗击石涂料溶剂型71.805
胶粘剂水性50.00[43]27.00366.67
溶剂型250.00[43]196.67366.67
本体型100.00[43]27.5012100.00
清洗剂水性50.00[44]116.6030.00
溶剂型900.00[44]831.205100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011081954193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ROC emission composition spectrum of automotive manufacturing industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别编号组分名称有机物种类型质量分数±标准偏差(%)
水性涂料溶剂型涂料本体型胶粘剂溶剂型胶粘剂
烷烃13-乙基戊烷VOCn.d.0.14±0.20n.d.n.d.
2庚烷VOCn.d.1.03±1.46n.d.n.d.
3壬烷VOCn.d.0.17±0.24n.d.n.d.
4癸烷VOC0.52±0.60n.d.n.d.n.d.
5十一烷VOC1.54±1.84n.d.11.38±8.05n.d.
62-甲基癸烷VOCn.d.n.d.16.49±11.66n.d.
73-甲基癸烷VOCn.d.n.d.10.72±7.58n.d.
82,6-二甲基癸烷VOCn.d.n.d.n.d.n.d.
92,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷VOCn.d.n.d.51.84±21.9982.94±11.89
102,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷VOCn.d.n.d.9.57±3.4314.42±3.43
11十三烷IVOC0.47±0.94n.d.n.d.n.d.
122,4,6-三甲基癸烷IVOCn.d.n.d.n.d.n.d.
13十四烷IVOC0.23±0.46n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计2.76±3.841.34±1.89100.00±52.7197.36±15.32
芳香烃14乙苯VOCn.d.2.29±2.83n.d.n.d.
15间-二甲苯VOCn.d.10.79±13.69n.d.n.d.
16邻-二甲苯VOCn.d.3.95±4.06n.d.n.d.
17异丙苯VOCn.d.0.22±0.31n.d.n.d.
18丙基苯VOCn.d.0.56±0.79n.d.n.d.
193-乙基甲苯VOCn.d.9.85±4.36n.d.n.d.
201,2,3-三甲苯VOCn.d.13.95±9.14n.d.n.d.
211,2,4-三甲苯VOCn.d.4.22±1.62n.d.n.d.
22邻-乙基甲苯VOCn.d.1.57±2.22n.d.n.d.
23VOCn.d.0.44±0.63n.d.n.d.
244-异丙基甲苯VOC0.49±0.98n.d.n.d.n.d.
253-丙基甲苯VOCn.d.0.34±0.48n.d.n.d.
261,4-二乙基苯VOCn.d.2.92±2.36n.d.n.d.
271,3-二甲基-4-乙基苯VOCn.d.0.88±0.44n.d.n.d.
281,2,4,5-四甲苯VOCn.d.0.54±0.40n.d.n.d.
291,2,3,4-四甲苯VOCn.d.0.18±0.26n.d.n.d.
301-甲基-2-异丙基苯VOCn.d.0.54±0.76n.d.n.d.
312-乙基对二甲苯VOCn.d.0.66±0.94n.d.n.d.
324-乙基邻二甲苯VOCn.d.0.13±0.18n.d.n.d.
小计0.49±0.9854.04±45.47n.d.n.d.
醇类33正丙醇VOC1.68±3.37n.d.n.d.n.d.
34正丁醇VOC3.17±4.6513.06±4.36n.d.n.d.
35异丁醇VOC0.26±0.523.09±4.38n.d.n.d.
362-乙基己醇IVOC1.88±3.76n.d.n.d.2.64±1.87
371,1'-[(1-甲基-1,2-乙亚基)二(氧)]二-(2-丙醇)SVOC1.61±3.22n.d.n.d.n.d.
382-己基-1-癸醇SVOC0.59±1.19n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计9.20±16.7016.15±8.73n.d.2.64±1.87
酯类39乙酸丁酯VOCn.d.5.93±2.65n.d.n.d.
40乙酸异丁酯VOCn.d.0.22±0.30n.d.n.d.
413-乙氧基丙酸乙酯VOCn.d.16.85±5.05n.d.n.d.
42戊二酸二甲酯VOCn.d.0.88±1.24n.d.n.d.
43碳酸二丁酯IVOCn.d.0.24±0.33n.d.n.d.
44邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯SVOC33.82±31.49n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计33.82±31.4924.11±9.58n.d.n.d.
醇醚及醚酯类45丙二醇甲醚VOC2.68±4.82n.d.n.d.n.d.
46乙二醇乙醚IVOC7.12±14.24n.d.n.d.n.d.
47丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯VOC1.05±2.10n.d.n.d.n.d.
48乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯VOCn.d.2.76±3.90n.d.n.d.
49丙二醇丁醚IVOC2.86±5.71n.d.n.d.n.d.
50二丙二醇甲醚IVOC1.57±3.14n.d.n.d.n.d.
51仲丁醚VOC0.37±0.74n.d.n.d.n.d.
52二乙二醇丁醚IVOC29.25±39.161.60±2.26n.d.n.d.
53十八烷基乙烯基醚IVOC1.51±3.03n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计46.41±72.944.36±6.16n.d.n.d.
酮类544-甲基-2-戊酮VOC1.04±2.08n.d.n.d.n.d.
55N-甲基吡咯烷酮VOC4.72±9.44n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计5.76±11.52n.d.n.d.n.d.
胺类56N,N-二甲基乙醇胺VOC1.56±2.01n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计1.56±2.01n.d.n.d.n.d.
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011371361181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

汽车制造行业ROC源成分谱

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别编号组分名称有机物种类型质量分数±标准偏差(%)
水性涂料溶剂型涂料本体型胶粘剂溶剂型胶粘剂
烷烃13-乙基戊烷VOCn.d.0.14±0.20n.d.n.d.
2庚烷VOCn.d.1.03±1.46n.d.n.d.
3壬烷VOCn.d.0.17±0.24n.d.n.d.
4癸烷VOC0.52±0.60n.d.n.d.n.d.
5十一烷VOC1.54±1.84n.d.11.38±8.05n.d.
62-甲基癸烷VOCn.d.n.d.16.49±11.66n.d.
73-甲基癸烷VOCn.d.n.d.10.72±7.58n.d.
82,6-二甲基癸烷VOCn.d.n.d.n.d.n.d.
92,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷VOCn.d.n.d.51.84±21.9982.94±11.89
102,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷VOCn.d.n.d.9.57±3.4314.42±3.43
11十三烷IVOC0.47±0.94n.d.n.d.n.d.
122,4,6-三甲基癸烷IVOCn.d.n.d.n.d.n.d.
13十四烷IVOC0.23±0.46n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计2.76±3.841.34±1.89100.00±52.7197.36±15.32
芳香烃14乙苯VOCn.d.2.29±2.83n.d.n.d.
15间-二甲苯VOCn.d.10.79±13.69n.d.n.d.
16邻-二甲苯VOCn.d.3.95±4.06n.d.n.d.
17异丙苯VOCn.d.0.22±0.31n.d.n.d.
18丙基苯VOCn.d.0.56±0.79n.d.n.d.
193-乙基甲苯VOCn.d.9.85±4.36n.d.n.d.
201,2,3-三甲苯VOCn.d.13.95±9.14n.d.n.d.
211,2,4-三甲苯VOCn.d.4.22±1.62n.d.n.d.
22邻-乙基甲苯VOCn.d.1.57±2.22n.d.n.d.
23VOCn.d.0.44±0.63n.d.n.d.
244-异丙基甲苯VOC0.49±0.98n.d.n.d.n.d.
253-丙基甲苯VOCn.d.0.34±0.48n.d.n.d.
261,4-二乙基苯VOCn.d.2.92±2.36n.d.n.d.
271,3-二甲基-4-乙基苯VOCn.d.0.88±0.44n.d.n.d.
281,2,4,5-四甲苯VOCn.d.0.54±0.40n.d.n.d.
291,2,3,4-四甲苯VOCn.d.0.18±0.26n.d.n.d.
301-甲基-2-异丙基苯VOCn.d.0.54±0.76n.d.n.d.
312-乙基对二甲苯VOCn.d.0.66±0.94n.d.n.d.
324-乙基邻二甲苯VOCn.d.0.13±0.18n.d.n.d.
小计0.49±0.9854.04±45.47n.d.n.d.
醇类33正丙醇VOC1.68±3.37n.d.n.d.n.d.
34正丁醇VOC3.17±4.6513.06±4.36n.d.n.d.
35异丁醇VOC0.26±0.523.09±4.38n.d.n.d.
362-乙基己醇IVOC1.88±3.76n.d.n.d.2.64±1.87
371,1'-[(1-甲基-1,2-乙亚基)二(氧)]二-(2-丙醇)SVOC1.61±3.22n.d.n.d.n.d.
382-己基-1-癸醇SVOC0.59±1.19n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计9.20±16.7016.15±8.73n.d.2.64±1.87
酯类39乙酸丁酯VOCn.d.5.93±2.65n.d.n.d.
40乙酸异丁酯VOCn.d.0.22±0.30n.d.n.d.
413-乙氧基丙酸乙酯VOCn.d.16.85±5.05n.d.n.d.
42戊二酸二甲酯VOCn.d.0.88±1.24n.d.n.d.
43碳酸二丁酯IVOCn.d.0.24±0.33n.d.n.d.
44邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯SVOC33.82±31.49n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计33.82±31.4924.11±9.58n.d.n.d.
醇醚及醚酯类45丙二醇甲醚VOC2.68±4.82n.d.n.d.n.d.
46乙二醇乙醚IVOC7.12±14.24n.d.n.d.n.d.
47丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯VOC1.05±2.10n.d.n.d.n.d.
48乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯VOCn.d.2.76±3.90n.d.n.d.
49丙二醇丁醚IVOC2.86±5.71n.d.n.d.n.d.
50二丙二醇甲醚IVOC1.57±3.14n.d.n.d.n.d.
51仲丁醚VOC0.37±0.74n.d.n.d.n.d.
52二乙二醇丁醚IVOC29.25±39.161.60±2.26n.d.n.d.
53十八烷基乙烯基醚IVOC1.51±3.03n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计46.41±72.944.36±6.16n.d.n.d.
酮类544-甲基-2-戊酮VOC1.04±2.08n.d.n.d.n.d.
55N-甲基吡咯烷酮VOC4.72±9.44n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计5.76±11.52n.d.n.d.n.d.
胺类56N,N-二甲基乙醇胺VOC1.56±2.01n.d.n.d.n.d.
小计1.56±2.01n.d.n.d.n.d.
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011572687780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Top ten species with the largest contribution of ROC to SOA in raw and auxiliary materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号水性涂料溶剂型涂料本体型胶粘剂溶剂型胶粘剂
组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)
1邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯SVOC62.84间二甲苯VOC20.23十一烷VOC31.172,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷VOC81.66
2二乙二醇丁醚IVOC27.623-乙基甲苯VOC16.072-甲基癸烷VOC30.112,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷VOC14.20
3丙二醇丁醚IVOC2.70二乙二醇丁醚IVOC13.452,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷VOC29.682-乙基己醇IVOC4.15
4十一烷VOC1.55邻二甲苯VOC10.742,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷VOC5.48
52-己基-1-癸醇SVOC1.101,2,3-三甲基苯VOC7.583-甲基癸烷VOC3.56
61,1'-[(1-甲基-1,2-乙亚基)二(氧)]二-(2-丙醇)SVOC1.031,4-二乙基苯VOC4.76
7十三烷IVOC0.79乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯IVOC3.90
82-乙基己醇IVOC0.63VOC3.62
9二丙二醇甲醚IVOC0.57乙苯VOC3.12
10十八烷基乙烯基醚IVOC0.51邻乙基甲苯VOC2.56
总计99.3486.04100.00100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011723682734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049976726409733, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

原辅料中ROC对SOA贡献率最高的前10位物种

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号水性涂料溶剂型涂料本体型胶粘剂溶剂型胶粘剂
组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)组分名称物种类别贡献率(%)
1邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯SVOC62.84间二甲苯VOC20.23十一烷VOC31.172,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷VOC81.66
2二乙二醇丁醚IVOC27.623-乙基甲苯VOC16.072-甲基癸烷VOC30.112,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷VOC14.20
3丙二醇丁醚IVOC2.70二乙二醇丁醚IVOC13.452,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷VOC29.682-乙基己醇IVOC4.15
4十一烷VOC1.55邻二甲苯VOC10.742,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷VOC5.48
52-己基-1-癸醇SVOC1.101,2,3-三甲基苯VOC7.583-甲基癸烷VOC3.56
61,1'-[(1-甲基-1,2-乙亚基)二(氧)]二-(2-丙醇)SVOC1.031,4-二乙基苯VOC4.76
7十三烷IVOC0.79乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯IVOC3.90
82-乙基己醇IVOC0.63VOC3.62
9二丙二醇甲醚IVOC0.57乙苯VOC3.12
10十八烷基乙烯基醚IVOC0.51邻乙基甲苯VOC2.56
总计99.3486.04100.00100.00
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我国汽车制造行业活性有机碳(ROC)排放研究
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贾海洋 1 , 高美平 2, * , 聂磊 2 , 刘文文 2 , 魏巍 1
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(1): 538-556
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(1): 538-556
我国汽车制造行业活性有机碳(ROC)排放研究
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贾海洋1 , 高美平2, * , 聂磊2, 刘文文2, 魏巍1
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学环境科学与工程学院,北京 100124
  • 2.北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,国家城市环境污染控制工程技术研究中心,城市大气挥发性有机物污染防治技术与应用北京市重点实验室,北京 100037
  • 贾海洋(2000-),男,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为VOCs污染防治.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副研究员,
Reactive organic carbon emissions from automotive manufacturing industry in China
Hai-yang JIA1 , Mei-ping GAO2, * , Lei NIE2, Wen-wen LIU2, Wei WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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以汽车制造行业为对象,选取8家典型企业,采集109个涂料、胶粘剂等原辅料样品,检测其活性有机碳(ROC),建立汽车制造行业ROC源成分谱.通过最大增量反应活性法和二次产物的参数化产率法,量化样品中ROC对臭氧(O3)和SOA的生成贡献.结果表明:①不同类型原辅料中VOCs含量差异较大,水性和溶剂型汽车涂料平均ρ(VOCs)为289.92和490.32g/L;水性、本体型及溶剂型胶粘剂平均ρ(VOCs)为27.00,27.50和196.67g/L;水性和溶剂型清洗剂平均ρ(VOCs)为116.60和831.20g/L.②水性涂料的主要组分为醇醚及醚酯类、酯类和醇类,溶剂型涂料的主要组分为芳香烃、酯类和醇类,本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂的主要组分均为烷烃.③水性涂料中,各种类型有机物质量占比依次为SVOCs(36.03%)、IVOCs(37.77%)和VOCs(26.21%);溶剂型涂料中,主要为VOCs(95.41%),仅含少量IVOCs(4.59%),未检出SVOCs;本体型胶粘剂中仅检测出VOCs;溶剂型胶粘剂中,主要为VOCs(97.36%),含少量IVOCs(2.64%),未检出SVOCs.④水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中ROC的OFP值分别为93.67,2679.27,25.82和41.82g O3/(L 原辅料),首要贡献物种分别为二乙二醇丁醚(42.03%)、1,2,3-三甲苯(28.29%)、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(52.20%)和2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(78.63%).⑤水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中ROC的SOA值分别为18.49,16.70,4.82和4.28g SOA/(L原辅料),水性涂料中IVOCs和SVOCs物种对SOA生成贡献率最高;溶剂型涂料及胶粘剂中VOCs物种对SOA生成贡献率最高.⑥本研究加入IVOCs和SVOCs物种对SOA生成贡献的评估后,发现单位体积水性涂料所生成的SOA值高于溶剂型涂料和胶粘剂,应在污染防治政策制定中重视水性涂料中SVOCs和IVOCs对大气环境的影响.

汽车制造行业  /  活性有机碳(ROC)  /  中等挥发性有机物(IVOCs)  /  半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs)  /  成分谱  /  环境影响

Eight representative automobile manufacturing enterprises were investigated, and 109 samples of raw and auxiliary materials, including coatings and adhesives, were collected to determine reactive organic carbon (ROC) and to establish the source composition spectrum of ROC in automobile manufacturing industry. The maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method and two-product parametric method were used to quantify the corresponding contributions of ROC to the generation of O3 and SOA. The results showed that: ① The VOC contents in different types of raw and auxiliary materials varied considerably: the average ρ(VOCs)of water-based and solvent-based automotive coatings were 289.92 and 490.32g/L; the average ρ(VOCs) of water-based, bulk and solvent-based adhesives were 27.00, 27.50 and 196.67g/L, respectively; and the average ρ(VOCs) of water-based and solvent-based cleaning agents were 116.60 and 831.20g/L. ② The main components of water-based coatings were alcohol ethers and ether esters, esters and alcohols, the main components of solvent-based coatings were aromatic hydrocarbons, esters and alcohols, and the main components of both bulk and solvent-based adhesives were alkanes. ③ In water-based coatings, the mass proportions of various organics were SVOCs (36.03%), IVOCs (37.77%) and VOCs (26.21%). In solvent-based coatings, the mass proportions of various organics were IVOCs (4.59%) and VOCs (95.41%). In bulk adhesives, the main organics was VOCs (100%). In solvent-based adhesives, the mass proportions of various organics were IVOCs (2.64%) and VOCs (97.36%). ④ The OFP productions by water-based coatings, solvent-based coatings, bulk and solvent-based adhesives were 93.67, 2679.27, 25.82, and 41.82g O3/(L raw materials), respectively, and the primary contributing species were diethylene glycol butyl ether (42.03%), 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene(28.29%), 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane (52.20%), and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptae (78.63%), respectively. ⑤ The SOA productions by water-based coatings, solvent-based coatings, bulk and solvent-based adhesives were 18.49, 16.70, 4.82, and 4.28g SOA/(L raw materials), respectively. The largest contributions to SOA formation were caused by IVOC and SVOC species in water-based coatings, yet the largest contributions to SOA formation were VOCs species in solvent-based coatings and adhesives. ⑥After adding the assessment of the contribution of IVOCs and SVOCs species to SOA generation in the study, it was found that SOA productions per unit volume of water-based coatings were higher than that for solvent-based coatings and adhesives, which showed that the effects of SVOCs and IVOCs in water-based coatings on the atmospheric environment should be taken into account in pollution prevention policies formulation.

automotive manufacturing industry  /  reactive organic carbon  /  intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs)  /  semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)  /  source profile  /  environmental impact
贾海洋, 高美平, 聂磊, 刘文文, 魏巍. 我国汽车制造行业活性有机碳(ROC)排放研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 538 -556 .
Hai-yang JIA, Mei-ping GAO, Lei NIE, Wen-wen LIU, Wei WEI. Reactive organic carbon emissions from automotive manufacturing industry in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 538 -556 .
活性有机碳(ROC)是指大气中非甲烷有机气体及有机气溶胶(OA)的总和,ROC循环是对流层化学的核心[1-2].气相ROC来源包括自然源与人为源,是臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的重要前体物[1],这两种物质危害人类健康,进一步影响全球气候.据研究表明,二次有机气溶胶在PM2.5中的占比逐年攀升,其占比高达20%~90%[3-9].随着我国采取了一系列有力措施来应对大气污染问题,使得PM2.5污染控制取得积极进展,但重点地区大气污染问题仍然突出,京津冀及周边等区域PM2.5浓度仍处于高位,秋冬季重污染天气依然高发、频发[10-11];同时,O3污染日益凸显,尤其是在夏季和秋季,O3浓度的不断上升成为城市空气质量面临的主要挑战[12-14].因此,准确了解ROC排放特征,加强ROC的减排力度,可以有效地降低PM2.5和O3污染程度[5-9,15-20].
我国作为汽车生产和消费大国,汽车产/销总量已经连续14a稳居全球第一,呈现出快速发展的态势.2022年,我国汽车产量和销量分别完成2702.1万辆和2686.4万辆,同比增长分别为3.4%和2.1%[21].汽车制造行业使用的涂料、胶粘剂、清洗剂等原辅料中含有大量的有机溶剂,是ROC的重要排放源之一.数据显示,我国工业涂装领域VOCs排放总量每年约为430万t,占工业源总量的21%,已被列为我国VOCs工业排放源中的管控重点[21-24].因此,随着我国汽车市场的迅猛增长,汽车制造过程中产生的大量有机污染物将对我国大气污染治理工作提出新的挑战.
目前,已有部分国内外学者对汽车制造和典型溶剂使用行业VOCs排放特征及物种组成进行了一系列研究.其中,国内相关研究主要集中于VOCs排放特征,包括成分谱、组分特征、来源解析、环境影响和排放清单等方面[25-28],但关于有机溶剂中IVOCs和SVOCs的研究却鲜有报道,使得这些化合物产生的SOA产量历来未被纳入评估体系,对SOA的生成量严重低估[29-30].按有机物的挥发性分类[31],根据有机物的有效饱和浓度(C*),ROC中的有机物分为挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)(C*>3×106μg/m3)、中等挥发性有机化合物(IVOCs)(300<C*<3×106μg/m3)和半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs)(0.3<C*<300μg/m3).其中,IVOCs和SVOCs等是SOA的重要气态前体物[32-33],一次排放的IVOCs可直接通过气溶胶反应生成SOA[34],也能通过老化形成SOA[14,35].国外相关研究[29,36]发现,不同挥发性有机物在区域传输过程中生成的半挥发性氧化有机气溶胶(SV-OOA)和低挥发性氧化有机气溶胶(LV-OOA)在OA中的占比分别达到了16%和75%,并指出在挥发性化学产品中IVOCs对SOA生成贡献的重要性,且IVOCs和SVOCs在涂料、油墨、个人清洁用品及农药中占比很高.因此,本文以汽车制造行业涂装工序中所用到的不同类型涂料、胶粘剂等原辅料为研究对象,通过采样实测,对其开展ROC特征分析.比较分析不同类型涂料和胶粘剂中ROC组分的差异,探究其对O3和SOA生成的贡献情况及健康风险.通过建立不同类型涂料和胶粘剂的ROC源成分谱,为汽车制造行业新一轮ROC减排工作提供科学依据和数据支撑.
通过对我国汽车制造业生产工艺类型、原辅料等情况的调研,发现企业排放的ROC主要来源于涂装环节使用的各类涂料、胶粘剂及清洗剂等原辅料,即涂装车间为企业有机污染物的重点排放区域.传统汽车涂装工艺及污染物排放环节如图1所示(不同企业可能采用不同涂装工艺,部分企业已采用水性免中涂工艺,其中所示仅为最常见的涂装工艺),包括预处理、电泳、注胶、中涂喷涂、色漆喷涂、清漆喷涂、烘干、流平等工序.研究表明,汽车涂装工艺过程中ROC排放主要来自于电泳、注胶、中涂喷涂、色漆喷涂、清漆喷涂、烘干、流平等工序及喷枪清洗环节[37-38].本研究选取了8家典型的汽车制造企业,对各企业所使用的涂料、胶粘剂及清洗剂进行采样,共采集了109个原辅料样品,包括83个涂料,18个胶粘剂,8个清洗剂,具体情况见表1.根据分散介质类型的不同,涂料可分为水性涂料和溶剂型涂料;胶粘剂可分为水性胶粘剂、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂;清洗剂则可分为水性清洗剂和溶剂型清洗剂.随着近年强制性国家标准GB 24409-2020《汽车涂料中有害物质限量》的实施[39],我国汽车涂料逐渐向环保化方向转型.大部分企业已逐步采用水性工艺涂装技术,导致溶剂型底色漆的使用量迅速减少,因此采样过程中样品数量较少.胶粘剂因其特性,如良好的粘附性、固化性以及对不同车身的适用性,仍主要以本体型为主,以满足不同的涂装工艺需求.大部分企业因溶剂型清洗剂清洗效率高和干燥速度快的特点,仍主要以溶剂型为主,水性清洗剂使用较少.为保证采集样品具有代表性,典型企业筛选时遵循以下原则:①涵盖不同省市;②涵盖不同生产规模;③涵盖不同涂装工艺;④涵盖不同汽车品牌;⑤涵盖不同原辅料产品类型.
取样总则为选取适宜类型且安全的方法,样品取样的最少量应在完成规定试验的3~4倍.装样容器选用带有螺旋盖的玻璃瓶,玻璃瓶的材料应能使样品不受光的影响并且没有物料能从容器中逸出或进入容器.涂料样品按GB/T 3186的规定[40]取样,液体产品用浸入式取样器取样,在距离底部三分之二处取中部样品,膏状产品用调刀、取样勺从膏状涂料中取上部样品.胶粘剂样品按GB/T 20740的规定[41]取样,水性胶粘剂用称重的取样罐在生产容器的不同水平位置取样,溶剂型胶粘剂用取样管或勺从整体的不同部分取样,本体型胶粘剂直接采集最终包装形式,如卷筒状、片状或块状.清洗剂样品按GB/T 6680的规定[42]取样,先将装有清洗剂的桶搅拌或摇匀后,用采样管从桶内取得混合样品.采集的样品部分为即用状态,部分为非即用状态,需按照产品规定的施工配比混合后测试.
涂料中VOCs含量的检测按照《车辆涂料中有害物质限量》(GB 24409-2020)[39]进行测试.胶粘剂中VOCs含量的检测按照《胶粘剂挥发性有机化合物限量》(GB 33372-2020)[43]进行测试.清洗剂中VOCs含量的检测按照《清洗剂挥发性有机物含量限值》(GB 38508-2020)[44]进行测试.
涂料中VOCs组分的检测按照《色漆和清漆挥发性有机化合物(VOC)含量的测定 气相色谱法》(GB/T 23986-2009)方法[45]进行,采用GC/MS系统(Agilent 7890B-5977A)进行定性定量分析.水性涂料和溶剂型涂料采用不同的样品前处理条件及气相色谱质谱条件.对于水性涂料,首先,取(1±0.1)g涂料样品于试管中,加入10mL甲醇后,超声萃取5min,然后置于离心机中以5000r/min的转速离心5min,取上清液经滤膜过滤,获得涂料预处理溶液.随后,将1μL过滤液注入GC进行分离,然后进入MS进行定性定量分析.色谱条件设置如下:色谱柱类型为DB-624(30m×0.25mm×1.4μm);初始GC柱箱温度为80℃,保持1min,然后以10℃/min升温至230℃并保持15min;进样口温度为240℃;载气为高纯氦气(purity≥99.999%);柱流速为1mL/min;分流比20:1.质谱条件设置如下:质谱检测器的离子源类型为电子轰击电离(EI),离子源温度为250℃,EI电离能为70eV,全扫描模式,扫描范围为30~400amu.对于溶剂型涂料,首先,取(1±0.1)g涂料样品于试管中,加入10mL乙酸乙酯后,超声萃取5min,然后置于离心机中以5000r/min的转速离心5min,取上清液经滤膜过滤,获得涂料预处理溶液.色谱条件设置如下:初始GC柱箱温度为50℃,保持2min,然后以5℃/min升温至150℃,再以40℃/min的速率升到250℃并保持8min;进样口温度为250℃;载气为高纯氦气(purity≥99.999%);柱流速为1mL/min;分流比10:1.质谱条件设置如下:质谱检测器的离子源类型为电子轰击电离(EI),离子源温度为250℃,EI电离能为70eV,质谱在电子冲击模式下进行全扫描采集,扫描范围为35~650amu.
根据色谱峰停留时间和质谱图,确定样品中有机物的种类(定性).采用内标法进行定量分析,水性涂料检测中内标物为正戊醇和乙二醇单丁醚,溶剂型涂料检测中内标物为十三烷和十四烷,纯度均高于99%,内标物在涂料样品中未检测到,且能够与色谱图上的其他成分完全分离.对正丙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇、丙二醇甲醚、乙二醇单丁醚、二乙二醇丁醚、三乙胺、甲苯、乙苯、间-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、乙酸丁酯、1,3,5-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯、3-乙氧基丙酸乙酯、1,2,3-三甲苯、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、2-甲基癸烷、3-甲基癸烷、十一烷等30种标准化合物的相对响应因子进行定量分析,以定量涂料样品中检出频繁且含量较大的目标化合物.对于检出量较少的化合物,其相对响应因子视为1[45].
样品采集过程中,为了减少采样容器残留ROC的影响和样品中ROC组分的损失,采用新购置的玻璃瓶进行取样;运输储存时为避免样品泄露及光照,采用定制的高密度海绵包运输,采样瓶口保持密封;运输前后核对玻璃瓶数量及形态,及时发现运输过程中出现的问题.样品分析过程中,为确保分析测试仪设备处于最佳状态,在设备性能检验及优化、仪器标定、空白分析、精密度和检出限等5个方面进行严格控制;每个样品进行两次平行测定,两次测试结果的相对偏差均小于10%,在平行样品测定环节进行严格的质控.采样分析记录过程中,制定规范统一的样品记录标签,建立完整、清晰可追溯的电子版记录,包括分析日期、样品类型、样品编号和仪器状况等信息.
同一种类原辅料不同样品的ROC物种种类及浓度存在差异,为了消除某一样品对一类原辅料成分谱的单一影响,建立能够反映一类原辅料的成分谱,需要对各样品ROC组分浓度数据进行统计分析,采用平均值处理后,得到各类原辅料的成分谱.同时,原辅料的组分特征受分散介质影响很大,相同分散介质的样品,其所含ROC物种种类及浓度比较接近,因此,将分散介质相同的样品进行归类,计算出各种ROC组分质量相对于所测得的总挥发性有机物质量的百分比(质量分数),得到两类涂料及胶粘剂的成分谱[28,46],公式如下:
式中:Qij为原辅料j中组分i的质量分数;Cij为原辅料类型j某一样品中组分i的质量浓度,g/L;ROCj为原辅料j某一样品的总挥发性有机物质量浓度,g/L;Sj为本研究中采集的原辅料类型j的样品数量.
ROC作为臭氧生成的重要前体物,不同挥发性的有机化合物组分因光化学反应活性等差异对于臭氧生成有不同的影响.目前常用臭氧生成潜势(OFP)来评估挥发性有机化合物对O3生成的相对贡献.通过比较OFP的大小,揭示对O3生成贡献较大的ROC种类,确定主要的污染物种.本研究采用最大增量反应活性(MIR)计算各组分的OFP,结合实测数据和相关的最大增量反应活性因子MIR值来估算样品中ROC的臭氧生成潜势,公式如下:
式中:Ci(ROC)为实际检测中物种i的排放浓度,g/L;MIRi为物种i的最大增量反应活性系数,g/g,数据来自于Venecek的研究[47];OFPi为物种i的臭氧生成潜势,g O3/(L 原辅料).
二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的前体物包括VOCs、IVOCs和SVOCs,通过SOA产率可以估算大气中由气态有机前体物转化生成的SOA浓度.目前对SOA生成潜势的计算方法主要有气溶胶生成系数(FAC)法、二产物的参数化产率法和挥发性分级产率法等[48],本研究基于二产物的参数化产率计算方法来估算样品中VOCs、IVOCs和SVOCs的二次有机气溶胶生成潜势,量化各有机化合物组分向SOA转化的潜力,计算公式如下:
式中:Ci(ROC)为实际检测中物种i的排放浓度,g/L;YSOAi为物种i的二产物产率系数[18],g/g;SOAi为物种i的SOA生成潜势,g SOA/(L原辅料).
污染源反应活性(SR)是指污染源排放单位质量ROC对大气中化学反应的贡献程度,可以表征污染源排放单位质量ROC中O3和SOA的生成潜势,计算公式如下:
式中:SR1为ROC的臭氧生成系数,g O3/(g ROC);Qi为物种i的质量分数;MIRi为物种i的最大增量反应活性系数[47],g/g;SR2为ROC的二次有机气溶胶生成系数,g SOA/(g ROC);YSOAi为物种i的二产物产率系数[18],g/g.
汽车涂装工艺中释放的ROC会通过人体呼吸进入身体造成吸入暴露危害.美国环境保护署给出了针对吸入途径污染物的健康风险评价方法[49-51],方法规定评价吸入途径污染物的健康风险时使用该化学物质在空气中质量浓度作为暴露量.因此,本研究结合汽车工业污染防治可行技术指南[52]中涂装工序主要污染物产生浓度水平和基于实测组分的质量分数来评估对人体健康的影响.非致癌风险评价用危害指数HI表示,致癌风险评价用风险值LCR表示,计算公式如下:
式中:CA为空气中ROC的含量,mg/m3Ap为涂装工序ROC产生浓度水平[52],水性涂料喷涂取平均值为20mg/m3,溶剂型涂料喷涂取平均值115mg/m3Qi为物种i的质量分数;ET为空气暴露时间(h/d),假设喷涂作业8h/d;EF为暴露频率(d/a),假设暴露频率为300d/a[53];ED为暴露持续时间(a),假设喷涂工龄30a;AT为终身暴露时间(a),我国成年人平均寿命,取男性69.6a[53];Rfc为吸入非致癌风险因子,mg/m3,IUR为吸入单元风险,m3/mg,Rfc和IUR参数均来自于美国环保署综合风险信息系统(IRIS)数据库[51].
通过对涂料、胶粘剂及清洗剂进行测定,各原辅料中VOCs含量总体情况见图2.水性汽车涂料和溶剂型汽车涂料的ρ(VOCs)范围分别为42.75~838.58g/L和60.00~625.42g/L;水性胶粘剂、溶剂型胶粘剂和本体型胶粘剂的ρ(VOCs)范围分别为5.00~61.00g/L、51.00~478.00g/L和5.00~96.00g/L;水性清洗剂和溶剂型清洗剂的ρ(VOCs)范围分别为55.00~163.79g/L和747.00~861.00g/L,不同分散介质类型的原辅料中ρ(VOCs)差别很大.实测数据显示,同一功能类型原辅料不同样品之间VOCs含量存在较大差异,可能受汽车制造企业选择的原辅料品牌、原辅料配方、现场调配稀释剂与固化剂比例、喷漆操作人员习惯、喷涂季节、喷涂设备、生产工艺等影响.可见,使用高VOCs含量原辅料的汽车制造企业在降低VOCs排放方面仍有较大的改进空间.
近年来,随着水性涂装工艺在汽车涂装工艺中所占比例不断攀升,国内大部分汽车涂装线均开始采用先进的涂装工艺技术和环境友好型涂料.本研究中,电泳底漆、中涂、底色漆和本色面漆这4个涂装工序以水性为主,共检测了66个水性汽车涂料,各类水性汽车涂料ρ(VOCs)范围与平均ρ(VOCs)分别为:水性电泳底漆ρ(VOCs)范围为42.75~350.00g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为169.95g/L;水性中涂ρ(VOCs)范围为76.38~348.00g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为178.71g/L;水性底色漆ρ(VOCs)范围为61.85~838.58g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为311.58g/L;水性本色面漆ρ(VOCs)范围为236.89~621.66g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为440.61g/L.整体来看,水性底色漆与水性本色面漆的平均ρ(VOCs)较高,其次为水性电泳底漆和水性中涂,这与国家标准GB 24409-2020规定的各类涂料限值(表2)一致[39].与现行国家标准GB 24409-2020规定[39]的限值相比,水性本色面漆的平均ρ(VOCs)比标准限值高4.91%,水性电泳底漆、水性中涂和水性底色漆的平均ρ(VOCs)均低于标准限值.柯云婷等[26]研究显示,水性电泳底漆、水性中涂和水性底色漆的平均VOCs含量分别为23.22%、15.03%和17.29%,根据密度换算得平均ρ(VOCs)分别为260.06,199.90和186.73g/L,其中,水性中涂平均ρ(VOCs)与本研究相对接近,而水性电泳底漆和水性底色漆的平均ρ(VOCs)存在一定的差异.这可能与采样的汽车制造企业工艺、使用原辅料品牌等有关,同时受采样时间、样品数量等影响,样品数量较少时会带来一定的统计偏差.
部分企业的底色漆涂装工序中仍使用溶剂型涂料,清漆工序全部为溶剂型汽车涂料,本研究共检测17个溶剂型汽车涂料,包括2个底色漆、10个清漆和5个PVC抗击石涂料.结果显示,溶剂型底色漆的ρ(VOCs)范围为605.69~625.42g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为615.56g/L;溶剂型清漆的ρ(VOCs)范围为401.94~580.92g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为465.28g/L.与现行国家标准GB 24409-2020规定的限值[39]进行比对,溶剂型底色漆和溶剂型清漆的平均ρ(VOCs)均符合标准限值,且比标准限值低15%~18%左右.此外,柯云婷等[26]的研究结果表明,溶剂型底色漆和溶剂型清漆的平均VOCs含量分别为61.42%和42.96%,根据密度换算得到的平均ρ(VOCs)分别为669.48和429.60g/L,与本研究结果相对接近.溶剂型PVC抗击石涂料的ρ(VOCs)范围为60.00~82.00g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为71.80g/L.尽管现行国家标准中未提及特殊功能性汽车涂料的限值,但与文献中的汽车涂料限值进行对比,其平均ρ(VOCs)远低于各类限值.
根据《胶粘剂挥发性有机化合物限量》(GB 33372-2020)[43]及《环境标志产品技术要求 胶粘剂》(HJ 2541-2016)[54],胶粘剂按照不同的分散介质和含量被划分为水基型、溶剂型和本体型.本研究共检测了18个胶粘剂样品,3个水基型胶粘剂ρ(VOCs)范围为5.00~61.00g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为27.00g/L,3个溶剂型胶粘剂ρ(VOCs)范围为51.00~478.00g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为196.67g/L,12个本体型胶粘剂ρ(VOCs)范围为5.00~96.00g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为27.50g/L,水基型、溶剂型和本体型胶粘剂的平均ρ(VOCs)均低于国家标准GB 33372-2020的含量限值[43].周君蕊等[55]的研究指出,溶剂型胶粘剂平均ρ(VOCs)为535.3g/L,高于本研究中溶剂型胶粘剂ρ(VOCs);水基型胶粘剂VOCs含量有较大差异,2个水性胶粘剂样品ρ(VOCs)分别为5.00和48.00g/L,与本研究结果相近;本体型胶粘剂平均ρ(VOCs)为168.30g/L,高于本研究中本体型胶粘剂ρ(VOCs).
清洗剂是在汽车涂装工艺中,利用化学溶解、乳化、润湿、渗透、分散等原理,去除汽车表面的污垢(包括油脂、粉尘、涂料等)的有机溶剂.本研究共检测了8个清洗剂样品,其中3个水性清洗剂ρ(VOCs)范围为55.00~163.79g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为116.60g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)高于现行国家标准GB 38508-2020的含量限值(50.00g/L)[44];另外5个溶剂型清洗剂ρ(VOCs)范围为747.00~861.00g/L,平均ρ(VOCs)为831.20g/L,低于国家标准GB 38508-2020规定的限值(900.00g/L)[44].
将本研究所得的汽车涂料、胶粘剂及清洗剂的具体结果与相关标准及其他研究结果进行比对,并总结于表2.在汽车涂料中,水性电泳底漆样品达标率为75.00%,检测出2个样品的ρ(VOCs)高于国家标准规定的限值;水性中涂样品达标率为100%,检测的所有样品ρ(VOCs)均低于国家标准规定的限值;水性底色漆样品达标率为87.50%,检测出5个样品的ρ(VOCs)高于国家标准规定的限值,但溶剂型底色漆样品中的ρ(VOCs)均低于国家标准规定的限值,达标率为100.00%;水性本色面漆达标率仅为37.50%,检测的大部分样品中ρ(VOCs)均高于国家标准规定的限值;溶剂型清漆样品达标率为90.00%,检测出1个样品的ρ(VOCs)高于国家标准规定的限值.在胶粘剂中,3个水性胶粘剂样品和3个溶剂型胶粘剂样品均检测出1个样品高于国家标准规定的限值,达标率为66.67%;12个本体型胶粘剂样品中ρ(VOCs)均低于国家标准规定的限值,达标率为100.00%.在清洗剂中,3个水性清洗剂样品中ρ(VOCs)均高于国家标准规定的限值,达标率为0.00%;5个溶剂型清洗剂样品中ρ(VOCs)均低于国家标准规定的限值,达标率为100.00%.可见,水性本色面漆和水性清洗剂样品达标率较低,水性本色面漆样品不达标的原因可能在于涂装工序中替代罩光清漆,使得其要具有一定的硬度、耐磨性、耐候性以及光泽度,故而添加的挥发性溶剂含量较多;值得说明的是,本研究中检测的水性清洗剂均按水基型标准限值比对,达标率为0.00%,若按半水基型标准限值比对,则检测的水性清洗剂样品均达标.
污染源成分谱是指每种有机化合物组分相对于总排放量的质量分数,能够反映各污染源中ROC的化学组成情况以及其相对污染贡献程度,是将组分排放从总排放量中剥离出来的关键.本研究从抽检的样品中,选取了部分水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂进行组分检测,建立其污染源成分谱.根据组分检测结果,将水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂的组分检测数据进行归一化处理,计算出各类检测样品中ROC组分所占质量分数,从而表征不同类型产品之间的化学特征和污染程度,见表3.本研究中,所建立的成分谱按物种特性分为7类有机物族,分别是烷烃、芳香烃、醇类、酯类、醇醚及醚酯类、酮类和胺类,共包含了56种ROC组分.
不同类型原辅料ROC组分占比如图3所示,可以看出,水性涂料的组分含有7类,溶剂型涂料的组分含有5类,本体型胶粘剂的组分仅含烷烃,溶剂型胶粘剂的组分含烷烃和醇类.水性涂料中,醇醚及醚酯类为最主要的组分类别,占水性涂料ROC的46.41%,其次是酯类(33.82%)和醇类(9.20%),与柯云婷等[26]对我国汽车涂料的研究结果类似.醇醚及醚酯类和酯类通常用作挥发性溶剂,有助于涂料的稀释和成膜干燥;醇类用作溶剂提高涂料的流动性和附着性.水性涂料中芳香烃占比很少,仅占0.49%,主要是因为水性涂料使用了其他溶剂组分替代芳香烃,这与李清雅等[25]的研究结果吻合,近年来我国溶剂组分不断更新变化,部分经济发展较迅速的城市使用了其他溶剂组分替代苯系物.溶剂型涂料中,芳香烃为最主要的组分类别,占比达54.04%,其次是酯类(24.11%)、醇类(16.16%)、醇醚及醚酯类(4.36%)和烷烃(1.34%),未检测到酮类和胺类.与高美平等[56]对建筑涂料的研究结果进行对比,发现结果较为吻合,溶剂型涂料均以二甲苯和三甲苯等芳香烃为主,同时伴有一定的酯类物质;柯云婷等[26]对溶剂型汽车涂料的研究也指出酯类和芳香烃为主要的组分类别.因此,从源头上采用水性涂料等低挥发性有机化合物涂料替代溶剂型涂料,可以有效降低芳香烃的排放浓度.本体型胶粘剂中,组分仅含烷烃(100%);溶剂型胶粘剂中,首要ROC组分仍是烷烃(97.36%),其次含有少量醇类(2.64%),这与溶剂型胶粘剂中添加有机溶剂有关.
不同类型原辅料中质量分数前10位的ROC物种如图4所示,水性涂料中最多的物种是醇醚及醚酯类和酯类,质量分数最高的是邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(33.82%),属于酯类增塑剂,因其具有优良的柔韧性和耐候性,且可以增强涂膜附着力和调节涂膜硬度,被应用于水性涂料中.其次,醇醚及醚酯类包括二乙二醇丁醚(29.25%)、乙二醇乙醚(7.12%)、丙二醇丁醚(2.86%)及丙二醇甲醚(2.68%),国家标准GB 24409-2020对乙二醇醚及醚酯总量进行了限定,不超过300.00mg/kg,本研究中其中一个水性中涂样品中检出乙二醇乙醚含量为284.89mg/kg,超出标准限值近1000倍[39],乙二醇醚及醚酯对人体血液循环系统、淋巴循环系统及生殖系统均有极大危害.典型的醇类包括正丁醇、2-乙基己醇、正丙醇和1,1'-[(1-甲基-1,2-乙亚基)二(氧)]二-(2-丙醇),质量分数分别为3.17%、1.88%、1.68%和1.61%,醇类作为水性涂料的溶剂,不仅在溶解颜料和树脂等固体成分的过程中起到了助溶的作用,还对涂料的流变性能及涂膜的性能等方面起到了调节的作用.这与柯云婷等[26]的研究结果较为接近,但是检测到的物种存在一定差别,其醇醚及醚酯类物质主要为乙二醇丁醚和乙二醇己醚.此外,N-甲基吡咯烷酮(4.72%)也是水性涂料中主要的ROC物种,上述10种典型物种的质量分数之和为88.80%.
溶剂型涂料中最多的物种是芳香烃,但质量分数最高的物种是3-乙氧基丙酸乙酯,质量分数为16.85%,其属于酯类助溶剂,在溶剂型涂料中用作稀释、调节溶解度和涂料的流动性;其次,芳香烃类包括1,2,3-三甲苯(13.95%)、间-二甲苯(10.79%)、3-乙基甲苯(9.85%)、1,2,4-三甲苯(4.22%)、邻-二甲苯(3.95%)和1,4-二乙基苯(2.92%);此外,前10种物种还包括正丁醇(13.06%)、乙酸丁酯(5.93%)和异丁醇(3.09%).溶剂型涂料中芳香烃总质量占比为54.04%,因其具有很强的惰性、吸收光线和极好的附着力等性质,可有效提高涂料的耐化学性、耐候性和涂层的耐久性,导致了芳香烃在溶剂型涂料中居于高位.与柯云婷等[26]对溶剂型汽车涂料的检测结果较为相似,其主要包括三甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯等.刘郁葱等[57]研究发现车用涂料采用三甲苯等苯系物作为替代溶剂,虽一定程度地降低了ROC组分毒性,却提高了其臭氧生成潜势.
本体型胶粘剂中组分仅有烷烃,检测出的全部物质有5种,包括2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(51.84%)、2-甲基癸烷(16.49%)、十一烷(11.38%)、3-甲基癸烷(10.72%)和2,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷(9.57%);其中质量分数最高的2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷,又称为异十二烷,可以增强胶粘剂的粘接强度,具有良好的热稳定性和耐腐蚀性,防止金属的氧化和锈蚀,保护汽车部件免受损害.此类胶粘剂具有良好的热稳定性[58],使用温度范围宽,耐紫外线,但是其力学性能一般,易磨损、耐油性差.LO等[59]使用本体型胶粘剂粘接车载微电子集成电路模块,发现适当调整模块的剪切方向可以有效提升剪切强度,最高达到9.99MPa,使车载微电子集成电路的安装更便捷和稳定.溶剂型胶粘剂中仅检测出3种物质,分别是2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(82.94%)、2,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷(14.42%)和2-乙基己醇(2.64%).
ROC组分就挥发性分为VOCs、SVOCs和IVOCs,不同类型原辅料中各种挥发性有机物的质量占比如图5所示.水性涂料中,各种挥发性有机物质量占比依次为SVOCs(36.03%)、IVOCs(37.77%)和VOCs(26.21%);其中,SVOCs以酯类和醇类为主,包括邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯、1,1'-[(1-甲基-1,2-乙亚基)二(氧)]二-(2-丙醇)和2-己基-1-癸醇;IVOCs质量占比最高,且最为丰富的组分是醇醚及醚酯类,包括丙二醇丁醚、十八烷基乙烯基醚、二丙二醇甲醚和二乙二醇丁醚.溶剂型涂料中,主要为VOCs,质量占比为95.41%;仅检测出少量IVOCs,质量占比为4.59%;没有检出SVOCs,其中IVOCs物种包括碳酸二丁酯、乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯和二乙二醇丁醚.本体型胶粘剂中,仅检测出烷烃,且这5种烷烃均属于VOCs.溶剂型胶粘剂中,VOCs质量占比为97.36%,为烷烃;IVOCs为2-乙基己醇,其质量占比仅为2.64%.可见,水性涂料中含有较高的SVOCs和IVOCs,是SVOCs和IVOCs的主要来源,溶剂型涂料和胶粘剂中SVOCs和IVOCs含量较少.
根据不同类型原辅料的组分含量,对其OFP值计算,各类原辅料中的VOCs、SVOCs和IVOCs组分对臭氧生成贡献潜势的贡献率存在显著差异,如图6所示.在水性涂料中,醇醚及醚酯类对OFP的贡献最高,其贡献率高达70.56%,与组分质量分数的趋势一致;其次,水性涂料中各组分对OFP的贡献率分别为醇类(12.60%)、酮类(9.27%)、胺类(5.26%)、芳香烃(1.30%)和烷烃(1.00%).在溶剂型涂料中,对OFP贡献最大的是芳香烃,由于其MIR值较高,贡献率达到了79.50%,其余组分对OFP的贡献率分别为酯类(11.16%)、醇类(7.69%)、醇醚及醚酯类(1.40%)和烷烃(0.25%).因此,减少溶剂型涂料中芳香烃物质的含量,可有效降低O3的生成量.在本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中,对OFP贡献最高的组分均为烷烃,溶剂型胶粘剂中醇类对OFP的贡献仅为7.70%,与组分质量分数很相近.
图7反映了不同类型原辅料中ROC对OFP贡献最大的前10位物种,这些物种分别贡献了水性涂料和溶剂型涂料中OFP的91.51%和91.50%,而在本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中均贡献了100%.从图7可以看出,ROC质量分数和OFP贡献率间的顺序有一定差异,这是由于ROC组分的光化学反应活性(MIR)不同所导致,特别是具有较高化学反应活性的芳香烃、酮类和胺类组分.
图7(a)可以看出,水性涂料中ROC的OFP贡献主要来自醇醚及醚酯类物种,对OFP贡献最大的前10位物种中有5种属于醇醚及醚酯类.其中,二乙二醇丁醚对OFP的贡献率最大,高达42.03%;其次是乙二醇乙醚(15.89%)、丙二醇丁醚(4.67%)、丙二醇甲醚(3.94%)和二丙二醇甲醚(3.94%),这些物种对OFP的贡献率与其质量分数较为接近.从图7(b)中可以看出,溶剂型涂料中ROC的OFP贡献主要来源于芳香烃物种,其中1,2,3-三甲苯(28.29%)、间-二甲苯(17.82%)、3-乙基甲苯(12.34%)、1,2,4-三甲苯(6.35%)、邻-二甲苯(5.11%)、1,4-二乙基苯(2.19%)和邻-乙基甲苯(1.49%)对OFP的贡献较为显著.如间-二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯等,因其MIR值较高,在质量分数较低的情况下对OFP的贡献率仍然较高,这凸显了芳香烃物种对O3生成的影响.钱珍余等[60]的研究表明,企业涂装工序重点环节对OFP贡献较大的物质是1,2,4-三甲苯、三甲苯、二甲苯和乙基甲苯.因此,可以通过选择光化学反应活性较低的物种作为溶剂,从而降低涂料中芳香烃的含量,以减少O3的生成.从图7(c)和(d)可以看出,两类胶粘剂中ROC物种极少,OFP贡献主要来源于2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷,对本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂的OFP贡献率分别为52.20%和78.63%.
整体来看,汽车涂料中ROC组分对OFP贡献率较大的物种有二乙二醇丁醚、乙二醇乙醚、1,2,3-三甲苯、间-二甲苯、3-乙基甲苯和3-乙氧基丙酸乙酯,贡献率均大于10%;正丁醇的质量分数高于其对OFP的贡献率,说明该物种的光化学反应活性较低;而1,2,3-三甲苯、间-二甲苯、3-乙基甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯和邻-二甲苯对OFP的贡献率明显高于其质量分数,说明这5个物种具有较高的光化学反应活性,对O3的生成具有较大影响.
基于二产物的参数化产率来估算不同类型原辅料中VOCs、SVOCs和IVOCs组分对SOA生成的贡献,见图8.水性涂料中,酯类物质对SOA生成的贡献最高,其贡献率达到62.84%,与OFP生成贡献的趋势存在差异;其次,醇醚及醚酯类、醇类、烷烃、芳香烃和酮类物质对SOA生成的贡献率分别为31.52%、2.76%、2.72%、0.09%和0.06%.溶剂型涂料中,芳香烃物质对SOA生成的贡献率高达76.86%,与组分质量分数的趋势一致,其他组分对SOA生成的贡献分别为醇醚及醚酯类(17.36%)、酯类(3.73%)和烷烃(2.05%).由此可知,溶剂型涂料中的芳香烃对SOA的生成具有重要影响.在本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中,对SOA生成贡献最高的物质均为烷烃,贡献率分别为100.00%和95.85%.
现有研究中,挥发性有机溶剂对SOA生成贡献的评估主要针对VOCs[37,56],这可能导致对有机溶剂中SOA的生成量存在一定偏差.本研究基于挥发性饱和浓度,将涂料及胶粘剂中检测出的物种进行分类,并算出了各组分对SOA的贡献率,不同类型原辅料中典型的VOCs、SVOCs和IVOCs物种,见表4.在水性涂料中,VOCs、SVOCs和IVOCs物种对SOA生成的贡献占比分别为2.17%、64.98%和32.85%;其中,贡献率最大的物种是SVOCs中的邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯,贡献率为62.84%;此外,前10位物种中有6种属于IVOCs,分别是二乙二醇丁醚(27.62%)、丙二醇丁醚(2.70%)、十三烷(0.79%)、2-乙基己醇(0.63%)、二丙二醇甲醚(0.57%)和十八烷基乙烯基醚(0.51%);主要的VOCs物种是十一烷,其对SOA生成的贡献仅为1.55%.在溶剂型涂料中,VOCs、SVOCs和IVOCs物种对SOA生成的贡献占比分别为81.94%、0.00%和18.06%,对SOA生成贡献最多的是VOCs,分别是间-二甲苯(20.23%)、3-乙基甲苯(16.07%)、邻-二甲苯(10.74%)、1,2,3-三甲苯(7.58%)、1,4-二乙基苯(4.76%)、萘(3.62%)、乙苯(3.12%)和邻-乙基甲苯(2.56%),以上VOCs均为芳香烃;其次是IVOCs,包括二乙二醇丁醚(13.45%)和乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯(3.90%).在本体型胶粘剂中,所含5个物种均为VOCs,对SOA生成的贡献率分别为十一烷(31.17%)、2-甲基癸烷(30.11%)、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(29.68%)、2,2,4,4-四甲基辛烷(5.48%)和3-甲基癸烷(3.56%).在溶剂型胶粘剂中,存在少量的IVOCs,2-乙基己醇对SOA生成的贡献为4.15%,其他2个物种均为VOCs,贡献率占比和为95.85%.
不同类型原辅料中ROC的含量水平、OFP和SOA生成潜势的情况如图9所示,从中可以看出溶剂型涂料ρ(ROC)为454.00g/L,远大于水性涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂的ρ(ROC),其对应的OFP值和SOA值分别为2679.27和16.70g/L;水性涂料ρ(ROC)为56.32g/L,OFP值和SOA值分别为93.67和18.49g/L;本体型胶粘剂ρ(ROC)为40.00g/L,OFP值和SOA值分别为25.82和4.82g/L;溶剂型胶粘剂ρ(ROC)为61.00g/L,OFP值和SOA值分别为41.82和4.28g/L.可见,溶剂型涂料中ρ(ROC)和OFP值远高于水性涂料及胶粘剂,由于芳香烃为溶剂型涂料中的主要组分,且具有较高的光化学反应活性,对O3的生成起到关键作用.而水性涂料中ρ(ROC)和OFP值较小,但SOA值却偏高,在于SVOCs和IVOCs为水性涂料中的主要物种,这说明有机溶剂中的SVOCs和IVOCs物种对SOA形成的影响不可忽略.本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中ρ(ROC)、OFP值和SOA值均低于水性涂料和溶剂型涂料,这表明单位体积的胶粘剂对O3和SOA的生成贡献较低于汽车涂料.
本研究采用了污染源反应活性法对不同类型原辅料中ROC的活性进行了定量评估,通过该方法计算得出的OFP生成潜势(SR1)和SOA生成潜势(SR2)的范围分别是0.65~5.90g O3/(g ROC)和0.04~0.33g SOA/(g ROC).溶剂型涂料的SR1值最大,为5.90g O3/(g ROC),其次水性涂料、本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘的SR1值分别为1.66,0.65和0.69g O3/(g ROC),这表明溶剂型涂料中ROC物种活性较高,主要原因是其MIR值较高的芳香烃等VOCs组分质量分数较大.而不同类型原辅料的SR2值由高到低排列为:水性涂料(0.33)>本体型胶粘剂(0.12)>溶剂型胶粘剂(0.07)>溶剂型涂料(0.04),单位为g SOA/(g ROC),其中水性涂料SR2值大于溶剂型涂料SR2值,本体型胶粘剂与溶剂型胶粘剂SR2值较为接近.总体而言,溶剂型涂料的SR1值最高,水性涂料的SR2值最高,这说明减少溶剂型涂料的使用以及控制涂料中芳香烃的含量,可以有效控制O3的生成;同时,重视涂料中SVOCs和IVOCs对SOA生成的评估,减少涂料中SVOCs和IVOCs的含量,能有效降低SOA的生成.
共检测出56种ROC组分,本体型胶粘剂和溶剂型胶粘剂中组分较少,水性涂料和溶剂型涂料中共筛查出11种非致癌物质:庚烷、乙苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯、1,2,3-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、萘、丙二醇甲醚、乙二醇乙醚和4-甲基-2-戊酮.本研究利用健康风险评价模型对上述物质进行非致癌性评价,如图10(a).在水性涂料中,丙二醇甲醚、乙二醇乙醚和4-甲基-2-戊酮的非致癌风险HI值分别为0.03、0.84和0.01,均小于1,说明采用水性涂料不会对人体健康造成明显伤害,非致癌风险较小或可以忽略.在溶剂型涂料中,庚烷、乙苯和异丙苯的非致癌风险HI值分别为0.35、0.31和0.07,均小于1;间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1,2,3-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯和萘的非致癌风险HI值分别为14.65、5.36、31.57、9.56和20.09,远大于1,说明溶剂型涂料中的芳香烃物种对人体健康危害极大,因此控制溶剂型涂料中芳香烃物种的含量不仅能降低对环境的污染,还能在一定程度上保障人体健康.本研究还分析了溶剂型涂料中乙苯和萘的致癌风险,见图10(b).对于致癌风险而言,美国环保局[51,61]设定10-6为可接受致癌风险水平的下限,10-4为可接受致癌风险水平的上限.当化合物引起的致癌风险低于或等于10-6时,认为风险是可忽略的;当化合物引起的致癌风险高于10-4时,认为风险是不可以接受的;当引起的致癌风险在10-6~10-4之间,存在致癌风险,但可接受.喷涂工序使用的溶剂型涂料中乙苯和萘的LCR值分别为7.79×10-4和2.05×10-3,均高于可接受致癌风险水平上限,长时间暴露于使用溶剂型涂料的喷涂车间将会存在一定的致癌风险,影响人体健康,因此应加快水性涂装工艺的推进,降低对喷漆工作者可能带来的致癌风险.
3.1 不同类型原辅料中VOCs含量差异较大.水性涂料中,电泳底漆、中涂、底色漆和本色面漆平均ρ(VOCs)分别为169.95,178.71,311.58和440.61g/L;溶剂型涂料中,底色漆和清漆平均ρ(VOCs)分别为615.56和465.28g/L;水性、溶剂型和本体型胶粘剂平均ρ(VOCs)分别为27.00,196.67和27.50g/L;水性和溶剂型清洗剂平均ρ(VOCs)分别为116.60和831.20g/L.
3.2 不同类型原辅料中ROC组分差异显著.水性涂料以醇醚及醚酯类和酯类为主,首要物种是邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯;溶剂型涂料以芳香烃为主,首要物种是1,2,3-三甲苯;本体型和溶剂型胶粘剂均以烷烃为主,首要物种均为2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷.
3.3 水性涂料中,各种类型挥发性有机物质量占比依次为SVOCs(36.03%)、IVOCs(37.77%)和VOCs(26.21%);溶剂型涂料中,主要为VOCs(95.41%),仅含少量IVOCs(4.59%),未检出SVOCs;本体型胶粘剂中仅检测出VOCs;溶剂型胶粘剂中,主要为VOCs(97.36%),含少量IVOCs(2.64%),未检出SVOCs.
3.4 水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型和溶剂型胶粘剂中ROC的OFP值分别为93.67,2679.27,25.82和41.82g O3/(L 原辅料);不同类型原辅料中OFP的首要贡献物种分别为二乙二醇丁醚(42.03%)、1,2,3-三甲苯(28.29%)、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(52.20%)和2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷(78.63%).
3.5 水性涂料、溶剂型涂料、本体型和溶剂型胶粘剂中ROC的SOA值分别为18.49,16.70,4.82和4.28g SOA/(L 原辅料);水性涂料中SVOCs和IVOCs对SOA生成贡献率最高,溶剂型涂料、本体型及溶剂型胶粘剂中VOCs对SOA生成贡献率最高.
3.6 将溶剂型涂料和水性涂料对环境影响及人体健康风险评价比较发现,溶剂型涂料中ROC浓度所产生的OFP值及非致癌风险和致癌风险均远高于水性涂料,因此应加快推进源头替代工作并加强对SVOCs和IVOCs的监控,为颗粒物污染防控找到新的突破口.
  • 北京市生态环境保护科学研究院项目(JZ2022-010)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-06
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北京市生态环境保护科学研究院项目(JZ2022-010)
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    1.北京工业大学环境科学与工程学院,北京 100124
    2.北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,国家城市环境污染控制工程技术研究中心,城市大气挥发性有机物污染防治技术与应用北京市重点实验室,北京 100037

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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