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Based on the unique hydrodynamic and environmental conditions of stormwater artificial recharge, a series of one-dimensional seepage simulation experiments were conducted. The migration and deposition characteristics of clogging microorganisms within porous media under varying seepage conditions, such as different saturation levels, pH environments, ionic strengths, and recharge rates were systematically analyzed and the development of bioclogging within porous media under different seepage conditions was clarified. DLVO theory was used to reveal the dominant forces during microbial migration under different pH environments and ionic strengths. The results showed that the migration of microorganisms slowed down as saturation decreased, pH lowered, ionic strength of the recharge water increased, or recharge flow rate decreased. Consequently, deposition on the medium increased, while interlayer deposition became more uniform, promoting the formation of bioclogging within the medium. Changes in saturation, pH, or ionic strength had minimal effect on microbial migration when saturation was between 60% and 80%, pH was between 7.5 and 8.5, or ionic strength was between 1and 5mmol/L. Under unsaturated conditions, the impact of recharge rate variations on microbial migration and deposition was weakened when the recharge rate was within the range of 0.5to 1mL/min. Under different pH environments and ionic strengths, the dominant forces during microbial migration in saturated and unsaturated media were electrostatic forces and capillary forces, respectively.

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针对雨洪水人工回灌特有的水动力和水环境条件,通过系列一维渗流模拟试验,系统分析不同饱和度、酸碱环境、离子强度和回灌速度等渗流状态下堵塞模式微生物在多孔介质内的迁移沉积特征,进而明确不同渗流状态下多孔介质内部微生物堵塞发展状况,同时通过DLVO理论计算揭示不同酸碱环境和离子强度下微生物运移过程中主控作用力.结果显示,当介质饱和度降低、介质内pH值下降、回灌水离子强度增加或回灌流速降低时,堵塞微生物迁移均会变慢,在介质上的沉积增加且层间沉积非均匀程度降低,导致介质内部更易形成生物堵塞.饱和度介于60%~80%、pH值介于7.5~8.5或离子强度介于1~5mmol/ L范围内时,分别改变饱和度、pH值或者离子强度,对微生物迁移的影响较弱.渗流速度在0.5~1mL/min范围内,非饱和条件会削弱流速变化对菌体迁移沉积的影响.不同酸碱环境和离子强度下,饱和与非饱和介质中微生物运移主控作用力分别为静电作用力和毛细管作用力.

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*责任作者,副教授,
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武宇辉(1993-),女,甘肃会宁人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水土环境微生物和人工回灌微生物堵塞研究.发表论文10余篇..

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武宇辉(1993-),女,甘肃会宁人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水土环境微生物和人工回灌微生物堵塞研究.发表论文10余篇..

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武宇辉(1993-),女,甘肃会宁人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水土环境微生物和人工回灌微生物堵塞研究.发表论文10余篇..

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Setting of operating parameters for each column

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柱号饱和度
(%)
离子强度
(mmol/L)
pH值流速
(mL/min)
孔隙度
110057.5010.37
28057.5010.37
36057.5010.37
410017.5010.37
5100107.5010.37
66017.5010.37
760107.5010.37
810056.5010.37
910058.5010.37
106056.5010.37
116058.5010.37
1210057.500.50.37
1310057.5020.37
146057.500.50.37
156057.5020.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011698516904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049973408715136, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各模拟柱运行参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
柱号饱和度
(%)
离子强度
(mmol/L)
pH值流速
(mL/min)
孔隙度
110057.5010.37
28057.5010.37
36057.5010.37
410017.5010.37
5100107.5010.37
66017.5010.37
760107.5010.37
810056.5010.37
910058.5010.37
106056.5010.37
116058.5010.37
1210057.500.50.37
1310057.5020.37
146057.500.50.37
156057.5020.37
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雨洪水回灌不同渗流状态下微生物迁移沉积特征
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武宇辉 1, 2 , 杨悦锁 1 , 路莹 1, * , 闫子晗 3 , 王茜丹 1 , 石敏 4
中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025,45(1): 487-499
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中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025, 45(1): 487-499
雨洪水回灌不同渗流状态下微生物迁移沉积特征
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武宇辉1, 2 , 杨悦锁1, 路莹1, * , 闫子晗3, 王茜丹1, 石敏4
作者信息
  • 1.吉林大学地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021
  • 2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510535
  • 3.南京大学地球科学与工程学院水科学系,表生地球化学教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
  • 4.南方科技大学环境科学与工程学院,广东 深圳 518005
  • 武宇辉(1993-),女,甘肃会宁人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水土环境微生物和人工回灌微生物堵塞研究.发表论文10余篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Characteristics of migration and deposition of microorganisms under different seepage conditions in stormwater recharge
Yu-hui WU1, 2 , Yue-suo YANG1, Ying LU1, * , Zi-han YAN3, Qian-dan WANG1, Min SHI4
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
  • 2.South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510535, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, Department of Hydrosciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 4.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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针对雨洪水人工回灌特有的水动力和水环境条件,通过系列一维渗流模拟试验,系统分析不同饱和度、酸碱环境、离子强度和回灌速度等渗流状态下堵塞模式微生物在多孔介质内的迁移沉积特征,进而明确不同渗流状态下多孔介质内部微生物堵塞发展状况,同时通过DLVO理论计算揭示不同酸碱环境和离子强度下微生物运移过程中主控作用力.结果显示,当介质饱和度降低、介质内pH值下降、回灌水离子强度增加或回灌流速降低时,堵塞微生物迁移均会变慢,在介质上的沉积增加且层间沉积非均匀程度降低,导致介质内部更易形成生物堵塞.饱和度介于60%~80%、pH值介于7.5~8.5或离子强度介于1~5mmol/ L范围内时,分别改变饱和度、pH值或者离子强度,对微生物迁移的影响较弱.渗流速度在0.5~1mL/min范围内,非饱和条件会削弱流速变化对菌体迁移沉积的影响.不同酸碱环境和离子强度下,饱和与非饱和介质中微生物运移主控作用力分别为静电作用力和毛细管作用力.

堵塞微生物  /  迁移沉积  /  渗流状态  /  雨洪水回灌  /  生物堵塞

Based on the unique hydrodynamic and environmental conditions of stormwater artificial recharge, a series of one-dimensional seepage simulation experiments were conducted. The migration and deposition characteristics of clogging microorganisms within porous media under varying seepage conditions, such as different saturation levels, pH environments, ionic strengths, and recharge rates were systematically analyzed and the development of bioclogging within porous media under different seepage conditions was clarified. DLVO theory was used to reveal the dominant forces during microbial migration under different pH environments and ionic strengths. The results showed that the migration of microorganisms slowed down as saturation decreased, pH lowered, ionic strength of the recharge water increased, or recharge flow rate decreased. Consequently, deposition on the medium increased, while interlayer deposition became more uniform, promoting the formation of bioclogging within the medium. Changes in saturation, pH, or ionic strength had minimal effect on microbial migration when saturation was between 60% and 80%, pH was between 7.5 and 8.5, or ionic strength was between 1and 5mmol/L. Under unsaturated conditions, the impact of recharge rate variations on microbial migration and deposition was weakened when the recharge rate was within the range of 0.5to 1mL/min. Under different pH environments and ionic strengths, the dominant forces during microbial migration in saturated and unsaturated media were electrostatic forces and capillary forces, respectively.

clogging microorganisms  /  migration and deposition  /  seepage state  /  stormwater artifical recharge  /  bioclogging
武宇辉, 杨悦锁, 路莹, 闫子晗, 王茜丹, 石敏. 雨洪水回灌不同渗流状态下微生物迁移沉积特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 487 -499 .
Yu-hui WU, Yue-suo YANG, Ying LU, Zi-han YAN, Qian-dan WANG, Min SHI. Characteristics of migration and deposition of microorganisms under different seepage conditions in stormwater recharge[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 487 -499 .
利用多余的城市雨洪水回补被超采的地下水是一种缓解“城市发展对地下水依赖程度日益增强所导致的地下水超采严重”[1]与“城市化进程中不透水下垫面规模扩大所引发的城市洪涝频繁”[2]之间矛盾的有效手段,但在运行过程中因入渗介质被堵塞而导致回灌效率大大降低甚至报废的案例屡见不鲜[3-5].其中,回灌路径中因微生物作用而导致的介质渗透性的降低是不易控制且难以恢复的[6-7].
现有关于人工回灌中微生物堵塞的研究大都基于饱和渗流条件展开[8-12].但在实际回灌过程中前期入渗介质表层堵塞物质的积聚会促使表层介质渗透能力远远小于下部空间,导致介质内部处于非饱和状态[13].另一方面,雨洪水回灌受水文周期控制,入渗剖面上常呈现干湿交替的非连续变饱和渗流状态.因此,实际雨洪水回灌过程中介质内部常呈现出非饱和渗流特征.
回灌过程中介质表层成熟的生物膜或者附着的微生物在水流剪切力作用下会从多孔介质表面脱落,向介质内部进一步运移后再次沉积于孔隙中,改变深部介质孔隙大小与连通性,在深部介质中形成内部堵塞[14].非饱和渗流条件会影响介质内部的剪切力,同时导致在介质内部出现空气相.相比于饱和条件下的固-液界面,微生物在气-液界面上具有更高的亲和力[15],从而使得非饱和渗流条件下介质内部微生物迁移沉积规律不同于饱和条件.此外,微生物的穿透受流速影响[16].相同的入渗流速条件下,由于介质内部实际剪切力不同,流速变化对饱和与非饱和条件微生物迁移的影响程度会呈现出差异性[17],从而导致不同饱和度下微生物穿透过程对渗流速度的响应呈现出不同特征.除水动力条件外,雨洪水回灌水源的水化学条件也会影响堵塞微生物在多孔介质中的运移特征.已有关于微生物在饱和介质中的迁移研究表明,当微生物与多孔介质均带负电时,增加pH值会促进其在多孔介质中的迁移[18],增大离子强度会使其沉积速率也随之增加[19].因此在雨洪水回灌的特殊水动力和水化学条件作用下,导致回灌介质中微生物的迁移和沉积具有其时空变化的特殊性,而这又会进一步作用于介质内深部堵塞的发展.
因此,本文基于雨洪水回灌过程中的特殊水动力和水化学条件,通过系列渗流实验,系统地探究了不同渗流状态下堵塞微生物的迁移沉积特征,并通过DLVO理论定量分析了不同酸碱环境和离子强度下微生物迁移过程中的作用力变化,完善雨洪水回灌介质内部微生物堵塞机理,为实际工程中合理有效地预防和控制雨洪水回灌引发的介质内部深层堵塞问题提供理论支持.
本试验采用一维渗流装置,包括进水装置、模拟柱、出水装置和样品收集装置四部分(如图1所示).
模拟柱选用有机玻璃柱,内径2.5cm,高20cm,实际装填10cm.进出水口处各加装200目筛网,避免运行中介质流出.相较于饱和条件,非饱和条件另加入一个蠕动泵,通过一端供水,一端抽水,维持模拟柱内非饱和渗流条件.
由于实际回灌工程中常选择渗透性较好区域,本试验参照夏璐[20]、赵婧彤[21]、Zheng等[22]研究中的回灌地层岩性特征,选用粒径为0.35~0.50mm的天然河砂作为含水介质.实验前将河砂经高压蒸汽(121℃,30min)连续灭菌3次,每次间隔1d[23-24].通过前处理可有效去除河砂中微生物,避免对实验结果产生干扰.
铜绿假单胞菌可在短期内生成生物膜,对营养要求低,是目前人工回灌生物堵塞研究中常用模式微生物[25-26].本试验中选用的铜绿假单胞菌购自中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CGMCC 1.10452菌种代码:GIM32).将菌种接种到LB培养基后恒温震荡培养24h(30℃,120r/min),菌液离心(4℃,8000r/min,5min),加入PBS溶液清洗3次.用与试验组对应离子强度和pH值的NaHCO3溶液调节菌液OD600至0.5.为降低菌体沉降对试验结果的影响,试验中供入菌液每2h更换一次.
本试验选择饱和度、酸碱环境、回灌水离子强度和回灌速度4个渗流因素,探究不同渗流状态下模式微生物在多孔介质中的迁移沉积规律.其中,饱和度设定为100%、80%、60%.具体计算方法如公式(1).
回灌速度通过改变蠕动泵供水速度实现.依据中砂渗透系数,设定蠕动泵供水速度为0.5、1、2mL/min,分别对应渗流速度为5.87、2.94和1.47m/d.雨洪水离子强度一般为1~10mmol/L[27-28],选取1、5、10mmol/L 3个梯度.回灌水源要求pH值介于6.50~8.50且雨洪水pH值也介于这一范围[25],本次试验中pH值设定为6.5、7.5、8.5.现有关于微生物在多孔介质中的迁移,多选用NaCl或CaCl2为背景液[17,29].但城市雨洪水化学类型一般在HCO3-Ca~HCO3-Na型之间变化[27],结合实验条件,本次试验选择回灌背景液为NaHCO3溶液.各模拟柱具体运行参数设置如表1所示.
模拟柱砂样采用干法装填,容重为1.67g/cm3.将预处理后的砂样按每厘米分层填装,用小锤夯实,保证各层装填均匀.之后通过蠕动泵自下而上缓慢供水12h,保证模拟柱内完全饱和.模拟柱内水的总体积为1个孔隙体积(Pore Volune,PV).各模拟柱饱和水溶液为NaHCO3溶液,pH值和离子强度与对应模拟柱运行条件一致.饱水完成后,饱和组不做处理,非饱和组通过排水法调节饱和度[30].
非饱和组调节完成后,分别向各模拟柱内供入对应运行条件下的菌液(357mL,21PV),之后切换为运行条件对应的无菌NaHCO3溶液(374mL,22PV)进行冲洗.试验中通过自动采样器持续收集流出液.
冲洗结束后,各模拟柱从进水口开始每厘米分层取样,确定堵塞微生物沉积分布情况.饱和度为80%和60%的实验组,取样时每层从中间分为左右两部分分别取样,以明确非饱和渗流条件下堵塞微生物层间沉积分布情况.
示踪剂选用1.5mmol/L NaCl.溶液离子强度、流速等变化对示踪剂的穿透过程无显著影响[17],因此本试验只研究了不同饱和度下Cl-迁移穿透过程.具体操作为:模拟柱装填完成后,用I=5、pH=7.5的NaHCO3溶液饱水.完成后调节饱和度分别为100%、80%、60%.供入238mL 1.5mmol/L的NaCl溶液,之后用与饱水条件相同设置的NaHCO3溶液冲洗.测定流出液中Cl-浓度,得到不同饱和度下的穿透曲线.
通过紫外分光光度计实时测定流出液OD600值.本次试验中介质有机质含量的变化主要来源于微生物的迁移沉积,因此通过测定各层有机质含量来表征模拟柱内堵塞微生物沉积分布状况,有机质含量测定采用烧失法[20].
通过纳米颗粒分析仪(HORIBA Scientific,SZ-100)对不同运行条件下细菌和河砂的Zeta电位以及细菌的半径进行测定.
通过接触角测定仪(美国科诺工业有限公司,SL200L+)测定不同水化学条件下细菌的接触角,测定方法如下:将接种到不同水化学条件下培养一段时间后的菌液通过0.22μm滤膜过滤,用盖玻片将过滤的菌体刮下后富集到新的盖玻片上,保证盖玻片上的菌苔平整[31].将富集的盖玻片晾干15min后,测定接触角.
微生物在多孔介质迁移过程中作用力的计算分析采用Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)理论.由于河砂粒径和介质内部非饱和区间的直径均远大于铜绿假单胞菌菌体半径,因此将细菌-河砂系统看作平面作用[17,32-33].总作用能计算公式如下:
式中:ФTOT(h)为DLVO总作用能;ФVDW(h)为由范德华作用力引起的范德华作用能;ФDL(h)为由双电层引起的静电作用能.
范德华作用能(ФVDW)计算公式如下:
式中:A为Hamaker常数,参考Bai等[32]、Redman等[33]、Chen等[34]的研究,微生物-介质-溶液系统中A = 6.5×10-21J,微生物-介质-溶液-空气系统中A=-1.05×10-20J;h为粒子之间分离距离,m;rp为细菌半径,m.
静电作用能(ФDL)计算如下[37]
式中:ε0为水的真空介电常数,ε0=8.854×10-12C/(V⋅m);εr为水的相对介电常数,25℃时,εr =78.55;k为Boltzmann常数,k=1.38×10-23J/K;T为热力学温度,本次试验温度为25℃,T=298K;ν为电解质的价态;e为基本电荷,e=1.602×10-19C;ξi为细菌、河砂和气体的Zeta电位,V,此处气体的Zeta电位参照Yang等[38]、Leroy等[37]的研究,具体取值如下:I=1,pH=7.5时,ξ=-38.5mV;I=5,pH=6.5,ξ=-27.5mV;I=5,pH=7.5,ξ=-34.2mV;I=5,pH=8.5, ξ=-39.3mV;I=10,pH=7.5, ξ=-30mV;细菌和河砂的Zeta电位依据实测值.κ为Debye-Huckel参数,计算公式如下[33,40]
式中:NA为阿伏伽德罗常数,NA=6.022×1023I为离子强度,mol/L.
已有研究表明菌体会沉积在气-液界面上[36,41],但DLVO理论并不能很好的描述非饱和条件下细菌-空气-水界面的作用力.因此,本研究除考虑DLVO作用力外,同时分析计算疏水力和毛细管作用力等非DLVO作用力.
其中,疏水力作用能(Φhyd)计算公式如下:
式中:rp为细菌半径,m;h为细菌到平面的距离,m;K123为疏水力常数;θ1为气-液界面的接触角,因为水滴在空气中是理想的球形,所以它与水的接触角为180°[42]θ2为实测的不同条件下细菌-水界面的接触角;ab为系统特定的参数,对于细菌-气-液界面相互作用,参照Bai等[34]和Schäfer等[42]的研究,a=-5,b=-20.
将作用于胶体的毛细作用力Fc分解为平行于多孔介质的横向作用力Fpc和垂向作用力Fvc.由于水平方向上各个方向作用力是平衡的,净Fpc=0,则垂直作用力Fvc的总和即为Fv-tot.
本次试验中细菌直径远远小于河砂直径(350~500μm),因此假设多孔介质表面是平坦的,总垂直毛细力Fv-tot遵循以下公式:
式中:rp为菌体半径;hf为薄膜厚度;σaw是空气-水界面的表面张力,25℃时为0.0718N/m;β是水和细菌之间的接触角;z 是穿过菌体中心,且与水膜正交的坐标.
图2(a)为不同饱和度下Cl-的穿透曲线.降低饱和度会提前Cl-穿透平衡时间,对最大出流比无影响.饱和度从100%降低至80%,穿透时间提前0.5PV;由80%降至60%,穿透时间仅提前0.25PV.这表明非饱和条件会显著影响多孔介质内Cl-穿透过程,但当饱和度降至80%后,继续降低饱和度,对氯离子穿透影响减弱.
不同饱和度下堵塞微生物穿透曲线如图2(b)所示.试验初始阶段,河砂表面物质随水流流出,对菌体吸光度测定产生影响,2PV后河砂影响趋于零,此时引起流出液OD600值变化的原因主要为菌体的迁移.不同饱和度下,前期流出液C/C0值均迅速增加,无明显差别.随菌液不断注入,吸附速率降低,流出液中菌体浓度增加速率减缓.21PV后开始向模拟柱内注入NaHCO3溶液,各模拟柱流出液菌体浓度较前一时刻均有小幅度上升,后迅速降低.这表明冲洗开始后部分菌体在水流剪切力作用下从介质表面迅速剥落并随水流流出,导致流出液菌体含量增加.各模拟柱流出液中菌体浓度最终逐渐接近于零,无拖尾现象.降低饱和度会显著延缓微生物穿透达到平台期时间并降低最大出流比,当饱和度降至80%后,进一步降低饱和度对细菌穿透的影响减弱.
非饱和条件下菌体更易在介质表面附着,且附着后不易脱落.对各模拟柱流出液中微生物菌落数随注入溶液体积变化过程积分计算.饱和、80%和60%条件下注入阶段菌体吸附比例分别为0.41、0.46和0.47,冲洗阶段解吸比例分别为0.25、0.22和0.18.这与Gargiulo等[30]关于耐辐射球菌在多孔介质中的迁移、Bai等[32]关于Klebsiella oxytocaRhodococcus rhodochrous在非饱和多孔介质中迁移的研究结果一致.饱和介质中仅存在固-液界面,非饱和介质内部同时存在气-液和固-液界面,细菌对气-液界面的亲和力大于对固-液界面的亲和力[33],导致其更倾向于附着在气-液界面上.因此非饱和多孔介质中空气相的存在会显著影响微生物的迁移[41].
不同饱和度模拟柱内菌体沉积分布结果如图3所示.饱和条件下微生物沉积主要集中于距近进水口0~5cm处(占总沉积量71.22%),5~10cm内随深度增加呈现单调降低趋势,但降低幅度较小.已有研究表明,在无冲洗过程时,在胞间连接和桥联等作用下[42],饱和多孔介质内菌体更易聚集在入水口处[29],且随距离的增加呈现指数递减趋势[17].因此本试验中饱和条件下中间区域菌体沉积量的显著增加,可能是冲洗阶段进水口附近未稳定附着的菌体随水流向介质内部迁移的结果.
相较于饱和条件,非饱和介质中菌体沉积分布无单调降低特征,且随饱和度降低,微生物纵向沉积分布非均匀程度减弱.饱和度由80%降至60%,0~5cm内微生物沉积量占总沉积量比例由50.92%降至44.1%.在无冲洗过程的研究中,微生物在非饱和多孔介质中的迁移沉积也呈现出非单调性分布[11].因此本试验中非饱和介质中微生物的非单调性分布是菌液注入阶段附着沉积和后期冲洗过程共同作用的结果.非饱和介质内部存在的气-液界面为可移动边界,通过毛细作用附着在气-液界面上的胶体可在水流剪切力、布朗运动或表面张力驱动力等作用下自由移动[43-44],进而导致介质内部菌体呈现非单调性分布特征.此外,非饱和条件下模拟柱内同一层位微生物的沉积也呈现出明显的非均匀性,这可能与介质内部非饱和程度分布不均以及优先流的存在相关.
因此,非饱和条件下气-液界面的存在会显著抑制堵塞微生物的迁移,促进菌体在介质内部的沉积,从而导致非饱和多孔介质更易发生内部堵塞.但饱和度对微生物迁移的影响程度并不会随饱和度降低而持续增加,当饱和度降至80%以后,进一步降低饱和度对堵塞微生物迁移的影响减弱.
不同饱和度下,升高pH值均会促进堵塞微生物在多孔介质内部的迁移(图4).当pH值由6.5升至8.5,饱和条件下达到平台期的时间由17PV提前至14PV,平台期C/C0值由0.71增加至0.85;非饱和条件下达到平台期的时间由18.5PV提前到16PV,平台期C/C0值由0.66增加至0.79.本试验研究范围内,多孔介质与菌体均带负电,增加pH值会增加静电排斥力,促进细菌在介质内的迁移[45].当pH值达到7.5,进一步改变酸碱条件对细菌迁移的影响减弱.
不同pH值条件下细菌穿透曲线积分计算结果显示,当pH值由6.5升至8.5,饱和条件下注入阶段吸附比例由0.55降至0.46,冲洗阶段解吸比例由0.16升至0.27;非饱和条件下吸附比例由0.60降至0.52,解吸比例由0.11升至0.20,介质内部最终菌液残余量逐渐降低.pH值由7.5升至8.5,细菌在介质表面的解吸比例变化较小,这与Kinoshita等[45]的研究结果一致.
pH值变化对不同饱和度介质内堵塞微生物沉积分布的影响存在差异(图5).随pH值升高,饱和模拟柱内各层沉积量显著降低,微生物最大沉积层由4~5cm转移至9~10cm;非饱和多孔介质内表层沉积量无明显变化,5~10cm内沉积量随pH值增加而降低.
堵塞微生物穿透过程中DLVO作用能和非DLVO作用能随pH值的变化如图6所示.DLVO作用能曲线上的最高点即为斥力势垒,当胶体粒子动能越过斥力势垒时才会发生沉积.饱和条件下,当pH值由6.5升至8.5,固-液界面斥力势垒由3951KT升至6197KT,贡献主要来源于静电作用力.因此pH值变化对饱和多孔介质中堵塞微生物沉积的作用主要为改变其受到的静电作用力.非饱和条件下,除对固-液界面产生作用外,pH值的升高会降低气-液界面的斥力势垒,从而促进细菌在气-液界面的附着,抑制其迁移.除DLVO作用外,pH值的升高会降低疏水力作用能并增加毛细管势能.但毛细管势能的数量级远大于DLVO作用能和疏水力作用能.因此,不同pH值条件下,非饱和多孔介质中堵塞微生物迁移沉积作用主要由毛细作用力控制.此外,pH=7.5与pH=8.5条件下DLVO作用能、疏水力作用能与毛细管势能均较为接近,因此堵塞微生物在pH=7.5与pH=8.5体系中的穿透差异较小.
因此,在天然雨洪水酸碱环境下,pH值的变化对堵塞微生物在饱和与非饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响程度无显著差异.回灌雨洪水pH值越高,菌体越易向多孔介质更深处迁移沉积,增大了介质内部更深处生物堵塞的风险.
不同离子强度下堵塞微生物在多孔介质内的穿透过程如图7所示.离子强度由1mmol/L增至10mmol/L,微生物在不同饱和度条件下多孔介质中的迁移均会被显著抑制.根据双电层理论,离子强度增加会压缩胶体双电层,促进多孔介质对胶体的吸附而抑制其迁移.但离子强度变化对饱和与非饱和介质中细菌穿透的影响程度存在差异.离子强度在1~5mmol/L范围内变化时,其对不同饱和度下介质内微生物迁移的影响均较弱;当离子强度由5mmol/L增加至10mmol/L,饱和条件下流出液相对浓度降低0.34,达到穿透平衡时间延迟1.5PV;非饱和条件下,流出液相对浓度降低0.36,达到穿透平衡时间延迟2PV.因此,回灌水源离子强度在5~10mmol/L范围内变化时对非饱和多孔介质内菌体的迁移影响更为显著.
积分计算得到不同离子强度下多孔介质内部菌体的吸附和解吸比例.随离子强度从1mmol/L增加至10mmol/L,注入菌液阶段,饱和介质中吸附比例增加0.30,非饱和介质中吸附比例增加0.35.冲洗阶段,饱和介质中解吸比例降低0.04,非饱和介质中解吸比例降低0.09.离子强度的增加会促进微生物在多孔介质表面的沉积,且对非饱和介质中微生物的促进作用更为显著.
不同饱和度介质内微生物沉积对离子强度变化的响应存在差异(图8).随着离子强度由1mmol/L增加到10mmol/L,饱和条件下距进水口0~5cm内微生物沉积量占总沉积量的比例升高12.58%,非饱和介质内仅升高2.40%.因此增加回灌水源离子强度会促使微生物更易在表层沉积,增大饱和多孔介质表层生物堵塞发生风险.另一方面,非饱和多孔介质内随回灌雨洪水离子强度增加,各层微生物沉积量显著增加且不同层位间分布更为均匀.
不同回灌水离子强度下微生物受到的DLVO作用能及非DLVO作用能如图9所示.升高离子强度会降低饱和介质固-液界面的斥力势垒,从而有利于堵塞微生物在介质表面附着沉积.DLVO作用力中范德华力对DLVO作用能及势垒的变化基本无贡献,因此饱和多孔介质中不同离子强度下堵塞微生物的迁移沉积主要受静电作用力控制.对于非饱和多孔介质,离子强度的增加除影响固-液界面作用外,也会降低微生物和气-液界面的斥力势垒,从而形成更有利的附着条件和更快的气-液界面捕获率,Keller等[46]研究也得到类似结果.此外,离子强度的增加会影响微生物在非饱和介质内部受到的疏水作用能和毛细管势能,但毛细管势能的变化远大于疏水作用能和DLVO作用能.因此毛细管作用力是控制非饱和介质中不同离子强度下堵塞微生物迁移沉积的主要机制.
因此,当雨洪水离子强度较低时(1~5mmol/L)时,离子强度的变化对菌体在饱和与非饱和介质中迁移的影响均较弱.当雨洪水离子强度大于5mmol/L时,增加离子强度会抑制菌体迁移,且对非饱和介质中堵塞微生物的影响更为显著.增加离子强度会导致非饱和介质中大量菌体附着于介质内部,相较于饱和多孔介质更易发生内部堵塞.
较低回灌速度下(0.5mL/min),饱和与非饱和多孔介质内微生物的迁移穿透过程无明显差异(图10).回灌速度由0.5mL/min增加至1mL/min,饱和介质中生物穿透达到平台期的时间由16PV提前至14PV,平台期C/C0值由0.80增至0.85;而非饱和介质中微生物穿透过程无较大差异.这表明当回灌速度在一定范围内时,非饱和条件会削弱流速变化对微生物迁移的影响.非饱和介质内气-液界面毛管力的限制,会导致部分水流会流向小孔隙,形成一定的低速区间[47-48],在这一区间内流速变化对胶体运移的影响较小.当回灌速度进一步增至2mL/min,饱和介质中微生物穿透达到平台期的时间提前2PV,平台期C/C0值增至0.91;非饱和介质中微生物穿透达到平台期的时间加快3PV,平台期C/C0值由0.77增至0.86.
积分计算得到不同回灌速度下堵塞微生物在多孔介质中的吸附与解吸比例.结果显示随回灌速度增加,注入菌液阶段饱和与非饱和介质内部菌体的吸附比例均逐渐降低;冲洗阶段,菌体流出比例升高,但其中回灌速度为1mL/min时的解吸比例低于流速为0.5mL/min.进一步对比各回灌速度下模拟柱内残余菌液量,回灌速度为0.5与1mL/min时的残余菌液量较为接近.因此,在较低回灌速度下,菌体在不同饱和度介质内部迁移过程中均能达到最大稳定吸附量.
不同回灌速度下各模拟柱内微生物分层分布结果如图11所示.随回灌速度增加,饱和与非饱和介质内菌体总沉积量均降低,且微生物沉积分布的非均匀程度增加.回灌速度变化对饱和介质内微生物分布的影响大于非饱和介质.随流速的增加,饱和介质内微生物会向靠近进水口处聚集沉积.流速由0.5mL/min增加至2mL/min,饱和介质内0~5cm处菌体沉积量占比增加22.7%,但非饱和介质内仅升高1.12%,即非饱和条件会显著削弱回灌速度变化对微生物沉积分布的影响.
因此,回灌速度会显著影响堵塞微生物的迁移沉积.较低回灌速度下,流速变化对饱和与非饱和介质内菌体的运移无明显影响.在一定回灌速度范围内,非饱和条件会削弱流速变化对菌体穿透过程的影响.随回灌速度增加,菌体在多孔介质中的迁移速度加快,更易于在介质更深处发生堵塞.但在饱和条件下,流速增加会促进微生物在进水口处(0~5cm范围内)堆积,促使此区域内更易发生生物堵塞.此外相同渗流速度下,在非饱和条件下更易于形成由于菌体迁移附着生长导致的内部堵塞,且发生堵塞位置比饱和条件下更浅.
3.1 降低饱和度会显著延缓微生物穿透达到平台期时间并降低最大出流比.非饱和条件下气-液界面的存在会显著抑制堵塞微生物迁移,促进菌体在介质内部沉积,导致非饱和介质更易发生内部堵塞,且发生时间和位置早于饱和条件.饱和度降至80%后,继续降低饱和度对微生物迁移影响减弱.
3.2 升高pH值会促进堵塞微生物在多孔介质内迁移,对菌体在不同饱和度介质中迁移的影响程度无显著差异,但会促使饱和介质内菌体向更深处沉积,导致饱和介质内部更深处更易形成生物堵塞.不同pH值条件下,饱和与非饱和介质内菌体迁移主控作用力分别为静电作用力和毛细作用.
3.3 离子强度在1~5mmol/L范围内变化时对菌体在不同饱和度介质中迁移无明显影响.增加离子强度(大于5mmol/L)会抑制菌体迁移,对非饱和条件下作用更为显著,导致非饱和条件下更易发生由于菌体大量附着形成的内部堵塞.不同离子强度下,饱和与非饱和介质内菌体迁移主控作用力分别为静电作用力和毛细作用.
3.4 回灌速度在0.5~1mL/min范围内,非饱和条件会削弱流速变化对菌体迁移沉积的影响.随回灌速度增加,菌体在多孔介质中的迁移速度加快.流速增加会促进饱和条件下微生物在进水口处(0~5cm范围内)堆积,从而促使此区域内更易发生生物堵塞.相同回灌速度下,在非饱和介质更易于形成由于菌体迁移附着生长导致的内部堵塞.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42272284)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023M732396)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2024M752162)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2022D003)
  • 河北省水利科研项目(2024-06)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42272284)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023M732396)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2024M752162)
黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2022D003)
河北省水利科研项目(2024-06)
作者信息
    1.吉林大学地下水资源与环境教育部重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021
    2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510535
    3.南京大学地球科学与工程学院水科学系,表生地球化学教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
    4.南方科技大学环境科学与工程学院,广东 深圳 518005

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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