Article(id=1241049972527911291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718553600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818971044, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818971044, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818971044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818971044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=406, endPage=415, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049975157739956, articleId=1241049972527911291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Bottom-up and zooplankton’s top-down effects on the phytoplankton communities in Yilong Lake, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We conducted a seasonal survey on phytoplankton and environmental factors in Yilong Lake from summer, 2020 to spring,2021 to uncover the seasonal pattern of phytoplankton community structure and biomass, and further identify the driving forces of bottom-up and zooplankton’s top-down effect in mediating phytoplankton variations through multivariate analysis. The results showed that the phytoplankton’s biomass in Yilong Lake ranged from 7.12mg/L to 66.07mg/L, with the highest value in September and the lowest value in December. The phytoplankton community was dominated by Cyanophyta, which contributed to 42.91% to 95.67% of total phytoplankton biomass. Raphidiopsis raciborskii, absolutely predominated during the investigation period(23.43%~84.30%), reflecting its strong competitive advantages. The ANOSIM and Kruskal-Wallis analyses indicated that there existed significant temporal fluctuation in phytoplankton community structure and biomass(P<0.05). The Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the biomass of phytoplankton, Cyanophyta and R. raciborskii were all positively related to total phosphorus(P<0.05), total nitrogen and water temperature and negatively related to transparency and ammonia nitrogen(P<0.05), but had no significant correlation with zooplankton biomass(P>0.05). The RDA results showed that total phosphorus, total nitrogen, silicate, water temperature and water depth were among the significant factors in driving phytoplankton community in Yilong Lake. The results of variation partitioning further revealed that the bottom-up effect (water temperature, nutrients and water depth) and top-down effect (zooplankton community) accounted for 20.30% and 0.20% of the total variance independently with a shared portion of 5.80%. Therefore, the bottom-up effect had a greater impact on variations in phytoplankton community than the top-down effect by zooplankton in Yilong Lake. This may be because zooplankton in Yilong Lake had small mean body length (ZB/ZA:0.0019±0.0018) and relatively low biomass (0.56±0.39mg/L), and thus resulting in the weak grazing pressure on algae (ZB/PB:0.0303±0.0271). Our results will provide scientific data for the ecological assessment and integrated watershed management of Yilong Lake.

, correspAuthors=Li CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fei QIU, Zhao-yang ZHANG, Li CHEN, Jun-yu ZHU, Xue GONG, Xin ZHENG, Tao ZHANG, Tian-li LI, Shuai-ying ZHAO, Guang-jie CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049997504991596, articleId=1241049972527911291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=上行效应和浮游动物的下行效应对异龙湖浮游植物群落的影响, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

于2020年夏季至2021年春季对异龙湖的浮游植物和环境因子进行季节性采样调查,分析浮游植物群落结构和生物量的季节变化模式,并进一步通过多变量统计分析识别上行效应和下行效应(浮游动物)对浮游植物群落变化的驱动作用.调查结果显示异龙湖浮游植物总生物量在7.12~66.07mg/L之间,9月最高,12月最低.蓝藻门是浮游植物生物量构成的主要门类(42.91%~95.67%),拟柱孢藻(Raphidiopsis raciborskii)全年占优(23.43%~84.30%),反映了其在异龙湖中具有较强的竞争优势.ANOSIM和Kruskal-Wallis分析表明异龙湖浮游植物群落结构和总生物量均在时间上差异显著(P<0.05). Spearman相关分析显示浮游植物总生物量、蓝藻生物量和拟柱孢藻生物量均与总磷、总氮和水温显著正相关(P<0.05),与透明度、氨氮显著负相关(P<0.05),与浮游动物总生物量没有显著的相关性(P>0.05). RDA结果显示总磷、总氮、硅酸盐、水温和水深是影响异龙湖浮游植物群落结构的显著因子.方差分解进一步显示浮游植物的上行效应(水温、营养盐和水深)单独解释了浮游植物变化的20.30%,而下行效应(浮游动物群落)仅单独解释了0.20%,上行效应和下行效应共同解释了群落变化的5.80%.因此在以丝状蓝藻为全年优势种的异龙湖中,上行效应对浮游植物的影响大于浮游动物的下行效应,这可能与异龙湖浮游动物个体小(ZB/ZA:0.0019±0.0018)且生物量(0.56±0.39mg/L)相对较低,对浮游植物的牧食作用弱(ZB/PB:0.0303±0.0271)有关.研究结果可为异龙湖的生态评价和流域综合管理提供数据支撑.

, correspAuthors=陈丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,
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仇菲(1999-),女,云南楚雄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为藻类生态学..

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仇菲(1999-),女,云南楚雄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为藻类生态学..

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仇菲(1999-),女,云南楚雄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为藻类生态学..

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Fisheries Science202241(5):876-882., articleTitle=Seasonal succession of plankton community and evaluation of silver carp and bighead carp production in angezhuang reservoir, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241050021521576076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, awardId=202301AT070079, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省基础研究计划项目面上项目(202301AT070079), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050021634822293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, awardId=32060276, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32060276), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050021836148896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, awardId=32360294, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32360294), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050023593562282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, awardId=202203AC100002-02, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省科技计划项目(202203AC100002-02), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050023740362928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”青年人才专项, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241050023983632566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, awardId=202305AM070002, language=CN, fundingSource=异龙湖高原浅水湖泊云南省野外科学观测研究站(202305AM070002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049997899256205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049997907644814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, companyId=1241049997899256205, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049997911839119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, companyId=1241049997899256205, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.云南师范大学地理学部,云南省高原地理过程与环境变化重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241049998096388507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049998104777119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, companyId=1241049998096388507, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049998113165727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, companyId=1241049998096388507, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北 武汉 430072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241050012650623970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of sampling sites, figureFileSmall=G3KpyAD6NJAVWojTUuUPpg==, figureFileBig=22I52X6Zbp0wfoval62r9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050014483534824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采样点分布图

本图基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统下载的审图号为GS(2024)0650号的标准地图制作,底图无修改

, figureFileSmall=G3KpyAD6NJAVWojTUuUPpg==, figureFileBig=22I52X6Zbp0wfoval62r9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050015053959169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Community structure of phytoplankton, figureFileSmall=YxfpoepkEuyXh4jJOMBG+w==, figureFileBig=ZuLb5zP1+zvfBiXcwZz1rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050015255285772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=CN, label=图2, caption=浮游植物的群落结构, figureFileSmall=YxfpoepkEuyXh4jJOMBG+w==, figureFileBig=ZuLb5zP1+zvfBiXcwZz1rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050015439835163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Temporal distribution of phytoplankton biomass, figureFileSmall=di9BZVLkRZrX04UzxSc+jQ==, figureFileBig=E1BBwkYd8bT2fBz/IqXeqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050015641161763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=CN, label=图3, caption=浮游植物生物量的时间分布, figureFileSmall=di9BZVLkRZrX04UzxSc+jQ==, figureFileBig=E1BBwkYd8bT2fBz/IqXeqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050015762796588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=RDA diagram showing phytoplankton community structure and environmental factors in Yilong Lake, figureFileSmall=QZpOALyzancYeDOx0ODitA==, figureFileBig=e9A4o5SpBunDj8+GgsKDhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050019269234742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=CN, label=图4, caption=异龙湖浮游植物属水平群落结构与环境因子的RDA排序图

RAPH: 尖头藻属;CYCL: 小环藻属;SCEN: 栅藻属;CRYP: 隐藻属;AULA: 直链藻属;TETR: 四角藻属;RHIZ: 根管藻;SCHR: 弓形藻;DINO: 锥囊藻

, figureFileSmall=QZpOALyzancYeDOx0ODitA==, figureFileBig=e9A4o5SpBunDj8+GgsKDhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050019705442369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variation analysis of phytoplankton community structure and environmental factors in Yilong Lake, figureFileSmall=iBcon/pE5xKJjRfJVUP2Gg==, figureFileBig=Km0RQzrAk5ayGIE2uelkBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050019869020233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=CN, label=图5, caption=异龙湖浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的方差分析, figureFileSmall=iBcon/pE5xKJjRfJVUP2Gg==, figureFileBig=Km0RQzrAk5ayGIE2uelkBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050020036792403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Temporal changes of environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子6月9月12月3月
TN(µg/L)3690.25±233.934352.78±187.713640.17±206.062490.56±346.59
TP(µg/L)99.17±14.68133.22±2.0786.56±10.4983.61±16.06
N:P83.41±8.7972.33±2.4394.84±17.3268.47±18.36
65.94±66.9219.36±9.40161.53±81.64114.41±78.11
209.30±4.31112.28±154.7699.56±21.9866.78±3.38
16.11±1.1373.44±71.9941.28±9.1934.06±4.15
8.47±3.7014.07±1.7913.17±2.046.81±3.22
WT(℃)25.93±0.4825.80±0.3417.70±0.8120.70±1.08
SD(cm)20.50±1.2220.67±0.8228.83±6.7924.30±3.72
Depth(m)2.28±0.932.10±0.882.28±1.052.13±1.06
pH值8.63±0.088.62±0.118.80±0.158.50±0.06
ZB(mg/L)0.61±0.250.36±0.170.55±0.650.71±0.33
ZA(ind./L)723.49±512.08663.79±234.63263.24±207.64196.21±75.59
ZB/ZA0.0012±0.00080.0006±0.00020.0023±0.00250.0037±0.0013
ZB/PB0.0340±0.02860.0103±0.00620.0344±0.03500.0426±0.0247
Clad-Bio(mg/L)0.20±0.130.07±0.080.40±0.540.53±0.33
Cope-Bio(mg/L)0.36±0.150.21±0.150.06±0.080.04±0.02
Roti-Bio(mg/L)0.06±0.050.08±0.030.08±0.070.14±0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1241050020330393690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环境因子的时间变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子6月9月12月3月
TN(µg/L)3690.25±233.934352.78±187.713640.17±206.062490.56±346.59
TP(µg/L)99.17±14.68133.22±2.0786.56±10.4983.61±16.06
N:P83.41±8.7972.33±2.4394.84±17.3268.47±18.36
65.94±66.9219.36±9.40161.53±81.64114.41±78.11
209.30±4.31112.28±154.7699.56±21.9866.78±3.38
16.11±1.1373.44±71.9941.28±9.1934.06±4.15
8.47±3.7014.07±1.7913.17±2.046.81±3.22
WT(℃)25.93±0.4825.80±0.3417.70±0.8120.70±1.08
SD(cm)20.50±1.2220.67±0.8228.83±6.7924.30±3.72
Depth(m)2.28±0.932.10±0.882.28±1.052.13±1.06
pH值8.63±0.088.62±0.118.80±0.158.50±0.06
ZB(mg/L)0.61±0.250.36±0.170.55±0.650.71±0.33
ZA(ind./L)723.49±512.08663.79±234.63263.24±207.64196.21±75.59
ZB/ZA0.0012±0.00080.0006±0.00020.0023±0.00250.0037±0.0013
ZB/PB0.0340±0.02860.0103±0.00620.0344±0.03500.0426±0.0247
Clad-Bio(mg/L)0.20±0.130.07±0.080.40±0.540.53±0.33
Cope-Bio(mg/L)0.36±0.150.21±0.150.06±0.080.04±0.02
Roti-Bio(mg/L)0.06±0.050.08±0.030.08±0.070.14±0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1241050020506554470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Phytoplankton dominant species with a relative biomass greater than 10%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)
拟柱孢藻(Raphidiopsis. raciborskii)漂浮泽丝藻(Limnothrix planktonica)直链藻(Aulacoseira spp.)
665.30%±8.60%14.90%±6.39%9.37%±5.72%
974.18%±8.12%12.93%±7.24%5.45%±5.45%
1233.97%±6.43%22.53%±7.04%20.74%±9.68%
343.10%±9.56%15.82%±10.05%19.73%±16.20%
), ArticleFig(id=1241050020665938030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

相对生物量大于10%的浮游植物优势种

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)
拟柱孢藻(Raphidiopsis. raciborskii)漂浮泽丝藻(Limnothrix planktonica)直链藻(Aulacoseira spp.)
665.30%±8.60%14.90%±6.39%9.37%±5.72%
974.18%±8.12%12.93%±7.24%5.45%±5.45%
1233.97%±6.43%22.53%±7.04%20.74%±9.68%
343.10%±9.56%15.82%±10.05%19.73%±16.20%
), ArticleFig(id=1241050020766601332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972527911291, language=EN, label=Table.3, caption=

Spearman correlations between phytoplankton biomass and each of the environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子BiomassCyanBaciCyliLimnAula
TN0.40*0.49*-0.250.48*0.17-0.09
TP0.58**0.52**0.000.56**0.180.23
N:P-0.37-0.26-0.07-0.36-0.20-0.30
-0.56**-0.52**0.04-0.60**-0.21-0.22
-0.03-0.070.09-0.06-0.08-0.02
0.270.230.210.00-0.130.02
0.140.27-0.53**0.160.12-0.48*
WT0.72***0.75***-0.160.85***0.56**0.15
SD-0.60**-0.66***0.16-0.73***-0.34-0.08
Depth-0.090.07-0.52**0.090.40-0.34
pH值0.100.010.21-0.18-0.29-0.13
ZB-0.25-0.250.34-0.08-0.320.48*
ZA0.200.23-0.030.370.020.27
ZB/ZA-0.31-0.310.28-0.27-0.180.24
Clad-Bio-0.44*-0.46*0.38-0.35-0.340.42*
Cope-Bio0.290.390.000.49*0.120.26
Roti-Bio-0.27-0.210.11-0.16-0.130.20
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浮游植物生物量与环境因子的Spearman相关分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子BiomassCyanBaciCyliLimnAula
TN0.40*0.49*-0.250.48*0.17-0.09
TP0.58**0.52**0.000.56**0.180.23
N:P-0.37-0.26-0.07-0.36-0.20-0.30
-0.56**-0.52**0.04-0.60**-0.21-0.22
-0.03-0.070.09-0.06-0.08-0.02
0.270.230.210.00-0.130.02
0.140.27-0.53**0.160.12-0.48*
WT0.72***0.75***-0.160.85***0.56**0.15
SD-0.60**-0.66***0.16-0.73***-0.34-0.08
Depth-0.090.07-0.52**0.090.40-0.34
pH值0.100.010.21-0.18-0.29-0.13
ZB-0.25-0.250.34-0.08-0.320.48*
ZA0.200.23-0.030.370.020.27
ZB/ZA-0.31-0.310.28-0.27-0.180.24
Clad-Bio-0.44*-0.46*0.38-0.35-0.340.42*
Cope-Bio0.290.390.000.49*0.120.26
Roti-Bio-0.27-0.210.11-0.16-0.130.20
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上行效应和浮游动物的下行效应对异龙湖浮游植物群落的影响
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仇菲 1 , 张昭阳 1 , 陈丽 1, * , 朱俊宇 1 , 龚雪 1 , 郑昕 1 , 张涛 1 , 李天丽 2 , 赵帅营 1 , 陈光杰 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(1): 406-415
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(1): 406-415
上行效应和浮游动物的下行效应对异龙湖浮游植物群落的影响
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仇菲1 , 张昭阳1, 陈丽1, * , 朱俊宇1, 龚雪1, 郑昕1, 张涛1, 李天丽2, 赵帅营1, 陈光杰1
作者信息
  • 1.云南师范大学地理学部,云南省高原地理过程与环境变化重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500
  • 2.中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北 武汉 430072
  • 仇菲(1999-),女,云南楚雄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为藻类生态学..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Bottom-up and zooplankton’s top-down effects on the phytoplankton communities in Yilong Lake
Fei QIU1 , Zhao-yang ZHANG1, Li CHEN1, * , Jun-yu ZHU1, Xue GONG1, Xin ZHENG1, Tao ZHANG1, Tian-li LI2, Shuai-ying ZHAO1, Guang-jie CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Change, Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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于2020年夏季至2021年春季对异龙湖的浮游植物和环境因子进行季节性采样调查,分析浮游植物群落结构和生物量的季节变化模式,并进一步通过多变量统计分析识别上行效应和下行效应(浮游动物)对浮游植物群落变化的驱动作用.调查结果显示异龙湖浮游植物总生物量在7.12~66.07mg/L之间,9月最高,12月最低.蓝藻门是浮游植物生物量构成的主要门类(42.91%~95.67%),拟柱孢藻(Raphidiopsis raciborskii)全年占优(23.43%~84.30%),反映了其在异龙湖中具有较强的竞争优势.ANOSIM和Kruskal-Wallis分析表明异龙湖浮游植物群落结构和总生物量均在时间上差异显著(P<0.05). Spearman相关分析显示浮游植物总生物量、蓝藻生物量和拟柱孢藻生物量均与总磷、总氮和水温显著正相关(P<0.05),与透明度、氨氮显著负相关(P<0.05),与浮游动物总生物量没有显著的相关性(P>0.05). RDA结果显示总磷、总氮、硅酸盐、水温和水深是影响异龙湖浮游植物群落结构的显著因子.方差分解进一步显示浮游植物的上行效应(水温、营养盐和水深)单独解释了浮游植物变化的20.30%,而下行效应(浮游动物群落)仅单独解释了0.20%,上行效应和下行效应共同解释了群落变化的5.80%.因此在以丝状蓝藻为全年优势种的异龙湖中,上行效应对浮游植物的影响大于浮游动物的下行效应,这可能与异龙湖浮游动物个体小(ZB/ZA:0.0019±0.0018)且生物量(0.56±0.39mg/L)相对较低,对浮游植物的牧食作用弱(ZB/PB:0.0303±0.0271)有关.研究结果可为异龙湖的生态评价和流域综合管理提供数据支撑.

异龙湖  /  浮游植物  /  拟柱孢藻  /  上行效应  /  下行效应

We conducted a seasonal survey on phytoplankton and environmental factors in Yilong Lake from summer, 2020 to spring,2021 to uncover the seasonal pattern of phytoplankton community structure and biomass, and further identify the driving forces of bottom-up and zooplankton’s top-down effect in mediating phytoplankton variations through multivariate analysis. The results showed that the phytoplankton’s biomass in Yilong Lake ranged from 7.12mg/L to 66.07mg/L, with the highest value in September and the lowest value in December. The phytoplankton community was dominated by Cyanophyta, which contributed to 42.91% to 95.67% of total phytoplankton biomass. Raphidiopsis raciborskii, absolutely predominated during the investigation period(23.43%~84.30%), reflecting its strong competitive advantages. The ANOSIM and Kruskal-Wallis analyses indicated that there existed significant temporal fluctuation in phytoplankton community structure and biomass(P<0.05). The Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the biomass of phytoplankton, Cyanophyta and R. raciborskii were all positively related to total phosphorus(P<0.05), total nitrogen and water temperature and negatively related to transparency and ammonia nitrogen(P<0.05), but had no significant correlation with zooplankton biomass(P>0.05). The RDA results showed that total phosphorus, total nitrogen, silicate, water temperature and water depth were among the significant factors in driving phytoplankton community in Yilong Lake. The results of variation partitioning further revealed that the bottom-up effect (water temperature, nutrients and water depth) and top-down effect (zooplankton community) accounted for 20.30% and 0.20% of the total variance independently with a shared portion of 5.80%. Therefore, the bottom-up effect had a greater impact on variations in phytoplankton community than the top-down effect by zooplankton in Yilong Lake. This may be because zooplankton in Yilong Lake had small mean body length (ZB/ZA:0.0019±0.0018) and relatively low biomass (0.56±0.39mg/L), and thus resulting in the weak grazing pressure on algae (ZB/PB:0.0303±0.0271). Our results will provide scientific data for the ecological assessment and integrated watershed management of Yilong Lake.

Yilong Lake  /  phytoplankton  /  Raphidiopsis Raciborskii  /  bottom-up  /  top-down
仇菲, 张昭阳, 陈丽, 朱俊宇, 龚雪, 郑昕, 张涛, 李天丽, 赵帅营, 陈光杰. 上行效应和浮游动物的下行效应对异龙湖浮游植物群落的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 406 -415 .
Fei QIU, Zhao-yang ZHANG, Li CHEN, Jun-yu ZHU, Xue GONG, Xin ZHENG, Tao ZHANG, Tian-li LI, Shuai-ying ZHAO, Guang-jie CHEN. Bottom-up and zooplankton’s top-down effects on the phytoplankton communities in Yilong Lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 406 -415 .
浮游植物对水生生态系统的能量流动、物质循环和信息传递至关重要[1],是评价湖泊生态的重要生物指标[2].浮游植物生物量和群落结构组成通常受到非生物因子如营养盐、温度等上行效应和生物因子如鱼、浮游动物等下行效应的影响[3-5].浮游动物对浮游植物的下行作用与浮游动物的个体大小和生物量有关.大个体的浮游动物对藻类的牧食作用大于小个体种类[6].上行效应和浮游动物导致的下行效应对浮游植物的驱动强度与湖泊和季节有关,如广东水库和洱海中上行效应强度大于浮游动物的下行作用[3,7];与冬季相比,夏季丹麦湖泊中大型枝角类占比较大,增强了对浮游植物的牧食能力[8];英国Rostherne Mere湖中春季下行效应作用更强,产生明显的“清水期”,而夏季浮游动物数量减少使下行效应减弱,光照和营养盐的上行效应驱动作用更强[9].因此研究上行和下行效应对浮游植物的影响强度需要针对具体的湖泊开展针对性分析.
异龙湖是云南九大高原湖泊之一,具有蓄水防洪、农田灌溉等功能,对生态和经济发展具有极其重要的意义.已有研究显示异龙湖浮游植物存在显著的群落结构演替特征[10-15].在人类活动改造和流域开发持续影响的背景下,浮游植物由硅藻门占优转变为蓝藻门占据绝对优势,物种组成逐渐单一.1957年异龙湖浮游植物以硅藻门占显著优势,其次为蓝藻门和绿藻门,西部湖区有蓝藻水华发生[10].1992年及之后的调查表明蓝藻已取代了硅藻的优势地位,丝状蓝藻拟柱孢藻长期占优[11-15].目前对近年来异龙湖浮游植物群落组成的时间变化特征及其驱动因子认识不足.同时已有的研究更多关注水温和营养盐等上行效应对异龙湖浮游植物的驱动作用[13-14],而对浮游动物的下行效应认识不足,因此有必要进一步识别上行效应和浮游动物的下行效应对异龙湖浮游植物群落变化的驱动模式和机制.
本文以云南异龙湖为研究对象,于2020年6月至2021年3月对湖泊浮游植物的季节变化特征展开调查,采用多元统计方法研究浮游植物群落结构和生物量与非生物因子和生物因子(浮游动物)之间的关系,探讨上行效应和下行效应对浮游植物群落变化的驱动作用,以期为异龙湖的保护和生态治理提供理论依据.
异龙湖是典型的浅水湖泊[16],同时也是断陷溶蚀湖积盆地,流域面积为411.52km2,湖面面积为34km2,最大水深3.70m,平均水深2.75m,湖区属于亚热带高原湿润季风气候,全年气温11.80~24.0℃,年均温18℃,月均风速3.76~7.16m/s[17-20].由于人为活动如改造湖盆形态、网箱式养鱼和流域农业面源污染等向异龙湖中输入了大量氮磷营养盐,导致异龙湖水体富营养化严重,湖泊生态系统功能严重受损[17].同时异龙湖入湖河流多为季节性河流,径流调节能力差,湖泊处于水面面积减少和蓄水量锐减的状态[21-22].近年来异龙湖实行了“补水工程”、“封湖禁渔”和“以渔治藻”等一系列治理工程,投放了大量鲢鳙鱼苗,虽然水质有所改善,但富营养化仍然是异龙湖面临的突出环境问题,弥散性蓝藻水华的持续爆发对湖泊食物网结构和生态系统稳定性产生了严重影响[23].本研究根据异龙湖的形状特征,分别自西向东设置了6个采样点(图1)进行季度调查.
用22μm的浮游生物网采集浮游植物定性样品,加鲁哥和甲醛试剂现场固定,带回实验室用Leica光学显微镜在400倍下进行物种分类鉴定.浮游植物的物种鉴定主要参照《中国淡水藻类-系统、分类及生态》[24].用5L采水器采集1L表层水样,用鲁哥和甲醛试剂现场固定后避光带回实验室,样品静置48h后浓缩至50mL.将浓缩后的样品摇匀至完全混合后取0.10mL藻液于浮游生物计数框中,在显微镜下进行计数.采用形状近似的几何体积公式来计算浮游植物的细胞体积,进而得到生物量结果[25].
取1L表层水样测定总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、溶解性正磷酸盐和硅酸盐,测定方法参考《水与废水监测分析方法》[26].酸碱度(pH)和水温(WT)在现场用YSI6600测定;用塞氏盘和测深仪分别测定透明度(SD)和水深(Depth).取25L水样用22μm的浮游生物网过滤并浓缩至125mL采样瓶中,加入4%的蔗糖和甲醛试剂保存后作为浮游动物定量样品.在光学显微镜和体视显微镜下对浮游动物鉴定和计数[27],依据浮游动物的近似几何形体得出其个体体积从而计算出浮游动物的生物量[28-29].采用浮游动物的总生物量和密度的比值(ZB/ZA)反映浮游动物的个体大小,比值越高代表浮游动物的个体越大[7].计算浮游动物和浮游植物的总生物量比值(ZB/PB)代表浮游动物对藻类的摄食作用强度,比值越高代表浮游动物对浮游植物的牧食作用越强[7,30].浮游植物、水质和浮游动物样品均未采集平行样品.
本研究以相对生物量大于10%的浮游植物属种为优势种[31].将除pH值外所有的环境因子进行Log2转换.采用Kruskal-Wallis检验环境因子以及浮游植物生物量的季节差异,采用相似性分析(ANOSIM)检验浮游植物的群落结构在时间上的相异性.通过Spearman相关分析研究浮游植物生物量与环境因子的相关性.去趋势对应分析(DCA)结果显示,浮游植物群落数据的主轴1长度为1.02(<3),因此采用冗余分析(RDA)探讨浮游植物群落结构和环境因子之间的关系,因部分物种存在“0值”,在进行RDA分析前对浮游植物属水平的生物量进行Hellinger转化.进一步采用方差膨胀因子检验(VIF)去掉膨胀系数大于20的环境因子,将最能解释浮游植物群落结构的环境因子和浮游动物群落数据进行方差分解(VPA),定量不同环境因子对群落变化的解释比例.以上分析均在R 4.2.1软件中的vegan、psych和ggplot2等软件包中进行[32].
2020年6月-2021年3月异龙湖主要环境因子的时间变化如表1.异龙湖的TN、TP、和WT均在夏秋季较高,在冬春季较低.氮磷摩尔比(N:P)在各采样点均大于16:1,表明异龙湖为磷限制湖泊.最低值在9月为10.00μg/L,最高值在12月为233.50μg/L.在3月最低9月最高.、平均水深(Depth)和pH值全年变化相对较小.SD在夏秋季较低,冬春季较高.溶解性正磷酸盐均低于检测限.
浮游动物总生物量(ZB)全年较低,变化范围为0.08~1.76mg/L,其中枝角类和桡足类生物量变化趋势相反,枝角类生物量(Clad-Bio)冬春高夏秋低,桡足类生物量(Cope-Bio)在冬春低夏秋高,轮虫类生物量(Roti-Bio)自6月开始逐渐增加.浮游动物密度(ZA)变化范围为101.08~1466.05ind./L,夏秋高冬春低.浮游动物个体大小指标(ZB/ZA)全年均较低(0.0003~0.0061),表明异龙湖主要以小型浮游动物为主.浮游动物和浮游植物总的现存生物量之比(ZB/PB)全年均较低(0.0029~0.0994),表明浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食能力较弱.
对环境因子进行Kruskal-Wallis分析,结果表明除Depth、ZB、ZB/PB和Roti-Bio以外,其它环境因子均在季节上差异显著(P<0.05).
2020年6月-2021年3月期间,共在异龙湖中鉴别出浮游植物7门59属101种,绿藻门26属51种,占总属种数的44.07%;其次为硅藻门和蓝藻门,分别为12属24种和12属14种;其它门类占比较少,甲藻门和隐藻门分别为4属4种和2属5种;裸藻门和金藻门分别为2属2种和1属1种.
研究期间异龙湖浮游植物主要由蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门和甲藻门组成(图2),其中蓝藻门占据绝对优势,全年生物量占比在42.91%~95.67%之间.硅藻门在12月和3月占比较高.绿藻门生物量占比全年变化较小,最小值出现在9月,为0.68%,最大值出现在12月,为6.09%.甲藻门平均生物量占比在3月较大为2.83%±1.84%.其它门类全年占比均较少,其中金藻门仅在12月和3月出现.对异龙湖浮游植物群落结构进行ANOSIM分析,结果显示浮游植物群落结构在门水平和属水平上均存在显著的季节性差异(r=0.27,P<0.01;r=0.51,P<0.001).
蓝藻门尖头藻属的拟柱孢藻(Raphidiopsis raciborskii)、漂浮泽丝藻(Limnothrix planktonica)和硅藻门的直链藻属(Aulacoseira spp.)为异龙湖浮游植物优势种,其个体长度范围为10~205μm(分别为15~205μm、10~192.5μm、12.5~121μm).不同月份的优势种相对生物量比例存在差异,具体占比见表2.拟柱孢藻为全年的绝对优势种,其平均值9月最高(74.18%),12月最低(33.97%).漂浮泽丝藻相对生物量比例平均值和拟柱孢藻相反,在9月最低(12.93%),在12月最高(22.53%).直链藻属生物量占比平均值在冬春季高(20.24%),夏秋季低(7.41%).
异龙湖浮游植物总生物量的变化范围为7.12~66.07mg/L,季节上,9月浮游植物总生物量的平均值最高(38.79±16.69)mg/L,12月最低(16.02±7.71)mg/L.拟柱孢藻的生物量变化趋势和总生物量和蓝藻生物量一致,漂浮泽丝藻的生物量在夏秋季较高(4.03±2.00)mg/L,冬春季较低(3.04±1.34)mg/L,直链藻生物量在12月最高为10.64mg/L,在9月最低为0.26mg/L(图3).对异龙湖浮游植物的生物量进行Kruskal-Wallis检验,结果表明浮游植物总生物量、蓝藻生物量和拟柱孢藻生物量在时间上差异显著(P<0.05).
异龙湖浮游植物总生物量、蓝藻门、硅藻门和优势种生物量与环境因子的Spearman相关分析结果如表3所示,浮游植物总生物量、蓝藻门生物量和拟柱孢藻生物量均与TP、TN和WT显著正相关,与SD和显著负相关.硅藻门和直链藻生物量与显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.53和-0.48.漂浮泽丝藻生物量与WT显著正相关,相关系数为0.56.浮游植物总生物量、蓝藻门、硅藻门、拟柱孢藻和漂浮泽丝藻生物量与浮游动物总生物量ZB均不相关,仅直链藻生物量与ZB显著正相关,相关系数为0.48.浮游植物总生物量和蓝藻生物量与Clad-Bio呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.44和-0.46.拟柱孢藻生物量与Cope-Bio显著正相关,相关系数为0.49.直链藻生物量与Clad-Bio显著正相关,相关系数为0.42.
为探究异龙湖浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系,将浮游植物属水平生物量与各环境因子进行RDA分析.将所有环境因子进行独立RDA分析,选出影响浮游植物群落结构的显著因子TP、TN、WT、和Depth,结果如图4.轴1和轴2分别解释异龙湖浮游植物群落结构变化的15.4%和12.18%,6月和9月的浮游植物群落主要沿轴1负半轴分布,其中尖头藻属(Raphidiopsis spp.)的生物量较高,与TP、TN、WT和呈正相关关系.3月和12月的浮游植物群落沿轴1正半轴分布,硅藻门的直链藻属与、TN、WT、TP和水深呈负相关.
采用方差分解分析探究异龙湖中上行效应和下行效应对浮游植物的驱动作用,将TP、TN、WT和Depth归为上行效应,将代表浮游动物群落结构的枝角类、桡足类和轮虫类生物量归为下行效应对浮游植物数据进行方差分解分析,其结果如图5所示,异龙湖中上行效应对浮游植物的影响作用大于下行效应,上行效应单独解释了浮游植物群落变化的20.30%,而下行效应仅单独解释了浮游植物群落变化的0.20%,两者共同解释了5.80%.
本次调查结果显示异龙湖浮游植物以蓝藻门为主,拟柱孢藻全年占优(生物量比例范围:23.43%~84.30%),其生物量的变化趋势和总生物量一致.温度、营养盐和水深作为上行效应是驱动异龙湖群落变化的显著因子,其对浮游植物群落变化的驱动作用大于浮游动物的下行效应.
相关分析、冗余分析和方差分解的结果表明水温是驱动异龙湖浮游植物总生物量和群落结构季节变化的显著因子.温度通过影响浮游植物的新陈代谢而对浮游植物的生物量及群落结构产生影响[33].不同种类的浮游植物对温度的响应存在差异.与绿藻和硅藻相比,蓝藻更喜高温,在温度高于25℃时达到最大生长速率并获得竞争优势[34-35].6月(25.93±0.48)℃和9月(25.80±0.34)℃异龙湖水温较高,喜高温的蓝藻大量生长繁殖,生物量和相对比例上升,3月(20.70±1.08)℃和12月(17.70±0.81)℃水温相对降低,喜高温的蓝藻生长受到一定程度的限制,总生物量和生物量占比下降,而相对喜低温的硅藻占比上升.6月和9月异龙湖的水温均高于25℃有利于拟柱孢藻的生长,因此拟柱孢藻能在夏秋季维持较高的生物量占比,最高可达84.30%.拟柱孢藻对温度具有较宽的适应性,在低温条件下也能够获得净生长,如奥地利Alte Donau湖中的拟柱孢藻能在15~18℃的低温环境中增殖[36],从而在冬季维持一定的种群数量;云南大理西湖在10~15℃暴发低温型的拟柱孢藻水华[37].本研究结果显示拟柱孢藻在温度较低的12月(17.70±0.81)℃和3月(20.70±1.08)℃也能维持较高的生物量占比(33.97%±6.43%和43.10%±9.56%),这可能与拟柱孢藻具有较宽的温度生态幅有关[38].有研究表明水体中氮浓度的升高能够提高拟柱孢藻的低温抗性[37],因此拟柱孢藻能在温度较低的12月和3月占据优势也可能与12月和3月异龙湖水体总氮浓度分别为(3640.17±206.06)μg/L和(2490.56±346.59)μg/L较高有关.此外,漂浮泽丝藻全年生物量相差不大以及9月浮游植物总生物量和拟柱孢藻生物量显著高于6月表明温度不是影响浮游植物变化的单一环境因子.
Spearman相关分析显示异龙湖浮游植物总生物量、蓝藻生物量和拟柱孢藻生物量均与总氮和总磷显著正相关;RDA分析表明总氮和总磷是驱动浮游植物群落结构变化的显著因子,拟柱孢藻和总氮、总磷显著正相关.总氮和总磷作为评价湖泊富营养化的重要指标,是浮游植物生长中不可缺少的大量元素和限制因子,显著影响了浮游植物的生长繁殖和群落结构[12,15].已有研究显示总氮和总磷是驱动2013~2014年异龙湖浮游植物群落变化的显著因子[14],本研究结果与其一致.
研究显示拟柱孢藻拥有快速吸收和储存磷的能力[39],且具有较高的胞外碱性磷酸酶活性,能使有机磷裂解从而利用磷[40],这些特性使拟柱孢藻在低磷环境中具有更大的竞争优势.如Bonilla等[41]通过对热带、亚热带和温带17个湖泊的研究发现拟柱孢藻在总磷为0~100μg/L的低磷环境中生物量占比达80%以上,最高可达97.40%;Kenesi等[42]的实验结果表明在氮()供应充足的情况下,拟柱孢藻在磷限制时生长的更快并能够保持较高的生物量;Dolman等[43]对德国102个湖泊的调查显示拟柱孢藻生物量在高氮低磷的富营养化湖泊中较高;Chislock等[44]对富营养化湖泊的围隔实验表明,在极高的氮磷比(122:1)下,浮游植物的物种多样性会迅速衰减,转变为拟柱孢藻完全占据优势,甚至能占浮游植物总生物量的99~100%.调查期间异龙湖总氮的浓度范围为2278.00~4600.00μg/L,总磷的浓度范围为65.00~135.00μg/L,氮磷比的范围在48.24~121.73之间,为磷限制湖泊,溶解性正磷酸盐均低于10μg/L的检测限,因此相对较低的磷浓度以及较高的氮磷比可能导致拟柱孢藻占据竞争优势.
此外拟柱孢藻的藻丝末端能分化出可以固定N2的异形胞[45],有利于拟柱孢藻在低氮环境中占据优势.异龙湖水体中的总氮含量较高,因此调查期间异龙湖拟柱孢藻的异形胞占比较低(0~2.48%,未发表数据). Présing等[46]的调查显示在Balaton湖流域中,当叶绿素a达到70μg/L时,拟柱孢藻的固氮值最低(59mg N/(m2·d)),反映了当水体的营养水平较高时,不利于拟柱孢藻固氮,本研究结果与其一致.拟柱孢藻对氮的吸收具有选择利用性,拟柱孢藻的氮吸收以氨氮为主(393mg N/(m2·d)),硝酸盐氮的吸收较少(55mg N/(m2·d)).研究显示拟柱孢藻的生长速率在以铵态氮、硝酸盐氮和有机氮作为氮源时依次降低[47].本研究中氨氮与拟柱孢藻生物量显著负相关,与硝氮和亚硝氮没有显著相关性,也在一定程度上反映了异龙湖中氨氮对拟柱孢藻的重要性.
RDA分析显示硅酸盐是驱动浮游植物群落结构变化的显著因子.硅是硅藻硅质壁的重要组成元素,硅藻能借助硅酸盐转运蛋白(SIT)从周围的水环境中吸收转运硅酸盐,合成生物硅,参与硅质壁的形成[48-49],因此硅酸盐对硅藻的生长和代谢过程至关重要.本研究中相关分析表明硅酸盐与异龙湖硅藻门和直链藻属生物量显著负相关,水深和硅藻门显著负相关,同时RDA分析进一步表明硅酸盐和水深与硅藻门的直链藻属呈负相关关系,与周起等的研究结果相同[19].直链藻是重硅质的耐营养浮游种,有较重的硅质壳,在生长过程中易下沉[50-51],因此容易在混合水体中占优.异龙湖为浅水湖泊,水体扰动较强,且12月和3月异龙湖温度相对较低,直链藻大量生长并吸收了水体中的可溶性硅酸盐,导致硅酸盐浓度在12月和3月相对较低.同时异龙湖T2、T3采样点水深(1.10m)相较于其它采样点(2.75m)较浅,受到水体扰动的强度增加有利于重硅质的直链藻生长[19].
本研究结果显示异龙湖浮游动物总生物量与浮游植物总生物量无显著相关关系(P>0.05),浮游动物不是驱动浮游植物群落结构变化的显著因子,其对浮游植物的下行效应远低于温度、营养盐和水深的上行效应.浮游动物通过下行效应对浮游植物产生影响,一方面浮游动物的牧食造成浮游植物生物量的降低,另一方面浮游动物通过选择性摄食作用调控浮游植物的群落结构[52].异龙湖中浮游动物对浮游植物的调控作用相对较弱,这可能与浮游动物个体较小和生物量较低,对浮游植物的牧食能力较弱有关.浮游动物的总生物量和密度的比值(ZB/ZA)高低代表浮游动物的个体大小.调查期间,异龙湖浮游动物ZB/ZA的范围为0.0003~0.0061之间,平均值为0.0019±0.0018,比值相对较小[3],反映了浮游动物个体偏小,控藻能力较差.研究显示小型浮游动物对小型浮游植物(<5μm)的牧食作用较强而对大型浮游植物(>20μm)的控制效果较弱[53].异龙湖浮游动物以小型枝角类和桡足类幼虫为主,浮游植物全年以丝状蓝藻—拟柱孢藻和漂浮泽丝藻为主(生物量百分比范围为36.70%~91.43%),其个体长度范围分别为15~205μm、10~192.5μm,同时丝状蓝藻的可食性较低且对浮游动物的捕食具有一定的抵抗作用[54],因此导致异龙湖浮游动物的摄食效率较低.
2020年6月~2021年3月异龙湖浮游动物的生物量范围为0.08~1.76mg/L,平均值为0.56±0.39mg/L未超过1mg/L,表现出低生物量的特征[55].异龙湖于2019年7月实行封湖禁渔制度,同年异龙湖管理局投放了鲢鳙鱼苗85万尾.鲢鱼和鳙鱼为滤食性鱼类,以浮游植物、浮游动物和碎屑为食.基于稳定同位素的研究显示浮游动物对鳙鱼和鲢鱼饵料的贡献分别为74%和54%[56-58],鲢鳙鱼能够显著降低湖泊中浮游动物的生物量[59].异龙湖中鲢鱼和鳙鱼的捕食可能导致浮游动物较低的生物量,从而降低了浮游动物对浮游植物的下行效应[3].浮游动物和浮游植物总生物量的比值(ZB/PB)大小反映了浮游动物对藻类的牧食作用强度的高低.调查期间异龙湖ZB/PB的比值全年小于0.1(范围为0.0045~0.0994,平均值为0.0303±0.0271),表明异龙湖浮游动物对浮游植物的牧食强度较弱[55].
4.1 异龙湖浮游植物群落结构以蓝藻门为主,丝状蓝藻拟柱孢藻为全年的绝对优势种.
4.2 异龙湖浮游植物生物量和群落结构均显示出季节差异显著的特征,营养盐、水温和水深是驱动浮游植物生物量和群落结构变化的显著环境因子.
4.3 异龙湖以小型浮游动物为主,生物量相对较低,对浮游植物的牧食作用弱,导致浮游动物的下行效应对浮游植物的驱动作用低于营养盐、水温和水深的上行效应.
  • 云南省基础研究计划项目面上项目(202301AT070079)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32060276)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32360294)
  • 云南省科技计划项目(202203AC100002-02)
  • 云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”青年人才专项
  • 异龙湖高原浅水湖泊云南省野外科学观测研究站(202305AM070002)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
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云南省基础研究计划项目面上项目(202301AT070079)
国家自然科学基金项目(32060276)
国家自然科学基金项目(32360294)
云南省科技计划项目(202203AC100002-02)
云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”青年人才专项
异龙湖高原浅水湖泊云南省野外科学观测研究站(202305AM070002)
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    1.云南师范大学地理学部,云南省高原地理过程与环境变化重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500
    2.中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北 武汉 430072

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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