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Researches on lake methane (CH4) production are of great significance for understanding the global CH4 budget since lakes are important releasing sources for CH4. In this study, sediment samples were firstly collected from Lake Taihu China then incubated in the laboratory with the purpose of investigating the temporal and spatial variations of the sediment methane production rates (MPR) in the lake. The environmental factors influencing the production rates were also analyzed. The results showed that MPR in sediments from Lake Taihu was 0.007~176.03µmol/(L·d). Higher MPR were found in the northwest bays and the eastern areas, while MPR in the open areas of Lake Taihu were relatively lower. The MPR in the sediments significantly varied from seasons, with the highest value of (42.85 ± 40.45) µmol/(L·d) in summer and the lowest of (5.26 ± 17.29) µmol/(L·d) in winter. The sediment MPR was positively correlated with the water temperature, the sediment water content, the porosity, the total nitrogen and the organic carbon. Differences of the temperature sensitivity (Q10) for sediment MPR were found from different sampling sites. A significant negative logarithmic correlation between Q10 and MPR was proofed. Microbial community analysis showed that hydrogenotrophic microorganisms dominated the methanogens in sediments of Lake Taihu during the summer. The copy number of the mcrA gene was significantly positively correlated with the sediment MPR. This study would provide important references to the studies of CH4 production, emission and carbon cycle in Lake Taihu and the sediment MPR in other lakes.

, correspAuthors=Lei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tong LI, Li-fei DING, Wen-xin WEI, Shi-ming FAN, Cheng LIU, Ji-cheng ZHONG, Lei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049980966851213, articleId=1241049972133646704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=太湖沉积物产甲烷速率时空变化与影响因素, columnId=1234106391661704058, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=碳排放控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

选取我国太湖作为研究对象,采集沉积物样品进行室内培养试验,研究太湖沉积物产甲烷速率(MPR)的时空变化特征,并分析主导差异产生的水体或沉积物环境因素.结果表明,太湖沉积物MPR为0.007~176.03µmol/(L·d),其中西北湖湾区与东太湖区MPR相对较高,而湖心开阔区MPR相对较低;MPR季节变化显著,夏季最高,平均为(42.85 ± 40.45)µmol/(L·d),冬季最低、平均为(5.26 ± 17.29)µmol/(L·d). MPR与水温、沉积物的含水率、孔隙度、总氮和有机碳等指标呈显著正相关.各点位MPR的温度敏感性(Q10)存在差异,Q10与MPR呈显著对数负相关.微生物群落分析显示太湖夏季沉积物中产甲烷菌属整体以氢营养型为主,mcrA基因拷贝数与MPR呈显著性正相关.本研究可为太湖CH4产生、排放、碳循环研究以及其他湖泊沉积物MPR的研究提供重要参考.

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*责任作者,副研究员,
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李彤(1999-),女,山东临沂人,中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊环境地球化学..

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李彤(1999-),女,山东临沂人,中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊环境地球化学..

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李彤(1999-),女,山东临沂人,中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊环境地球化学..

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The Physicochemical properties of water in Lake Taihu

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项目水深(m)DO(mg/L)电导率(µS/cm)pHWTNW(mg/L)TPW(mg/L)CODMn/W (mg/L)Chl.a W(mg/m3)
范围0.70~3.603.66~14.74248~7287.17~8.990.44~4.600.01~1.001.94~7.921.65~59.57
均值±标准差2.01 ± 0.6410.72 ± 2.10460 ± 1108.24 ± 0.361.30 ± 0.790.13 ± 0.133.97 ± 1.1314.99 ± 12.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241049998020891034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972133646704, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

太湖水体理化性质

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项目水深(m)DO(mg/L)电导率(µS/cm)pHWTNW(mg/L)TPW(mg/L)CODMn/W (mg/L)Chl.a W(mg/m3)
范围0.70~3.603.66~14.74248~7287.17~8.990.44~4.600.01~1.001.94~7.921.65~59.57
均值±标准差2.01 ± 0.6410.72 ± 2.10460 ± 1108.24 ± 0.361.30 ± 0.790.13 ± 0.133.97 ± 1.1314.99 ± 12.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241049998352241058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049972133646704, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Two-way ANOVA of methane production rate in sediment

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因素因子自由度F显著性
MPR点位1989.927<0.001***
温度3318.155<0.001***
点位×温度5742.352<0.001***
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沉积物产甲烷速率的双因素方差分析

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因素因子自由度F显著性
MPR点位1989.927<0.001***
温度3318.155<0.001***
点位×温度5742.352<0.001***
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Correlation analysis of seasonal methane production rate with environmental factors

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项目DOW电导率pHWTNWTPWCODMn/WChl.aW温度含水率孔隙度TPSTNSTOCS
MPR-0.34**-0.005-0.081-0.150.030.130.150.34**0.36**0.30**-0.1560.38***0.34**
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MPR与环境因子的相关性分析

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项目DOW电导率pHWTNWTPWCODMn/WChl.aW温度含水率孔隙度TPSTNSTOCS
MPR-0.34**-0.005-0.081-0.150.030.130.150.34**0.36**0.30**-0.1560.38***0.34**
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太湖沉积物产甲烷速率时空变化与影响因素
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李彤 1, 2 , 丁立飞 1, 3 , 魏文欣 1, 3 , 樊施明 1, 2 , 刘成 1 , 钟继承 1 , 张雷 1, *
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(1): 519-527
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(1): 519-527
太湖沉积物产甲烷速率时空变化与影响因素
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李彤1, 2 , 丁立飞1, 3, 魏文欣1, 3, 樊施明1, 2, 刘成1, 钟继承1, 张雷1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 李彤(1999-),女,山东临沂人,中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所硕士研究生,研究方向为湖泊环境地球化学..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副研究员,
Temporal and spatial variations of sediment methane production rates and their influencing factors in Lake Taihu
Tong LI1, 2 , Li-fei DING1, 3, Wen-xin WEI1, 3, Shi-ming FAN1, 2, Cheng LIU1, Ji-cheng ZHONG1, Lei ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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选取我国太湖作为研究对象,采集沉积物样品进行室内培养试验,研究太湖沉积物产甲烷速率(MPR)的时空变化特征,并分析主导差异产生的水体或沉积物环境因素.结果表明,太湖沉积物MPR为0.007~176.03µmol/(L·d),其中西北湖湾区与东太湖区MPR相对较高,而湖心开阔区MPR相对较低;MPR季节变化显著,夏季最高,平均为(42.85 ± 40.45)µmol/(L·d),冬季最低、平均为(5.26 ± 17.29)µmol/(L·d). MPR与水温、沉积物的含水率、孔隙度、总氮和有机碳等指标呈显著正相关.各点位MPR的温度敏感性(Q10)存在差异,Q10与MPR呈显著对数负相关.微生物群落分析显示太湖夏季沉积物中产甲烷菌属整体以氢营养型为主,mcrA基因拷贝数与MPR呈显著性正相关.本研究可为太湖CH4产生、排放、碳循环研究以及其他湖泊沉积物MPR的研究提供重要参考.

太湖  /  沉积物  /  产甲烷速率  /  产甲烷菌  /  时空变化

Researches on lake methane (CH4) production are of great significance for understanding the global CH4 budget since lakes are important releasing sources for CH4. In this study, sediment samples were firstly collected from Lake Taihu China then incubated in the laboratory with the purpose of investigating the temporal and spatial variations of the sediment methane production rates (MPR) in the lake. The environmental factors influencing the production rates were also analyzed. The results showed that MPR in sediments from Lake Taihu was 0.007~176.03µmol/(L·d). Higher MPR were found in the northwest bays and the eastern areas, while MPR in the open areas of Lake Taihu were relatively lower. The MPR in the sediments significantly varied from seasons, with the highest value of (42.85 ± 40.45) µmol/(L·d) in summer and the lowest of (5.26 ± 17.29) µmol/(L·d) in winter. The sediment MPR was positively correlated with the water temperature, the sediment water content, the porosity, the total nitrogen and the organic carbon. Differences of the temperature sensitivity (Q10) for sediment MPR were found from different sampling sites. A significant negative logarithmic correlation between Q10 and MPR was proofed. Microbial community analysis showed that hydrogenotrophic microorganisms dominated the methanogens in sediments of Lake Taihu during the summer. The copy number of the mcrA gene was significantly positively correlated with the sediment MPR. This study would provide important references to the studies of CH4 production, emission and carbon cycle in Lake Taihu and the sediment MPR in other lakes.

Lake Taihu  /  lake sediments  /  methane production rate  /  methane  /  spatiotemporal variation
李彤, 丁立飞, 魏文欣, 樊施明, 刘成, 钟继承, 张雷. 太湖沉积物产甲烷速率时空变化与影响因素. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 519 -527 .
Tong LI, Li-fei DING, Wen-xin WEI, Shi-ming FAN, Cheng LIU, Ji-cheng ZHONG, Lei ZHANG. Temporal and spatial variations of sediment methane production rates and their influencing factors in Lake Taihu[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 519 -527 .
甲烷(CH4)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的全球第二重要温室气体,其百年尺度上的全球增温潜势是CO2的28倍[1].在统计的全球CH4排放源中,自然源贡献约28.8%[2],其中内陆水生生态系统CH4排放可达自然源的53.1%[3].而湖泊作为重要的内陆水体,在有机碳储存、矿化等过程中发挥着重要的作用[4],其年均CH4释放量可达150.9Tg,占内陆水生生态系统的35.0%[3].故关注湖泊CH4产生与循环,对于研究全球CH4收支与碳循环、预测气候变化具有重要意义.湖泊CH4主要在沉积物中产生[5],其中专性厌氧产甲烷菌利用有机质作为底物进行代谢活动并产生CH4,随后CH4向上传输,部分经由甲烷氧化菌利用氧气或其他代替电子受体而发生氧化[6],未被氧化部分最终通过扩散、冒泡、植物介导[7]等方式进入大气,故沉积物产甲烷速率(MPR)是决定湖泊甲烷排放强度的关键因素.因此,作为湖泊CH4的主要产生场所,沉积物应当是研究与探索湖泊CH4产生、氧化与释放的相关机制的重要对象.然而目前对湖泊沉积物的MPR研究关注相对较弱,且已有的研究对湖泊不同区域或不同季节的沉积物MPR的时空变化的关注相对不足[8].因此全面认识湖泊沉积物MPR可以更好认识未来湖泊CH4排放情形,预估环境变化下湖泊不同区域CH4排放的变化.
太湖流域位于长江三角洲区域,自改革开放以来,逐步成为我国经济发达、人口密集的地区之一.但随着经济的快速增长以及人口的增加,太湖富营养化水平显著升高,蓝藻水华暴发的频率及范围维持在较高水平,而大型水生植物主导的区域趋于缩小[9-10].由于太湖面积大、内部水生态系统结构呈现多样性,再加上外源输入的影响,造成太湖沉积物具有较高的空间异质性,为研究沉积物MPR及其与沉积物特征的关系提供了良好条件.故本研究拟选取太湖作为研究对象,通过室内培养实验明晰太湖MPR的时空变化以及造成MPR差异的可能环境因素.本研究可为后续研究预测、评估太湖CH4排放变化、调控湖泊CH4排放提供重要参考.
太湖(30°55'40″~31°32'58″N,119°52'32″~120°36'10″E,图1)是我国东部五大淡水湖之一,水面面积2338km2,蓄水量为4.43×109m3,湖岸线长393.8km,平均水深1.89m,有东太湖、胥口湾、贡湖湾、梅梁湾、竺山湾等湖湾[11].根据太湖生长的优势植物可以将其分为东、西、北部:其中东太湖以大型植物为主,有多种沉水叶植物和浮叶植物,而西部和北部以藻类为主,季节性藻华频发[11].基于上述情况,并结合现场情况,本研究在太湖布设20个点位(图1).采样工作于2023年按照季度开展,具体为2023年2月(冬季)、2023年5月(春季)、2023年8月(夏季)、2023年11月(秋季)分别采集一次,每次采样2~3d.
使用2L有机玻璃采水器采集各点位的表层水样,每次采集水样前先用采样点位原水冲洗采样器内壁1~2次.沉积物样品采集采用卡口式沉积物采样器,采样管为直径9cm、长度50cm的有机玻璃管,每个采样点采集一柱沉积物.此外,使用便携式多参数水质仪(Horiba,U-53,日本)测定水体溶解氧(DO)、pH值、电导率等参数,同时记录水体深度.
采用顶泥器将有机玻璃管中的沉积物顶出,用切割好的5cm环测量顶出高度,最后用切泥板切下,获得表层5cm沉积物.混匀后,使用2mL去头注射器分多次、共获取12.5mL混匀的表层5cm沉积物样品加入到100mL棕色西林瓶中,另加入25mL去离子水后,加丁基橡胶塞压盖密封.利用高纯氮气(99.999%)吹扫瓶内5min以确保形成顶空厌氧环境,此记为0d.将混匀的剩余0~5cm沉积物样品用于沉积物基本性质分析.将样品瓶放入恒温培养箱(HEQ-F60,盛威,中国)中避光培养,培养温度同对应季节太湖沉积物平均温度,冬、春、夏、秋依次为7,15,26,20℃[12],各点位设置3个重复.在第1,8,15,22,29d分别从顶空抽取5mL气体,同时补充5mL高纯氮气以平衡瓶内气压;抽取的气体使用配有火焰离子检测器的气相色谱仪(GC-FID,7890B,Agilent)测定CH4含量.
MPR(μmol/(L·d))即沉积物中CH4的溶存浓度与培养时间的线性拟合斜率,其中沉积物中的CH4溶存浓度(Cs,μmol/L)的计算公式如下[13]
式中:Cg代表西林瓶内顶空CH4浓度,μmol/L;Vg代表西林瓶内顶空体积,L;Cl代表对应平衡液相中CH4浓度,μmol/L;Vl代表西林瓶内液相体积,L;VS代表西林瓶内沉积物的体积,L.CgCl的计算公式如下:
式中:a代表气相色谱仪测定的CH4含量;P0为当地大气压,kPa;R为理想气体常数,8.314J/(mol·K);T为热力学温度,K;E为CH4的亨利系数,Pa;C0为溶液的总浓度,由于水样中气体浓度很低,可认为溶液总浓度为水的浓度(55.46mol/L)[14].
温度敏感性是指反应从较低温度升高至较高温度时,反应速率的变化,是衡量微生物对温度变化响应的一个参数,计算公式为[15]
式中:T1T2分别表示较低温度与较高温度,在本研究中,T1=7℃,T2=26℃;R1R2分别对应温度下的沉积物MPR.
采用过硫酸钾氧化法测定水中总氮(TNW)、总磷(TPW)含量,采用滴定法测定水体高锰酸盐指数(CODMn/W),水体叶绿素a(Chl.aW)的含量则采用丙酮提取法测定,相关方法均参考《水和废水监测分析方法》[16].对于混匀的表层5cm沉积物,取一部分采用烘干法测定各沉积物的含水率和孔隙度;另取部分冷冻干燥、研磨粉碎过100目筛(150 μm),用过硫酸钾氧化法对沉积物样品进行消解,再分别用紫外分光光度法和钼酸铵分光光度法测定总氮(TNS)、总磷(TPS)含量,采用重铬酸钾法测定沉积物中有机碳(TOCS)的含量[17].
取冻干的夏季表层沉积物样品采用DNA提取试剂盒(Omega,M5635-02)提取总DNA,提取过程严格遵循试剂盒的使用说明.在获得DNA后,进行mcrA基因的PCR扩增,所使用的引物序列为mcrA-R(TTCATTGCRTAGTTWGGRTAGTT)和mcrA-F(GGTGGTGTMGGATTCACACARTAYGC WACAGC)[18].在进行样品测定时,标准品会同时进行PCR循环.根据样品的阈值循环值(Ct),结合标准曲线,可以求得样品cDNA的起始拷贝数[19].拷贝数(X0)的计算公式为:
式中:K为标准曲线的斜率;b为标准曲线的截距.
扩增完成后,在Illumina Miseq测序平台进行高通量测序.采用DADA2方法进行去引物、质量过滤、去噪、拼接和去嵌合体等步骤,获取特征序列(ASVs)[20].处理后的ASVs通过QIIME2(2019.4)软件与Silva数据库中的参考序列比对,并基于比对结果进行物种注释.使用QIIME2(2019.4)的qiime feature-table rarefy功能、运用稀疏(Rarefaction)方法预测各样本在抽平深度为最低样本序列量的95%下所能观测到的ASVs及其相对丰度[21-22].统计抽平后的ASVs数据,获取每个样本中的微生物群落在各分类水平的具体组成.
使用Microsoft Office Excel 2016对实验数据进行初步的统计分析.MPR的时空差异通过双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)检验,其中点位与季节作为因子,分析在SPSS 22.0(IBM,USA)进行;若存在显著性差异(P<0.05),则利用Tukey事后检验分析存在显著性差异的具体点位、季节.此外,使用Pearson相关性分析统计MPR与环境因子的相关性,分析在Origin 2022(OriginLab,USA)进行.利用ArcGIS10.8(ESRI,USA)绘制太湖采样点位图;其他图均使用Origin 2022(OriginLab,USA)绘制.
太湖全年水深变化较小,均值为(2.01±0.64)m;DO范围为3.66~14.74mg/L;电导率年均值为(460±110)μs/cm;水体全年呈弱碱性,年均pH值为(8.24±0.36). TNW、TPW、CODMn/W、Chl.a W年均分别为(1.30±0.79)mg/L、(0.13±0.13)mg/L、(3.97±1.13)mg/L和(14.99±12.89)mg/m3表1).
沉积物含水率为(38.4±14.2)%~(72.3±3.91)%,全湖均值为(53.7±10.8)%;全湖孔隙度平均为(74.61±10.56)%(图2(a)).沉积物TPS为(188±45.7)~(853±245)mg/kg,全湖均值为(362±202)mg/kg(图2(b));沉积物TNS为(1163±84)~(3652±794)mg/kg,全湖均值为(1987±663)mg/kg(图2(b));沉积物TOCS为(0.52±0.07)%~(3.74±1.05)%,全湖均值为(1.41±0.89)%(图2(c)).
太湖沉积物MPR的变化范围为0.007~176.03μmol/(L·d)(图3),不同季节不同点位差异显著(P<0.001,表2).太湖沉积物MPR的最高值出现在夏季,全湖均值为(42.85±40.45)μmol/(L·d),春季和秋季次之,而最低值则出现在冬季,均值为(5.26±17.29)μmol/(L·d).各点位之间,8、12号点位的沉积物MPR显著高于其他点位(P<0.05),分别为(64.07±62.03)μmol/(L·d)和(59.34±47.94)μmol/(L·d),而14、20号点位的沉积物MPR则处于最低水平,分别为(0.48±0.62)μmol/(L·d)和(0.07±0.06)μmol/(L·d).其他点位中,MPR较高的还有6、7、13号等,其结果均高于30 μmol/(L·d),而MPR较低的还有3和15号点位等,其结果均低于10μmol/(L·d).
太湖沉积物MPR的温度敏感性Q10的范围为0.71~53.40(图4(a)),其中东太湖沉积物MPR的温度敏感性普遍相对较高,如7号点位的Q10为全湖最高,11号点位的Q10全湖最低.综合全湖来看,不同区域沉积物MPR的温度敏感性存在差异.此外,Q10与MPR呈显著对数负相关(图4(b)P<0.01).沉积物MPR与DOW呈显著负相关关系(表3P<0.01),而与水温呈显著正相关关系(表3P<0.01);同时MPR与含水率、孔隙度、TNS和TOCS均呈显著正相关(P<0.01).
夏季沉积物mcrA基因拷贝数为2.73×104~1.10×107copies/g,其中最大值出现在7号点位,最小值出现在20号点位(图5(a)).mcrA基因拷贝数与夏季沉积物的MPR呈显著正相关(图5(b)P<0.05).层次聚类分析显示20号点位的微生物群落组成与其他点位差异明显,此外6号点位和7号点位的群落组成差异最小.点位1、2、5、12、13、18和19的微生物群落组成相似,同样的点位6、7、8、9和10的微生物群落之间也是相似的,同样微生物群落组成类似的还有点位3、4、14、15、16和17(图6).夏季太湖沉积物产甲烷菌属以MeanolineaMeanoregulaMethanothrixMeanobacterium为主(图6).以1号点为例,四类产甲烷菌属占比分别为43.9%、18.1%、8.3%、4.8%,然而20号点位与其他点位沉积物存在显著差异,其中MeanolineaMeanoregulaMethanothrixMeanobacterium等四类产甲烷菌的相对丰度不高,总占比仅20.1%(图6).
总体而言,太湖西北湖湾和东太湖大部分点位(6、7、8、12、13等)沉积物MPR在各季节都处于较高水平,而20点位沉积物MPR最低(图3). TOC是富营养化湖泊或湖泊富营养化区域高甲烷产量的主要驱动因素,高TOC提供丰富的有机质供应来刺激产甲烷菌[23],因此沉积物MPR与沉积物TOC呈正相关关系(表3).由于沉积物有机质中的有机碳和氮通常具有相对固定的比例,因此沉积物中MPR与沉积物TNs也呈显著正相关(表3);而沉积物中有机质的增加会疏松沉积物结构、增大沉积物含水率与孔隙度,这也是为什么MPR与沉积物含水率与孔隙度呈显著正相关.
太湖西北湖湾是典型的藻型区[24],浮游藻类为主的有机质产生与降解会贡献相对更多的易分解有机碳,并且产甲烷菌更倾向于利用这些不稳定、易分解的有机质[25-26].东太湖虽然富营养化程度相对较低,但水生植物覆盖度较高[24,27],水生植物通过初级生产会造成沉积物中更高的碳积累[28].此外,大型植物可以拦截悬浮颗粒物,提高颗粒物和有机质的沉积与累积,丰富的有机质为产甲烷菌提供充足的底物[29],进而促进MPR的提高,因此太湖西北湖湾与东太湖沉积物MPR相对较高.
本研究还表明太湖沉积物MPR的高度季节变异性:春季、夏季和秋季MPR显著高于冬季(P<0.05),同时夏季和秋季之间也有显著的季节变化(P<0.001).这种结果可能与温度和有机物的供应有关[30-31].首先,温度是影响沉积物有机碳矿化和产甲烷的重要因素[32-33],较高的温度可以刺激产甲烷菌活性、提升沉积物产甲烷速率,因此沉积物MPR与温度呈显著正相关(表3);其次,夏季大量藻类与水生植物繁殖、生长迅速,为产甲烷菌提供了更为丰富的新鲜有机质,同样有助于产甲烷.而在秋、冬等季,随着温度降低,产甲烷菌活性降低、有机质供应也不断减弱,因此这些季节MPR较低.
Q10是反映产甲烷对温度的响应特征,受到产甲烷菌活性、产甲烷底质可获得性和生物可利用性等多方面因素影响[34].本研究中位于太湖藻型区的1、2等点位和位于东太湖的6~9等点位的Q10较高,这可能受藻类的生长和死亡导致的沉积物中的营养物质供应变化的影响.在夏季较高的温度下藻类与水生植物的繁殖和凋落速率都会加快[35],这导致了沉积物有机质供应的提高,从而促进了MPR的提高,然而在冬季并未发现上述点位的MPR与其他区域存在显著差异(图3),从而造成其Q10较高.此外,东部湖区湖滨带11、12、20号等的MPR温度敏感性在全湖处于较低水平,这可能因其受陆源有机碳输入和人类频发活动的影响,造成其沉积物产甲烷速率的季节变化与其他点位差异较大,比如11与12号点在冬季的MPR处于全湖最高水平,但其在夏季并未较其它点表现出较高的MPR,因此其Q10在全湖较低.其中内在的具体生物地球化学驱动机制在后续研究中值得进一步关注.
MPR与mcrA基因拷贝数呈显著正相关关系(图5(b)P<0.05),这与理论相符:mcrA基因编码的甲烷生成酶是生物合成CH4的关键酶之一[36],故mcrA基因的拷贝数可被视为潜在的甲烷生成菌的数量.当产甲烷微生物丰度增加时,其代谢产物甲烷的产生速率也会增加.此外,太湖各点位mcrA基因拷贝数中的较高值均出现在东太湖水生植物生长区,西北湖湾藻型区与湖心开阔区则相对较低;大型植物凋落物以腐殖质、纤维素为主,C/N比相对更高[15],促进了产甲烷菌的增殖[37-38],而藻类的沉积虽然同样增强了甲烷生成,但没有显著增加mcrA基因的拷贝数[39-40].
夏季太湖沉积物产甲烷菌属以MeanolineaMeanoregulaMethanothrixMeanobacterium为主,这与之前的研究结果一致[40].其中除了Methanothrix属于典型的乙酸营养型产甲烷菌群外[41],剩下三类太湖沉积物主要的产甲烷菌属均属于氢营养型产甲烷菌群[41-43].在大多数情况下,氢营养型和乙酸营养型主导了湖泊和湿地的产甲烷作用[44],而研究结果同样证明了太湖沉积物整体以氢营养型产甲烷为主要的产甲烷途径.而导致太湖沉积物以氢营养型产甲烷途径为主导的原因可能与反应自由能有关:氢营养型产甲烷的反应过程的吉布斯自由能约为-135.6kJ/molCH4[41],远低于其他两类产甲烷途径,并且产甲烷菌中有73.5%可以氧化H2、还原CO2形成CH4[41].
此外,虽然针对湖泊沉积物产甲烷途径的研究都较少提及甲基营养型,在此前的研究中也表明了甲基营养型的产甲烷途径几乎不存在于淡水湖泊,这可能与湖泊沉积物中甲基相关底物缺乏有关,但是仍旧不能忽略这一产甲烷过程的重要性.由于太湖是典型的富营养化湖泊,其蓝藻分解产生的甲基硫化物可能成为甲基营养型产甲烷菌可利用的潜在底物,这极大地提高了产甲烷菌的丰度与CH4排放通量[45],虽然20个点位的沉积物中仅检出(10.85±4.95)%的甲基营养型产甲烷菌,但仍旧不能忽视沉积物中甲基营养型产甲烷的贡献.此外,在太湖东部湖区富营养化程度较低的13号点位仍检出高达30%的甲基营养型产甲烷菌,包括MethanomassiliicoccusMethanosarcinaMethanococcoides[41,46]等,其中Methanococcoides属于混合营养型产甲烷菌[47],可以同时利用甲基或乙酸相关底物.本研究推测由于东部湖区水生植物分布较多,植物凋落物中可能存在微生物可利用的甲基底物,进而促进了沉积物甲基营养型产甲烷菌的相对丰度的扩大.
4.1 太湖沉积物MPR为0.007~176.03μmol/(L·d),不同季节、点位差异显著,其中夏季最高、冬季最低,均值分别为(42.85±40.45)与(5.26±17.29)μmol/(L·d);蓝藻水华区与水生植物沉积物MPR较高、开阔水域较低,最高与最低点均值分别为(71.16±49.52)与(0.07±0.07)μmol/(L·d).
4.2 太湖沉积物MPR与水体DO、电导率呈显著负相关关系,与水温、沉积物含水率、孔隙度以及沉积物总氮、TOC等呈显著正相关.
4.3 太湖各点位沉积物MPR的Q10为0.71~53.40,各点位之间存在差异,Q10与MPR呈显著对数负相关.
4.4 太湖沉积物产甲烷过程由氢营养型主导,夏季太湖沉积物产甲烷菌的优势属为MeanolineaMeanoregulaMethanothrixMeanobacterium等.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42177228)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42077310)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-03
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42177228)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42077310)
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    1.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210044

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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