Article(id=1241049971730993510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818970854, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818970854, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818970854, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818970854, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=331, endPage=342, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049972095897967, articleId=1241049971730993510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Study on the allergic rhinitis characteristics with the patterns of airborne pollen dispersion and environment conditions, columnId=1234106388687934088, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pollen allergy is a global health problem which also has attracted much attention in China, and the incidence is increasing in the northern area. The data of daily airborne pollen concentration, meteorological conditions, vegetation growth and allergic patient were analyzed from 2017 to 2022 in Hohhot of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. There were two peaks of pollen dissemination every year. The first peak was in early April, which was a greater proportion of woody plant pollen, with a short duration. The second peak was from August to September, mainly composed of herbaceous plants pollen such as Artemisia of Compositae pollen, with a long duration and had much more serious sensitization effect. The results showed that the effective accumulated temperature of ≥5℃ from January to June was significantly negatively correlated with the start date of the peak pollen dispersal period, while the cumulative precipitation and cumulative sunshine hours from the early stage to the flowering period were significantly positively correlated with the end date of the peak pollen dispersal period. The higher the accumulated temperature was, the earlier the peak period of pollen dispersal started. The end date of peak period would be delayed by the large amount of precipitation and light hours, meanwhile the number of pollen dispersal would increase. There were statistically significant or significant positive correlation between the cumulative value of each meteorological factor or the vegetation index and the monthly average pollen concentration. Appropriate light hours and precipitation, the vegetation would grown well, which would promote pollen dispersal and stimulate an increase in concentration. The number of Allergic Rhinitis patients was consistent with the variation of pollen concentration, and was reaching a peak in August. When the pollen concentration exceeds 100 grains/1000mm2, there was a lag period of 0~4days in the peak of AR treatment, among which the most obvious incremental effect was after 2 days. The number of patients was exponentially related to the pollen concentration in a ten-day time range. The above results would provide some practical reference for pollen concentration meteorological forecasting services and the prevention and treatment of AR caused by pollen allergy.

, correspAuthors=Chun-yan GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-yan GUO, Yu-zhu HAO, Jia WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049984389403398, articleId=1241049971730993510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=气传花粉与环境条件及变应性鼻炎关系研究, columnId=1234106394006311784, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境毒理与健康, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

花粉过敏是全球性的健康问题,在我国也备受关注,特别是中国北方地区,发病率呈增加趋势.以内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市为研究区域,基于2017~2022年逐日气传花粉浓度、同期气象条件、植被长势和过敏患者数据分析,得出呼和浩特市一年有两次花粉播散高峰期,第一次在4月上旬,以木本植物花粉为主,持续时间短;第二高峰期在8月至9月,持续时间长,致敏影响大,以菊科蒿属等草本植物为主.研究表明1~6月≥5℃有效积温与花粉播散高峰期开始日序呈显著负相关,3月至开花同期累积降水量和累积日照时数则与结束日序呈显著正相关.积温高,花粉播散高峰期进入时间早,降水充沛,光照充足,则会导致高峰期延后结束,且花粉播散总量增大.各气象要素累积值以及植被指数也均与月平均花粉浓度表现为极显著或显著正相关关系,光热水条件好,植被生长旺盛,会促进花粉播散,表现为浓度升高.变应性鼻炎(Allergic Rhinitis,AR)就诊人数与花粉浓度变化规律相一致,在8月达到峰值.当花粉浓度超过100粒/1000mm2时,就诊高峰的出现存在0~4d的滞后时间段,其中以2d后增量效应最为明显,在一旬时间范围内患者人数与花粉浓度呈指数对应关系.以上研究结果为花粉浓度气象预报服务以及花粉过敏导致的AR预防和诊疗提供参考依据.

, correspAuthors=郭春燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,正研级高级工程师,
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郭春燕(1980-)女,内蒙古呼和浩特人,正研级高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为气象服务与应用气象.发表论文近50篇..

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郭春燕(1980-)女,内蒙古呼和浩特人,正研级高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为气象服务与应用气象.发表论文近50篇..

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郭春燕(1980-)女,内蒙古呼和浩特人,正研级高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为气象服务与应用气象.发表论文近50篇..

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label=Fig.12, caption=Analysis of Incremental in AR Patients and Pollen Concentration Changes, figureFileSmall=gFZMqJ7xEU60KJ1f0gyJxA==, figureFileBig=ZGt5vGBLVai9wFXVfMxFzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049999514063359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=图12, caption=AR患者增量与花粉浓度变化分析, figureFileSmall=gFZMqJ7xEU60KJ1f0gyJxA==, figureFileBig=ZGt5vGBLVai9wFXVfMxFzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050001145647622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Ten-day variation of pollen concentration and number of AR Patients, figureFileSmall=FX6SCFMy24xXhH7X7xtGXg==, figureFileBig=noIsJkNEATES4bjJUN1Ulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050001980314144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=图13, caption=逐旬花粉浓度与就诊量变化, figureFileSmall=FX6SCFMy24xXhH7X7xtGXg==, figureFileBig=noIsJkNEATES4bjJUN1Ulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002211000876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Corresponding relationship between the number of ten-day visits and the average pollen concentration, figureFileSmall=mloSirr+kALVCNmHmwSnfw==, figureFileBig=32BM06A3gLUqkAwpn0ThkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002403938874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=图14, caption=旬就诊量与旬花粉平均浓度的对应关系, figureFileSmall=mloSirr+kALVCNmHmwSnfw==, figureFileBig=32BM06A3gLUqkAwpn0ThkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002643014216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pollen concentration grades (粒/1000mm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浓度等级描述木本植物浓度草本植物浓度等级说明
1≤100≤50气象条件极不易诱发花粉过敏症状
2较低101~25051~100气象条件不易诱发花粉过敏症状
3中等251~400101~150气象条件可诱发花粉过敏症状
4401~800151~300气象条件易诱发花粉过敏症状
5很高>800>300气象条件极易诱发花粉过敏症状
), ArticleFig(id=1241050002806592090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

花粉浓度等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浓度等级描述木本植物浓度草本植物浓度等级说明
1≤100≤50气象条件极不易诱发花粉过敏症状
2较低101~25051~100气象条件不易诱发花粉过敏症状
3中等251~400101~150气象条件可诱发花粉过敏症状
4401~800151~300气象条件易诱发花粉过敏症状
5很高>800>300气象条件极易诱发花粉过敏症状
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003003724393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Monthly variation of pollen concentration in different years (N/1000mm2 )

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份月份
456789
20173061748369399214
201812515597105262338
201920961142425686
202011177152214845
20218554626246110
2022556411217379
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003293131387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同年际间逐月花粉浓度变化(粒/1000mm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份月份
456789
20173061748369399214
201812515597105262338
201920961142425686
202011177152214845
20218554626246110
2022556411217379
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003569955465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis of the cumulative value of meteorological factors and the starting and ending date of pollen concentration peak and the total amount of pollen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气象要素累积值起始日序结束日序花粉总量
1~6月≥5℃积温-0.84**0.510.50
1~8月≥5℃积温-0.72*0.47
3~7月累积日照时数0.510.89**0.69
3~7月累积降水量0.470.78*0.84**
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003704173205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

气象要素累积值与花粉浓度高峰起止日序、花粉总量相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气象要素累积值起始日序结束日序花粉总量
1~6月≥5℃积温-0.84**0.510.50
1~8月≥5℃积温-0.72*0.47
3~7月累积日照时数0.510.89**0.69
3~7月累积降水量0.470.78*0.84**
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003901305509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Meteorological forecast model of pollen dispersal peak

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目预报模型
高峰起始日Y1=-0.121X1+162.812
高峰结束日Y2=0.068X2-0.076X3+14.636
花粉总量Y3=80.77X3-1846.902
), ArticleFig(id=1241050005625164465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

花粉播散高峰气象预报模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目预报模型
高峰起始日Y1=-0.121X1+162.812
高峰结束日Y2=0.068X2-0.076X3+14.636
花粉总量Y3=80.77X3-1846.902
), ArticleFig(id=1241050006497579717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correlation analysis of monthly pollen concentration, vegetation index and meteorological factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目花粉浓度植被指数有效积温累积降水量累积日照时数相对湿度
花粉浓度10.474*0.700**0.704**0.780**0.359
植被指数10.865**0.850**0.813**0.909**
有效积温10.884**0.966**0.793**
累积降水量10.885**0.783**
累积日照时数10.734**
相对湿度1
), ArticleFig(id=1241050006627603151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971730993510, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

月平均花粉浓度、植被指数和气象要素三者相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目花粉浓度植被指数有效积温累积降水量累积日照时数相对湿度
花粉浓度10.474*0.700**0.704**0.780**0.359
植被指数10.865**0.850**0.813**0.909**
有效积温10.884**0.966**0.793**
累积降水量10.885**0.783**
累积日照时数10.734**
相对湿度1
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气传花粉与环境条件及变应性鼻炎关系研究
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郭春燕 * , 郝玉珠 , 王佳
中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025,45(1): 331-342
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中国环境科学 | 环境毒理与健康 2025, 45(1): 331-342
气传花粉与环境条件及变应性鼻炎关系研究
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郭春燕* , 郝玉珠, 王佳
作者信息
  • 内蒙古自治区气象服务中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051
  • 郭春燕(1980-)女,内蒙古呼和浩特人,正研级高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为气象服务与应用气象.发表论文近50篇..

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*责任作者,正研级高级工程师,
Study on the allergic rhinitis characteristics with the patterns of airborne pollen dispersion and environment conditions
Chun-yan GUO* , Yu-zhu HAO, Jia WANG
Affiliations
  • Inner Mongolia Meteorological Service Center, Hohhot 010051
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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花粉过敏是全球性的健康问题,在我国也备受关注,特别是中国北方地区,发病率呈增加趋势.以内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市为研究区域,基于2017~2022年逐日气传花粉浓度、同期气象条件、植被长势和过敏患者数据分析,得出呼和浩特市一年有两次花粉播散高峰期,第一次在4月上旬,以木本植物花粉为主,持续时间短;第二高峰期在8月至9月,持续时间长,致敏影响大,以菊科蒿属等草本植物为主.研究表明1~6月≥5℃有效积温与花粉播散高峰期开始日序呈显著负相关,3月至开花同期累积降水量和累积日照时数则与结束日序呈显著正相关.积温高,花粉播散高峰期进入时间早,降水充沛,光照充足,则会导致高峰期延后结束,且花粉播散总量增大.各气象要素累积值以及植被指数也均与月平均花粉浓度表现为极显著或显著正相关关系,光热水条件好,植被生长旺盛,会促进花粉播散,表现为浓度升高.变应性鼻炎(Allergic Rhinitis,AR)就诊人数与花粉浓度变化规律相一致,在8月达到峰值.当花粉浓度超过100粒/1000mm2时,就诊高峰的出现存在0~4d的滞后时间段,其中以2d后增量效应最为明显,在一旬时间范围内患者人数与花粉浓度呈指数对应关系.以上研究结果为花粉浓度气象预报服务以及花粉过敏导致的AR预防和诊疗提供参考依据.

气传花粉  /  气象条件  /  AR数量  /  相关性  /  呼和浩特市

Pollen allergy is a global health problem which also has attracted much attention in China, and the incidence is increasing in the northern area. The data of daily airborne pollen concentration, meteorological conditions, vegetation growth and allergic patient were analyzed from 2017 to 2022 in Hohhot of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. There were two peaks of pollen dissemination every year. The first peak was in early April, which was a greater proportion of woody plant pollen, with a short duration. The second peak was from August to September, mainly composed of herbaceous plants pollen such as Artemisia of Compositae pollen, with a long duration and had much more serious sensitization effect. The results showed that the effective accumulated temperature of ≥5℃ from January to June was significantly negatively correlated with the start date of the peak pollen dispersal period, while the cumulative precipitation and cumulative sunshine hours from the early stage to the flowering period were significantly positively correlated with the end date of the peak pollen dispersal period. The higher the accumulated temperature was, the earlier the peak period of pollen dispersal started. The end date of peak period would be delayed by the large amount of precipitation and light hours, meanwhile the number of pollen dispersal would increase. There were statistically significant or significant positive correlation between the cumulative value of each meteorological factor or the vegetation index and the monthly average pollen concentration. Appropriate light hours and precipitation, the vegetation would grown well, which would promote pollen dispersal and stimulate an increase in concentration. The number of Allergic Rhinitis patients was consistent with the variation of pollen concentration, and was reaching a peak in August. When the pollen concentration exceeds 100 grains/1000mm2, there was a lag period of 0~4days in the peak of AR treatment, among which the most obvious incremental effect was after 2 days. The number of patients was exponentially related to the pollen concentration in a ten-day time range. The above results would provide some practical reference for pollen concentration meteorological forecasting services and the prevention and treatment of AR caused by pollen allergy.

airborne pollen  /  meteorological elements  /  number of AR patients  /  correlation analysis  /  Hohhot
郭春燕, 郝玉珠, 王佳. 气传花粉与环境条件及变应性鼻炎关系研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 331 -342 .
Chun-yan GUO, Yu-zhu HAO, Jia WANG. Study on the allergic rhinitis characteristics with the patterns of airborne pollen dispersion and environment conditions[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 331 -342 .
过敏性疾病被列为21世纪重点防治的六大慢性疾病之一,气传花粉是空气污染物颗粒物的来源之一,是花粉过敏症的重要过敏原[1],对人体健康构成威胁.变应性鼻炎(Allergic Rhinitis,AR)是花粉过敏最典型、最常见的表现:是指在没有感冒或流感的情况下,至少出现鼻痒、鼻塞、流涕和喷嚏2种症状[2],可诱发多种并发症,如结膜炎、支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)、鼻窦炎、中耳炎等;AR是哮喘的危险因素,70%~90%的哮喘伴有AR[3].据世界卫生组织(WHO)花粉过敏数据显示,全球约有30%的人口对花粉产生过敏反应,欧洲地区的花粉过敏率达到40%左右[4],且发病态势仍在增加[5].2011~2017年,中国11个主要城市的AR自报患病率上升了6.5%,达到17.6%[6].截止现在,我国有哮喘患者4570万人[7],AR患者超3亿人.在内蒙古自治区范围内,自报AR患病率也已达到27.72%,远高于全国平均水平[8],北方草原地区由于植物种类繁多,季节性花粉浓度高,AR平均自报患病率已达32.4%,最高值达52.9%[9],且不同地区AR患病率显示出地域性特点[10].
环境花粉变化规律除了受地区植被类型影响外,还与天气、气候变化紧密相关.内蒙古自治区东西狭长,气候类型多样,季节转换不同步,温湿度、水热条件、风速情况均有显著差异,气象条件等环境因素影响植被生长、导致物候期早晚发生变化,进而引起花粉播散高峰期及持续时间的改变.不同的气象条件,也使得花粉在空气中的传播行为产生巨大差异.因此,只有将花粉浓度、环境条件、患者情况几方面综合分析,才能较为全面的反应出一个地区花粉播散特征和致敏情况的相互关联及内在原因,但是目前已有研究大多数聚焦其中二者的关系,或者是花粉与病患的关系[11-12],或者是气象条件与花粉浓度变化的关系[13-14],气象要素与植被的相关性研究多用于表达生态环境的变化,与人体健康相联系的分析较少,而有关植被情况与花粉浓度的研究及应用也尚未多见.本文以呼和浩特市为代表,研究花粉浓度、植被指数、气象要素、AR患者数量这四者之间的关系,旨在揭示花粉浓度变化特征、环境影响因素以及致敏情况,以期结合气象条件,为花粉浓度预报预警提供研究支撑,也为花粉过敏导致的AR预防和诊疗提供理论参考依据.
呼和浩特为内蒙古自治区首府城市,位于自治区中部,地理坐标为110°46′~112°10′E,40°51′~41°08′N,属中温带大陆性季风气候,春季干燥多风,冷暖变化剧烈;夏季短暂炎热、少雨干旱,年平均降水量为335.2~534.6mm,且主要集中在7~8月;秋季降温迅速,常有霜冻;冬季漫长严寒、降雪较少,全年光照充足.地形自北向南由山地向平原过渡,共有12种土壤类型,全市浅层地下水年补给量为9.87亿m3[15].
花粉浓度资料选取2017~2022年4~9月呼和浩特市逐日监测资料,由内蒙古自治区人民医院提供,监测点周围开阔无遮挡,通风良好,通过暴片法观测计数[16].具体方法是用Durham花粉采样器,基于重力沉降法获取花粉样本,每24h更换一次采样片.收回的样片采用碱性复红专用试剂染色,以区分花粉和其他杂质,盖玻片封片后通过显微镜由人工观测鉴定花粉种类并计数,花粉浓度为单位面积花粉数量(粒/1000mm2).
使用美国亚利桑那大学基于EOS/MODIS数据发展的植被指数数据集(MODIS Vegetation Index,MOD13Series,Collection 6.1)数据计算植被指数,其空间分辨率为250m,为16d卫星遥感数据合成产品.
气象数据采用呼和浩特市国家级地面基本观测站2017~2022年气象要素日值观测资料,包含日平均气温、日平均地表温度、日降水量和日照时数等.统计逐年气象要素累积值:包含有效积温(被研究植物对应生物学下限气温均设定为5℃)、累积降水量和累积日照时数等.
就诊量及病例资料由内蒙古自治区人民医院提供,为2017~2022年研究同期医院的耳鼻喉科AR就诊病例.
花粉浓度等级划分参考气象行业标准“花粉过敏气象指数”(QX/T 324-2016)[17],具体判定见表1.
花粉浓度高峰期的定义:综合考虑单日花粉浓度和一段时间的累积效应,定义花粉单日浓度和五日滑动平均浓度二者均满足第一次超过三级花粉浓度等级为高峰始日,之后二者日期顺延至最后一次超过三级花粉浓度等级定义为高峰终日,始日至终日经历的时期定义为花粉浓度高峰期.花粉年浓度峰值定义为该年花粉季内逐日浓度观测值的最大值.
式中:xi表示高峰始日浓度,xj表示高峰终日浓度,二者需通过单日浓度和连续五日平均花粉浓度两项判别条件.
高峰期进入日序和结束日序均采用儒略日(Julian Day)算法:即从每年1月1日开始,进行编号.也就是将1月1日作为第一天记为1,1月2日作为第二天记为2,……,依次类推.
使用美国陆地过程分布式数据档案中心(LP DAAC)MRT工具(MODIS Reprojection Tool,Release 4.1)完成数据拼接、投影转换等工作.归一化植被指数NDVI计算公式如下:
式中:NIR代表近红外波段反射率,RED代表红光波段反射率.
利用聚类方法,以时间序列为聚类特征,使用欧几里得距离[18]计算时间滞后性的距离和差异.通过观察发现:鼻炎患者就诊人数情况随时间变化与花粉浓度相比具有滞后效应,大约滞后2~10d,假设时间t设为0,1,2,..,10,分别计算两组数据同日、滞后1d、2d、..10d不同时间的欧式距离.
式中:Dt为欧式距离,即两组数据的相似性,数值越小越接近;xi为花粉日浓度;yi为AR日就诊量.
图1A、1B分别表示2017~2022年4~9月呼和浩特市逐日、逐月花粉平均浓度变化情况,二者所揭示规律相一致,均显示一年在春季和夏秋出现两次花粉播散高峰期.以8月浓度最高,6年平均值达231粒/1000mm2;其次为4月和9月,平均浓度近150粒/1000mm2,6~7月浓度处于低值期.逐日浓度监测结果显示:春季花粉浓度高峰期多集中在4月上中旬,持续时间短,在20d左右,平均浓度为200~357粒/1000mm2.夏秋高峰期在8~9月上旬,持续时间30~40d,平均浓度值范围100~764粒/1000mm2,以8月31日前后达到最高值,其中前3年8月底单日峰值浓度值均超过1000粒/1000mm2,以2018年8月31日最高,达1608粒/1000mm2.可见,夏秋是呼和浩特典型的花粉播散高峰季.
对不同年际间逐月花粉浓度变化进行分析,结果(表2)表明同一年份间,逐月花粉浓度差异极显著(P<0.01),不同年份间花粉浓度变化特征也有极显著性差异(P<0.01).近六年间呼和浩特2017年春季花粉浓度居于高位,4月平均浓度值达306粒/1000mm2,之后波动下降直至5月底,6月、7月进入低值持续期,8月进入第二个高峰时期,浓度峰值出现在8月底9月初,高峰期到9月末趋于结束;2018年春季花粉浓度低于2017年,高峰期出现的早晚与2017年相当,但夏秋季花粉浓度高峰开始时间较2017年早14d,且持续时间属六年中最长,共计73d;2019年与前两年相比较,差异较为明显,
4月浓度相对高值集中在中上旬,持续时间短,后迅速进入浓度低值时期,直到8月中旬进入第二个浓度高峰时期,夏秋浓度开始时间较2018年推迟了近1个月,高峰持续时间26d,9月平均浓度值迅速下降为86粒/1000mm2;2020、2021、2022年3年的变化趋势较为相似,且总体上较前3年花粉浓度大幅度下降.3年花粉浓度高值均出现在8月,2021年以8月浓度最高,但9月平均浓度也达到了110粒/1000mm2;2022年整个试验期4~9月间平均花粉浓度均未超过100粒/1000mm2,这可能是由于花粉过敏问题的社会关注度持续升高,自2020年起,有关部门采取了有效治理手段,使得花粉浓度整体上逐年递减.近6年间,4~9月收集到的花粉总量呈显著下降趋势,总数由2017年的37984粒下降至2022年的9216粒,减少比例超过3/4,单日浓度最高值也由2018年1608粒/1000mm2下降至2022年的263粒/1000mm2,下降幅度达80%以上(图2).
按照前述定义,春季和夏秋单日花粉浓度分别大于250粒/1000mm2和100粒/1000mm2视为超致敏阈值日(即大于中等浓度等级,可诱发花粉过敏症状),逐年统计结果表明(图3):2017、2018年累计超致敏阈值日数分别为91d、81d;自2019年以后,单日花粉浓度超阈值日数显著下降,以2020年最少,只有22d.另外,整体上,呼和浩特市春季花粉浓度超阈值日数也逐年递减,由2017年的22d减少至2022年的0d.2017、2018年夏季花粉浓度超过100粒/1000mm2日数分别为69d和73d,2019年以后显著减少到17~37d.
空气中传播的花粉,其种类和浓度具有较强的时空特征,不同地区、不同时间段表现出不同的变化模式和规律.究其原因,很大程度上受一个地区地形地貌、自然条件、植被构成、微气候微生态,以及植物物候的影响[19].呼和浩特每年经历两次花粉浓度高峰期,对4~9月花粉种类和数量进行分析,结果表明(图4):春季主要致敏植物多来源于杨柳科,花粉数量占比达47.56%,其次为松科植物,占比26.95%,榆科花粉占14.40%、柏科、木犀科和桦木科植物花粉占比相对较少.夏秋高峰期,菊科蒿属植物为首要过敏源,占比为59.00%,藜科、禾本科和苋科植物花粉,三者占比均为13.00%~14.11%左右.
因夏秋花粉扩散高峰期是呼和浩特主要过敏高发季,为探究植被长势和花粉浓度之间的关系,对2017~2022年夏季6~8月植被指数变化进行分析(图5),结果表明:夏季是植物生长发育的旺盛期,每年的6~8月植被指数表现为逐渐递增,8月达到最大值.结合卫星遥感地面监测(图6),呼和浩特市2017~2022年8月平均植被指数分别为:0.507、0.579、0.590、0.599、0.541、0.572.其中2018~2020、2022年植被长势较好,而2017年和2021年8月植被指数较其他年份偏低.整体上,6~8月花粉浓度也逐渐升高,与植被指数变化趋势相一致,二者月尺度变化规律表现为显著正相关关系(P<0.05).
花粉浓度变化与植物自身的物候期、特别是花期关系密切,而气象条件是直接影响植物生长发育的主要环境因素,水热条件直接影响植被长势以及物候的早晚,从而影响花粉高峰期的到来时间.此外,不同天气条件下花粉浓度变化及播散规律也有很大差异,例如晴朗、干燥、微风的天气花粉浓度相对较高,致敏性增强;小雨量级以上降水天气则会使花粉沉积,降低花粉浓度.图7为呼和浩特市4~9月气温、降水量、日照时数、相对湿度的变化情况.可以看出各气象要素逐年变化总体趋势相似,但也存在一些差异.从逐月变化来看气温从4月开始升高,7月气温达到最高值,在22.3~25.2℃之间,以2017年最高,8月之后逐渐下降.呼和浩特属半干旱地区,水分是植物生长发育的主要限制因子,最大降水量月集中在7月和8月,且试验期间(4~10月)逐年累积降水量差异较大,在273.0~507.5mm之间,最大值和最小值分别出现在2018年和2021年.呼和浩特光能资源丰富,日照时间长,月平均日照时数240h左右,其中以5月时数最大,平均达271.6h,9月较低,平均时长不足230h,不同年际间试验期累积日照时数以2017最大,达3612h,2021年最小,为3372h.空气相对湿度6月开始上升,7~9月较大,在52.7~61.4%之间.
夏末秋初为呼和浩特主要花粉过敏季,为反映气象条件对花粉浓度变化的影响,选择不同时间段的有效积温、累积降水量和累积日照时数这几个表征温度、水分、光照的气象要素[20],分析每个要素与夏秋花粉浓度高峰起始、结束日序和花粉总量的相互关系.结果表明:近六年夏秋高峰期开始的平均时间为8月4日(日序216),结束时间为9月17日(日序260),不同年份早晚有显著性差异(P<0.05).12个不同时间段累积气象要素中,筛选出通过显著性检验的因子如下(表3):1~6月≥5℃有效积温与花粉播散高发的起始时间呈极显著负相关,而1~8月≥5℃有效积温与结束时间呈显著正相关.前期积温高,则植物物候提前,散粉也相对提前,较好的热量条件持续,有利于植物生长发育期延长,花粉播散结束延后.3~7月是夏秋草本植物营养生长的主要阶段,此期累积日照时数也对花粉传播起到促进作用;这一阶段的降水总量与花粉总量呈极显著正相关,累积降水量多,为后期生殖过程的开花结实奠定基础.利用逐步回归分析建立了累积气象要素值与花粉播散高峰期起始日、结束日及花粉总量统计预报模型(表4),以期为预报服务提供参考依据.
以7~9月逐月平均花粉浓度、植被长势和气象条件作为研究对象,主要分析植被指数和各气象要素对花粉浓度的影响(表5).其中累积气象要素的起始时间段均选定为3月1日,植被指数和相对湿度指当月数值.分析结果显示:夏末秋初花粉播散高峰期,月平均花粉浓度与植被指数呈显著正相关,与≥5℃有效积温、前期累积降水量、累积日照时数均呈极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度无显著相关性.月平均植被指数与各气象要素的累积值以及当月空气相对湿度均表现为极显著正相关.呼和浩特处于温带地区,一般情况下,3月起,植被逐渐开始进入营养生长阶段,温度、水分和光照经过足量积累,才能促进各类植物顺利完成其生活史.因此,有效积温、累积降水量和累积日照时数三者之间也表现为极显著正相关关系.
为更进一步研究植被生长情况与气象因素对花粉浓度变化的贡献,对各相关因素进行主成份分析,结果表明有效积温初始特征值为4.395,累积贡献率高达87.891%,其次为植被指数和累积降水,三者累积贡献率之和达97.894%.
对内蒙古自治区人民医院2017~2022年变应性鼻炎就诊情况进行统计(图8):6年间AR患者样本总计46891人次,年均7815人次,不同年际间以及逐年不同月份间就诊人次均有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中以8月患者人数最多,平均达2564人,是其他月份的2~5倍,占全年AR患者总量的23.8~45.9%.9月次之,为1014人,4~6月平均就诊人数范围在503~774人/月,就诊患者人数多少与花粉浓度高低月变化规律相一致.从逐年就诊情况来看,以2022年就诊人数总量最多,超过1万人次,2020年最少,只有2332人次.
进一步分析AR患者人群结构(图9),结果表明男女比例呈0.93:1,女性略微偏多.各年龄段人群均有,高发年龄段集中在48岁以下,占比约80%,特别12岁以下儿童和24~36岁青年人群分别占比24%和23%,二者约占病例总人数的一半.对AR患者变进行变应原皮肤点刺试验,阳性率显示过敏花粉占比前三位为黄花蒿(79.14%)、灰藜(60.19%)和葎草(58.03%)[9].
逐月花粉平均浓度和AR患者就诊量变化显示(图10):二者之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数达0.63.从图上可以看出,4~9月,就诊人数变化趋势与花粉浓度变化总体相一致,特别是夏末秋初,除2018年就诊高峰在9月初之外,其他年份就诊高峰与花粉浓度高峰均在8月出现.
一般来讲,患者症状的显现相对于环境条件的变化具有滞后性.为了更细致地表达花粉浓度与AR患者二者之间的关系,研究其随时间变化的规律,利用聚类方法,以时间序列为聚类特征,使用欧几里得距离计算时间滞后性的距离和差异:假设AR鼻炎患者相对于花粉浓度变化分别滞后0~10日,计算出不同滞后日数的欧氏距离,具体结果如图11所示:欧式距离结果表明在0~4d出现滞后效应,相关系数均通过了0.05的显著性检验.特别是T=2d时,欧氏距离D最小,即两组数据变化最接近,相关系数为0.73(P<0.01).也就是说当花粉浓度超过致敏阈值(100粒/1000mm2)时,AR就诊量将于未来0~4d出现增加趋势,其中以未来2d后增量效应最为明显.
花粉浓度达到什么阈值范围,患者就诊量会增加,增量多少?为回答这个问题,利用统计算法,将患者就诊增量与花粉浓度进行分析(图12),得出当花粉浓度大于100粒/1000mm2且持续时,患者就诊量可能会发生一倍及以上的增量.在100~220粒/1000mm2浓度范围之间,患者增速最快,增长幅度最大可达240%.
实际上,一年当中花粉浓度最高峰时段集中在8月中下旬至9月上旬,上述研究结果已证明月尺度就诊量与花粉浓度密切相关,因就诊增量受花粉浓度阈值范围影响,以夏秋高峰季为研究对象,将分析再细化到旬尺度(图13),仍然表明就诊高峰同样出现在8月中下旬至9月上旬,与花粉浓度高峰时段高度一致.经分析得知,旬平均就诊量与旬花粉平均浓度在一定范围内呈指数型增长(图14),随着花粉浓度的增加,病患显著增多,拟合度R2=0.75,因此可利用花粉浓度的监测值,预估未来一旬花粉过敏鼻炎患者的就诊量.对应关系为:
式中:Y表示旬就诊患者数量,X表示旬花粉平均浓度.
呼和浩特地区花粉播散有春季和夏末秋初两次高峰期,这与国内大多数地区研究结果相一致[21-23].春季以4月上中旬较高,以杨柳、松柏类木本植物花粉为主,且持续时间较短,花粉致敏患者相对较少;夏秋季集中在8月下旬至9月上旬,以菊科、藜科、禾本科等草本植物花粉为主,具有浓度高、持续时间长,致敏患者多的特点,其中致敏花粉比例以菊科蒿属植物占据第一位,这与内蒙古地区植被种类构成相关,也与其他已有研究结果一致[9-10,24-25],夏秋高峰期被认为是呼和浩特主要致敏季.2017~2022年4~9月收集到的花粉总量呈显著下降趋势,总数由2017年的37984粒下降至2022年的9216粒,减少比例超过3/4,单日浓度最高值由2018年1608粒/1000mm2下降至2022年的263粒/1000mm2,下降幅度达80%以上.全年花粉浓度超致敏阈值日数也由2017年的91d下降至35d左右.这是由于近年来群众对花粉过敏问题高度关注,自治区政府于2020年印发了“过敏性鼻炎综合防治方案”,并开展了一系列防控措施,取得了明显效果.
花粉浓度变化与植被长势和环境气象条件关系密切.呼和浩特市地理位置处于半干旱地区,属温带季风气候,雨热同期,光照充足.已有研究表明:在已有气象因子的基础上,辅之以用遥感技术手段获取大面积植被物候信息,可作为预测花粉浓度的一种有效手段[19].本研究结果显示:6~8月花粉浓度和植被指数表现出高度一致的变化规律,二者逐步升高,且均于每年8月底达到一年当中的峰值,二者表现为显著正相关.因此,可将植被指数引入月花粉浓度预测模型,进一步丰富预报因子数据源,为提高预报准确率提供理论指导.另外,6~8月期间,月平均花粉浓度和植被指数二者与前期特别是营养生长时期≥5℃有效积温、累积降水量和累积日照时数均表现为极显著正相关,植被指数还与当月空气湿度呈极显著正相关,各气象要素之间也表现为极显著正相关,在这一期间,光温水气象条件均逐渐达到植被生长需要的最佳状态.以上情况说明在植物的生长发育过程中,温度、水分和光照需经过足量积累,综合气象条件达到生物学标准才能够使植物从营养生长转入生殖生长,顺利完成开花、结实等不同生活史阶段.经过主成分分析,在影响月平均花粉浓度的各因子中,以有效积温最为主要,累积贡献率达87.89%.这也印证了积温物候模型为什么被广泛应用于花粉播散情况的研究[26-27].
每年花粉浓度高峰期起止时间段的预测对于广大公众提前采取过敏防护措施具有重要意义.分析表明:夏秋过敏季花粉播散高发的起始时间与1~6月≥5℃有效积温呈极显著负相关,而结束时间与1~8月≥5℃有效积温表现为显著正相关.前期积温高,则植物物候提前,花期与散粉也相对提前,生长过程中较好的水热光条件持续,丰沛的降水和充足的日照有利于植物生长发育期延长,花粉播散高峰结束延后.而生长季累积降水量是影响植物散粉总量大小的主要因子,累积降水量大,植物开花多,散粉量大,收集到的花粉总量越高.这与李琳对长白山阔叶红松林花粉通量变化研究相一致[28].
流行病学调查研究结果表明内蒙古地区AR自报患病率达27.72%,临床确诊率为17.71%,远高于全国平均水平[8].花粉作为气传变应原是内蒙古地区AR发病的主要诱因,AR会严重影响患者的身心健康,使生活质量下降[29].通过对2017~2022年呼和浩特市AR病例就诊情况研究发现:不同年际间以及逐年不同月份间就诊人次均有显著性差异(P<0.05),男女比例基本持平,女性略多,各年龄段发病人员均有,以36岁以下青年和少年儿童居多,占比接近50%,48岁以上人群患病率逐渐减少.变应原皮肤点刺阳性率显示:对黄花蒿过敏病例最多,达79.14%,蒿类植物花粉具有蛋白同源性,表现出相似的致敏效应.一年中逐月就诊人数变化趋势与花粉浓度变化总体一致,高峰期高度同步,这也与前期已有研究结果相一致[30].二者均于每年8月达到峰值,其中8月就诊患者人数是其他月份的2~5倍.
环境应激源对人体健康的影响往往表现出时间上的滞后效应.侯威名[31]发现不同水平的空气污染物PM2.5和SO2对沈阳市流行性出血热发病具有0~5天的滞后效应,黄逦茗[32]认为气温和所有空气污染物都对郑州市儿童肺炎入院有影响,温度越低,滞后当天的儿童肺炎入院风险可能会越大.本文对每日AR就诊人数与花粉浓度分析表明:当花粉浓度超过致敏阈值且持续时,就诊人数增加存在0~4日的滞后时间段,在100~220粒/1000mm2浓度范围之间,患者增速最快,最大增幅达240%.将研究细化到旬尺度,发现在致敏高发期,旬平均就诊量与旬花粉浓度呈指数关系,随着花粉浓度的增加,病患显著增多,因此可利用花粉浓度的监测值,预估未来一旬花粉过敏鼻炎患者的就诊量.
目前呼和浩特市包括国内绝大多数地区均采用重力玻片法进行花粉浓度监测,得到的是单位面积内自然沉降的花粉数量,时间分辨率为24小时,而国际通用的花粉浓度用单位体积的花粉数量来表示,且新型监测设备可以实现逐小时甚至更细时间尺度的监测,有的还可以实现花粉浓度和种类同时输出.因此,亟需改进监测手段,实现花粉浓度在三维空间内的自动实时观测,以期和实时气象要素进行一一对应分析,更深入细致的揭示气象条件对花粉浓度变化的影响规律.受客观条件影响,目前只有内蒙古自治区人民医院布设的花粉监测点经过质量控制,且时间序列较长,用作分析的标准数据源,因此只能以单点代表呼和浩特市花粉浓度变化情况.建议未来要结合植被分布情况、人口密度区域等相关要素加密观测点.另外,受观测资料具体内容所限未能从花粉种类细化分析,今后将继续开展不同种类花粉浓度与AR患者的关系研究.再者,花粉致敏与城市化进程和人们生活方式改变之间的相互关系,也需要进一步去探索.
5.1 呼和浩特地区花粉播散有春季和夏末秋初两次高峰期,春季主要集中在四月上中旬,持续时间短,以木本植物花粉为主;夏秋季持续时间长,集中在8月至9月,致敏影响大,8月下旬至9月上旬花粉浓度达到峰值,夏秋高峰季被认为是主要致敏时期,致敏植物以蒿类等草本植物为主.
5.2 温度、降水和光照的累积对花粉播散起到促进作用,前期营养生长阶段≥5℃有效积温与花粉播散高峰期开始日序呈显著负相关,累积降水量和累积日照时数则与结束日序呈显著正相关.积温高,花粉播散高峰期进入时间早,降水充沛,光照充足,则会导致高峰期延后结束,且花粉播散总量增大.一定范围内气象要素累积值和植被指数均与月平均花粉浓度表现为极显著或显著正相关关系,光热水条件好,植被生长旺盛,会促进花粉播散,导致花粉浓度升高.
5.3 AR就诊人数与花粉浓度变化规律相一致,在8月达到峰值,8月AR就诊人数是其他月份的2~5倍.总体上AR患者以青年和少年儿童居多,女性略多于男性.当花粉浓度超过100粒/1000mm2时,就诊高峰存在0~4日的滞后时间段,其中以2日后增量效应最为明显.在就诊高峰期,一旬时间范围内患者人数与花粉浓度呈指数对应关系.
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2020ZY0019)
  • 中国气象局软科学项目(2023ZZXM03)
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2022YFSJ0032)
  • 内蒙古自治区预防医学会项目(2023NMYF-HJ013)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-13
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中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2020ZY0019)
中国气象局软科学项目(2023ZZXM03)
内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2022YFSJ0032)
内蒙古自治区预防医学会项目(2023NMYF-HJ013)
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    内蒙古自治区气象服务中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010051

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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