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Hydrogen substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) was synthesized through an in-situ cross-coupling reaction with triethynylbenzene as a precursor. The CH3Hg+ adsorption performance of the novel sp-hybridized carbon material HsGDY was studied in comparison with traditional sp2-hybridized carbon material graphene (GE). This work showed that HsGDY had an excellent adsorption performance for CH3Hg+, which was significantly better than GE. When the CH3Hg+ concentration was 1.25µg/L and solution pH was 7, the final removal efficiency of HsGDY with 30 mg dosage for CH3Hg+ could reach nearly 100%. An increase in ion strength, a decrease in pH and the presence of Hg2+ would to some extent inhibit the adsorption of CH3Hg+ on HsGDY due to the competitive adsorption effect. HsGDY had good regeneration performance. After 5 regeneration cycles, its CH3Hg+ removal efficiency was still above 80%. By characterization methods such as Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the adsorption mechanism of CH3Hg+ onto HsGDY was thoroughly studied. The results indicated that CH3Hg+ was chemically adsorbed on the HsGDY surface, mainly due to the interaction between the acetylenic functional group and CH3Hg+.

, correspAuthors=Hong-hu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-hu LI, Hua-ying LU, Xi-yan PENG, Zhen-hua SHEN, Miao AN, Cui JIE, Jiao-yv YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049983802200799, articleId=1241049971336728926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=氢化石墨炔对甲基汞的去除性能及机制研究, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以三乙炔基苯为前驱体通过原位交叉偶联反应合成了氢化石墨炔(HsGDY),对比研究了新型sp杂化碳材料HsGDY与代表性传统sp2杂化碳材料石墨烯(GE)的CH3Hg+吸附性能,探究了溶液pH值、投加量、离子强度、共存Hg2+等条件对HsGDY的CH3Hg+吸附性能的影响规律,揭示了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附脱除机制.HsGDY对CH3Hg+具有优良的吸附去除能力,明显优于GE.当HsGDY投加量为30mg,溶液pH=7,1.25 µg/L CH3Hg+浓度条件下,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的最终去除效率可以接近100%.由于竞争吸附,离子强度增加,pH降低及共存Hg2+会一定程度上抑制HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附.HsGDY具有良好的再生及重复利用性能,经过5次再生其CH3Hg+吸附去除效率仍可达到80%以上.结合拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法以及密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,深入研究了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附脱除机制.结果表明,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附为表面化学吸附,主要源自其炔键官能团与CH3Hg+间的相互作用.

, correspAuthors=李鸿鹄, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,
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李鸿鹄(1991-),男,湖北京山人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为烟气污染物治理.发表论文30余篇. .

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李鸿鹄(1991-),男,湖北京山人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为烟气污染物治理.发表论文30余篇. .

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李鸿鹄(1991-),男,湖北京山人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为烟气污染物治理.发表论文30余篇. .

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971336728926, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The Raman, XPS, FTIR, XRD, SEM results of HsGDY samples before and after CH3Hg+ adsroption and DFT adsroption energy calculation results., figureFileSmall=5b28ctMY7BwpyRLTRkJPfg==, figureFileBig=tT9TC2QXMXI3TM1rkOtsuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049998687785408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971336728926, language=CN, label=图5, caption=吸附反应前后HsGDY的Raman、XPS、FTIR、XRD、SEM和DFT吸附能计算结果, figureFileSmall=5b28ctMY7BwpyRLTRkJPfg==, figureFileBig=tT9TC2QXMXI3TM1rkOtsuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049998788448719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971336728926, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pore structure of HsGDY and GE

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样品比表面积(m2/g)孔容(cm3/g)孔径(nm)
HsGDY160.30.379.37
GE146.60.244.51
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HsGDY和GE的孔结构

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样品比表面积(m2/g)孔容(cm3/g)孔径(nm)
HsGDY160.30.379.37
GE146.60.244.51
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Comparison of the methylmercury adsorption capacities of different materials

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样品甲基汞吸附容量(mg/g)改性方式吸附剂载体成分参考文献
HsGDY6.17富炔基碳本文
BSH-MMT39.27巯基+球磨蒙脱石[5]
700BMS39.14巯基+球磨生物炭[8]
SGO/Fe-Mn36.69巯基+过渡金属氧化石墨烯[22]
3BS60.76巯基生物炭[23]
Fe@Si-RSH14.4巯基+过渡金属介孔SiO2[24]
QS21.6二硫代氨基甲酸盐蒙脱石[25]
Chitosan0.006壳聚糖[26]
Lemna0.028浮萍粉[27]
C.sativum7羧基化生物炭[28]
), ArticleFig(id=1241049999476314617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049971336728926, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同材料对甲基汞吸附能力的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品甲基汞吸附容量(mg/g)改性方式吸附剂载体成分参考文献
HsGDY6.17富炔基碳本文
BSH-MMT39.27巯基+球磨蒙脱石[5]
700BMS39.14巯基+球磨生物炭[8]
SGO/Fe-Mn36.69巯基+过渡金属氧化石墨烯[22]
3BS60.76巯基生物炭[23]
Fe@Si-RSH14.4巯基+过渡金属介孔SiO2[24]
QS21.6二硫代氨基甲酸盐蒙脱石[25]
Chitosan0.006壳聚糖[26]
Lemna0.028浮萍粉[27]
C.sativum7羧基化生物炭[28]
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氢化石墨炔对甲基汞的去除性能及机制研究
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李鸿鹄 1, 4, * , 鲁华英 2 , 彭喜燕 1, 4 , 沈振华 3 , 安淼 1, 4 , 揭翠 1, 4 , 杨娇羽 1, 4
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(1): 198-207
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 198-207
氢化石墨炔对甲基汞的去除性能及机制研究
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李鸿鹄1, 4, * , 鲁华英2, 彭喜燕1, 4, 沈振华3, 安淼1, 4, 揭翠1, 4, 杨娇羽1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.中南财经政法大学信息工程学院,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 2.湖北省生态环境厅宜昌生态环境监测中心,湖北 宜昌 443000
  • 3.宜昌市三峡库区生态环境监测站,湖北 宜昌 443000
  • 4.中南财经政法大学环境与健康研究中心,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 李鸿鹄(1991-),男,湖北京山人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为烟气污染物治理.发表论文30余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Study on the performance and mechanism of methylmercury removal by hydrogen substituted graphdiyne
Hong-hu LI1, 4, * , Hua-ying LU2, Xi-yan PENG1, 4, Zhen-hua SHEN3, Miao AN1, 4, Cui JIE1, 4, Jiao-yv YANG1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
  • 2.Yichang Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Hubei Provincial Department of Ecological Environment, Yichang 443000, China
  • 3.Yichang Three Gorges Reservoir Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Yichang 443000, China
  • 4.Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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以三乙炔基苯为前驱体通过原位交叉偶联反应合成了氢化石墨炔(HsGDY),对比研究了新型sp杂化碳材料HsGDY与代表性传统sp2杂化碳材料石墨烯(GE)的CH3Hg+吸附性能,探究了溶液pH值、投加量、离子强度、共存Hg2+等条件对HsGDY的CH3Hg+吸附性能的影响规律,揭示了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附脱除机制.HsGDY对CH3Hg+具有优良的吸附去除能力,明显优于GE.当HsGDY投加量为30mg,溶液pH=7,1.25 µg/L CH3Hg+浓度条件下,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的最终去除效率可以接近100%.由于竞争吸附,离子强度增加,pH降低及共存Hg2+会一定程度上抑制HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附.HsGDY具有良好的再生及重复利用性能,经过5次再生其CH3Hg+吸附去除效率仍可达到80%以上.结合拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法以及密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,深入研究了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附脱除机制.结果表明,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附为表面化学吸附,主要源自其炔键官能团与CH3Hg+间的相互作用.

氢化石墨炔  /  甲基汞  /  sp杂化碳  /  炔键

Hydrogen substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) was synthesized through an in-situ cross-coupling reaction with triethynylbenzene as a precursor. The CH3Hg+ adsorption performance of the novel sp-hybridized carbon material HsGDY was studied in comparison with traditional sp2-hybridized carbon material graphene (GE). This work showed that HsGDY had an excellent adsorption performance for CH3Hg+, which was significantly better than GE. When the CH3Hg+ concentration was 1.25µg/L and solution pH was 7, the final removal efficiency of HsGDY with 30 mg dosage for CH3Hg+ could reach nearly 100%. An increase in ion strength, a decrease in pH and the presence of Hg2+ would to some extent inhibit the adsorption of CH3Hg+ on HsGDY due to the competitive adsorption effect. HsGDY had good regeneration performance. After 5 regeneration cycles, its CH3Hg+ removal efficiency was still above 80%. By characterization methods such as Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the adsorption mechanism of CH3Hg+ onto HsGDY was thoroughly studied. The results indicated that CH3Hg+ was chemically adsorbed on the HsGDY surface, mainly due to the interaction between the acetylenic functional group and CH3Hg+.

hydrogen substituted graphdiyne  /  methylmercury  /  sp-hybridized carbon  /  acetylene bond
李鸿鹄, 鲁华英, 彭喜燕, 沈振华, 安淼, 揭翠, 杨娇羽. 氢化石墨炔对甲基汞的去除性能及机制研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 198 -207 .
Hong-hu LI, Hua-ying LU, Xi-yan PENG, Zhen-hua SHEN, Miao AN, Cui JIE, Jiao-yv YANG. Study on the performance and mechanism of methylmercury removal by hydrogen substituted graphdiyne[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 198 -207 .
汞(Hg)是一种全球性污染物,主要通过燃煤发电、有色金属冶炼、水泥生产、垃圾焚烧、化工生产等人类工业活动排放进入自然环境.Hg具有高毒性、生物积累性、长距离迁移性等特点,其对生态系统和人体健康造成重要影响,引起社会的广泛关注[1].Hg的毒性强度取决于其存在的化学形态,其中甲基汞(CH3Hg+)相比元素汞(Hg0)、无机氧化态汞(Hg2+)具有更强毒性.人体暴露甲基汞会引起心血管系统、神经系统等系列疾病[2-3].日本曾经发生的水俣病是历史上著名的甲基汞污染事件,其造成了数千当地居民的中毒乃至死亡.通过微生物的甲基化作用,水体环境中的无机汞如Hg2+等会被转化为CH3Hg+[4-5].由于-CH3基团的存在,CH3Hg+具有较强的亲脂性,很容易被动物体吸收并在组织和脏器中不断积累.因此,CH3Hg+具有生物积累性,通过食物链能够在鱼类等水产品中不断富集,最终对人体健康造成严重危害[6].世界卫生组织(WHO)建议每周CH3Hg+摄入量应低1.6μg/kg体重,以减轻甲基汞暴露风险[3,7].我国的《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)对CH3Hg+浓度限制为1×10-6mg/L.因此,寻求能够有效去除污染水体中痕量甲基汞的技术方法,对后《水俣公约》时代的汞污染治理、生态环境与人类健康保护具有重要意义.
吸附法由于成本相对较低、操作简易、技术成熟,有望实现对污染水体中CH3Hg+的有效脱除,具有较强应用前景,受到研究者青睐.由于其多孔结构、高比表面积、化学稳定性以及环境友好性,碳材料是一种具有应用前景的CH3Hg+吸附剂.然而,传统碳材料如活性炭等表面暴露活性位点数量有限,其与CH3Hg+的界面结合能力较弱,难以实现对CH3Hg+的有效捕集.优化吸附材料孔隙通道、调节吸附材料表面性质、增加吸附材料活性位点,从而改善吸附材料亲和CH3Hg+性能、促进吸附传质过程是提高CH3Hg+吸附脱除效率的重要途径.当前,引入硫等具有高CH3Hg+亲和力的配体组分是强化碳材料CH3Hg+捕获能力的常见策略.例如,巯基(-SH)对CH3Hg+具有较强的络合能力(lgK1=16.50)[8-9].相关研究表明巯基功能化氧化石墨烯和巯基掺杂生物炭均具有较好的CH3Hg+吸附性能[8,10].巯基改性可以增加表面官能团数量,并在碳材料中引入负电荷,改变其物理化学特性,从而增强对带正电污染物如CH3Hg+的静电吸附作用[2,11].然而,改性碳材料实际应用于甲基汞去除依然面临着急需解决的问题.首先,硫等改性方式,提升了吸附剂CH3Hg+脱除性能,但致使成本增加.其次,吸附剂多次使用和再生过程中,配体组分流失可能会造成吸附剂性能下降以及二次污染问题.因此,迫切需要开发一种更加高效、再生性能优异、相对环境友好的碳基CH3Hg+吸附剂.
以往研究表明,通过炔基(C≡C)和金属离子(Mn+)之间的软碱-软酸相互作用,炔基官能化碳材料能够实现对废水中Hg2+的有效吸附去除[12].工业上广泛采用HgCl2催化C2H2氢氯化反应合成氯乙烯单体,同样基于此种络合作用.依据sp杂化碳(C≡C)化学特质,可以预见,富含炔键的碳材料可能对软酸CH3Hg+具有一定捕集能力.传统碳材料如活性炭、石墨烯(GE)等多为sp3杂化(C-C)和sp2杂化(C=C)碳材料.作为一种新型的二维π共轭碳骨架碳同素异形体,氢化石墨炔(HsGDY)的结构单元包括6个芳环,通过丁二炔键连接,具有sp-sp2共杂化特性以及均匀分布的六边形孔结构(16.3Å),其近年来在催化、能量储存及转化等领域显现出巨大应用前景[13-14].HsGDY单个孔洞内含有12个sp杂化碳,同时其独特的六边形大孔结构能够加快CH3Hg+在HsGDY上的传质扩散速率,增强CH3Hg+结合位点可及性.因此,富含sp杂化碳的HsGDY可能是一种高效吸附CH3Hg+的碳基材料.目前,对CH3Hg+界面结合能力优异的碳材料报道较少,迫切需要对sp-sp2共杂化碳材料的甲基汞吸附效能及相关机制进行探究,以期为CH3Hg+去除新型材料及方法的研发提供科学依据.
本文首先对比研究了新型sp杂化碳材料HsGDY与代表性传统sp2杂化碳材料GE的CH3Hg+吸附性能,探讨了溶液pH、吸附剂投加量、离子强度、共存Hg2+等条件对HsGDY的CH3Hg+吸附性能的影响规律,结合拉曼光谱、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法及密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,深入揭示了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附脱除机制.
首先在80℃的吡啶溶液中,以1,3,5-三乙炔基苯为前驱体(国药试剂),以铜箔作为HsGDY的生长载体以及反应催化剂,经过经典的原位交叉偶联反应5d,合成HsGDY.剥离收集所制备的粉末并用盐酸(HCl,1mol/L)回流处理3h.然后,所得产物分别用二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、去离子水和丙酮洗涤,并在200℃下煅烧2h,进一步在400℃氮气气氛下煅烧1h,最后得到茶色粉末,收集备用.
通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Thermo Fisher Scientific Quattro S)观察所合成HsGDY样品的微观形貌.采用激光拉曼光谱(Raman,HORIBA JY LabRAM HR Evolution)对反应前后HsGDY的化学键特征进行分析.其测试条件为He/Ne离子激光束,波长532nm.采用红外光谱(FTIR,Thermo Nicolet IS5)对反应前后HsGDY的表面官能团进行分析.采用X射线衍射(XRD,D8advance)对HsGDY的晶相信息进行分析.采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS,Thermo Fisher Scientific K-Alpha)对HsGDY样品反应前后的C、Hg化学元素状态进行分析.通过比表面与孔隙度分析仪(Micromeritics ASAP2460)进行N2吸脱附实验,依据BET方程计算样品的比表面积.
在40mL带聚四氟乙烯衬垫的棕色玻璃瓶中进行CH3Hg+吸附实验.基准反应条件为:1.25μg/L CH3Hg+,溶液pH=7,NaNO3=0.01mol/L,吸附剂投加量20mg.反应容器放置在恒温振荡器中,溶液温度维持在25℃,水平振荡频率250r/min.分别在反应10min、30min、1h、2h、4h、6h、12h、24h、48h后取50μL溶液测试其CH3Hg+浓度.对于吸附热力学实验,CH3Hg+的初始浓度设定为1.25~2000μg/L.采用全自动烷基汞分析仪MASSCHROM HG对待测样品的CH3Hg+浓度进行测定,依据的中国环境保护标准为水质烷基汞的测定吹扫捕集/气相色谱-冷原子荧光光谱法(HJ 977-2018).CH3Hg+的吸附效率和瞬时吸附容量qt可由下式计算:
式中:C0代表溶液中CH3Hg+的初始浓度,μg/L;Ct代表经吸附反应后t时刻CH3Hg+的取样浓度,μg/L;V代表溶液总体积,L;m为吸附剂质量,g.
采用Origin v8.5软件分别依据一级动力学方程(3)和二级动力学方程(4)进行吸附动力学拟合.其次,采用Langmuir(5)以及Freundlich(6)吸附等温线方程进行吸附热力学拟合.拟合方程如下:
式中:qtqe分别代表t时刻CH3Hg+吸附容量和达到吸附平衡时CH3Hg+吸附容量,μg/g;k1为一级动力学吸附速率常数,min-1k2为二级动力学吸附速率常数,g/(μg•min);t为吸附反应时间,min;QeQm分别代表吸附热力学实验中CH3Hg+的平衡吸附容量和Langmuir拟合最大吸附容量,mg/g;KL为Langmuir常数,L/mg;KF和n为Freundlich常数;Ce为CH3Hg+平衡浓度,mg/L.
采用VASP软件进行密度泛函理论(DFT)计算.交换关联泛函采用带有Grimme D3色散校正的广义梯度近似(GGA)的Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof(PBE)泛函.在所有DFT计算中,使用缀加波投影波(PAW)方法描述原子实和价电子间的相互作用.平面波截断能量为450eV.使用Monkhorst Pack方案对布里渊区的k点网格进行采样.结构优化采用3×3×1的k点网格.结构优化的能量和力收敛标准分别设置为1.0×10-5eV和0.02eV Å-1.吸附能计算方法如下:
式中:Eads代表甲基汞分子在HsGDY上的吸附能,eV;代表HsGDY吸附甲基汞后的总能量,eV;EHsGDY代表HsGDY的能量,eV;代表甲基汞分子的能量,eV.
HsGDY是在铜箔载体上以三乙炔基苯为前驱体通过原位交叉偶联反应合成.HsGDY的分子结构如图1(a)所示,其单元包括6个芳环,并由丁二炔键依次连接,组成正六边形结构.本研究首先采用拉曼光谱、XPS等常用手段对合成的HsGDY材料进行了物理化学结构表征.图1(b)展示了HsGDY在扫描电镜下的微观形貌特征,可以看到,HsGDY是由大量的纳米球形颗粒相互连接堆积形成的多孔材料.采用N2吸附脱附实验测定了HsGDY的BET比表面积(表1),为160.3m2/g,略高于GE(146.6m2/g).发达的孔隙结构和较高的比表面积不但可以增加HsGDY上CH3Hg+结合位点的可及性,加快CH3Hg+的传质扩散速率,也可以为CH3Hg+在HsGDY上的固定储存提供更多空间.
采用拉曼光谱对HsGDY的化学键特征进行了分析.如图1(c)所示,位于1320cm-1以及1588cm-1处的两个较强特征峰归属于HsGDY中的芳环结构C-C(sp2).而位于2008cm-1以及2153cm-1处的两个较弱特征峰则归属于HsGDY中的炔键结构C-C(sp)[14-15].进一步,采用XPS对HsGDY中C元素的化学状态进行了分析.如图1(d)所示,HsGDY的C1s谱图可以拆分为4个子峰.位于284.6、285.2、286.5和288.3eV处的4个峰分别归属于C-C(sp2)、C-C(sp)、C-O和C=O[14-15].其中,C-C(sp2)与C-C(sp)的峰面积比值约为1:1,其与典型的HsGDY碳骨架结构相吻合.以上结果表明,富含炔键结构C-C(sp)的HsGDY成功合成,其特殊的物理化学结构可能有助于CH3Hg+的吸附脱除.
根据炔基(C≡C)和金属离子(Mn+)之间的软碱-软酸相互作用,富含炔键的HsGDY相比传统的sp2杂化碳材料如GE,可能对软酸CH3Hg+具有更强吸附能力.如图2(a)所示,在pH=7,离子强度为0.01mol/L NaNO3,投加量为20mg条件下,HsGDY相比GE具有显著优异的CH3Hg+吸附能力.达到平衡时,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附效率约为93.4%,而GE对CH3Hg+的吸附效率仅为36%.此外,HsGDY相比GE具有更快的CH3Hg+吸附速率,在初始2h内,HsGDY即可吸附脱除约61.1%的CH3Hg+,而GE在初始2h内仅能吸附约12%的CH3Hg+.虽然HsGDY的比表面积略高于GE,可能对CH3Hg+的传质扩散吸附具有一定促进作用,但不足以解释HsGDY与GE对CH3Hg+吸附能力的显著差异,这可能与二者材料结构的特质以及吸附位点的不同存在关联.CH3Hg+在自然条件下容易被氧化分解,为排除其实验条件下自身转化分解对吸附效率测定的干扰,进行了空白对照,进一步检验了CH3Hg+在不同pH值条件下的化学稳定性,其结果如2(b)所示.可以看到,在酸性(pH=3)及中性(pH=7)条件下,CH3Hg+浓度在24h内降低幅度较小.此实验条件下,CH3Hg+的自然分解转化可以忽略.因此,前述实验中CH3Hg+的去除是由于HsGDY的高效吸附.但在碱性(pH=9)条件下,CH3Hg+的浓度迅速降低,这主要是由于CH3Hg+与OH-发生了沉淀反应.分别采用一级动力学和二级动力学模型对CH3Hg+的吸附动力学过程进行了拟合分析.一级动力学是基于膜扩散理论推导而来,其吸附速率取决于平衡吸附量与瞬时吸附量间的差值.而二级动力学则将伴随电子配对或电子转移的络合、螯合、配位成键过程视为吸附的决速步骤[16].如图2(c)图2(d)所示,HsGDY对CH3Hg+吸附的二级动力学拟合相关系数R2明显大于一级动力学拟合相关系数,表明CH3Hg+在HsGDY上的吸附主要为化学吸附过程[17-20].如图2(e)图2(f)所示,GE对CH3Hg+吸附的一级动力学拟合相关系数R2略大于二级动力学拟合相关系数,说明CH3Hg+在GE上的吸附过程受到物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用.上述结果说明,sp杂化碳材料HsGDY相比sp2杂化碳材料GE具有更好的CH3Hg+吸附能力,其源自HsGDY对CH3Hg+的特定化学吸附机制.分别采用Freundlich和Langmuir模型对HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+过程进行了数据拟合. Freundlich多用于描述非均相界面的非理想吸附以及多层吸附.而Langmuir模型则用于描述单层吸附过程.如图2(g)和2(h)所示,HsGDY对CH3Hg+吸附的Langmuir模型拟合相关系数R2大于Freundlich模型.这一结果表明HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附过程主要为单层吸附,即CH3Hg+主要吸附在HsGDY表面活性位点.此外,将HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附能力与其它文献报道材料进行了对比(如表2所示).可以看到,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附容量虽不及常见的巯基改性材料,但高于普通生物质材料.在后续研究中,其吸附容量有望通过调整孔结构、sp碳含量以及表面改性等方式进一步提升.
图3(a)显示了不同HsGDY投加量对CH3Hg+的吸附性能的影响规律.如图所示,在pH=7,离子强度为0.01mol/L NaNO3条件下,当HsGDY投加量由10mg提高到30mg时,CH3Hg+的吸附效率从80.3%提高到接近100%.此外30mg HsGDY投加量时,吸附CH3Hg+的吸附速率也更快,在初始的2h内即可吸附80.4%的CH3Hg+,而10mg HsGDY投加量时,初始2h内CH3Hg+的吸附效率仅为33.6%.HsGDY吸附剂投加量的增加意味着可以为CH3Hg+的吸附提供更多的结合位点,进而提高了对CH3Hg+的吸附脱除效率.
溶液pH值会影响HsGDY的表面电荷和CH3Hg+的存在形态.进一步研究了初始pH值对HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+的影响规律,结果如图3(b)所示.本实验未考虑pH>7情况下HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附,主要是因为CH3Hg+在碱性条件下会形成沉淀.可以看到,在离子强度为0.01mol/L NaNO3,投加量为20mg时,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附去除效率随着pH值的降低而出现一定程度下降.在pH=3时,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附去除效率只有73.8%,低于中性条件下的93.4%.在较低pH值条件下,溶液中质子(H+)和水合氢离子(H3O+)的浓度较高,其能够与CH3Hg+竞争HsGDY表面的吸附位点,导致HsGDY对CH3Hg+吸附效率的下降[21].随着溶液pH值的增加,吸附剂表面的去质子化位点增加,其会对带正电的CH3Hg+产生更强的吸引,因而提高了CH3Hg+的吸附去除效率.
图3(c)所示,在pH=7,20mg HsGDY投加量时,通过调节溶液NaNO3浓度,探究了溶液离子强度对HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+的影响.溶液离子强度的增加会在一定程度上抑制CH3Hg+的吸附.当离子强度由0.01mol/L NaNO3增加到0.1mol/L NaNO3时,CH3Hg+吸附效率由93.3%降低到83.6%.一方面,NaNO3可以屏蔽吸附剂与CH3Hg+之间的静电相互作用,导致活性系数或双电层性质的变化,限制CH3Hg+向吸附剂表面的扩散迁移[22].另一方面,Na+浓度的增加可能会导致与CH3Hg+对吸附剂表面活性位点的竞争加剧,使得CH3Hg+难以被有效吸附.
实际水体中可能Hg2+与CH3Hg+共存,进一步研究了溶液中Hg2+存在时,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附能力,结果如图3(d)所示.当溶液中共存0.1mg/L Hg2+时,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附去除效率相比不存在共存Hg2+时出现稍许降低.由于Hg2+与CH3Hg+同为软酸,具有同种电荷,因此在HsGDY表面存在一定程度竞争吸附.即便如此,HsGDY对CH3Hg+依然具有较高的吸附去除效率,达到89.5%.HsGDY表面丰富的炔键官能团及高度有序的大孔结构,为CH3Hg+及Hg2+的吸附提供了大量的吸附结合位点.在本实验条件下,HsGDY同样也对Hg2+具备较好的吸附能力,吸附效率达到85.9%.实验结果表明,HsGDY是一种能够同时吸附CH3Hg+和Hg2+的潜力吸附剂.
HsGDY的再生性能是其潜在应用的重要指标.吸附剂应具有可重复使用价值,不会显著损失其循环吸附能力,实现汞资源的回收利用,并能够有效降低吸附剂使用成本.HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附以化学吸附为主,采用1mol/L盐酸对富集甲基汞的HsGDY进行五次解吸再生.盐酸再生的CH3Hg+解吸效率及数次再生后吸附剂的CH3Hg+吸附性能如图4所示.可以看到,盐酸能够使>85%的CH3Hg+从HsGDY上有效解吸.经过5次再生后,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附效率出现稍许下降,由初始的93.3%降低到82.4%.这可能是由于数次循环使用导致HsGDY内部孔道积累了少量难以解吸的CH3Hg+,影响了CH3Hg+的吸附过程.尽管如此,经过5次再生HsGDY依然可以达到可观的CH3Hg+吸附去除效率.因此HsGDY具有较为优良的再生性能,有望应用于废水中CH3Hg+的吸附脱除.
为了进一步了解HsGDY对CH3Hg+优异吸附能力的原因,采用拉曼光谱、红外光谱、XPS以及DFT理论计算等方法,深入探究了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附脱除机制.图5(a)展示了HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+前后及再生后的拉曼光谱图谱.可以看到,HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+后,代表芳环结构和炔键结构的特征峰峰位出现了一定程度偏移,且峰强度增加,表明CH3Hg+吸附到HsGDY上后与其碳骨架发生了相互作用.采用XPS对HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+前后及再生后表面C元素和Hg元素的化学状态进行了分析,结果如图5(b)和5(c)所示.从图5(b)可以看到,HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+后,C1s的峰强度出现明显减弱,可能是由于CH3Hg+对HsGDY的表面覆盖.C-C(sp2)与C-C(sp)的峰面积比值约为1:1,相较于吸附前未出现明显变化,表明CH3Hg+的吸附并未明显改变HsGDY的碳骨架结构.此外,吸附反应后,HsGDY表面C-O和C=O官能团数量出现下降,表明C-O和C=O官能团在CH3Hg+的吸附中发挥了一定作用.以往研究表明,含氧官能团如羟基、羧基等对CH3Hg+存在一定结合能力,但结合强度较弱[8-9].考虑到再生后HsGDY表面含氧官能团数量较少,依然具有较好的CH3Hg+吸附能力,可以认为HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附能力并非源自含氧官能团.从图5(c)可以看到,HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+后的Hg 4f图谱在102.2eV出现了一个明显的特征峰,再生后该特征峰消失,其归属于CH3Hg+的表面吸附[5].进一步采用红外光谱对HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+前后及再生后的表面官能团变化进行了分析,结果如图8(d)所示.1626.9cm-1的红外峰归属于芳环结构的C-C振动.2923和880.9cm-1的红外峰分别归属于芳环结构上C-H的拉伸和弯曲振动.2203.8cm-1的红外峰归属于C≡C的拉伸振动.可以看到,HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+后,其红外图谱与吸附前具有相似的红外吸收带,但C≡C等红外峰的强度明显降低.表明CH3Hg+吸附到HsGDY后,与其表面C≡C官能团发生了相互作用.此外,再生后的HsGDY红外图谱与吸附前的HsGDY红外图谱基本一致,表明HsGDY材料结构稳定,可重复用于CH3Hg+吸附去除.如图5(e)所示,HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+后XRD衍射峰强度出现一定程度减弱,但未出现明显偏移.这一结果表明CH3Hg+并未进入HsGDY碳层之间.因此,CH3Hg+吸附过程主要发生在HsGDY表面,即与表面炔键官能团(C≡C)的相互作用,这一结果也与热力学分析结果一致.此外,如图5(f)所示,再生后的吸附剂与新鲜吸附剂形貌基本一致,结合红外和拉曼光谱结果可知,HsGDY骨架结构较为稳定,具有良好的再生性能.进一步采用DFT理论计算,以揭示sp杂化碳HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附行为和结合机制.CH3Hg+在HsGDY上的吸附构型及吸附能计算结果如图5(g)所示.可以看到,CH3Hg+可以与HsGDY上sp杂化碳相互作用,吸附能为-2.41eV.这一结果说明CH3Hg+在HsGDY上的吸附是自发过程,形成了稳定的吸附态.综上,炔键官能团与CH3Hg+间的相互作用促使了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附作用.
3.1 sp杂化碳材料HsGDY对CH3Hg+具有较好的吸附效果,优于传统sp2杂化碳材料GE.当HsGDY投加量为30mg,溶液pH值为7,CH3Hg+浓度为1.25 μg/L时,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的最终去除效率可以达到接近100%.二级动力学模型以及Langmuir模型可以较好地描述HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附过程.
3.2 增加溶液离子强度,降低pH值及Hg2+共存会一定程度上抑制HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附过程,其主要是由于H+和Hg2+等离子会与CH3Hg+竞争HsGDY表面的吸附位点.
3.3 由HsGDY吸附CH3Hg+前后及再生后的红外光谱、拉曼光谱等结果可知,HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附为表面化学吸附.HsGDY的炔键官能团(C≡C)与CH3Hg+间的相互作用促使了HsGDY对CH3Hg+的吸附作用.此外,HsGDY骨架结构较为稳定,具有良好的再生性能.
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52100134)
  • 中南财经政法大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2722024EJ024)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助面上项目(2022M721284)
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52100134)
中南财经政法大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2722024EJ024)
中国博士后科学基金资助面上项目(2022M721284)
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    1.中南财经政法大学信息工程学院,湖北 武汉 430073
    2.湖北省生态环境厅宜昌生态环境监测中心,湖北 宜昌 443000
    3.宜昌市三峡库区生态环境监测站,湖北 宜昌 443000
    4.中南财经政法大学环境与健康研究中心,湖北 武汉 430073

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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