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The practical needs of specific regions in coordinating various ecosystem services could be effectively addressed through ecological zoning, guided by the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of these services, as well as their trade-offs/synergies. Sustainable development in the study area was promoted by formulating corresponding management strategies according to the specific ecological attributes of different ecosystem services. The identification of ecological functional zones based on the trade-offs/synergies of ecosystem services offers a precise and differentiated regulatory framework for ecological function restoration and management. Taking Anhui Province as an example, the InVEST model was employed to assess and analyze the spatial-temporal evolution and trade-offs/synergies of typical ecosystem services in the region from 2000 to 2020. Ecosystem service clusters were extracted through the SOM (Self-Organizing Map) model to define ecological functional zones. The PLUS model was then applied to simulate the evolution trend of integrated ecosystem services by 2050, leading to the proposal of regulatory strategies. Key findings include: ① From 2000 to 2020, water production services and soil conservation in Anhui Province showed continuous improvement, whereas carbon sequestration services, habitat quality, and food supply experienced a decline. The comprehensive ecosystem service index revealed a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north". Approximately 50% of the study area was capable of providing two types of ecosystem services, while only about 11% of the area supported all ecological services. Areas unable to provide ecosystem services increased from 0.07% in 2000 to 4.85% in 2020. ② Strong synergistic effects were observed among water production, carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and soil conservation sevices. Conversely, a distinct trade-off was evident between the water production and food production services. ③ Based on this findings, four clusters of ecosystem services were identified: the food supply cluster, ecological conservation cluster, human living environment cluster, and forest protection cluster. Consequently, Anhui Province was divided into agricultural ecological zones, ecological conservation zones, urban development zones, and forest ecological protection zones, each with tailored regulatory strategies.④Multi-scenario simulation analyses revealed that under the ecological protection scenario, habitat quality and carbon sequestration services were optimized. Food production reached its peak under the arable land protection scenario. The ecological protection scenario showed significant improvements in overall ecosystem services. The research outcomes offer a scientific basis for promoting sustainable development and optimizing ecological environment in Anhui Province.

, correspAuthors=Mu-yi HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mu-yi HUANG, Yu-ru TANG, Qin GUO, Xue WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049983181443772, articleId=1241049970468507985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于权衡协同效应的安徽省生态功能区识别及情景模拟, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于生态系统服务及其权衡/协同效应的时空分布特征进行生态功能区划,能有效满足特定区域在协调多种生态系统服务方面存在的现实需求,根据不同生态系统服务的特定生态属性,制订相应的管理策略,有助于研究区的可持续发展.基于生态系统服务权衡/协同效应识别生态功能区可为生态功能修复与治理提供精准和差异化调控依据.以安徽省为例,应用InVEST模型评估和分析2000~2020年间安徽省典型生态系统服务时空演变及权衡/协同效应,基于SOM(自组织映射)模型提取的生态系统服务簇,划分生态功能区,最后运用PLUS模型模拟2050年综合生态系统服务演变趋势并提出调控思路.结果表明:①安徽省2000~2020年期间,产水服务、土壤保持不断增加,而固碳服务、生境质量及粮食供给则呈降低趋势.安徽省综合生态系统服务指数空间格局为“南高北低”.研究区能提供两类生态系统服务的区域约占50%,能提供全部生态服务的区域仅约占11%,不能提供生态系统服务的区域分别由2000年的0.07%上升到2020年的4.85%.②产水服务、固碳服务、生境质量和土壤保持这4种生态系统服务间存在密切的协同效应,而产水服务和粮食生产存在明显的权衡效应.③据此为研究区提取了4种生态系统服务簇,分别为粮食供给簇、生态保育簇、人居环境簇和森林防护簇.最终将安徽省域划分为农业生态区、生态涵养区、城镇发展区和森林生态防护区,并提出差异化调控对策.④多情景模拟分析显示,生态保护情景下的生境质量和固碳服务最优,粮食生产在耕地保护情景下最高,在生态保护情景下,综合生态系统服务呈现出显著提升的态势.研究结果可为安徽省可持续发展和生态环境优化提供科学依据.

, correspAuthors=黄木易, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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黄木易(1978-),男,安徽芜湖人,教授,博士,主要从事城镇化、生态系统服务、生态安全及3S技术应用研究.发表论文40余篇..

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3.安徽省环境污染控制与资源化重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230601, bio={"content":"

黄木易(1978-),男,安徽芜湖人,教授,博士,主要从事城镇化、生态系统服务、生态安全及3S技术应用研究.发表论文40余篇..

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黄木易(1978-),男,安徽芜湖人,教授,博士,主要从事城镇化、生态系统服务、生态安全及3S技术应用研究.发表论文40余篇..

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**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关,*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;WY表示产水服务;CS表示固碳服务;HQ表示生境质量;SC表示土壤保持;FP表示食物生产

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Methods for assessing ecosystem services

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类型
方法公式指标含义
产水服务InVEST模型产水模块[31] Y(x)为产水量(mm);AET(x)为年实际蒸散发量(mm);P(x)为年降水量
(mm)
固碳服务InVEST模型固碳模块[31]Ctotal=Cabove+Cbelow+Csoil+CdeadCtotal为碳总量(t);CaboveCbelowCsoilCdead分别为地上、地下、土壤和死亡生物碳储量
生境质量InVEST模型生境质量模块[31] Qxj为生境质量指数;Hxj为生境适宜性;Dxj为生境退化程度;K为饱和系数;z为常数
土壤保持修正通用土壤流失方程[31]SR=Ap-Ar=R×K×LS×(1-C×P)SR为土壤保持量,由潜在侵蚀Ap与实际侵蚀Ar之差决定;R为降雨侵蚀力因子;K为土壤可蚀性因子;LS为坡长坡度因子;C为植被覆盖因子;P为土壤保持措施因子
粮食生产谢高地等人提出的生态统服务价值计算方法和2015年修订后的ESV当量系数表[31] Ea为单位面积农田生态系统给粮食生产服务提供的经济价值(元/hm2);Pg为粮食年平均产量(t/hm2);Qj为农作物全国年平均价格(元/t);ESV为粮食生产服务功能价值(元);Ui为研究区第i类土地类型的面积(hm2);VCi为第i类用地类型单位面积的粮食生产生态系统服务价值(元/hm2)
), ArticleFig(id=1241049998415155631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970468507985, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生态系统服务评估方法

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类型
方法公式指标含义
产水服务InVEST模型产水模块[31] Y(x)为产水量(mm);AET(x)为年实际蒸散发量(mm);P(x)为年降水量
(mm)
固碳服务InVEST模型固碳模块[31]Ctotal=Cabove+Cbelow+Csoil+CdeadCtotal为碳总量(t);CaboveCbelowCsoilCdead分别为地上、地下、土壤和死亡生物碳储量
生境质量InVEST模型生境质量模块[31] Qxj为生境质量指数;Hxj为生境适宜性;Dxj为生境退化程度;K为饱和系数;z为常数
土壤保持修正通用土壤流失方程[31]SR=Ap-Ar=R×K×LS×(1-C×P)SR为土壤保持量,由潜在侵蚀Ap与实际侵蚀Ar之差决定;R为降雨侵蚀力因子;K为土壤可蚀性因子;LS为坡长坡度因子;C为植被覆盖因子;P为土壤保持措施因子
粮食生产谢高地等人提出的生态统服务价值计算方法和2015年修订后的ESV当量系数表[31] Ea为单位面积农田生态系统给粮食生产服务提供的经济价值(元/hm2);Pg为粮食年平均产量(t/hm2);Qj为农作物全国年平均价格(元/t);ESV为粮食生产服务功能价值(元);Ui为研究区第i类土地类型的面积(hm2);VCi为第i类用地类型单位面积的粮食生产生态系统服务价值(元/hm2)
), ArticleFig(id=1241049998578733495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970468507985, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in ecosystem services under three different scenarios: 2000 and 2050

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指标产水服务
(108m3)
变化率
(%)
固碳服务
(108t)
变化率
(%)
生境质量变化率
(%)
土壤保持
(109t)
变化率
(%)
粮食生产
(109亿元)
变化率
(%)
2020年现状120.1211.860.42843.28012.673
自然发展情景120.990.7311.910.420.424-0.9343.2840.00712.210-3.63
耕地保护情景118.44-1.4011.970.930.425-0.9343.278-0.00714.30112.87
生态保护情景120.220.0811.930.600.4320.9343.2880.0112.351-2.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241049998750699978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970468507985, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2000年、2050年3种不同情景下的生态系统服务变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标产水服务
(108m3)
变化率
(%)
固碳服务
(108t)
变化率
(%)
生境质量变化率
(%)
土壤保持
(109t)
变化率
(%)
粮食生产
(109亿元)
变化率
(%)
2020年现状120.1211.860.42843.28012.673
自然发展情景120.990.7311.910.420.424-0.9343.2840.00712.210-3.63
耕地保护情景118.44-1.4011.970.930.425-0.9343.278-0.00714.30112.87
生态保护情景120.220.0811.930.600.4320.9343.2880.0112.351-2.52
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基于权衡协同效应的安徽省生态功能区识别及情景模拟
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黄木易 1, 2, 3, * , 汤玉茹 4 , 郭芹 4 , 吴雪 1
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(1): 450-464
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(1): 450-464
基于权衡协同效应的安徽省生态功能区识别及情景模拟
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黄木易1, 2, 3, * , 汤玉茹4, 郭芹4, 吴雪1
作者信息
  • 1.安徽建筑大学环境与能源工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2.安徽省生态文明研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 3.安徽省环境污染控制与资源化重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 4.安徽建筑大学建筑与规划学院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 黄木易(1978-),男,安徽芜湖人,教授,博士,主要从事城镇化、生态系统服务、生态安全及3S技术应用研究.发表论文40余篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Identification of ecological functional areas and multi-scenario simulation study in Anhui province based on trade-off/synergy effect
Mu-yi HUANG1, 2, 3, * , Yu-ru TANG4, Qin GUO4, Xue WU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2.Anhui Institute of Ecological Civilization, Hefei 230601, China
  • 3.Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Hefei 230601, China
  • 4.School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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基于生态系统服务及其权衡/协同效应的时空分布特征进行生态功能区划,能有效满足特定区域在协调多种生态系统服务方面存在的现实需求,根据不同生态系统服务的特定生态属性,制订相应的管理策略,有助于研究区的可持续发展.基于生态系统服务权衡/协同效应识别生态功能区可为生态功能修复与治理提供精准和差异化调控依据.以安徽省为例,应用InVEST模型评估和分析2000~2020年间安徽省典型生态系统服务时空演变及权衡/协同效应,基于SOM(自组织映射)模型提取的生态系统服务簇,划分生态功能区,最后运用PLUS模型模拟2050年综合生态系统服务演变趋势并提出调控思路.结果表明:①安徽省2000~2020年期间,产水服务、土壤保持不断增加,而固碳服务、生境质量及粮食供给则呈降低趋势.安徽省综合生态系统服务指数空间格局为“南高北低”.研究区能提供两类生态系统服务的区域约占50%,能提供全部生态服务的区域仅约占11%,不能提供生态系统服务的区域分别由2000年的0.07%上升到2020年的4.85%.②产水服务、固碳服务、生境质量和土壤保持这4种生态系统服务间存在密切的协同效应,而产水服务和粮食生产存在明显的权衡效应.③据此为研究区提取了4种生态系统服务簇,分别为粮食供给簇、生态保育簇、人居环境簇和森林防护簇.最终将安徽省域划分为农业生态区、生态涵养区、城镇发展区和森林生态防护区,并提出差异化调控对策.④多情景模拟分析显示,生态保护情景下的生境质量和固碳服务最优,粮食生产在耕地保护情景下最高,在生态保护情景下,综合生态系统服务呈现出显著提升的态势.研究结果可为安徽省可持续发展和生态环境优化提供科学依据.

生态系统服务  /  权衡协同效应  /  生态功能分区  /  多情景模拟  /  安徽省

The practical needs of specific regions in coordinating various ecosystem services could be effectively addressed through ecological zoning, guided by the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of these services, as well as their trade-offs/synergies. Sustainable development in the study area was promoted by formulating corresponding management strategies according to the specific ecological attributes of different ecosystem services. The identification of ecological functional zones based on the trade-offs/synergies of ecosystem services offers a precise and differentiated regulatory framework for ecological function restoration and management. Taking Anhui Province as an example, the InVEST model was employed to assess and analyze the spatial-temporal evolution and trade-offs/synergies of typical ecosystem services in the region from 2000 to 2020. Ecosystem service clusters were extracted through the SOM (Self-Organizing Map) model to define ecological functional zones. The PLUS model was then applied to simulate the evolution trend of integrated ecosystem services by 2050, leading to the proposal of regulatory strategies. Key findings include: ① From 2000 to 2020, water production services and soil conservation in Anhui Province showed continuous improvement, whereas carbon sequestration services, habitat quality, and food supply experienced a decline. The comprehensive ecosystem service index revealed a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north". Approximately 50% of the study area was capable of providing two types of ecosystem services, while only about 11% of the area supported all ecological services. Areas unable to provide ecosystem services increased from 0.07% in 2000 to 4.85% in 2020. ② Strong synergistic effects were observed among water production, carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and soil conservation sevices. Conversely, a distinct trade-off was evident between the water production and food production services. ③ Based on this findings, four clusters of ecosystem services were identified: the food supply cluster, ecological conservation cluster, human living environment cluster, and forest protection cluster. Consequently, Anhui Province was divided into agricultural ecological zones, ecological conservation zones, urban development zones, and forest ecological protection zones, each with tailored regulatory strategies.④Multi-scenario simulation analyses revealed that under the ecological protection scenario, habitat quality and carbon sequestration services were optimized. Food production reached its peak under the arable land protection scenario. The ecological protection scenario showed significant improvements in overall ecosystem services. The research outcomes offer a scientific basis for promoting sustainable development and optimizing ecological environment in Anhui Province.

ecosystem services  /  trade-off/synergy effect  /  ecological functional zoning  /  multi-scenario modeling  /  Anhui province
黄木易, 汤玉茹, 郭芹, 吴雪. 基于权衡协同效应的安徽省生态功能区识别及情景模拟. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 450 -464 .
Mu-yi HUANG, Yu-ru TANG, Qin GUO, Xue WU. Identification of ecological functional areas and multi-scenario simulation study in Anhui province based on trade-off/synergy effect[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 450 -464 .
生态系统服务是指人类从生态系统中获取的直接或间接的惠益,是人类福祉和社会可持续发展的基石,可为政府决策提供帮助[1].千年生态系统评估报告指出,由于自然、气候和社会环境的变化,在全球范围内的24种生态系统服务中,超过半数正在经历退化[2].因此,在全球城镇化发展过程中,有效评估和合理利用生态系统服务[2],实现人与生态系统和谐共处,已成为可持续发展的关键[2].生态系统服务不是单独存在的,而是通过多种复杂的方式相互影响,主要表现为相互抵消的权衡或互相增强的协同效应[2].研究生态系统服务间权衡/协同效应在时间和空间上的变化特点及其构成,通过确定主导生态系统服务,并对研究区进行生态功能区划,可为特定区域制定相应的生态调控管理政策.这对于提升人类福祉具有重要的现实意义[2].
越来越多的国内外学者使用InVEST[2]模型、PLUS[2]模型、SWAT[2]模型和价值当量法[2]等评估生态系统服务,利用相关性分析[2]、空间自相关[2]和权衡协同度[2]等方法探讨生态系统服务间权衡/协同效应的时空变化特征.近年来,相关学者开展了基于偏相关法[2]或者价值当量法[2]的生态系统服务间的权衡/协同效应研究.利用相关分析法虽能快速识别生态系统服务间的权衡/协同效应,但这种方法却忽视了生态系统服务在空间分布上可能存在的联系模式[16].此外,它也无法充分揭示多种生态系统服务之间复杂的相互依赖性.而生态系统服务簇(ESB)以定量视角揭示生态系统服务间的相互依存关系,在分类基础上进行多尺度的生态功能分区[16]. Kareiva等[16]在2007年首次提出“生态系统服务簇”的概念,其指一组在时间和空间上重复出现的、具有周期性的生态服务功能的集合.目前国内外学者对生态系统服务簇的研究主要包括定量剖析不同生态系统服务在空间上的聚集模式、优势生态系统服务和生态功能区的划分[16].主要运用包括主成分分析[16]、层次聚类[16]、自组织特征映射网络[16]和K-means聚类[16]等多种方法针对不同空间尺度的生态系统服务簇进行划分.研究表明,基于生态服务簇识别生态系统服务间的聚集关系[16]可有效开展生态功能区的划分.此类研究不仅关注生态系统服务簇的时空演变和结构组成,还包括探讨影响这些变化的驱动因素.目前,关于识别生态系统服务簇的研究多以某一固定时间对服务簇进行划分,总体上缺乏针对随时序变化的生态系统服务簇中主导生态系统服务变化的评估研究.同时,土地利用/覆被的变化也会导致生态系统服务间的权衡/协同效应的改变[16].人们通常以调整特定土地类型的使用方式来增强某一生态系统服务功能,从而改变生态系统服务间的权衡/协同效应.而情景模拟可通过设置自然和人文条件来模拟、分析生态系统服务权衡/协同效应的改变[26].其中,在《千年生态系统服务报告》中,模拟并分析了2000—2050年间,耕地的扩张加剧了由耕地主导的生态系统服务与其他用地类型主导的生态系统服务之间的权衡关系[26].而不同发展情景下的各生态系统服务间的权衡/协同效应有所不同[26].
随着全球经济的快速发展以及人类对自然生态系统所提供的各种价值的依赖,在发展压力与自然环境等制约因素共同作用下,生态系统服务的供需不均衡性日益加剧[29],由此引发的诸多生态环境问题不仅威胁到生态系统的健康和稳定,也不利于区域的可持续发展.安徽省是中国南北交汇之地,也是连接东西部的交通枢纽.拥有丰富的自然资源,发展潜力较大[29].作为长三角的重要组成部分,安徽省正着力于打造生态文明建设样板,聚力重要影响力的经济社会发展全面绿色转型区的建设.然而,在快速城镇化背景下,安徽省生态系统面临着生物多样性下降、洪涝灾害和季节性干旱等环境问题,生态功能性降低.目前,对于安徽省生态系统服务的研究,主要集中于单一生态系统服务的时空变化,而多种生态系统服务的时空演变及权衡/协同效应缺乏深入探索.因此,本研究旨在阐明安徽省生态系统服务间的相互作用机制并识别不同生态功能区,同时模拟分析不同情景下的生态系统服务变化趋势.以此目标为导向,本研究利用InVEST模型评估2000年、2010年和2020年安徽省5种典型生态系统服务.通过构建综合生态系统服务指数(CES),探究其空间分布特征,分析生态系统服务之间的权衡/协同效应.其次,基于聚类分析方法(SOM)识别生态系统服务簇,并对研究区进行生态功能区划,针对不同生态功能区提出对应调控策略.最后,应用PLUS模型设置多情景约束条件对2050年的安徽省综合生态系统服务指数进行模拟,预测不同发展条件下的生态系统服务变化趋势,为安徽省生态功能区划及生态系统调控提供决策理论支持.
安徽省(29°41'~34°38'N,114°54'~119°37'E)总面积为14.01×104km2,位于中国东部的核心区域(图1),其横跨淮河、长江、新安江三大河流,我国重要的秦岭—淮河地理分界线贯穿全省.省内平均海拔121.02m,地势南北差异较大,总体呈南高北低的特征,其特殊的地理位置使得不同生态区间生态环境状况差别较大.气候属暖温带向亚热带过渡型,年均气温14~17℃,平均日照1800~2500h,无霜期200~250d,平均降水量800~1800mm.由于近年来极端气候变化和人类过度开发.安徽省正面临着湿地萎缩、水污染和洪涝灾害等问题,生态系统服务减弱.
本研究使用的2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据均来自中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn/),降水量数据来自全国地理信息资源目录服务系统(https://www.webmap.cn),潜在蒸散发数据来自国家地球系统科学数据平台(https://www.geodata.cn),土壤数据来源于世界土壤数据库(HWSD),比例尺为1:100万;DEM数据源自于地理数据云平台(https://www.gscloud.cn/),用于估算粮食生产的社会经济数据来自于《安徽省年鉴》和《全国农业成本收益资料汇编》.将不同空间分辨率的栅格数据重采样为100m×100m的空间分辨率,并将所有栅格数据坐标系统一重投影为Krasovsky_1940_Albers.
结合生态系统服务研究现状与热点,对安徽省5种典型生态系统服务进行评估.生态系统服务评估方法见表(1).
为反映和量化多种生态系统服务的影响,本研究参考累积法构建综合生态系统服务指数(CES)[36].主要基于对所有ES视为相同重要性的ES比较指数,其权重被设定为1/5.计算公式如下[37]
式中:CESj是第j年的综合生态系统服务指数;wi是第i种生态系统服务的权重;Sij是第j年的第i种生态系统服务的归一化值;n是生态系统服务的种类数;Sij是第i个ES的标准化值;max(Ei)和min(Ei)分别是第i个ES的最大值和最小值.
本文采用皮尔逊相关分析法,分析生态系统服务间的权衡/协同效应,计算公式如下[26]
式中:Pxy为相关系数;xy为两个变量;n为变量取值的个数.当Px,y>0,且通过显著性检验(P<0.01时),则认为两者之间是协同关系,反之为权衡关系.
本文采用GeoDa、ArcGIS等软件分析研究区5种典型生态系统服务双变量空间自相关特征,当一种生态系统服务的高、低值集聚出现在较高的空间位置时,视为协同效应,反之则为权衡效应.计算公式如下[15]
式中:IIi分别为双变量全局Moran′sI指数和局部Moran′sI指数;n为评价空间单元数量;xixj)为单元ij)的测度值;x为空间单元上平均值;wij为空间单元ij之间空间连接矩阵.
对生态系统服务进行空间叠加分析,得到生态系统服务冷热点区,对某单元超过安徽省当年产水服务、固碳服务、生境质量、土壤保持和粮食生产这5种生态系统服务平均值的区域定义为热点区域.其中,若栅格单元的5种生态系统服务均没有超过各自的平均值则为冷点区;若有1种生态系统服务均超过平均值,则为次热点区,以此类推,分为次热点区、热点区和显著热点区[38].
利用自组织映射网络[39]方法识别生态系统服务簇,研究区每个乡镇都可以看作是一个生态服务簇,聚类分析法测度各生态系统服务间的相似程度,依据相似性原理,将相似性程度高的乡镇划分到相同的生态系统服务簇,将相似程度较低的乡镇划分成不同生态系统服务簇,即同一生态系统服务簇中包括相似性程度高的乡镇,以及具有相似生态系统权衡/协同关系[40].
本研究应用PLUS模型,以2010年的土地利用现状作为基准,10a为步长,模拟2020年可能出现的土地利用类型,其Kappa系数高达0.85,精度符合要求,可用于本研究[41].本文中共设置了3种模拟情景,分别为:自然发展情景,即假设土地使用将遵循现有的自然演化模式;耕地保护情景,即在该情景下,耕地被严格限制用于农业生产,以保护耕地资源不受破坏;生态保护情景,即旨在通过实施更加积极的生态恢复措施来改善土地使用状况的情景[42].
其中自然发展情景2020~2050年各地类转移概率保持2000~2020年的水平.主要参照前人对Markov过程转移概率修正的相关研究成果,对土地利用转移概率矩阵进行调整,以创建耕地保护情景和生态保护情景的土地利用需求.3种不同情景设置情况具体如下:
(1)自然发展情景:通过研究2010~2020年间安徽省土地利用状况的演变过程,参考其土地利用类型转换的概率以及转移发生时所涉及的自然、社会经济驱动因子,不考虑政策限制性因素.
(2)耕地保护情景:该情景基于自然发展情景,将永久基本农田作为限制转化区,将耕地转化为建设用地的概率降低60%,严格落实耕地保护.
(3)生态保护情景:该情景结合《安徽省“十四五”生态环境保护规划》,将生态保护作为限制性因素,减少生态用地向建设用地的转移,其中,将林地、草地向建设他用地转移的概率降低50%,耕地向林地、草地转移的概率增加20%.生态保护情景下,土地利用模式会更加注重可持续性.
2000~2020年安徽省5种生态系统服务时空分布如图(2)所示,安徽省20a来的产水服务在空间上呈现皖南和皖西大别山区高、皖北低的特征.2000年、2010年和2020年安徽省产水量分别为644.27亿m3、939.05亿m3和1280.41亿m3.表明在20a间,安徽省的产水量呈现出明显的增加趋势,其中增加的区域主要分布在北部地区的阜阳市、亳州市和淮北市,减少情况主要发生在安庆市、池州市和黄山市.
从固碳服务变化来看,2000年、2010年和2020年的固碳量分别为1226.79×106t、1224.69×106t和1219.22×106t,呈减少趋势,这20a间,固碳量共减少7.56×106t.固碳服务的高值区域主要分在皖西大别山区和皖南山区,该区域植被覆盖程度高,固碳能力强.低值区域主要分布在沿江淮流域和巢湖地区.
从生境质量变化来看,在过去的20a间,2000年、2010年和2020年的生境质量指数分别为0.436、0.434和0.428,总体呈递减趋势.其中,皖南和皖西大别山地区生境质量较高,低值区域主要分布在皖北和江淮分水岭,沿江淮丘陵和沿江平原区分布的生境质量的大小居中.总体上,生境质量较高的区域主要位于林地和草地范围,而用地类型为农田和裸地的区域生境质量较低.
从土壤保持量变化来看,安徽省2000年、2010年和2020年的平均土壤保持量分别为2019.49t、3170.74t和3297.15t,呈上升趋势.由于皖南和皖西大别山区域具有较高的植被覆盖率,该区域土壤保持量较高,而皖中、皖北地形较为平缓且植被覆盖率不高,因此该区域土壤保持量较低.
安徽省2000年、2010年和2020年粮食生产服务分别为200.89亿元、198.85亿元和192.45亿元.其中,粮食生产的低值区主要分布在皖南山区,而皖西北、沿淮北平原和沿江平原主要为粮食生产高值区.总体上,这20a,粮食生产服务呈下降趋势,减少的区域主要位于沿江和皖北城市建设用地扩张区.生产重心逐渐向西北转移.
从综合生态系统服务指数来看,在2000年、2010年和2020年3个时间节点上,其平均值分别为0.4301、0.4335和0.4474,其中,皖西大别山和皖南山区的均值较高,林地和草地作为该区域的优势土地利用类型.沿江淮丘陵区和沿江平原区居中,皖北和江淮分水岭的均值较低.最小值分别为0.1299、0.1222和0.1305,最大值分别为0.7696、0.7935和0.7903,标准差分别为0.0952、0.1022和0.1099.经分析,安徽省综合生态系统服务指数的平均值、标准差、最小值和最大值均呈增加趋势,表明在这20a中,安徽省的综合生态系统服务呈现较为明显的上升趋势,但综合生态系统服务在空间上的分布差异也在逐渐扩大.
2.2.1 在以乡镇为单位的样本研究中,5种生态系统服务均通过了0.01水平的显著性检验.在2000年、2010年和2020年期间,研究表明产水服务与固碳服务、生境质量以及土壤保持量之间的相关系数在一个相对稳定的范围,介于0.75~0.95之间.即这些生态服务之间存在着稳定且显著的协同关系.产水服务与粮食生产经显著性检验后得出两者之间存在一定的相关性,但这种相关性并不显著.固碳服务与生境质量、土壤保持以及粮食生产这3对生态系统服务的相关系数范围在0.50~0.82之间,表明这3对生态系统服务之间有较强的协同性.固碳服务与生境质量、土壤保持及粮食生产3对生态系统服务的相关系数处于0.50~0.82的范围内,表明这3对生态系统服务之间是正相关,生境质量和土壤保持的相关系数介于0.76~0.77之间,揭示了生境质量对土壤保持的积极作用.生境质量和粮食生产的相关系数在0.23~0.25之间,二者相关性系数较低,显著性较弱,土壤保持量和粮食生产的相关系数在-0.12~-0.15之间,二者呈负相关.总体来说,这20a间,在乡镇单元样本的分析中,产水服务分别与固碳服务、生境质量之间的协同作用得到了加强.与此同时,产水服务与土壤保持之间的协同作用有所减弱.在土壤保持方面,其与粮食生产之间的权衡关系也显示出减弱的趋势.此外,固碳服务与生境质量、粮食生产和土壤保持之间的关系也分别进行了分析,而生境质量和土壤保持之间的协同性则呈现出一种较为稳定的状态.
2.2.2 由Moran's I值可知,在乡镇尺度上,这20a间,10对生态系统服务中有8对在空间上呈正相关的集聚特征,它们之间主要存在相互促进的协同关系.而粮食生产分别和产水服务、土壤保持服务在空间上则存在着负相关的聚集特征,这2对生态系统服务之间表现为权衡关系.但在2020年,除土壤保持和粮食生产呈负相关的聚集特征外,其余9对生态系统服务之间在空间上均呈正相关聚集特征(图4).2000年、2010年和2020年,产水服务分别与固碳服务、生境质量和土壤保持,固碳服务分别与生境质量、土壤保持,生境质量和土壤保持这6对生态系统服务间高高协同区主要分布在皖西大别山和皖南地区,低低协同区聚集于皖北的部分乡镇;权衡区主要分布在安徽省中部和北部部分乡镇.粮食生产分别与产水服务、固碳服务、生境质量和土壤保持的高高协同区主要分布沿江淮和皖北的部分乡镇,低低协同区则零星分布,这4对生态系统服务的权衡区主要分布在皖西和皖南,部分分布于皖北和中部.从空间分布特征来看,安徽省的生态系统服务的权衡区主要分布在建设用地比例高的皖北和中部地区,协同区覆盖了皖西大别山区和南部山区.
总体上,2000年与2020年生境质量与土壤保持间协同性的面积占比较高.2000年两者区域协同性占比达到45.29%,2020年上升至47.76%.相应的,这两时期表现为权衡性的区域占比则相对较低,分别为2.63%和2.39%.表明这些地区在短期内面临着诸如农业生产或人类活动等其他因素的压力,导致生境退化速度超过了土壤保持的能力.2000年与2020年土壤保持和粮食生产服务间协同性的面积占比最低,分别为12.18%和13.34%.相反,这一时期土壤保持和粮食生产权衡性的区域占比相对较高,为26.13%和24.60%,其次是产水服务和粮食生产,分别占20.50%和15.73%.这表明近20a来,研究区内粮食生分别与土壤保持、产水服务之间存在竞争关系,也反映了安徽省粮食安全与生态环境质量协同提升仍面临一定的挑战.
2.2.3 通过能提供不同种类生态系统服务面积占安徽省国土面积的比例分析(图5),2000年、2010年2020年不能提供生态系统服务的区域,分别占比0.07%、3.76%和4.85%,呈增加趋势.有1种生态系统服务覆盖的区域分别占14.17%、10.49%和12.13%,呈下降趋势,其中下降区域主要分布在沿江淮流域和巢湖地区.有2种生态系统服务覆盖的区域分别占52.40%、48.76%和49.16%,呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中城市聚集区为主要下降区.由3种生态系统服务类型覆盖的区域占比为22.27%、25.80%和22.77%,呈上升趋势.由4种生态系统服务覆盖的区域占比为11.09%、11.20%和11.10%,呈先上升后减少的趋势.2000~2020年间,安徽省内仅有1/5的区域能提供4种生态系统服务且冷、热点区的占比均有所增加.
从研究结果来看,能提供1种生态系统服务的区域主要分布在沿江淮和巢湖地区,皖北大多数地区能提供2种生态系统服务,皖南和皖西主要能提供3种和4种生态系统服务,是生态系统服务的热点区、显著热点区.不能提供生态系统服务的冷点区,主要分布在生态系统服务能力较弱的皖北地区.总体来看,安徽省植被覆盖度高、人类活动少的地区具有更强的生境质量、产水、固碳和土壤保持能力,能提供多种生态系统服务,是多重服务热点区.
统计安徽省1634个乡镇单元的5种典型生态系统服务,基于SOM聚类分析,将这5种生态系统服务分为4类生态系统服务簇(图6).4类生态系统服务簇分别为:粮食供给簇B1、生态保育簇B2、人居环境簇B3和森林防护簇B4.B1在空间上位于安徽省的北部和中部,分布范围广,耕地为优势地类,生态系统服务主要类型为固碳服务和粮食生产服务.B2主要分布在皖西和皖南,草地和水域为优势地类,其面积呈现先减少(从2000年的63个乡镇单元到2010年的61个乡镇单元)后增加(2020年为64个乡镇单元)的趋势.B3主要分布在皖北和长江流域部分地区,并在4种生态系统服务簇中包含的乡镇单元数量最多,其面积是先减少(从2000年的874个乡镇单元到2010年的871个乡镇单元)再增加(2020年为890个乡镇单元)的趋势,B4主要分布在皖西大别山区和皖南林地,以生境质量为主导生态系统服务,初期呈增长趋势(从2000年的212个乡镇单元到2010年的227个乡镇单元),随后呈下降趋势(2020年为209个乡镇单元).
本文基于4类生态系统服务簇将安徽省划分为4个生态功能区:农业生态区、生态涵养区、城镇发展区和森林生态防护区.
B1农业生态区的耕地面积占比较大,为44.51%.其空间分布主要为淮北平原和长江流域,该区域的地势分布较为平坦,降雨量丰富,其中粮食生产服务为主导生态系统服务,该功能分区的农业活动频繁,粮食生产和固碳服务相对较高,但产水服务、生境质量和土壤保持较弱.因此,该区域的粮食生产与固碳服务协作关系较为明显.
B2生态涵养区面积占安徽省总面积的10.20%,该区集中分布于皖西和皖南以草地、水体为主的区域,该区域植被和水系资源较为丰富,该区集中分布于皖西和皖南以草地、水体为主的区域,该区域植被和水系资源较为丰富,产水服务和生境质量、固碳服务和土壤保持之间有较强的协同效应.
B3城镇发展区面积占安徽省总面积的27.27%,该区分布于皖北和长江流域的城镇用地,产水服务相对较高,该区域为人类活动热点区,自然环境受损严重,植被覆盖率低、湿地和河流生态系统功能减弱,从而导致生境质量和土壤保持量下降.同时,由于该区域内的土地经济价值高,因此,土地利用率和开发强度高,是生态系统需要保护和优化的重点区域.
B4森林生态防护区的面积占安徽省总面积的18.02%,该区集中分布于皖南和皖西大别山的林区,该区域具有多样性的生物、垂直植被带覆盖率并具有较强的土壤保持和保水能力,生境质量和土壤保持、产水服务和固碳服务间存在良好的协同关系.
采用PLUS模型预测2050年安徽省的土地利用,基于此对安徽省2050年的生态系统服务进行预测,结果见(表2)和(图7).
自然发展情景下,耕地面积为76178.37km2,占整个安徽省面积的54.15%,耕地面积占比为22.90%,建设用地为11.91%.与2020年相比,该情景下,建设用地面积增加,林地和草地面积缩减.因此,城市扩张未得到有效限制,导致生态用地被侵占.安徽省综合生态系统服务指数为0.418,对比2020年综合生态系统服务指数0.447,降低了6.49%.该情景下的生境质量和粮食生产对比2020年均下降,这不仅意味着生态服务功能减弱,粮食安全也存在隐患.
耕地保护情景下,耕地面积为82593.35km2,占比58.70%,林地和建设用地面积占比为21.71%和8.86%,与2020年相比,该情景下,耕地面积增加,建设用地面积减少.安徽省综合生态系统服务指数为0.420,对比2020年综合生态系统服务指数0.447,降低6.04%.该情景下的产水服务、生境质量和土壤保持对比2020年均下降,固碳服务、粮食生产均上升.耕地保护情景下,有助于保障粮食安全,但在保护耕地同时,应对生态环境进行多方面的保护和改善.
对比2020年,在生态保护情景,林地、草地和水域面积分别增长845.63,31.17和116.15km2,占比分别为23.55%、5.83%和5.37%.建设用地占比11.10%,与2020年相比,该情景下建设用地虽略有增加,但对比自然发展情景下有所控制.综合生态系统服务指数为0.425,对比2020年的综合生态系统服务指数0.447,下降4.92%.在该情景下,安徽省生态系统服务较2020年仍有下降的风险,但通过生态保护条件约束,该情景下的综合生态系统服务指数有所提升.表明在生态保护情景下,生态系统服务得到有效恢复和改善,生态服务功能提升.
研究结果(表2)表明:在自然发展情景下,生境质量和粮食生产呈下降趋势,产水服务、土壤保持和固碳服务有所上升.在耕地保护情景下,产水服务和生境质量呈下降趋势,粮食生产和固碳服务却呈上升趋势,表明在耕地保护情景下,粮食生产与固碳服务间相互促进.在生态保护情境下,除粮食生产有所减少外,其他4种生态系统服务均有所增加,值得关注的是,在生态保护情景下,生境质量增长变化率最高,表明生态保护情景下研究区的生态环境质量会显著改善.
2000~2020年安徽省产水服务和土壤保持呈上升趋势,这两种生态系统服务呈皖南和皖西大别山区高、皖北低的空间特征,由于皖南和皖西大别山区地势起伏,这有助于雨水的收集和径流的形成,进而提高产水量;植被覆盖率较高,土壤保持量较高.而安徽中部、皖北地形较为平缓且植被覆盖率不高,因此该区域土壤保持量较低,这与前人的研究结果基本一致.如李莹莹等[43]分析了安徽省2000~2019年水源涵养变化,研究发现产水服务呈“南高北低”的空间分布特征,且呈上升趋势,其中草地的产水量最强.徐少杰等[44]通过分析发现安徽省40a来土壤侵蚀整体呈现先降低后略微回升的趋势.皖西大别山区、皖南丘陵山地区的土壤保持量较高.这与本文研究观点一致,因此,应当加强对林地、草地资源的保护,以减少土壤侵蚀量.这20a间,安徽省的固碳服务、生境质量和粮食生产均呈下降趋势.其高值区域主要分布在皖西大别山区和皖南山区,而低值区域主要分布在沿江淮丘陵和沿江平原区.这主要与皖南、皖西山区地势起伏、植被覆盖度及大别山区生态保护政策的实施有关,例如退耕还林、水土保持工程等.这与孙方虎等[45]和张茜等[46]的研究结果一致.粮食生产的低值区主要集聚在皖南山区,皖西北、沿淮北平原和沿江平原主要为粮食生产高值区.耕地作为淮北平原的优势地类,因此粮食生产较高.
利用皮尔逊相关分析法和空间相关分析方法探究基于安徽省乡镇尺度[47]生态系统服务间的权衡/协同效应及空间上的聚集特征.产水服务分别和固碳服务、生境质量、土壤保持和粮食生产,固碳服务分别和生境质量、土壤保持和粮食生产,生境质量分别和土壤保持和粮食生产均呈协同效应.土壤保持与粮食生产呈权衡效应.从安徽省的地形分析来看,由于其地处长江和淮河的中下游地区,地形以平原、丘陵和山地为主.多样的地形条件有利于不同生态系统服务的发展.山地和丘陵有利于土壤保持和水源涵养,而平原则适宜农业生产,因此产水服务与其他4种服务呈协同效应,这与方露露等[48]和乔旭宁等[49]的研究结果一致.粮食生产和土壤保持呈权衡效应,这与张俊伶等[50]在研究农业生产中发现,短期内,过量使用化肥和农药确实能够增加产量,但从长远的角度来看,这种做法会对土壤保持造成损害的观点一致.安徽省生态系统服务间权衡/协同效应空间异质性显著,皖南、皖西北和皖西大别山区主要为协同区,沿淮北平原和沿江平原主要为权衡区.这与刘永婷等[15]的研究成果一致.皖南和皖西分别为生态系统服务的热点区和显著热点区.淮北平原为次热点区,沿江淮流域和巢湖流域为次冷点区,皖北部分地区为冷点区.总体来看,安徽省植被覆盖度高、人类活动少的地区具有更强的生境质量、产水、固碳和土壤保持能力,能提供多种生态系统服务,是多重服务热点区.通过模拟3种不同情境下2050年安徽省用地类型/覆被,对不同情境下的生态系统服务进行分析,发现生态保护情景下的综合生态系统服务指数最高.这与林媚珍等[41]认为生态保护情景下各生态系统服务均处于较高水平的研究结果一致.本研究结果可为安徽省协调经济发展和环境保护共赢的土地政策提供理论支持.
根据安徽省生态功能区因地制宜地采取生态保护和管理措施,有助于各区生态效益的提升,促进区域可持续发展.本研究基于SOM的聚类分析进行功能区识别,将安徽省5种生态系统服务分为4类生态系统服务簇,分别为粮食供给簇B1、生态保育簇B2、人居环境簇B3和森林防护簇B4.基于此将安徽省分为4个生态功能区[51],分别为:农业生态区、生态涵养区、城镇发展区和森林生态防护区.其中将以粮食供给簇为主的区域划分为农业生态区,主要位于沿江淮平原,耕地作为该区的优势地类,粮食生产服务为主导服务类型.其中粮食生产与固碳服务协同效应较为明显.该区在保障国家粮食安全和丰富生态系统服务方面具有重要作用.将生态保育簇为主的区域划分为生态涵养区,主要位于皖南和皖西大别山区,草地作为该区的优势地类.草地的植被覆盖度高对生态系统服务具有显著的积极作用,其中包括气候调节、水源涵养和土壤保持.该区域产水服务和生境质量、固碳服务和土壤保持之间有较强的协同效应.将以人居环境簇为主的地区划分为城镇发展区,主要位于皖北和沿江淮城镇区,建设用地作为该区的优势地类,其具有高度集约性、持续扩张性和非生态利用性等特点.产水服务为主导服务类型,其中产水服务和其他4种生态系统服务均呈权衡效应.将以森林防护簇为主的地区划分为森林生态防护区,主要位于皖南和皖西大别山区的林区,林地作为该区的优势地类.其中生境质量和土壤保持、产水服务和固碳服务之间存在良好的协同作用[52].本文在明确生态功能区的组成结构、优势地类、主导生态系统服务及其之间的权衡/协同效应的基础上,提出了不同的生态管理政策.如农业生态区采用耕地轮休制度,改善耕地质量进而提升区域粮食生产服务功能;优化土壤结构,增强土壤的保水能力;采用生物防治技术;推进种植方式的创新;增强区域生物多样性和土壤保持能力.生态涵养区提供多种生态系统服务的能力最强,应严守生态保护红线,确保现有生态安全的前提下,不断提升区域生态系统服务功能的稳定性.城镇发展区应注重土地利用的高效性,避免不合理开发,实施严格的土地管理制度,控制城市扩张,提高区域的绿化覆盖率,改善生态环境.通过构建生态走廊和绿地,连接城镇内外的自然空间,提高生物多样性;采用本土植被进行城市绿化,减少外来物种对当地生态系统的干扰和破坏;实施城市河流、湖泊及周边环境的生态修复工程,恢复自然生态系统的功能.森林生态防护区应合理选配植物种类,提升森林区的垂直层次.通过建立灌木、草地、林地相结合的生态防护林体系,增加植物覆盖度,以此有助于气候调节,并降低植被蒸发和水资源蒸散强度,从而提高产水服务和土壤保持间的协同效应.
本研究只选取了安徽省5种典型的生态系统服务,并未考虑文化服务,但这5种生态系统服务与文化服务之间也存在权衡/协同效应,因此生态系统服务簇的结果可能会出现偏差.同时,生态系统服务簇的精度也受会到乡镇尺度的影响,对生态系统服务间的权衡/协同的组成结构、空间聚集和作用机制产生影响.本研究只针对安徽省2000、2010和2020年3a生态系统服务空间分布、权衡/协同关系特征及空间聚集进行分析,后续还应对生态系统服务之间长时间序列的权衡/协同关系开展分析,并深入探讨影响生态系统服务权衡/协同效应的驱动机制.
3.2.1 2000年、2010年和2020年,安徽省生态系统服务功能整体呈现“南高北低”的空间分布格局,综合生态系统服务指数略有增加,皖西和皖南的生态系统服务水平较高,沿江淮丘陵区和沿江平原区居中,皖北和江淮分水岭低.
3.2.2 2000年、2010年2020年安徽省产水服务、固碳服务、生境质量和土壤保持间均存在协同效应,土壤保持和粮食生产存在显著权衡效应.这10对生态系统服务间存在明显的空间异质性.除粮食生产和产水服务、土壤保持在空间上存在着负相关的聚集特征外,其他8对在空间上均呈正相关的聚集特征.生态系统服务的显著热点区主要分布在皖南和皖西大别山区.
3.2.3 安徽省可划分为粮食供给簇、生态保育簇、人居环境簇和森林防护簇4种生态系统服务簇,其组成结构和空间分布存在明显差异,粮食供给簇面积占比最大为44.51%,主要分在沿江淮平原.生态保育簇主要分在皖南和皖西大别山区.人居环境簇主要分布在皖北和沿江淮城镇区.森林防护簇主要分在皖南和皖西大别山林区.4种生态系统服务簇提供多种生态系统服务的能力各不相同,生态保育簇最强,人居环境簇最弱.
3.2.4 根据4种生态系统服务簇,可将安徽省划分为农业生态区、生态涵养区、城镇发展区和森林生态防护区.
3.2.5 3种不同情景下安徽省生态系统服务功能整体表现为“南高北低”的空间格局,综合生态系统服务指数(CES)的空间分布格局基本一致,但自然发展情境下,(CES)下降比例最高;耕地保护情景下,(CES)对比自然发展情景下略微上升,粮食生产与固碳服务之间呈协同效应.生态保护情境下,CES相较于自然发展情景下,呈现出明显的提升,生态系统服务之间的协同作用较强.
  • 安徽省社会科学创新发展研究课题攻关项目(2022CX527)
  • 安徽省科技创新平台重大科技项目(202305a12020039)
  • 安徽省教育厅环境污染控制与废弃物资源化利用创新团队建设项目(2022AH010019)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-03
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安徽省社会科学创新发展研究课题攻关项目(2022CX527)
安徽省科技创新平台重大科技项目(202305a12020039)
安徽省教育厅环境污染控制与废弃物资源化利用创新团队建设项目(2022AH010019)
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    1.安徽建筑大学环境与能源工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2.安徽省生态文明研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
    3.安徽省环境污染控制与资源化重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230601
    4.安徽建筑大学建筑与规划学院,安徽 合肥 230601

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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