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This study employs Moran's I index and cold-hot spot analysis to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon emissions in Yunnan Province from 2000 to 2021. Additionally, a random forest model is used to identify the key socioeconomic factors influencing carbon emission of 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province. The study finds that there are no significantly low carbon emission areas in Yunnan Province, with emission values generally close to the average and evenly distributed spatially. The hot spot regions remained stable across time, exhibiting a clear spatial clustering effect. Further analysis reveals that industrial added value, energy consumption, population size, and GDP are the main factors affecting carbon emissions. Our findings can offer useful guidance in formulating regional carbon neutrality roadmaps, implementing differentiated carbon reduction strategies, and promoting low-carbon green development.

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运用莫兰指数分析和冷热点分析方法,明晰了云南省2000-2021年碳排放的时空演变规律;采用随机森林模型,识别了云南省16个州市的关键社会经济影响因素.研究发现,云南省没有明显的碳排放低值区域,排放值普遍接近平均值,在空间分布上较为均匀.在研究时段内,热点区域较为稳定,呈现明显的空间聚集效应.进一步分析发现,工业增加值、能源消费、人口数量和GDP是影响碳排放的主要因素.研究结果可为制定区域碳中和路线图和实施差异化碳减排决策以及低碳绿色发展提供依据.

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*责任作者,教授,
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王巧玲(1997-)女,广西桂林人,北京大学博士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务与碳排放相关的研究..

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王巧玲(1997-)女,广西桂林人,北京大学博士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务与碳排放相关的研究..

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王巧玲(1997-)女,广西桂林人,北京大学博士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务与碳排放相关的研究..

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Chinese Journal of Management201512(2):291-298., articleTitle=Threshold effects and area differences: The impacts of urbanization on residential carbon missions, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241049997718909035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, awardId=202303AC100009, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省重点研发项目(202303AC100009), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049984892727923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049984905310836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, companyId=1241049984892727923, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University; Beijing 100871, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049984913699445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, companyId=1241049984892727923, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京 100871)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241049990240465763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Study area, figureFileSmall=vMn6/2HzMAr44/G0oBL1lw==, figureFileBig=jRfLr61Ku8cZvV8uzgS10g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049990492124017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域

审图号:GS(2020)4632

, figureFileSmall=vMn6/2HzMAr44/G0oBL1lw==, figureFileBig=jRfLr61Ku8cZvV8uzgS10g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049992606053261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Moran scatter chart of carbon emissions in Yunnan Province for the years 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2021 a)2000年 (b)2004年 (c)2008年 (d)2012年 (e)2016年 (f)2021年, figureFileSmall=lw6Ll9B3Uuw2kGwd75f/Ew==, figureFileBig=nIjFbevi8OJZON2R+bS3Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049992870294429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2000、2004、2008、2012、2016和2021年云南省碳排放的Moran散点图, figureFileSmall=lw6Ll9B3Uuw2kGwd75f/Ew==, figureFileBig=nIjFbevi8OJZON2R+bS3Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993105175464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Local Moran Index of carbon emissions in Yunnan Province for the years 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2021, figureFileSmall=C5T8lZvVokJ9nBDg8YhyPQ==, figureFileBig=a9s9IuEf/NITvS6L8g0jcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993247781816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2000、2004、2008、2012、2016和2021年云南省碳排放的局部莫兰指数, figureFileSmall=C5T8lZvVokJ9nBDg8YhyPQ==, figureFileBig=a9s9IuEf/NITvS6L8g0jcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993541383109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatial pattern of carbon emission hot spots and cold spots in Yunnan Province in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2021, figureFileSmall=9pNg7bq/CFJknuJd+HSChw==, figureFileBig=WrWZF1V2FM6qCmm0E/xGCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993725932503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2000年、2004年、2008年、2012年、2016年和2021年云南省碳排放热点和冷点空间格局, figureFileSmall=9pNg7bq/CFJknuJd+HSChw==, figureFileBig=WrWZF1V2FM6qCmm0E/xGCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993881121763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The relationship between carbon emissions and influencing factors from random forest model simulations, figureFileSmall=2Tecr0Il6P5ELaX4cyRfvw==, figureFileBig=LjZ4vKPSZ46x7s7zqo1WfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994069865458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=图5, caption=随机森林模型拟合碳排放量和影响因素关系结果, figureFileSmall=2Tecr0Il6P5ELaX4cyRfvw==, figureFileBig=LjZ4vKPSZ46x7s7zqo1WfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994241830914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Ranking of influencing factors importance for carbon emissions, figureFileSmall=LWqsEvqhIiPIdrZuplc2og==, figureFileBig=4bsMm7cttRXtuMsqiT+tRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994409603082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=图6, caption=碳排放量影响因素的重要性排序, figureFileSmall=LWqsEvqhIiPIdrZuplc2og==, figureFileBig=4bsMm7cttRXtuMsqiT+tRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994694815769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Partial dependence diagram of carbon emission influencing factors, figureFileSmall=kAZVnK9uTrYi25wRxW1wuA==, figureFileBig=euM5fIvWdFuWHaMzeo/OOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994816450595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=图7, caption=碳排放影响因素偏依赖, figureFileSmall=kAZVnK9uTrYi25wRxW1wuA==, figureFileBig=euM5fIvWdFuWHaMzeo/OOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049996448034868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Global Moran Index of Carbon Emissions in Yunnan Province from 2000 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份莫兰指数ZP
20000.3690903.0826990.002501
20010.3262092.4497580.014295
20020.3003742.2973500.021599
20030.3003102.2969670.021621
20040.3512432.5945130.009472
20050.3373712.5286730.011449
20060.3372062.5278890.011475
20070.3370032.5269240.011507
20080.3436722.5547230.010627
20090.3370062.5269510.011506
20100.2949592.3083330.020981
20110.2943242.3055030.021138
20120.2941502.3046810.021184
20130.2940692.3043010.021206
20140.2938402.3031590.021270
20150.2942212.3049110.021172
20160.2937162.3024530.021310
20170.2944992.3061190.021104
20180.2941302.3042910.021206
20190.2941502.3042970.021206
20200.2941302.3042330.021210
20210.2941702.3044540.021197
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997072986182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2000~2021年云南省碳排放的全局莫兰指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份莫兰指数ZP
20000.3690903.0826990.002501
20010.3262092.4497580.014295
20020.3003742.2973500.021599
20030.3003102.2969670.021621
20040.3512432.5945130.009472
20050.3373712.5286730.011449
20060.3372062.5278890.011475
20070.3370032.5269240.011507
20080.3436722.5547230.010627
20090.3370062.5269510.011506
20100.2949592.3083330.020981
20110.2943242.3055030.021138
20120.2941502.3046810.021184
20130.2940692.3043010.021206
20140.2938402.3031590.021270
20150.2942212.3049110.021172
20160.2937162.3024530.021310
20170.2944992.3061190.021104
20180.2941302.3042910.021206
20190.2941502.3042970.021206
20200.2941302.3042330.021210
20210.2941702.3044540.021197
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997244952653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of all influencing factors of carbon emission

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名解释说明单位
人口数量区域内居住的总人数万人
地区生产总值该地区在一定时间内产生的所有商品和服务的市场价值总和亿元
人均生产总值地区生产总值除以人口数量,衡量人均经济产出
工业增加值工业部门的产值增加额亿元
第二产业占GDP的比重第二产业在总GDP中的比例%
第三产业占GDP的比重第三产业在总GDP中的比例%
城镇化率城镇居民人数与总人口的比率%
能源消费总量该地区消耗的能源总量万t标准煤
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997488222297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970229441524, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

碳排放影响因素指标体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名解释说明单位
人口数量区域内居住的总人数万人
地区生产总值该地区在一定时间内产生的所有商品和服务的市场价值总和亿元
人均生产总值地区生产总值除以人口数量,衡量人均经济产出
工业增加值工业部门的产值增加额亿元
第二产业占GDP的比重第二产业在总GDP中的比例%
第三产业占GDP的比重第三产业在总GDP中的比例%
城镇化率城镇居民人数与总人口的比率%
能源消费总量该地区消耗的能源总量万t标准煤
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云南省碳排放时空演变特征及影响因素分析
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王巧玲 , 李双成
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(1): 528-537
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(1): 528-537
云南省碳排放时空演变特征及影响因素分析
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王巧玲 , 李双成
作者信息
  • 北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京 100871
  • 王巧玲(1997-)女,广西桂林人,北京大学博士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务与碳排放相关的研究..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Dynamics of carbon emissions in Yunnan Province: Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors
Qiao-ling WANG , Shuang-cheng LI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University; Beijing 100871, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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运用莫兰指数分析和冷热点分析方法,明晰了云南省2000-2021年碳排放的时空演变规律;采用随机森林模型,识别了云南省16个州市的关键社会经济影响因素.研究发现,云南省没有明显的碳排放低值区域,排放值普遍接近平均值,在空间分布上较为均匀.在研究时段内,热点区域较为稳定,呈现明显的空间聚集效应.进一步分析发现,工业增加值、能源消费、人口数量和GDP是影响碳排放的主要因素.研究结果可为制定区域碳中和路线图和实施差异化碳减排决策以及低碳绿色发展提供依据.

碳排放  /  时空演变特征  /  影响因子  /  随机森林模型  /  云南省

This study employs Moran's I index and cold-hot spot analysis to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon emissions in Yunnan Province from 2000 to 2021. Additionally, a random forest model is used to identify the key socioeconomic factors influencing carbon emission of 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province. The study finds that there are no significantly low carbon emission areas in Yunnan Province, with emission values generally close to the average and evenly distributed spatially. The hot spot regions remained stable across time, exhibiting a clear spatial clustering effect. Further analysis reveals that industrial added value, energy consumption, population size, and GDP are the main factors affecting carbon emissions. Our findings can offer useful guidance in formulating regional carbon neutrality roadmaps, implementing differentiated carbon reduction strategies, and promoting low-carbon green development.

carbon emissions  /  spatiotemporal characteristics  /  influencing factor  /  random forest model  /  Yunnan Province
王巧玲, 李双成. 云南省碳排放时空演变特征及影响因素分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 528 -537 .
Qiao-ling WANG, Shuang-cheng LI. Dynamics of carbon emissions in Yunnan Province: Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 528 -537 .
大量碳排放使全球气候变暖持续加剧,对自然环境的可持续发展和人类福祉造成严重威胁,成为人类面临的重大挑战[1-2].自改革开放以来,中国快速的经济增长导致了高能耗和高碳排放.作为世界上最大的能源消费国,中国产生的碳排放量约占全球碳排放总量的30%,成为全球最大的二氧化碳(CO2)的排放国[3].因此,中国的碳减排任务异常艰巨.作为负责任的大国,中国政府正在积极承担减少碳排放的责任.承诺到2030年全国碳排放量达到峰值,届时非化石能源在一次能源消费总量中占比25%,碳强度将比2005年降低60%~65%;并立争到2060年实现碳中和,届时非化石能源的份额将提升至80%[4-5].
近年来,已有许多碳排放的研究,涵盖碳排放时空格局、碳排放效率、碳排放测算、碳补偿等多个方面[6-9].在碳排放影响因素研究方法上主要有Kaya恒等式、对数平均权重分解法(LMDI)、时空地理加权回归(GTWR)、面板数据回归模型等[10-12].在研究区域上,多集中于东部和中部经济发达省份.尽管传统的空间分析方法在揭示碳排放的空间异质性方面取得了进展,但在应对多维复杂性和非线性驱动机制上存在局限[13-14].机器学习在处理高维数据和识别复杂驱动因素方面表现优异,能够从大规模数据中揭示碳排放的非线性关系[15].因此,将空间分析与机器学习结合,既能有效处理复杂数据,又能更精确地刻画时空格局.然而,目前相关研究多偏重单一方法,忽视了碳排放的空间依赖性与复杂驱动因素的交互,结合应用仍处于初步阶段.
云南省作为中国西南地区的重要省份,是清洁能源富集区和天然碳库.独特的生态环境特性使其碳排放研究具有特殊价值.近年来,云南在能源转型方面取得了显著成就,对全国和区域碳减排起到了重要作用.其经验可为其他地区提供借鉴[16].因此,系统分析云南省碳排放的时空变化特征及其影响因素,对于制定科学合理的碳减排政策、实现区域社会经济低碳绿色转型具有重要意义.
2000年是中国快速工业化和城市化的关键起点,碳排放显著增加,而2021年作为最新的完整数据年份,提供了足够的时间跨度以分析碳排放的时空演变规律.因此,本研究设定以下目标:1)探索云南省2000~2021年碳排放的时空演变规律,识别全省碳排放量的冷热点区域.2)明晰近5年来云南省16个州市碳排放量变化的社会经济影响因素.
云南省地处中国西南边陲,位于97°31′~106°11′E,21°8′~29°15′N之间(图1).全省国土总面积39.41万km2,占全国国土总面积的4.1%.东与贵州省、广西壮族自治区相邻,北以金沙江为界与四川省隔江相望,西与缅甸接壤,南和老挝、越南毗邻.境内地形复杂,地貌多样,属于高原山地气候,光照强度大,昼夜温差明显,动植物等自然资源丰富.云南省是一个多民族、多文化、多语言的省份,拥有丰富的自然资源和独特的历史文化底蕴,截至最新统计数据,云南省人口总数约为4700万人.
近年来,云南省经济持续增长.2023年,全省GDP总量达到了2.45万亿元人民币,位居全国第23位.虽然省内产业结构较为多样化,但工业仍然是云南经济的重要力量,能源消费结构以煤炭和水电为主.由于拥有丰富的水资源,云南的水电开发具有显著优势,是中国重要的水电能源基地之一.截至2023年,云南省的水电装机容量超过8000万千瓦,占全国水电装机总量的10%以上.近年来,云南省能源利用效率持续提升,能源消费结构持续优化,绿色能源有多项指标领先中国.通过不断加强以水电为主的清洁能源建设,全面提速光伏、风电等新能源开发,绿色能源跃升成为全省第一大支柱产业.
本文所用云南省能源消费数据及测算数据均来源于《云南省统计年鉴》(2000-2022年)及《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》,16个州市的社会经济变量均来源于各州市统计年鉴及统计公报.鉴于云南省各州市的能源消费量数据部分缺失,本文通过计算不同年份各州市工业生产值占全省总产值的比例及其占当地GDP的比重,推算能源消费量并进行数据插补.为评估插补对结论的影响,研究进行了稳健性分析.结果显示,插补数据与已知趋势高度一致,确保了数据的连续性和区域差异.尽管插补可能引入一定的误差,但对碳排放的空间分布和影响因素未产生显著影响.因此该方法适用于本研究.云南省行政区划数据源于中国科学院资源环境科学与数据平台(网址:https://www.resdc.cn/),具有较高的精度和广泛应用的可靠性.碳排放数据来源于全球化石燃料二氧化碳排放数据集(ODIAC,Opensource Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2),它是一个高分辨率的全球二氧化碳排放数据集.由日本环境研究所(NIES)和美国国家航空航天局(NASA)合作开发,包含全球每个国家和地区的逐年、逐月碳排放数据,具备国际公认的高分辨率和精度.通过Matlab软件对其处理后,得到云南省各州市碳排放值,确保数据具备较高适用性,用于后续分析.此外,根据已有研究成果,遵循指标间信息不冗余原则,选取人口数量、地区生产总值、人均生产总值、工业增加值、第二产业占GDP的比重、第三产业占GDP的比重、城镇化率、能源消费总量等8个因子做关键影响因素分析.相关数据来源权威,分析结果具有较高的可靠性和解释力.
本文以云南省16个州市为研究尺度,着重分析碳排放空间演变趋势,探究近5年来不同州市碳排放变化的社会经济影响因素.在空间格局反映方面,主要采用莫兰指数分析和冷热点分析方法,揭示碳排放空间分布异质性,识别高低值区域.在影响因素分析方面,使用机器学习中的随机森林模型,揭示影响各州市碳排放量变化的社会经济驱动因素,并识别这些因素之间复杂的相互作用.
全局莫兰指数用于检验区域是否存在空间自相关现象[17],其具体公式为:
式中:xixj分别为州市ij已知的碳排放量;为碳排放量的均值;n为州市个数;Wij为空间权重矩阵,若州市ij相邻,则Wij=1,反之Wij=0.由于全局莫兰指数是空间自相关的整体度量,无法得出州市间的具体空间相关性[18],因此需要在全局莫兰指数的基础上计算局部莫兰空间自相关指数.
局部莫兰指数可以用于衡量特定位置的碳排放水平与其邻近位置之间的关联程度[19],进一步识别云南省不同州市碳排放的空间聚集格局.
当局部莫兰指数大于0时,表明该州市碳排放与周围存在空间集聚性,值越大集聚效应越明显;当局部莫兰指数小于0时,则表明州市碳排放呈现空间分散性,值越小辐射效应越强;如果该指数等于0,则表示州市碳排放不存在空间关联性,呈随机分布态势.
冷热点分析主要是利用ArcGIS平台提供的Getis-Ord G系数)进行空间异质性的局域统计,直观地反映高或低聚类的具体位置和聚集程度[20].
本文利用G系数,计算了云南省碳排放量的显著聚集区域,观察碳排放热点区域如何随时间发展或变迁,判断时空热点,探究具体的空间分布规律.的统计学意义可用标准化Z值来检验,Z值为正且值越高,表明高值(热点)的聚类越紧密,Z值为负且值越低,表明低值(冷点)的聚类越紧密[21].
式中:xj为州市j已知的碳排放量;Wijn同公式(1);d为距离尺度.为斑块i的聚集指数,若指数为正显著,说明i州市周围值相对较高,属于热点区;反之,则说明i州市周围值相对较低,属于冷点区;Wij是栅格ij之间的空间权重;栅格i和栅格j距离在规定范围内,Wij=1,否则Wij=0;n为斑块总个数;为空间内所有板块的均值;S为所有斑块属性值的标准差.
随机森林模型于2001年由Breiman提出,是基于决策树分类器的一种机器学习算法[22].相较于其他的机器学习的算法,随机森林具有容易实现和可解释性强的特点,并且能够有效的回避变量的共线问题和模型的过拟合问题[23].它可以有效处理各种数据类型,同时还能够对变量的重要性进行评估,有较强预测功能[24].本文采用Matlab软件进行随机森林模型的运算,构建云南省各州市与相关社会经济影响因素的回归分析模型,识别哪些因素为影响碳排放变化的关键驱动因素.
对云南省碳排放量进行全局莫兰指数计算,结果列在表1.从表1可以看出,2000~2021年云南省碳排放全局莫兰指数值相对稳定,波动较小,表明存在正空间自相关性,且空间模式在时间上相对一致.Z-score和P-value可以判断空间集聚是否随机,在研究时段内,所有年份的Z分数大于2.30,P值小于0.05,表明空间自相关性在大多数时间里都是统计显著的,表现出结构化模式.2000~2021年云南省碳排放的全局莫兰指数均通过显著性检验,说明云南省的碳排放强度存在空间相关性和空间集聚特征.
为了深入解析云南省碳排放的精细化空间结构,本文运用Moran散点图分析了16个市(州、区)2000年、2004年、2008年、2012年、2016年、2021年的空间聚集性(图2).如图2所示,第一象限显示两个相邻区域的碳排放强度很高,意味着某个区域的碳排放量较高且其周围区域的碳排放量也较高,表明高排放区域存在聚集效应,可能是这些区域具有类似的工业活动、经济结构或能源消费传统.第三象限表示两个相邻区域的碳排放强度非常低,意味着某个区域的碳排放量较低且其周围区域的碳排放量也较低.第二象限和第四象限表示两个相邻区域的碳排放强度分别较高和较低.根据6个统计年份的碳排放强度散点图,第一和第三象限的散点浓度较高,而第二和第四象限的散点较少,证实了云南省的碳排放在地理空间上存在显著的聚集模式,具体表现为高排放区域和低排放区域各自的聚集.
根据散点图的聚集效应,可以划分为5种空间集聚类型(图3):(1)高高聚集,代表该市(州、区)与相邻近的市(州、区)均具有较高水平的碳排放强度;(2)高低聚集,代表该市(州、区)具有较高水平的碳排放强度,与其相临的市(州、区)具有较低水平的碳排放强度:(3)低高聚集,代表该市(州、区)具有较低水平的碳排放强度,与其相临的市(州、区)具有较高水平的碳排放强度;(4)低低聚集,代表该市(州、区)与其相临近的市(州、区)均具有较低水平的碳排放强度;(5)不显著的聚类簇.
图3可见,从2000年到2021年,高-高聚集区域(红色)基本保持稳定,集中在云南省的东部和南部,具体为昆明市、曲靖市、昭通市、红河哈尼族彝族自治州.这些区域云南省的工业和经济活动中心,由于工业布局集中和经济活动密集,导致碳排放量长期较高.低-高聚集区域(蓝色)也保持相对稳定,即文山壮族苗族自治州,在时间段内未出现变化,显示出边缘效应.2000年到2008年,低-低聚集区域(浅蓝色)经历了先增后减的变化趋势,反映了区域内和周边区域碳排放动态的变化.究其原因,2000年至2004年期间,经济放缓和环保政策的初步实施导致更多区域达到低-低聚集状态.随后,经济复苏和政策执行变化使得部分区域碳排放增加,导致低-低聚集区域减少.2000~2021年整体来看,可以发现西北部的迪庆藏族自治州始终是低-低聚集区域,这是因为该地区的地理环境条件限制了大规模工业发展,从而显示出长期稳定的低碳排放特征.2000~2008年,大理白族自治州表现为低-低聚集区域(浅蓝色),而在2012~2021年则转变为高-低聚集区域(粉红色),可以解释为,前期大理白族自治州的经济活动相对较少,特别是在工业方面.随着时间的推移,经济快速发展,工业和基础设施建设加快,导致碳排放增加.此外,大理作为云南省的重要旅游目的地,游客数量的增加带动了相关服务业的发展,经济发展的同时,碳排放量不断增加.
局部莫兰指数分析结果表明,云南省碳排放在地理空间上存在显著的聚集现象,且这种聚集特征在时间上保持相对稳定.理解这些变化和驱动因素对于制定有效的碳排放管理策略和环境保护政策具有重要意义.
冷热点分析能够测度碳排放格局中空间相关性的精确位置和程度,能够弥补Moran's I不能准确揭示的空间特征,细化自相关精微结构.通过Get-Ord 指数,可以评估一个市(州、区)与其邻近市(州、区)碳排放之间的空间关系,识别研究区域内高价值或低价值元素的空间集群.高值称为热点,而低值表示为冷点.
冷热点分析结果(图4)显示,云南省碳排放的热点区域集中在为工业和经济活动繁荣的地区,主要分布在昆明市、曲靖市、昭通市、红河哈尼族彝族自治州,这与局部莫兰指数分析结果一致,表明这些区域的碳排放量不仅高,而且在空间上形成了显著的高值聚集.由于这些区域的碳排放显著高于平均水平,形成了高-高热点(Hot Spot).此外,分析结果还显示,云南省没有明显的碳排放低值区域,缺乏低-低冷点(Cold Spot).这反映了全省大部分地区的碳排放水平接近或高于平均水平,没有显著低于平均水平的碳排放区域,意味着碳排放在空间上的分布较为均衡.即使在相对较低排放的区域,其碳排放水平也不足以形成统计上显著的低-低冷点.
云南省的经济发展在很大程度上依赖于传统工业和能源密集型产业,包括矿业、制造业和重工业.这些行业的高能耗和高排放特征使得全省整体碳排放水平较高.在能源结构方面,传统化石能源如煤炭和石油仍占重要地位,尽管近年来清洁可再生能源开发较快,但不足以显著降低整体碳排放水平.
根据已有研究,考虑到人口、经济发展等因素对碳排放的影响,结合数据可获取性,本研究选取变量如表2所示.为了确保数据处理的准确性和模型性能的提升,对数据进行了标准化和异常值处理,并分别构建了多元线性回归模型和随机森林模型.通过对比这两种模型在测试集中的性能发现(图5),随机森林模型的拟合优度(R2)为0.84,而多元线性回归模型的拟合优度(R2)为0.74,前者显著高于后者.此外,在预测误差(RMSE)方面,随机森林模型为0.13,低于多元线性回归模型的0.16.因此,随机森林模型在描述云南省碳排放强度关键影响因素表现得更为出色,模型精度也较高.
为增加随机森林模型的可解释性,先对影响因素特征重要性排序,再用偏依赖关系图对影响因素对模型输出值的边际影响进行可视化表达.
利用IncMSE方法确定各影响因素的重要性排名,MSE越大,说明该影响因子对于因变量越重要.分析模型结果发现(图6),工业增加值、能源消费、人口数量和GDP是影响碳排放的主要因素,均方误差增量(IncMSE)分别为73.52%、69.36%、68.26%及55.44%.相较而言,第二产业占比、第三产业占比和城市化率对碳排放的影响相对较小,均方误差增量分别为38.01%、34.33%和34.23%.人均GDP对碳排放的影响最小,均方误差增量仅为7.23%,可能因为它是一个人均经济发展水平的均值,不能充分反映具体的能源消耗和排放情况.
偏依赖图可以用于解释随机森林模型中各个自变量对因变量的影响程度和模式,计算结果如图7所示.可以发现,随着人口的增加,碳排放总体呈现出显著增加后趋于平缓的特征.具体而言,在人口从低水平上升至600万人以上的过程中,碳排放的增加明显,而在人口到达600万人后,碳排放值逐渐趋于平稳.人口增长对碳排放有显著影响,可是因为更多的人口导致了更高的能源需求和生产生活消费.而当人口达到一定规模后,会采取更多的环保措施和资源利用政策,从而在高人口情形下有效控制碳排放量.
经济发展往往依赖于高能耗和高排放的工业活动,因此,随着GDP增加,碳排放呈波动上升.但在GDP达到4000万元左右后,碳排放的增长趋于平稳态势.可以理解为,经济发展初期,GDP的增加以工业生产和能源消耗为代价,导致碳排放显著增加.而当经济发展达到一定水平(如GDP达到4000万元左右)时,经济增长模式可能开始转变,逐渐从依赖工业转向碳排放较低的服务业和高技术产业.不难理解的是,高GDP地区往往有更多的资源和技术能力来投资于节能减排技术、可再生能源和环保措施,通常也伴随着更严格的环保政策和法规.
人均GDP与碳排放之间的关系比较复杂,呈现出一个先增加后减少的趋势.在低收入水平下(0~20000元),碳排放值保持相对稳定,没有显著变化.在中等收入水平下(20000~40000元),碳排放显著增加.这可能与经济发展和生活水平的提升有关,随着人均GDP的增加,工业生产、建筑活动和居民消费水平提升,需要消耗更多的能源,从而导致碳排放的增加.在高收入水平下(40000元以上),碳排放开始下降并趋于平稳.这表明,可能通过提高技术水平和促进经济结构转型,高收入经济体也能在经济发展的同时能有效控制碳排放,实现可持续发展.
工业生产通常是碳排放的重要来源,这与本研究结论一致,即工业增加值的增加显著地提高了碳排放.尤其是在低水平的工业增加值阶段,生产效率较低,能源利用率不高,导致碳排放量较高.然而,当工业增加值达到一定水平时,碳排放的增加趋势趋于平缓,这可能是工业生产技术的进步以及环保措施的作用.理解工业增加值与碳排放的关系,对于制定工业和环保政策具有重要意义.
第二产业比重与碳排放之间的关系呈现出先略降后急剧上升的趋势,具有阶段性特征.在第二产业比重较低时,对碳排放的影响相对有限.这是因为在经济发展的初期阶段,经济活动更多地集中在第一产业(如农业)和第三产业(如服务业)中,而这些产业的碳排放相对较低.而在比重超过0.4后,碳排放显著上升.这表明第二产业是碳排放的重要驱动因素,尤其是在其比重较高时,对碳排放的影响更为显著.
第三产业主要包括服务业,这些行业的能源消耗量和碳排放量通常低于第二产业,因此其比重的变化对总体碳排放的影响相对有限.在本研究模型结果中,第三产业比重与碳排放之间的关系呈波动状.在低到中等比重阶段,第三产业的发展对碳排放的影响较小;而在高比重阶段,碳排放显著增加.这表明尽管服务业整体碳排放较低,但其快速发展和某些子行业的发展可能会对碳排放产生较大影响.
城市化率与碳排放之间的关系呈现出显著的正相关性,即随着城市化率的增加,碳排放量显著上升.特别是在城市化率超过0.5之后,碳排放的增长趋势更加明显.这表明城市化是碳排放的重要驱动因素之一.近年来,中国城市化速度不断加快,为减少碳排放计,城市化过程中的能源转型变得尤为重要.
能源消耗对碳排放的影响显著且呈正相关关系,即随着能源消耗的增加,碳排放量显著上升.特别是在能源消耗达到1500到2500万t标准煤之间时,碳排放显著增加,而在超过2500万t标准煤后,碳排放的增加趋于平稳.这一发现表明能源消耗是碳排放的重要因素.
“双碳”目标使得中国面临着减少温室气体排放的巨大压力[25].作为中国向低碳经济转型的重要地区,以及全国最大的水电基地之一,云南省为国家提供了一个关键的低碳能源供给区[26].本研究在揭示云南省碳排放空间分布及其影响因素方面提供了重要的实证依据.
结果显示,云南省碳排放热点主要集中在经济和工业发展迅速,煤炭等化石能源消耗较大的区域.它们呈片状分布,表现出了较强的空间关联,互动溢出性较强.这一发现与刘贤赵等[27]的研究结果一致,且符合常识,即工业和经济活动集中区域通常是碳排放的高发区域.Li等[28]研究发现产业结构逐渐成为推动碳排放量上升的重要因素.然而,与之不同的是,本研究表明云南省产业结构对碳排放值的影响较小,这可能是由于该地区特定的产业结构差异所致.具体而言,随着双碳目标的提出,云南省可能更侧重于发展相对低碳的行业或服务业,这使得第二产业和第三产业的占比对碳排放的贡献相对较小.此外,云南省的能源消费模式和资源利用方式可能与其他地区有所不同,更多依赖可再生能源或较少依赖高碳排放的工业部门,从而导致产业结构对碳排放的影响较弱.
此外,研究结果强调,经济发展、工业化以及人口增长是推动碳排放增加的重要催化剂.若不采取有效的减排措施和进行技术创新,单纯依赖经济增长和人口增加的发展模式将不可避免地导致碳排放的持续上升,从而加剧环境污染和气候变化.与唐李伟等[29]的结论类似,本研究也发现碳排放值存在阈值效应.不同的是,他们的结果表明,当收入超过或低于门槛值时,城镇化对生活碳排放的影响表现出正负关系的差异.本研究则发现,随着指标值的增加,碳排放值最终趋于平稳,不会表现出明确的正负影响.
鉴于以上分析,作者认为需要制定和实施有效的节能减排策略.这不仅能促进云南省的低碳绿色持续发展,还能发挥云南在全国乃至全球气候治理行动中的示范作用.因此,亟需加快云南省能源结构转型,更好地利用其丰富的水能资源,并进一步加快开发太阳能和风能等清洁可再生能源,以逐步替代煤炭等高碳能源.考虑到能源消费量和工业增加值是对碳排放影响最大的两个因素,云南省应特别关注这两个领域的低碳化生产,提高能源效率,尤其是在工业生产中推广使用高效设备和技术,优化能源结构.
针对不同区域的经济特征和发展需求,应实施差异化的减排政策.在高排放区域,继续加强排放控制和环保政策执行力度;在相对低排放区域,重点推广绿色能源和低碳技术,提升整体碳减排水平.
文章虽然分析了云南省16个市(州、区)的碳排放及其影响因素,但所得结论仍然比较宏观,无法对县级以下碳排放特征进行刻画的.未来的研究可以在县域以下尺度上展开,并纳入更多的影响因素.
4.1 云南省没有显著的低碳排放区域,碳排放值普遍接近省内平均水平,分布较为均匀.而热点区域主要分布在昆明市、曲靖市、昭通市、红河哈尼族彝族自治州,这些区域工业发展较为迅速,煤炭等化石能源消耗较大.
4.2 工业增加值、能源消费、人口数量和GDP是影响碳排放的主要因素,第二产业占比、第三产业占比和城市化率对碳排放的影响相对较小.
4.3 各因素对碳排放的影响效应具有动态变化特征,随着他们增加到达一定数量,碳排放量最终都会趋于平稳状态.不同因素具有不同的阈值效应.
  • 云南省重点研发项目(202303AC100009)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-25
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云南省重点研发项目(202303AC100009)
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    北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京 100871

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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