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This paper combined multi-source data to develop the identification approach of VOCs high-emission areas during ozone pollution season (from May to September). At the same time, the spatial distribution pattern and long-term change trend of VOCs during the ozone pollution season in Beijing from 2005 to 2023 was examined and discussed based on satellite-derived HCHO column concentration. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs in Beijing is at a high level within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and its distribution was significantly affected by human activities. The total amount of HCHO in the areas of anthropogenic sources dominated was 3.4times of that of natural sources dominated. The high emission areas of anthropogenic sources mostly appeared in the northern, central eastern, and southwestern parts of the urban area of Beijing City.Approximately 61% of the areas were sources of industrial production process and solvent usage, and mainly distributed outside the Fifth Ring Road. Approximately 39% of them were sources of automobile maintenance, logistics warehousing etc., and mainly distributed along highways. This identification method has improved the effectiveness of ozone pollution prevention and control work in the summer of 2023, offering technical support for locating key regulatory objects and areas. From the perspective of interannual variations, the column concentration of VOCs in Beijing showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2018, with an increase of about 26% (after correction of temperature), while it showed a downward trend from 2018 to 2023, with a decrease of about 11%, reflecting the effectiveness of VOCs emission control in recent years.

, correspAuthors=Jin-xiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-hui WANG, Jin-xiang LI, Lei JIANG, Hai-feng LU, Xiu-e SHEN, Qin WANG, Chao YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049983399555581, articleId=1241049970023920613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于卫星的城市VOCs高值区识别及长时序变化, columnId=1241049969449292093, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=臭氧污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于卫星等多源数据研究了臭氧污染季(5~9月)城市VOCs高值区识别方法,并结合卫星监测HCHO柱浓度对北京臭氧污染季VOCs空间分布和2005~2023年长时序变化特征进行讨论.结果表明,北京VOCs浓度在京津冀范围内处于较高水平,其分布受人类活动影响显著,人为源主要影响区的HCHO总量是自然源主要影响区的3.4倍.固定源VOCs高值区多出现在北京城区的北部、中偏东和西南部,其中61%为工艺过程源和工业溶剂使用源,主要分布在五环以外;39%为汽车维修、物流仓储等,主要沿高速路分布.该识别方法为精准监管提供了范围和对象,提升了2023年夏季臭氧污染防治工作效率.从年际变化来看,2005~2018年北京VOCs浓度呈升高趋势,与人类活动增长关系密切,去温度依赖后的HCHO柱浓度升高幅度约26%;2018~2023年呈下降趋势,柱浓度下降幅度约11%,体现了近年VOCs治理成效.

, correspAuthors=李金香, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授级高工,
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王新辉(1990-),女,山东泰安人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感定量化及应用方面的研究.发表论文2篇..

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王新辉(1990-),女,山东泰安人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感定量化及应用方面的研究.发表论文2篇..

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王新辉(1990-),女,山东泰安人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感定量化及应用方面的研究.发表论文2篇..

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Instances of measured HCHO concentrations in different classes of high-emission areas(volume fraction, 10-6)

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测量点位HCHO目标浓度HCHO背景浓度测量点位HCHO目标浓度HCHO背景浓度
X沥青公司14.563.52X塑料公司11.924.62
X2沥青公司15.446.12X塑业11.383.12
X啤酒公司11.442.64X生物公司14.893.36
X汽车公司16.083.45X药业11.953.25
X汽车工厂275.8365.78X2药业12.162.13
X汽车配件26.726.34X3药业14.594.76
X汽修集群14.246.88X4药业9.513.22
X润滑油厂19.955.46X印刷公司9.163.78
X石化园区19.045.37X2印刷公司10.572.68
X化工基地8.874.12
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003574157640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049970023920613, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型高值区HCHO实测浓度示例(体积分数,10-6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测量点位HCHO目标浓度HCHO背景浓度测量点位HCHO目标浓度HCHO背景浓度
X沥青公司14.563.52X塑料公司11.924.62
X2沥青公司15.446.12X塑业11.383.12
X啤酒公司11.442.64X生物公司14.893.36
X汽车公司16.083.45X药业11.953.25
X汽车工厂275.8365.78X2药业12.162.13
X汽车配件26.726.34X3药业14.594.76
X汽修集群14.246.88X4药业9.513.22
X润滑油厂19.955.46X印刷公司9.163.78
X石化园区19.045.37X2印刷公司10.572.68
X化工基地8.874.12
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基于卫星的城市VOCs高值区识别及长时序变化
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王新辉 1 , 李金香 1, * , 姜磊 1 , 鹿海峰 1 , 沈秀娥 1 , 王琴 1 , 余超 2
中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025,45(1): 66-77
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中国环境科学 | 臭氧污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 66-77
基于卫星的城市VOCs高值区识别及长时序变化
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王新辉1 , 李金香1, * , 姜磊1, 鹿海峰1, 沈秀娥1, 王琴1, 余超2
作者信息
  • 1.北京市生态环境监测中心,北京 100048
  • 2.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院,北京 100094
  • 王新辉(1990-),女,山东泰安人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感定量化及应用方面的研究.发表论文2篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授级高工,
Identification of VOCs high-emission areas and analysis of long-term changes in urban area based on satellite observation
Xin-hui WANG1 , Jin-xiang LI1, * , Lei JIANG1, Hai-feng LU1, Xiu-e SHEN1, Qin WANG1, Chao YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 101117, China
  • 2.Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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基于卫星等多源数据研究了臭氧污染季(5~9月)城市VOCs高值区识别方法,并结合卫星监测HCHO柱浓度对北京臭氧污染季VOCs空间分布和2005~2023年长时序变化特征进行讨论.结果表明,北京VOCs浓度在京津冀范围内处于较高水平,其分布受人类活动影响显著,人为源主要影响区的HCHO总量是自然源主要影响区的3.4倍.固定源VOCs高值区多出现在北京城区的北部、中偏东和西南部,其中61%为工艺过程源和工业溶剂使用源,主要分布在五环以外;39%为汽车维修、物流仓储等,主要沿高速路分布.该识别方法为精准监管提供了范围和对象,提升了2023年夏季臭氧污染防治工作效率.从年际变化来看,2005~2018年北京VOCs浓度呈升高趋势,与人类活动增长关系密切,去温度依赖后的HCHO柱浓度升高幅度约26%;2018~2023年呈下降趋势,柱浓度下降幅度约11%,体现了近年VOCs治理成效.

卫星遥感  /  HCHO  /  VOCs  /  高值区识别  /  时空变化特征

This paper combined multi-source data to develop the identification approach of VOCs high-emission areas during ozone pollution season (from May to September). At the same time, the spatial distribution pattern and long-term change trend of VOCs during the ozone pollution season in Beijing from 2005 to 2023 was examined and discussed based on satellite-derived HCHO column concentration. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs in Beijing is at a high level within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and its distribution was significantly affected by human activities. The total amount of HCHO in the areas of anthropogenic sources dominated was 3.4times of that of natural sources dominated. The high emission areas of anthropogenic sources mostly appeared in the northern, central eastern, and southwestern parts of the urban area of Beijing City.Approximately 61% of the areas were sources of industrial production process and solvent usage, and mainly distributed outside the Fifth Ring Road. Approximately 39% of them were sources of automobile maintenance, logistics warehousing etc., and mainly distributed along highways. This identification method has improved the effectiveness of ozone pollution prevention and control work in the summer of 2023, offering technical support for locating key regulatory objects and areas. From the perspective of interannual variations, the column concentration of VOCs in Beijing showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2018, with an increase of about 26% (after correction of temperature), while it showed a downward trend from 2018 to 2023, with a decrease of about 11%, reflecting the effectiveness of VOCs emission control in recent years.

satellite remote sensing  /  HCHO  /  VOCs  /  high emission area  /  spatiotemporal variations
王新辉, 李金香, 姜磊, 鹿海峰, 沈秀娥, 王琴, 余超. 基于卫星的城市VOCs高值区识别及长时序变化. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 66 -77 .
Xin-hui WANG, Jin-xiang LI, Lei JIANG, Hai-feng LU, Xiu-e SHEN, Qin WANG, Chao YU. Identification of VOCs high-emission areas and analysis of long-term changes in urban area based on satellite observation[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 66 -77 .
挥发性有机物(VOCs)因其对人类健康和空气质量的负面影响而备受关注[1-2].大气中的VOCs通过参与光化学反应生成臭氧(O3)、二次污染物影响空气质量.同时部分VOCs具有毒性、刺激性或致癌性,对人体健康构成威胁.近10a来,细颗粒物与O3协同治理成为我国大气污染治理工作的主要任务[3-4],VOCs作为二者共同前体物是现阶段治理的关键.当前关于VOCs的研究集中在成分分析与来源解析[5-7]、排放量估算[8-9]、O3生成潜势[10-12]等方向,数据主要来自地面站监测和统计数据.受限于观测点的位置以及采样分析仪器的高维护成本,VOCs监测点位仅存在于少量的大气监测超级站、典型工业园区、外场研究实验中[13].同时,由于VOCs种类繁多,化学反应性差异较大,全面评估VOCs具有挑战性.
HCHO是多数VOCs的重要氧化中间产物,在VOCs缺乏地面定量信息的情况下,可被用于指示大气VOCs的状态[14-18].VOCs经过一系列光化学氧化过程,最终转化成CO2和H2O,HCHO是该氧化链的高产中间体[19-20].高反应性VOCs光化学氧化产生的次级HCHO通常位于排放源附近,因此可以通过HCHO浓度推断VOCs排放[21].且温度越高,化学反应越活跃,HCHO和VOCs的相关性也越强.Boeke等研究表明陆地上的非甲烷挥发性有机化合物(NMVOC)主导了HCHO的年际变化[22].Sillman早期研究中发现HCHO与OH速率常数加权的VOC反应性大致成正比[20]. Hong等在广州开展的星地协同观测试验显示HCHO柱浓度与VOCs反应活性之间的相关性为0.86,验证了卫星观测HCHO柱浓度与NMVOCs总量、VOCs反应活性、O3生产潜势等均具有很好的一致性,可用于指示估算VOCs的浓度水平[21].Wu等[23]、Chen等[24]在上海和北京的观测试验结果均表明环境大气的HCHO约70%来源于二次反应,主要前体物包括烯烃、烷烃、醛、酮等VOCs物种.
另一方面,卫星可提供长达几十年的HCHO全球分布信息[25-30],从时空动态变化及空间覆盖角度补充地面站观测信息,为VOCs的减排效果的定量评估、VOCs时空分布及变化趋势研究提供科学的数据支撑.例如,Zhu等[27]基于OMI数据分析2005~2014年美国东南部HCHO柱浓度,并发现其下降幅度与人为源VOCs排放变化一致;Shen等[28]基于SCIAMACHY、OMI、GOME-2传感器的HCHO柱浓度数据分析2005~2016年中国VOCs排放长期变化趋势.Bauwens等[29]、Pu等[30]也采用卫星HCHO柱浓度数据分析亚洲人为源VOCs变化并验证了HCHO柱浓度作为NMVOC排放代理变量的可靠性.王玥等[31]将卫星HCHO柱浓度用于京津冀VOCs排放清单估算及校验,表明城市地区VOCs网格排放量与HCHO柱浓度取得较好的线性相关性(R=0.5).此外,卫星HCHO与NO2柱浓度的比值被广泛用于指示近地面O3的生成,分析O3控制类型的演变,为O3控制策略提供依据[32-35].以上研究进一步证明卫星HCHO柱浓度具有监测人为源VOCs排放变化的能力,可用于指示并估算VOCs的浓度水平.
北京是中国的首都及政治文化中心,也是全国最大的城市.2020年Mozaffar[36]在对中国VOCs监测综述中指出从城市尺度上,北京、天津和上海TVOCs浓度相对最高.研究[37-40]表明北京大气中VOCs以烷烃为主,烯烃和芳香烃活性较大;VOCs来源主要是机动车尾气源、燃烧源、溶剂使用源和油气挥发源.张博韬等[41]最新研究发现老化背景和二次源对北京VOCs贡献最高,同时从传输角度发现VOCs主要来自区域东部和南部.但以上关于北京的研究以地面监测为主,试验结果通常来自单个点位,缺乏对北京VOCs整体的时空特征分析.且《2020年挥发性有机物治理攻坚方案》指出要“提升VOCs监测能力”,其中包括卫星监测能力.因此本文结合已有研究结论,从卫星监测的角度,对北京VOCs时空特征进行探索.具体地,将HCHO作为VOCs指示物,以O3污染季5~9月为对象,研究VOCs高值区识别方法,并对北京2005~2023年的VOCs长时序变化进行分析,以期指导卫星遥感业务运行,对VOCs防治与管控提供科学的数据支持.
HCHO及NO2柱浓度,采用紫外臭氧监测传感器(OMI/Aura)和对流层臭氧监测传感器(TROPOMI/Sentinel-5p)数据.Aura和Sentinel-5p为极轨卫星,过境时间在当地13:30前后.TROPOMI星下点分辨率为3.5km×5.5km,OMI星下点分辨率为13km×24km.柱浓度数据均由差分光学吸收光谱算法(DOAS)反演获得. TROPOMI的HCHO、NO2柱浓度反演的总不确定性分别为30%~60%和15%~50%[42].OMI的HCHO、NO2柱浓度反演的总不确定性分别为40%~60%和20%~55%[43].结合数据质量标识,选取TROPOMI数据QA≥75的有效数据.OMI数据选择-0.5×1016~10×1016molec/cm2.去除受云及边缘、影像畸变、水体等影响产生的不合格数据,通过插值填补小范围空缺值.
归一化植被指数(NDVI),采用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据,空间分辨率为1km,用来表征植被覆盖度[44].夜间灯光指数,采用VIIRS/DNB数据,空间分辨率为0.77km,反映人类活动强度[45].地表类型数据,采用全球地理信息公共产品GlobalLand30(https://www.cnopendata.com),空间分辨率为0.03km.
POI数据是真实地理实体空间和属性信息的集合,可通过电子地图获取.气象数据来自国家气象局,包括气温、湿度、气压数据.O3来自地面站监测数据,通过中国环境监测总站的全国城市空气质量实时发布平台获取.为与卫星监测数据匹配,O3数据和气象数据选取卫星过境时刻前后12:00~15:00的数据平均值,并通过插值获取近地面连续分布.
基于卫星数据识别VOCs高值区,首先考虑卫星数据的空间分辨率和数据精准度.目前TROPOMI是全球在轨空间分辨率最高的污染气体探测卫星,但网格中仍往往分布上百条信息源,更擅长在区域尺度寻找大型目标.对于城市监测需求,监管目标要求定位清晰且监管范围不易过大,因此提高卫星数据的空间分辨率是业务应用中需要解决的关键问题.针对该问题,1.2.3中采用降尺度的方法进行优化.其次,将HCHO作为VOCs的指示物提取VOCs热点网格,一方面应考虑卫星柱浓度与近地面排放的差异以及外来传输、地形堆积等方面的影响,另一方面应考虑VOCs不同源排放量差异.对于大城市,密集的道路网和住宅区导致高值区大范围连续出现,仅根据浓度高低的方式提取往往会提取大量交通及住宅区,不利于定位未知源以及精细化管理效益提升.因此本研究采用动态等级和动态窗口判断相结合的方法提取高值网格,并融合多源数据,获取除道路移动源及住宅源以外的VOCs高值区.以下的VOCs高值区均特指道路移动源及住宅源以外的VOCs高值区,具体过程在1.2.4,技术路线见图1.
(1)数据集成和清洗.获取POI数据属性信息包括名称、经纬度、地址、行业类别等;基于加权多属性相似度融合算法去除重复信息.(2)数据提取和分类.通过对行业类别以及名称进行关键词检索,遍历所有POI数据进行分类.关键词参考《大气挥发性有机物源排放清单编制技术指南》等的VOCs排放源类型[46-47].结合北京的情况,选取与VOCs排放相关的工业企业、汽车维修、印刷、餐馆、加油站、交通枢纽等POI点.(3)多源数据校验.为确保数据质量,结合高分辨率卫星影像、本地污染企业名录等,对提取出的POI属性信息进行匹配验证、位置纠正和信息补充.(4)形成VOCs先验(潜在)污染源数据库,并根据实地调查工作反馈和逐日VOCs高值区提取结果进行调整,实现数据库的动态更新.
通过降尺度模型[48]将TROPOMI卫星数据的空间分辨率提升至1km×1km,以增强其在城市尺度监测的适用性.大量研究证实,HCHO与温度、湿度、气压、地形、地表覆盖、人口等因子密切相关[49-50].本研究参考张华玉等[51]、Kustas等[52]的方法,假设HCHO与相关因子之间的映射关系在不同尺度上保持不变,首先构建基于低分辨率环境因子的HCHO卫星数据趋势面函数,随后将此函数迁移至高分辨率趋势面因子数据集,通过融合额外的高分辨率信息,实现HCHO产品的空间降尺度.具体采用随机森林模型模拟HCHO与趋势面因子之间复杂的非线性关系.趋势面函数公式构建如下:
式中:LN为夜间灯光指数;LC为地表类型数据;TEMP为温度数据;RH为湿度数据;Pr为气压数据;HCHOL为低空间分辨率的柱浓度数据,数据来源和预处理见1.1节.ΔHCHOL为低分辨率上HCHO数据转换残差.将高分辨率环境因子数据集代入公式(2),获得降尺度后高空间分辨HCHO结果.
式中:ΔHCHOH为ΔHCHOL经过地理统计空间插值获得的高空间分辨率残差.优化例子可见图1技术路线步骤②.
基于随机森林的HCHO柱浓度降尺度模型,误差分布分析结果如图2所示.结果表明95%降尺度结果的误差小于5%,且误差分布较对称.误差相对较大的像元分布在山区等浓度较低的地区.逐月的降尺度模型结果相关性R范围为0.86~0.96.误差结果在可接受范围内,能够支撑本文的后续分析.
基于OMI与TROPOMI两种HCHO数据,分析2005~2023年时序变化,首先对两种数据进行相关性分析,以确保数据在时间序列上的连续性和可比性.选取2019~2021年北京的月均值数据,通过空间匹配将观测像元重新插值为10km×10km,获得3040组有效数据.如图3所示,两种数据呈现高度线性相关(R=0.80).将2019年作为中继点,2005~2019年的数据采用OMI,2019~2023年的数据采用TROPOMI.采用换算公式(3),将TROPOMI数据归化至OMI的数据尺度,实现跨传感器的数据衔接.
Guenther等研究揭示了北美地区HCHO柱浓度与温度的关系,温度每升高约7K,浓度增加1倍[53-54].因此在长时间序列的趋势分析中,本文纳入温度要素,对数据进行去温度依赖处理.将HCHO与温度的关系简化为HCHO=f(TEMP)+HCHO_R,其中f(TEMP)为受到温度影响的HCHO增量,HCHO_R为人为源自然源排放等其他因素的影响[55-56].采用Zhu的方法[27],将地面研究区域按照50km×50km进行格网划分,建立每个格网i内的fi(TEMP).为了增加置信度,对于每个网格均有j个HCHO柱浓度数据,j≥1000,温度箱Ni至少有20个.以2005~2023年北京气象站54511为例,温度与HCHO柱浓度线性相关性达0.9,如图4所示.
本研究将HCHO高分辨率柱浓度用于VOCs高值区识别,为验证1.2.3数据结果的可靠性,将卫星获取的高分辨率HCHO柱浓度数据与地面监测站HCHO浓度数据进行相关性比较.其中,地面数据为2023年1~10月车公庄站点(经纬度坐标:116.332°,39.938°)的HCHO浓度逐日监测结果,为了与卫星过境时间匹配,选取12:00~15:00的平均值.卫星数据选取以车公庄监测站经纬度坐标为中心3×3窗口数据的平均值.通过以上时空匹配后,最终获取有效的卫星及地面数据148组,总相关性R=0.75,P<0.001.偏离趋势线较远的点主要有两方面原因,一是发生在冬季HCHO浓度较低时,卫星反演结果会出现过低条带,二是发生在污染层较高的天气,卫星监测的整层HCHO柱浓度与地面监测的近地层HCHO浓度差距扩大.进一步去除受到以上影响显著的8组数据后,如图5所示,总相关系数R达0.81,两组数据随时间变化保持较好的一致性.其中O3污染季5~9月期间的相关性为0.82.综上结果,基于降尺度方法的高分辨率HCHO柱浓度数据与地面监测数据有强相关性,可用于北京O3污染季VOCs高值区的识别.
图6显示2023年5~9月北京及周边HCHO柱浓度空间分布.京津冀HCHO柱浓度相对高值区主要分布在京津冀平原区,北京-廊坊-天津城市群及石家庄周边尤为显著.京津冀HCHO柱浓度平均值为2.05×10-4mol/m2.北京HCHO柱浓度平均值为2.37×10-4mol/m2,在区域中处于高水平.北京HCHO柱浓度范围在1.54×10-4~2.95×10-4mol/m2,空间分布呈现中南部高于西北部的特点,受人类活动影响特征明显.
已有研究中,Wang等[40]基于地面数据对北京VOCs空间分析显示高值区分布在北京中南部,与HCHO柱浓度高值区分布较一致.另一方面基于MEIC的VOCs排放清单[57-58]统计北京及周边5~9月VOCs排放量,与同期HCHO柱浓度比较.图7所示,两组数据均采用2020年,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,VOCs排放量与HCHO柱浓度分布特征显示出较好的一致性.北京VOCs排放量高值分布在中南部,周边城市高值主要分布在城区位置,与HCHO柱浓度高值分布高度空间相关.提取京津冀数据,两者呈指数关系,相关系数为0.69.与已有研究的比较,进一步说明了HCHO柱浓度和VOCs分布较好的空间相关性,HCHO可以作为VOCs的指示物.
VOCs来源于自然界和人类活动,NO2主要来源为人类活动.基于此,通过HCHO/NO2,对自然源和人为源区域进行分区.当HCHO/NO2的值越高,自然源影响越大,反之人类活动影响大.通过阈值法将北京分为自然源主要影响区域、人为源主要影响区域和过渡区域.为减弱气象条件、偶然误差、系统偏差等的影响,统计5~9月每天的有效数据,剔除极端天气下的反演结果,获得HCHO/NO2比值的平均值,如图8(b)所示.人类活动范围结合夜间灯光指数LN进行提取,LN≥2时判定为人类主要活动范围,如图8(c)所示.结合提取的人类主要活动范围,选取HCHO/NO2的3.5和4作为划分标准,即HCHO/NO2>4的区域,VOCs浓度受自然源影响较大,为自然源主要影响区;HCHO/NO2<3.5的区域,VOCs浓度受人为源影响较大,为人为源主要影响区;3.5<HCHO/NO2<4的区域,VOCs浓度受人为源和自然源综合影响,划分为过渡区,得到分布图,如图8(a)所示.
以该分区为基础,定量统计HCHO、NO2的柱浓度平均水平和总量,结果如图8(d)所示.人为源主要影响区的HCHO柱浓度均值约为2.58×10-4mol/m2,是自然源主要影响区的1.3倍,NO2柱浓度均值约为0.95×10-4mol/m2,是自然源影响为主区域的2.1倍.人为源主要影响区的日均HCHO总量约为32.24×106mol,是自然源主要影响区的3.4倍,NO2总量约为11.85×106mol,是自然源主要影响区的5.4倍.以上结果表明北京人为源主要影响区VOCs排放量高于自然源主要影响区.
结合多源数据,提取VOCs固定源高值区,统计高值区的数量254个、累计频次为1047个.根据高值区位置和频次绘制核密度分布如图9所示.高值区累计出现较为密集的地区主要分布在北京平原区的北部、中偏东和西南部.高值区HCHO柱浓度分布在2.59×10-4~2.89×10-4mol/m2,高于人为源影响区平均值2.58×10-4mol/m2.
将VOCs高值区分为两大类.第一类以工业企业为主,包括医药制造、电子制造、家具制造、塑料制造、酒厂、汽车制造等工艺生产过程源和印刷印染等溶剂使用源;第二类为汽车维修、物流仓储、储油站等.大部分高值区内存在多种污染源.若两类出现在同一高值区内则以贡献更大的类别为主.图10的分类结果显示,第一类高值区大多分布在五环以外,约占61%,其中以工业生产过程源为主的高值区约占其中的88%,以印刷印染等溶剂使用源为主的高值区约占12%;房山、怀柔、密云、经开区、平谷、延庆以第一类高值区为主.第二类高值区大多沿高速路段分布,约占39%,其中以汽车维修为主的高值区约占其中的72%;朝阳、丰台、海淀以第二类高值区为主.昌平、通州、顺义、密云、大兴两种类型的高值区均构成较大比重.
选取化工、沥青、制药、汽修、印刷等不同类型的VOCs高值区,在O3污染季开展实地测量,进一步验证识别结果.表1中HCHO目标浓度和背景浓度为使用HCHO浓度测量仪测量的高值区目标地的浓度和目标地周边浓度.结果显示VOCs高值区HCHO浓度一般为背景值的2~5倍.不同VOCs高值区的HCHO目标值浓度具有较大差距,大部分HCHO目标值浓度范围在8~20×10-6之间,汽车行业相关公司浓度相对其他类型高;背景值浓度大多分布在2×10-6~7×10-6之间.
卫星监测会受云层、沙尘等干扰,造成污染气体反演数据的缺失.有效数据的时空分布,对VOCs高值区的识别和统计有一定影响.对2023年5~9月研究时段进行统计,共监测天数为153d,有效天数88d,数据有效率为58%;其中O3超标51d,超标天的数据捕获有效率74%.整个研究阶段,遥感监测数据有效率中等,遥感监测数据对O3超标天的数据捕获率较高,考虑到数据样本数量较多,识别结果具有较好的可靠性.
另一方面,由于北京市区移动源以及住宅区较为密集,导致此类高值区连片出现,提取此类范围较大的成片高值区对精细管理的效率提升较小,因此本研究提取的对象以移动源和住宅区以外的固定排放源为主,忽略此类地区,如东西城区.最终明确的高值区会因此存在一些疏漏,应结合走航等其他方式,对此类高值区进一步地协同监测.
当环境温度较高时,HCHO浓度可近似反映VOCs浓度水平,尤其在夏季HCHO与VOCs总量近似线性相关.基于OMI、TROPOMI的HCHO柱浓度数据对北京2005~2023年5~9月数据进行分析,反映长时间序列上O3污染季VOCs排放变化情况.另一方面,为减弱温度对HCHO时间序列的影响,更好地反映VOCs排放水平,对HCHO柱浓度数据进行温度校正,确定HCHO月平均柱浓度对月平均地表温度的依赖性,并将2005~2023年5~9月的温度均值作为标准温度值.
图11为基于OMI和TROPOMI的2005~2023年逐月HCHO柱浓度以及年均和5~9月年均HCHO柱浓度.结果显示5~9月年均HCHO柱浓度与全年年均HCHO柱浓度变化趋势基本相同,前者的波动幅度大于后者;2019~2021年OMI和TROPOMI的数据变化趋势相同,期间5~9月年均TROPOMI数据下降幅度大于OMI数据.图12为基于OMI和TROPOMI数据融合后和温度校正处理后,获得的2005~2023年5~9月HCHO、HCHO_C柱浓度月均值和年均值.结果显示,HCHO_C柱浓度和HCHO柱浓度变化趋势整体一致,部分年份不同.如2021~2023年,HCHO柱浓度呈明显升高趋势,但与此同时温度也升高明显,尤其2023年温度是近19a最高;HCHO_C柱浓度在此期间的变化则表现为持平中轻微下降,这也进一步表明进行温度校正对研究的重要性.
19a间HCHO_C柱浓度范围在1.64×10-4~2.07×10-4mol/m2之间,2018年柱浓度最高,2005年最低.将2005~2023年的变化分为两个阶段.阶段1为2005~2018年,HCHO_C呈升高趋势,增长幅度约为26%,年均增幅2%.阶段2为2018~2023年,HCHO_C呈下降趋势,下降幅度约为11%,年均降幅2.2%.以下分别对两个阶段进行分析.
阶段1,图13(a)显示2005~2018年北京及周边省市普遍升高.北京北部地区升高幅度大于南部,大部分地区升高0.2×10-4~0.7×10-4mol/m2.最近研究发现O3污染季北京VOCs来源占比较高的包括移动源约25%~27%,溶剂使用约13%~17%,背景排放15.7%,汽修13%,工业过程源约9%等.统计2005~2018年北京年鉴数据显示,期间机动车保有量增加了136%,常住人口增加42%,涉及VOCs排放相关的行业生产总值,如工业增加2.6倍、交通运输和仓储增加3.0倍,建筑业增加4.3倍,住宿与餐饮业增加2.7倍.总体来看人类活动的影响对2005~2018年VOCs排放水平的增长具有重要的推动作用.在此阶段有3次短暂的下降过程:2007~2009年、2011~2012年、2015~2017年.其中2007~2009年的下降或与北京奥运会的举办有关,同期大气污染物浓度普遍下降[59].2015~2017年的下降或与2013~2017清洁空气计划实施及达标要求有关,多项研究分析表明期间中国空气质量得到普遍改善[60-61].
阶段2,2018~2023年北京HCHO_C柱浓度呈下降趋势,其中2018~2021年下降幅度较大,2021年~2023年变化幅度较小.图13(b)为基于TROPOMI数据的北京及周边地区HCHO变化,2019~2023年之间,区域平原区以下降为主.北京HCHO_C柱浓度下降约7%,除了部分高海拔植被茂盛的地区有轻度升高,大部分地区下降,市区下降幅度在0.2×10-4~0.6×10-4mol/m2之间.2018年以来随着各地PM2.5浓度治理效果显著,国家及地方政府的大气污染治理重心向O3及VOCs转移,VOCs的监测治理方案频出,如《2018年重点地区环境空气挥发性有机物监测方案》、《2019年重点行业挥发性有机物综合治理方案》、《2020年挥发性有机物治理攻坚方案》等.年鉴数据显示2018~2022年,住宿餐饮业、交通运输和仓储行业生产总值有所下降,其他方面仍逐年升高;2023年疫情结束交通运输、餐饮等也大幅回升.在此期间HCHO_C浓度仍保持下降趋势,体现了VOCs治理政策的实施成效.
3.1 O3污染季5~9月卫星HCHO柱浓度与地面监测HCHO浓度相关性可达0.81.基于卫星监测到北京HCHO浓度在京津冀处于高水平.HCHO可作为VOCs的指示物.北京HCHO浓度与已有研究中北京VOCs浓度分布特征一致.京津冀HCHO浓度与VOCs排放量高低空间分布一致性强,数值相关性达0.69.
3.2 基于HCHO/NO2将北京划分为VOCs人为源主要影响区(HCHO/NO2<3.5)、自然源主要影响区(HCHO/NO2>4)和过渡区.2023年O3污染季人为源主要影响区日均HCHO总量约3.22×107mol,是自然源主要影响区的3.4倍,可见人为源主要影响区VOCs排放量贡献大于自然源主要影响区.
3.3 人为源VOCs高值区出现频次密集的地区分布在北京平原区的北部、中偏东和西南部,涉及顺义、昌平、朝阳、房山、密云等地.北京工艺过程源和溶剂使用源为主的高值区基本分布在五环以外,约占总数的61%;汽修、物流仓储等为主的高值区大多沿高速路段分布,约占总数的39%.
3.4 基于OMI与TROPOMI卫星HCHO柱浓度及去温度依赖后的HCHO_C柱浓度,对北京2005~2023年O3污染季VOCs排放年际变化进行趋势分析.阶段1(2005~2018年)VOCs排放呈上升趋势,HCHO_C柱浓度升高幅度约26%,年均增幅2%;人类活动的影响对该阶段VOCs排放水平的增长具有重要的推动作用.阶段2(2018~2023年)VOCs排放呈下降趋势,以2018~2021年最为显著;HCHO_C柱浓度下降幅度约11%,年均下降2.2%,尤以城区下降明显,体现了近年来VOCs治理成效显著.
  • 北京市科技计划项目(Z231100003823018)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
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    1.北京市生态环境监测中心,北京 100048
    2.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院,北京 100094

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