Article(id=1241049969612878802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716480000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818970349, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818970349, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818970349, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818970349, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=416, endPage=429, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049973035429993, articleId=1241049969612878802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Factors influencing urban coastal ecological resilience based on the STIRPAT modela case study of Shenzhen City., columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We established an assessment framework for coastal ecological resilience and conducted a regional evaluation in the area of Shenzhen as a case study. The STIRPAT model was employed to quantify the socioeconomic factors affecting coastal ecological resilience and identify key influencing factors and the extent of their impact. Strategies for coastal zone protection and restoration were also proposed. The results showed that, in 2021, the Shenzhen's coastal ecological resilience score ranged from 8.97 to 92.12, indicating a distinct spatial difference between the eastern and western parts, with a higher ecological resilience in the former. The spatial pattern of coastal ecological resilience was closely associated with the underlying geographical characteristics and urban developmental features of the area. The level of regional affluence was identified as a major negative factor impacting the resilience, followed by other factors such as reclaimed land area, environmental pollution, and population density. Conversely, a reduction in water consumption per unit of GDP showed a positive effect on coastal ecological resilience, suggesting that technological innovation and high-quality economic development can significantly enhance coastal ecological resilience. The results of this study provide a new method for studying ecological resilience in high-density urban coastal zones and a scientific basis for coastal zone management.

, correspAuthors=Bo LUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-li QI, Bo LUAN, Wen-jun ZHOU, Jia-ning LUO, Lu YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049985773531839, articleId=1241049969612878802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于STIRPAT模型的海岸带生态韧性影响因素研究——以深圳市为例, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以深圳市为案例,建立海岸带生态韧性评估框架,开展了海岸带生态韧性分区评价,运用了STIRPAT模型对影响海岸带生态韧性的社会经济因素进行量化分析并识别关键影响因素及影响程度,提出了海岸带保护修复建议.结果表明,2021年深圳市海岸带生态韧性综合评价得分在8.97~92.12之间,具有明显的东西部空间分异特征,东部海岸带生态韧性较高而西部较低,海岸带生态韧性水平与本底地理特征、城市开发程度具有密切关联.区域富裕度是影响深圳市海岸带生态韧性的主要负面因素,填海面积、环境污染、人口密度等因素对海岸带生态韧性也具有负面的影响;万元GDP水耗的降低对海岸带生态韧性有正向影响,表明技术创新和高质量经济发展会促进海岸带生态韧性提升.本研究成果可为高密度城市海岸带生态韧性研究提供新方法,为海岸带管理提供科学依据.

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*责任作者,正高级工程师,
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祁小丽(1986-),女,广东佛山人,北京大学深圳研究院博士后,研究方向为城市和海岸带生态环境管理.发表论文6篇..

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祁小丽(1986-),女,广东佛山人,北京大学深圳研究院博士后,研究方向为城市和海岸带生态环境管理.发表论文6篇..

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祁小丽(1986-),女,广东佛山人,北京大学深圳研究院博士后,研究方向为城市和海岸带生态环境管理.发表论文6篇..

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Evaluation indices of Shenzhen coastal ecological resilience along with selection criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标指标选取依据权重
近岸海域海水水质海水水质是水生生物生长的核心环境因素,良好的海水水质可促进水生生物的健康生长,进而提高海岸带生态系统的稳定性和遭受外界扰动后的恢复力[30,34].健康的海岸带典型生态系统(如红树林等)能更好地发挥消浪防风的作用[31].较差的水质会引起赤潮、水体污浊等问题,影响水生生物生长,增加系统的脆弱性,从而降低韧性[1, 11].0.35
自然/生态化岸线比例自然岸线和生态化岸线能有效缓冲和消减海浪冲击,是海岸带应对风暴潮等自然灾害的抵御能力的重要组成[26,35].岸线人工化、硬质化会改变近岸的水动力条件,改变潮间带生境的重要物理、化学和生物过程和功能,导致海岸带生境丧失和破碎化,增加系统脆弱性,从而降低系统韧性[36].0.29
陆域植被覆盖度反映陆域生态环境的自然属性以及绿色基础设施建设情况,对维持海岸带以及城市韧性有重要作用[26, 37].高植被覆盖度不仅对城市生态环境系统产生稳定化作用,还可增强系统对气候变化、人类活动等扰动的抵抗能力[38].0.12
基于土地利用情况的陆域抵抗力和恢复力指数对于沿海城市,土地利用的调控对维持社会-生态系统韧性有重要的影响[39].土地利用情况对系统韧性的作用通过加权计算所有土地利用类型的抵抗力和恢复力指数进行量化[28].0.13
生态系统服务价值生态系统服务价值能反映生态系统的整体功能水平和能提供的环境条件与基础[40].生态系统通过其调节服务以及作为缓冲区和屏障,能有效预防和减缓灾害风险和冲击[41].0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241050001976127735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深圳市海岸带生态韧性评价指标及选取依据

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指标指标选取依据权重
近岸海域海水水质海水水质是水生生物生长的核心环境因素,良好的海水水质可促进水生生物的健康生长,进而提高海岸带生态系统的稳定性和遭受外界扰动后的恢复力[30,34].健康的海岸带典型生态系统(如红树林等)能更好地发挥消浪防风的作用[31].较差的水质会引起赤潮、水体污浊等问题,影响水生生物生长,增加系统的脆弱性,从而降低韧性[1, 11].0.35
自然/生态化岸线比例自然岸线和生态化岸线能有效缓冲和消减海浪冲击,是海岸带应对风暴潮等自然灾害的抵御能力的重要组成[26,35].岸线人工化、硬质化会改变近岸的水动力条件,改变潮间带生境的重要物理、化学和生物过程和功能,导致海岸带生境丧失和破碎化,增加系统脆弱性,从而降低系统韧性[36].0.29
陆域植被覆盖度反映陆域生态环境的自然属性以及绿色基础设施建设情况,对维持海岸带以及城市韧性有重要作用[26, 37].高植被覆盖度不仅对城市生态环境系统产生稳定化作用,还可增强系统对气候变化、人类活动等扰动的抵抗能力[38].0.12
基于土地利用情况的陆域抵抗力和恢复力指数对于沿海城市,土地利用的调控对维持社会-生态系统韧性有重要的影响[39].土地利用情况对系统韧性的作用通过加权计算所有土地利用类型的抵抗力和恢复力指数进行量化[28].0.13
生态系统服务价值生态系统服务价值能反映生态系统的整体功能水平和能提供的环境条件与基础[40].生态系统通过其调节服务以及作为缓冲区和屏障,能有效预防和减缓灾害风险和冲击[41].0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241050002198425860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Resistance and restorative capacity of the different land use types

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项目耕地林地灌木地草地水体建设
用地
未利
用地
系数
抵抗力0.510.80.60.80.30.60.6
恢复力0.30.30.50.80.70.20.40.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241050002508804373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同土地利用类型抵抗力与恢复力

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项目耕地林地灌木地草地水体建设
用地
未利
用地
系数
抵抗力0.510.80.60.80.30.60.6
恢复力0.30.30.50.80.70.20.40.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241050002659799325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Source of research data

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数据名称数据来源数据年份
深圳市近岸海域海水溶解氧、化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐浓度数据“开放广东”全省政府数据统一开放平台(https://gddata.gd.gov.cn/)2021
自然岸线数据通过Google Earth高分辨率遥感影像数据目视解译获得2021
土地利用数据GlobeLand30数据库(http://www.globallandcover.com/)2020
NDVI数据国家青藏高原科学数据中心-中国区域250m归一化植被指数数据集[49]:(https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.300328)2021
人口密度数据欧盟委员会-全球人类居住(GHSL)数据:(https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=pop)2020
夜间灯光数据中国长时间序列夜间灯光数据集(2000-2020)[50]2020
深圳市各区GDP《2022深圳统计年鉴》2021
深圳市各区万元GDP耗水率《2021深圳市水资源公报》2021
填海造地面积与分布数据通过1988年与2021年深圳市海岸带高分辨率遥感影像数据比对裁剪获得2021
重点排污单位名录深圳市生态环境局官方网站2021
), ArticleFig(id=1241050002806599978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名称数据来源数据年份
深圳市近岸海域海水溶解氧、化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐浓度数据“开放广东”全省政府数据统一开放平台(https://gddata.gd.gov.cn/)2021
自然岸线数据通过Google Earth高分辨率遥感影像数据目视解译获得2021
土地利用数据GlobeLand30数据库(http://www.globallandcover.com/)2020
NDVI数据国家青藏高原科学数据中心-中国区域250m归一化植被指数数据集[49]:(https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.300328)2021
人口密度数据欧盟委员会-全球人类居住(GHSL)数据:(https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=pop)2020
夜间灯光数据中国长时间序列夜间灯光数据集(2000-2020)[50]2020
深圳市各区GDP《2022深圳统计年鉴》2021
深圳市各区万元GDP耗水率《2021深圳市水资源公报》2021
填海造地面积与分布数据通过1988年与2021年深圳市海岸带高分辨率遥感影像数据比对裁剪获得2021
重点排污单位名录深圳市生态环境局官方网站2021
), ArticleFig(id=1241050002999537969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Data of potential socioeconomic impact factors of coastal zones in Shenzhen

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岸带单元
编号
人口密度
(个/km2)
GDP(亿
元)
夜间灯光
(DN值)
万元GDP
水耗(m3)
重点排污
单位数量
填海面积
(km2)
128370.353.709.0000
2360370.354.219.0000.75
31033370.354.579.0011.63
467370.351.969.0001.52
575370.352.529.0000
61911370.355.409.0000
7390370.3512.229.0010
83271565.429.886.6000
910211760.4927.814.2027.15
1185106474.3940.044.22213.10
1251107630.5952.984.1425.76
1388576026.2132.748.12421.56
1455294421.8325.2212.10014.69
1578114421.8323.4812.1014513.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003309916482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各岸带单元社会经济因素情况

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岸带单元
编号
人口密度
(个/km2)
GDP(亿
元)
夜间灯光
(DN值)
万元GDP
水耗(m3)
重点排污
单位数量
填海面积
(km2)
128370.353.709.0000
2360370.354.219.0000.75
31033370.354.579.0011.63
467370.351.969.0001.52
575370.352.529.0000
61911370.355.409.0000
7390370.3512.229.0010
83271565.429.886.6000
910211760.4927.814.2027.15
1185106474.3940.044.22213.10
1251107630.5952.984.1425.76
1388576026.2132.748.12421.56
1455294421.8325.2212.10014.69
1578114421.8323.4812.1014513.44
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003595129163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of cross-validation and R-squared value by PLS model

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成分个数PRESS RMSEPR2
11.30810.250.871
21.149-0.2810.140.959
31.933-5.8530.120.970
41.723-7.2500.120.971
52.614-11.9160.120.972
62.815-13.3670.120.972
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003725152599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

交叉有效性分析与模型R方

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成分个数PRESS RMSEPR2
11.30810.250.871
21.149-0.2810.140.959
31.933-5.8530.120.970
41.723-7.2500.120.971
52.614-11.9160.120.972
62.815-13.3670.120.972
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003913896290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Coefficients of, and levels of significance for PLS regression model

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因变量自变量回归系数标准误tP
lnR(生态韧性指数)lnP(人口密度)-0.0470.019-2.5210.026
lnA1(GDP)-0.1560.043-3.6460.003
lnA2(夜间灯光)-0.1240.028-4.4190.001
lnT(万元GDP水耗)-0.4690.210-2.2330.044
lnD(重点排污单位数量)-0.1900.160-1.1880.256
lnF(填海面积)-0.0810.019-4.3500.001
常数6.784
), ArticleFig(id=1241050005633560935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969612878802, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

回归系数与显著性检验

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因变量自变量回归系数标准误tP
lnR(生态韧性指数)lnP(人口密度)-0.0470.019-2.5210.026
lnA1(GDP)-0.1560.043-3.6460.003
lnA2(夜间灯光)-0.1240.028-4.4190.001
lnT(万元GDP水耗)-0.4690.210-2.2330.044
lnD(重点排污单位数量)-0.1900.160-1.1880.256
lnF(填海面积)-0.0810.019-4.3500.001
常数6.784
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基于STIRPAT模型的海岸带生态韧性影响因素研究——以深圳市为例
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祁小丽 1 , 栾博 1, * , 周文君 1 , 罗珈柠 1 , 俞露 2
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(1): 416-429
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(1): 416-429
基于STIRPAT模型的海岸带生态韧性影响因素研究——以深圳市为例
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祁小丽1 , 栾博1, * , 周文君1, 罗珈柠1, 俞露2
作者信息
  • 1.北京大学深圳研究院,广东 深圳 518057
  • 2.深圳市城市规划设计研究院股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518028
  • 祁小丽(1986-),女,广东佛山人,北京大学深圳研究院博士后,研究方向为城市和海岸带生态环境管理.发表论文6篇..

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*责任作者,正高级工程师,
Factors influencing urban coastal ecological resilience based on the STIRPAT modela case study of Shenzhen City.
Xiao-li QI1 , Bo LUAN1, * , Wen-jun ZHOU1, Jia-ning LUO1, Lu YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
  • 2.Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518028, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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本研究以深圳市为案例,建立海岸带生态韧性评估框架,开展了海岸带生态韧性分区评价,运用了STIRPAT模型对影响海岸带生态韧性的社会经济因素进行量化分析并识别关键影响因素及影响程度,提出了海岸带保护修复建议.结果表明,2021年深圳市海岸带生态韧性综合评价得分在8.97~92.12之间,具有明显的东西部空间分异特征,东部海岸带生态韧性较高而西部较低,海岸带生态韧性水平与本底地理特征、城市开发程度具有密切关联.区域富裕度是影响深圳市海岸带生态韧性的主要负面因素,填海面积、环境污染、人口密度等因素对海岸带生态韧性也具有负面的影响;万元GDP水耗的降低对海岸带生态韧性有正向影响,表明技术创新和高质量经济发展会促进海岸带生态韧性提升.本研究成果可为高密度城市海岸带生态韧性研究提供新方法,为海岸带管理提供科学依据.

海岸带生态韧性  /  空间分异  /  STIRPAT模型  /  影响因素  /  深圳

We established an assessment framework for coastal ecological resilience and conducted a regional evaluation in the area of Shenzhen as a case study. The STIRPAT model was employed to quantify the socioeconomic factors affecting coastal ecological resilience and identify key influencing factors and the extent of their impact. Strategies for coastal zone protection and restoration were also proposed. The results showed that, in 2021, the Shenzhen's coastal ecological resilience score ranged from 8.97 to 92.12, indicating a distinct spatial difference between the eastern and western parts, with a higher ecological resilience in the former. The spatial pattern of coastal ecological resilience was closely associated with the underlying geographical characteristics and urban developmental features of the area. The level of regional affluence was identified as a major negative factor impacting the resilience, followed by other factors such as reclaimed land area, environmental pollution, and population density. Conversely, a reduction in water consumption per unit of GDP showed a positive effect on coastal ecological resilience, suggesting that technological innovation and high-quality economic development can significantly enhance coastal ecological resilience. The results of this study provide a new method for studying ecological resilience in high-density urban coastal zones and a scientific basis for coastal zone management.

coastal ecological resilience  /  spatial differentiation  /  STIRPAT model  /  influencing factors  /  Shenzhen
祁小丽, 栾博, 周文君, 罗珈柠, 俞露. 基于STIRPAT模型的海岸带生态韧性影响因素研究——以深圳市为例. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 416 -429 .
Xiao-li QI, Bo LUAN, Wen-jun ZHOU, Jia-ning LUO, Lu YU. Factors influencing urban coastal ecological resilience based on the STIRPAT modela case study of Shenzhen City.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 416 -429 .
海岸带是陆地和海洋生态系统的过渡地带,既是受陆海交互作用影响显著的生态敏感区域,也是人口高度集聚、经济高度发达的城市区域,在国家社会经济发展大局中具有重要战略地位[1-2].当前,气候变化和城市化影响叠加,城市海岸带不仅面临着台风、暴雨、洪水等气候灾害的突发性冲击,也承受着海平面上升、资源约束、环境污染、生态退化等环境问题的持续性压力[3-4].提升海岸带韧性成为了近年来备受关注的全球研究热点和技术前沿[5],也是沿海城市安全可持续发展的迫切需求.
当前关于海岸带韧性的研究中,聚焦城市韧性的研究已较为丰富[6-7],而近年来生态韧性的研究逐渐呈现热点趋势.海岸带生态韧性是海岸带韧性的核心维度之一,是海岸带区域生态环境受外部扰动之后,抵抗和削弱这一冲击带来的负面影响的能力以及恢复至新稳态的能力,是维持海岸带城市运行活力的重要基础[8-9].当前,相关研究多以定义和明确海岸带生态韧性内涵为研究开展的基础,基于“抵抗”、“适应”和“恢复”等关键内涵,结合海岸带城市生态系统特征,从系统要素[10-12]或系统过程[8]角度构建不同的评估框架,对海岸带生态韧性开展研究并提出对策.也有学者研究了海岸带生态韧性时空分异的影响因素及机制,但空间异质性影响因素多局限于定性研究或耦合协调性研究.总体而言,目前海岸带生态韧性研究在概念内涵、理论框架、模型构建等方面不断发展[13],但仍存在一些研究局限与薄弱之处:一是研究的空间尺度多基于国家或省市等较大尺度开展[8,14],在体现小尺度区域如城市内部发展异质性和不均衡性方面十分局限,难以为海岸带城市开展生态环境分区管理提供有效指导.二是海岸带生态韧性的主要影响因素和驱动因子的定量分析较为鲜见,特别是关键社会经济影响因素及相关机制尚不明确,对海岸带生态韧性修复和管理缺少科学支撑.三是聚焦粤港澳大湾区为代表的我国人口密集、经济集聚、人地关系紧张的海岸带城市区域的本土化研究比较缺乏.
多年来,针对环境影响的社会经济影响因素识别研究积累了一些成果.一些学者运用STIRPAT模型解析了人口、经济发展、城市化水平、产业结构和能源强度等因素对不同尺度的区域碳排放的影响和量化关系,并基于模型结果开展碳排放及达峰预测[15].也有学者拓展应用该模型,定量分析了生态足迹[16]、水环境质量[17]、生态文明建设水平[18]等环境压力或环境状况的人类活动影响因素.STIRPAT模型是在IPAT模型基础上优化的多自变量非线性随机回归模型[19],由于其灵活性、可扩展性和易于应用等优势,可广泛应用于分析多维度社会经济因素对多种环境问题的影响.运用STIRPAT模型方法研究海岸带生态韧性影响因素具有可行性,而目前鲜有学者关注,具有进一步研究探索的空间.
作为经济特区和粤港澳大湾区重要经济引擎之一,深圳市是我国海岸带高密度城市的典型代表,对研究高密度海岸带城市生态韧性影响因素极具代表性.一方面,深圳具有用地紧约束、经济高强度、建设高强度、人口高密度的显著特征.全市土地面积为1997.47km2,2023年全市单位面积GDP为17.33亿元/km2,常住人口密度为8906人/km2.另一方面,在全球气候变化叠加高强度的海岸带空间开发利用活动背景下,深圳市海岸带面临着严峻的生态环境压力和气候风险,亟需提升生态韧性应对挑战[20-21].2024年3月,深圳市发布了《深圳市适应气候变化规划(2023-2035年)》,提出了全方位推进韧性城市建设的要求.以深圳海岸带为例研究韧性特征以及影响因素具有重要理论和现实意义.
因此,本研究以深圳为案例,聚焦高密度沿海城市海岸带单元的生态韧性空间异质性,应用STIRPAT模型量化分析海岸带社会、经济因素对生态韧性的影响.本研究创新发展了海岸带生态韧性及影响因素的研究方法,丰富了我国沿海城市生态韧性的实证研究案例,为高密度城市海岸带精细化管理和韧性修复提供了科学依据.
深圳市(22°27′~22°52′N,113°46~114°37′E)地处广东省中南部沿海,东起大亚湾和大鹏湾,西临珠江口和伶仃洋,南隔深圳河与香港相望,北邻东莞市和惠州市.深圳市属南亚热带海洋性气候,气候温和,雨量充沛,夏季台风多发.统计资料显示,深圳市每年平均受4~6次台风的影响,且多集中在7~9月份[22].近年来深圳市台风年平均次数有上升趋势,极端气候灾害频发,部分台风造成严重的影响和经济损失[23].深圳市海岸线全长260.5km,海域被九龙半岛分隔为东、西两部分,西部海域包括深圳湾和珠江口,东部海域包括大鹏湾和大亚湾.海岸类型丰富,地貌多样,东部海岸多为岩岸和沙滩;西部海岸原先主要为淤泥质岸线,因多年来填海造地,目前西部海岸大部分已转变为人工围垦修筑岸线.根据《深圳市海岸带综合保护与利用规划(2018-2035)》中界定的海岸带范围,深圳海岸带区域总面积约859km2,其中陆域面积约299km2,海域面积约560km2,划定依据结合了自然环境因素及海岸带用地等的社会经济因素.
本次研究区域以《深圳市海岸带综合保护与利用规划(2018-2035)》中界定的海岸带范围为基准.根据该规划,深圳市海岸带共划分为15个岸带单元,其中单元1~9、11~15均包含陆域与海域,而单元10(沿深圳河段)无对应海域.为确保评价指标一致性,本研究以岸带单元1~9、11~15为海岸带韧性评价单元.
本研究通过选取具有代表性的海岸带社会-生态系统指标,构建海岸带生态韧性评价方法,对2021年深圳市海岸带的生态韧性水平进行科学评估,并利用STIRPAT模型分析深圳市海岸带生态韧性的社会经济影响因素,识别各影响因素重要性和影响程度,在此基础上提出海岸带生态韧性提升对策与建议.
海岸带生态韧性评价是对海岸带生态环境应对自然和人为不确定性扰动的应对、恢复和适应能力的分析评定过程.与内陆相比,海岸带城市受陆海系统双重风险影响,且影响作用和强度迥然不同,气候变化导致的海源风险、以及因人口集聚和经济活动密集对生态系统压力的加剧,都是进行海岸带城市生态韧性评估指标选取时需考虑的侧重点[8,24].
不同的研究者根据其对海岸带生态韧性概念与内涵的理解,构建海岸带生态韧性评估框架并选取体现韧性要素特征的指标进行评估.常见的评估思路与框架多聚焦于城市社会-生态系统的抵抗-适应-恢复能力[14,25],在指标的选取上,往往以海水水质、海岸湿地保留情况/自然岸线比例、自然保护区占比等生态环境状况本底指标表征生态系统抵抗力[11,26],以海洋生态相关法律政策数量、污染治理投入、城市固废/污水/生活垃圾处理能力指标表征社会-生态系统对干扰的调节适应能力[9,27],以城市用地情况、植被覆盖率、人均绿地或公园面积、环境规制指数等表征城市生态系统的恢复力[28-29],具体选取指标根据研究者对“抵抗-适应-恢复”3个维度的具体定义而有差异,有时同一指标在不同研究中会出现被归为不同维度的情况.也有研究立足生态韧性过程视角,选取区域大气质量指标以及归一化植被指数两个指标以简洁表征生态环境质量,基于该生态环境质量水平波动测度生态系统韧性[8].
结合国内外的研究现状、指标选取共性以及海岸带自身的特点,本研究认为,海岸带城市社会-生态系统是集自然生态系统和社会经济活动为一体的高度复杂的耦合系统,其生态环境状况不仅反映自然生态系统的本底韧性特征(即生态系统本身对外界冲击与干扰的抵抗能力与恢复能力),同时也是人类活动压力、以及城市生态环境管理绩效(即社会层面的面对冲击和干扰的缓解、抵御和适应能力)的综合反馈和表征.以海水水质为例,海水水质是水生生物生长的核心环境因素,良好的海水水质可促进水生生物的健康生长,进而提高海岸带生态系统的健康度、稳定性和遭受外界扰动后自组织的恢复力[30];健康的海岸带典型生态系统(如红树林等)能更好地发挥消浪防风的作用,是生态系统对气候风险抵抗力的重要组成[31];而同时,海洋水质也反映了区域海岸带利用活动对海洋环境的影响,体现生态环境管理部门对海岸带利用活动如工业排污、旅游业的管理力度与绩效,即表征海岸带社会-生态系统在遭受扰动后通过社会能动性主体对干扰的应对措施而进行结构调整或加速复原的适应力,综合涵盖了其它研究中“污水处理能力”、“污染治理投入”“海洋生态环境保护法规制定”等指标的结果指向.另一方面,由于研究尺度的差异,许多研究中适用于大尺度区域的指标无法应用于城市内部区域尺度的评估,这也是指标选取时需考虑的问题.
因此,本研究按照“简洁性、有效性、易得性、可比性”的原则[32],结合前人研究成果,以能够反映海岸带复合生态系统特征、与人类活动和压力的交互作用较高、体现海岸带韧性内涵等要求为选取标准,最终确定选取以下因子为评价指标(表1).权重确定使用德尔菲法和层次分析法的权重计算方法[33],通过专家打分对指标进行两两对比,构建判断矩阵,计算判断矩阵的最大特征值λmax和对应的特征向量W,并进行相应的一致性检验,得出各个指标的权重.专家由海岸带生态环境修复专家、海岸带环境管理相关部门人员、城市灾害韧性专家等组成,专家组成方式涉及领域广,能够一定程度上降低评价的主观性.指标选取目的与依据如表1所示.
各指标计算方法如下:
(1)近岸海域海水水质 深圳海域国控监测点位于每年4、7、10月开展水质采样监测,主要监测指标包括溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)等重点海水水质指标.基于2021年监测数据,计算各采样点位各指标的年度平均值,然后由公式(1)计算各点位的海水有机污染指数.有机污染指数法是针对水体综合污染的一种评价方法,可综合反映水体的氮磷和有机物污染程度以及水体自净能力,因此在本研究中,选用该指标作为水质总体情况与污染程度的表征[42].
式中:A为有机污染指数;CODi、DINi、DIPi及DOi分别表示化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、溶解氧各因子的实测值,mg/L;CODs、DINs、DIPs及DOs分别表示监测项目的评价标准值,根据《海水水质标准(GB 3097-1997)》[43]中的一类海水水质标准,其对应值为2、0.20、0.015及6,mg/L.
通过上式计算得出各水质监测点位的有机污染指数后,利用ArcGIS 10.8软件对结果进行克里金插值分析,计算各个岸带单元的有机污染指数的均值,作为该单元水质状况的表征.
(2)自然/生态化岸线比例 基于Google Earth高分辨率卫星影像,通过人机交互目视解译获取岸线数据,计算各个岸带单元岸线总长度以及自然/生态化岸线长度,计算自然/生态化岸线比例.
(3)陆域植被覆盖度 基于NDVI数据,在ArcGIS软件中通过像元二分法计算各个岸带单元陆域的植被覆盖度(FVC).
(4)基于土地利用情况的陆域抵抗力和恢复力指数 土地利用情况对系统韧性的作用,通过加权计算所有土地利用类型的抵抗力和恢复力指数进行量化,参考相关研究[28,44],对不同土地利用类型的抵抗力与恢复力设定权重(表2).
(5)生态系统服务价值 根据谢高地等[45]的“单位面积价值当量因子法”,计算各个岸带单元的生态系统服务价值当量总数,再除以该岸带单元的面积,得出各个岸带单元的单位面积平均生态系统服务价值当量,以此作为表征各岸带单元生态系统服务价值水平的指标.具体的计算公式如下:
式中:ESVZ为第z个岸带单元的单位面积平均生态系统服务价值当量;Bij为该岸带单元中第i类土地利用类型第j种生态系统服务价值基础当量;Si为该岸带单元中第i类土地利用类型面积;SZ为该岸带单元的总面积.
为增强数据可比性,对以上计算获得的初始数值进行归一化处理,归一化公式为:
对于正向指标:
对于逆向指标:
式中:为第i个岸带单元第j项指标的归一化得分;Xij为第i个岸带单元第j项指标的实际数值;max{Xj}为第j项指标的最大值;min{Xj}为第j项指标的最小值.
通过德尔菲法确定各指标权重,加权计算各个岸带单元的生态韧性综合得分R,并转换为百分制.将生态韧性综合得分通过自然断点分级法划分为高韧性、中高韧性、中韧性、中低韧性、低韧性5个等级.
(1)STIRPAT模型的构建 STIRPAT模型是对IPAT模型进行修正和拓展的多自变量非线性随机回归[19],模型公式为:
式中:I代表环境影响,可根据研究目的拓展为表征环境状况的相关指标;PAT分别代表人口规模、富裕度和技术水平;a为模型系数;bcd分别是人口规模、富裕度、技术等社会经济因素的指数;e为模型误差项.
为了消除模型中可能存在的异方差影响,并且获得被解释变量对解释变量的弹性,对模型公式两边同时进行对数化处理,得:
式中:变量bcd表示相应变量变化1%,则引起I产生相应的百分比变化.根据York等[19]提出的弹性系数(ecological-elasticity)的概念,即表征对应驱动因素的变化能够带来环境状况变化的贡献作用或者灵敏度.对此公式进行多元线性拟合,即获得模型中各个参数.
STIRPAT模型允许对模型进行扩展,可根据实际情况和研究需求增减或分解影响因素,提高模型的分析解释能力[46].根据海岸带韧性概念内涵,参考相关研究,结合深圳市具体实际情况,本文对STIRPAT模型进行扩展,选取以下对海岸带韧性潜在影响可能较大的人类活动指标作为自变量:
人口规模因子P选择各岸带单元人口密度这一指标,以反映海岸带区域单位面积人口集聚强度;富裕度因子A分解为GDP(A1)和夜间灯光(A2)两项.GDP是区域经济发展程度的重要体现,也是在许多研究中导致环境问题的主要驱动力之一.夜间灯光是广泛应用于反演社会经济、监测城市化对生态环境影响等研究中的指标,可作为区域经济发展程度、城市化水平和人类活动强度的综合表征[47].
技术因子T选取万元GDP水耗这一指标.万元GDP水耗是衡量城市或地区经济活动对资源利用效率和水平的重要指标[48],在已有研究中作为技术指标多次出现.在本模型中,采用本指标以综合表征区域产业结构和技术创新等技术因素和水平.
除以上PAT等基本因素以外,本模型进一步选取了岸带单元内重点排污单位数量D、填海面积F两项因子,以反映人类活动对海岸带生态环境的扰动强度.综合以上因子,建立模型如下:
(2)偏最小二乘(PLS)回归分析 偏最小二乘(PLS,Partial Least Squares)回归是将多元线性回归分析、主成分分析和典型相关分析有机结合起来的方法,主要用于解决多元回归中变量多重相关性和样本容量较少、自由度较低等实际问题[15,46].为消除各社会、经济因素之间可能存在的多重共线性的影响,本文采用PLS回归法对STIRPAT模型进行线性拟合分析,判断各社会经济驱动因素对海岸带韧性的影响程度.同时,采用自变量投影重要性指数VIP(Variable Importance for Projection)判断驱动因子的重要性[15-16].
本研究数据来源如表3所示.
(1)陆域子系统 陆域子系统的评价指标包括了植被覆盖度、基于土地利用类型的抵抗力与恢复力指数、自然/生态化岸线比例和生态系统服务价值四个指标.如图2所示,四个评价指标的得分值在深圳市西部和东部海岸带陆域均呈现出明显的空间分异.植被覆盖度[图2(a)]方面,西部海岸带陆域植被覆盖度普遍很低,仅有零星分布的小面积区域有中度或中高度的植被覆盖度,岸带单元11的陆域植被覆盖度略高于其它岸带单元;东部海岸带中,除了岸带单元9的植被覆盖度较低之外,其它岸带单元的植被覆盖度均较高,仅在临海人居相对密集处有带状的低植被覆盖度区域分布.基于土地利用的抵抗力与恢复力[图2(b)]方面,同样呈现类似的分布特征,西部海岸带陆域的抵抗力与恢复力整体较低,东部海岸带陆域抵抗力与恢复力整体较高,仅岸带单元9得分偏低.自然/生态化岸线比例[图2(c)]方面,西部海岸带以人工岸线为主,自然/生态化岸线比例较低,岸带单元12、15的自然/生态化岸线比例低至1%以下.岸带单元11由于沿岸有福田红树林保护区以及深圳湾公园,自然/生态化岸线比例为44.2%,在西部海岸带单元中相对较高.东部海岸带中,除了岸带单元2和9人工岸线较多,其它岸带单元以自然/生态化岸线为主要岸线类型.生态系统服务价值[图2(d)]方面,西部海岸带以低和中低水平为主,但在湿地和水体处(多为公园内的湿地或水体)有小面积高值区;东部海岸带除了岸带单元9主要为低值区外,其余岸带单元以中高水平为主,零散分布小面积高值区,在临海建筑用地密集区域有带状的低值区分布.
陆域子系统评价指标得分的空间分异规律,与研究区本底地理特征及城市开发特征均有密切关联.深圳西部海岸带陆域主要是密集的建成区,受人类活动的干扰较大,是集中体现深圳高密度城市特征的典型区域.西部海岸带地势低平,原有的淤泥质岸线易于改造,陆域向海域不断扩张,沿岸修筑港口、空港和工业园,自然岸线大量转化为人工修筑岸线.同时,原有的海岸带陆域自然生态系统大多数已转变为建筑用地和结构相对单一的人工生态系统,不透水面面积大幅度增加,生态系统服务价值下降,植被覆盖度降低,因此对自然灾害和扰动的稳定性和恢复力都较低.
东部海岸带部分陆域地貌为山地丘陵,人为开发利用程度较低,基岩岸线难以改造,加上大部分岸带单元所在区域(大鹏新区)发展定位重视生态环境保护,海岸带大部分自然岸线和生态系统得到较好的保留.在东部海岸带中,岸带单元9为盐田港所在区域,人类活动影响密集,因此陆域开发利用情况以及韧性评价指标得分都与西部海岸带的特征更为相似.
(2)海域子系统 与陆域子系统类似,海域子系统生态韧性评价指标(即海水水质)得分同样呈现明显的东西空间分异.图2(e)为经标准化后的海水水质空间分布格局,数值区间为[0,1],越接近1水质越好.如图所示,西部海岸带水质整体较差,但呈现水质自北向南逐渐改善的空间特征.水质最低值区域位于岸带单元15北部海域,该海域紧邻茅洲河入海口,受河流输入的氮磷影响较大.由图2(e)可见,深圳市排污重点管控单位几乎过半数集中分布于岸带单元15陆域及茅洲河流域.茅洲河曾是广东珠三角地区污染最严重的河流,近年来经大力整治,水质有明显改善,但流域内密集的工业企业和快速增长的人口依然对河流及邻近海域水质造成一定的压力,海域水环境脆弱性仍较高.与西部海岸带形成对比,东部海岸带海水质量整体优良.
研究区海岸带生态韧性综合评价得分在8.97~92.12之间,通过自然断点法对海岸带生态韧性评价结果进行分级,最终确定8.97~22.49为低韧性区域,22.49~40.17为中低韧性区域,40.17~71.23为中韧性区域,71.23~81.14为中高韧性区域,81.14~92.12为高韧性区域.如图3所示,深圳市海岸带生态韧性总体而言呈现东西不平衡的空间格局.西部海岸带韧性整体偏低,5个岸带单元生态韧性得分均值为21.25,其中12~15为低韧性区域.相对西部海岸带,东部海岸带生态韧性整体处于较高水平,9个岸带单元生态韧性得分均值为74.56,其中岸带单元1、4、5、8为高韧性区域.在东部岸带单元中,单元7、9生态韧性水平相对较低,仅为中或中低韧性区域.
各岸带单元的生态韧性总体得分与各评价指标得分值见图4.岸带单元5生态韧性是所有岸带单元中最高的,而且其自然/生态化岸线比例、基于土地利用的抵抗力与恢复力指数、生态系统服务价值等三项指标的得分在所有岸带单元中均为最高.岸带单元15生态韧性为所有岸带单元中最低,其植被覆盖率、近岸海域水质也是所有岸带单元中最低的.
为阐明海岸带城市的社会经济因素对海岸带生态韧性的影响,识别主要影响因素和影响程度,本研究选取了人口密度(P)、区域GDP(A1)、夜间灯光(A2)、万元GDP耗水率(T)、重点排污单位数量(D)、填海面积(F)等6个指标作为潜在的影响因素进行分析,所用数据如表4所示.
将所有因子引入模型,进行初步的PLS回归拟合,观察各主成分个数对应的模型R方(即在不同主成分个数下自变量对因变量的解释力度),结合交叉验证准则进行主成分个数的确定.
交叉有效性分析结果(表5)表明,当主成分个数为2时,模型的预测残差平方和(PRESS)最小,验征指标开始小于0.0975(如果值小于等于0.0975,则说明继续加大主成分个数无意义,即该点或上一点对应的成分个数为最佳主成分个数). RMSEP为留一交叉验证法算得的预测均方根误差,在主成分个数为2之后,RMSEP无明显下降.在主成分个数为2时,自变量对因变量的解释力度(R2)已达到0.96.综上,选择2个主成分进行最终的建模.
通过偏最小二乘法回归,得出STIRPAT模型的回归系数及其显著性统计如表6所示.各回归系数符号符合城市发展模式和经济学意义上检验.所得回归方程为:
显著性检验表明,海岸带单元内的生态韧性与GDP、夜间灯光、填海面积呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与人口、万元GDP水耗呈显著负相关(P<0.05).从回归方程中各个变量的系数来看,根据模型弹性系数概念,对于深圳海岸带区域,在保持其它变量不变的情况下,岸带单元内人口密度每提高1%,则区域生态韧性平均降低0.047%;GDP每提高1%,区域生态韧性平均降低0.156%;夜间灯光强度每提高1%,区域生态韧性平均降低0.124%;万元GDP水耗每升高1%,区域生态韧性平均降低0.469%;区间内重点排污单位数量每增加1%,生态韧性平均降低0.19%;填海面积每增加1%,区域生态韧性平均降低0.081%.综上,模型分析结果表明,海岸带经济发展以及人口密度、岸带排污、填海造地的增加对海岸带生态韧性有明显的负向影响,而经济高质量发展水平(即较低的万元GDP水耗)则对提升海岸带生态韧性水平有显著的促进作用.
由于最终得出的STIRPAT结果,是将PLS算法计算出的标准化回归方程还原为未标准化的带常数项的回归方程得到的,受各指标原始数据差值范围的影响,回归系数数值大小并不能完全反映各自变量指标在解释因变量时的重要性[16].因此,本研究在PLS回归的基础上,进一步使用变量投影重要性指标(VIP)分析每个自变量在解释因变量时作用的重要性.各影响因素对海岸带生态韧性的VIP值如图5所示.按对海岸带生态韧性的影响重要性排序,从高到低依次为GDP(A1)、重点排污单位数量(D)、填海面积(F)、夜间灯光(A2)、人口密度(P)、万元GDP水耗(T).
由上述分析可知,富裕度(以GDP和夜间灯光表征)是影响深圳市海岸带生态韧性的最主要因素.海岸带城市经济发展及城市化进程往往伴随着对海岸带资源和生态环境的大规模开发利用,造成自然用地减少、景观异质性降低、海岸带湿地被挤占或破碎化、自然岸线损失等问题,这进一步导致海岸带生态系统服务功能下降,脆弱性增加,削弱了海岸带对气候风险及其他自然灾害的防护能力和动态适应恢复能力[20,51].深圳市海岸带东西部海岸带不同的经济发展格局和区域发展定位,对海岸带生态韧性产生了不同程度的影响.有研究表明,深圳海岸带区域的生态环境变化整体与深圳城市化、工业化步骤一致[52].在深圳进入城市化前(1980年数据),西海岸有大片自然生片状分布红树林以及潮间淤泥海滩,对保护海岸带的稳定、抵御风浪冲击和海岸侵蚀都具有积极的作用[53].然而,随着深圳市经济的发展和城市化进程的加速,对土地的需求大幅度增长.受东西海岸地质构造的限制,西部海岸带开发力度远高于东部海岸带,大量海岸带湿地、耕地、林地、园地等正生态要素转移为工业和居住用地等负生态要素,红树林和潮间淤泥海滩等原生海岸带生态系统已几乎完全消失,这对西部海岸带的生态韧性带来了严重的负面影响.而东部海岸带土地利用和岸线主要变化在盐田港区域(即韧性相对较低的岸带单元9),其他内部区域变化不大[52],海岸带得以保留较好的自然应对力和恢复力.近年来,深圳市政府逐渐重视海岸线合理利用和海岸带生态环境保护,出台了一系列的相关政策并实施了包括岸线生态化、海岸带生态系统修复、西部海岸带工业区升级改造、清洁生产技术推广等举措,已逐步取得一些成效.经济发展和区域产业升级转型虽已对海岸带韧性带来一定的正面影响,但由于西部海岸带生态韧性前期破坏较严重、且生态环境在社会经济发展影响下所产生的变化具有滞后性、累积性等特点,西部海岸带生态韧性较低的状况达到根本性改善尚需时间,经济发展对生态韧性的累积性叠加效应暂仍体现为负效应.
重点排污单位数量可表征海岸带陆源污染源情况,投影重要性结果表明该指标也是海岸带生态韧性的重要影响因素.从图2(e)可见,深圳市西部海岸带的近岸海域水质与岸带单元重点排污单位数量有较高的关联性.深圳西部海域近年来基本为劣四类水质,主要污染物无机氮、活性磷酸盐通过地表径流、沿岸直接排放和大气干湿沉降等方式进入海域.杨青云等[54]通过实测法评估了2019年珠江口海域深圳侧(对应本文的岸带单元12~15)陆域总氮入海排放总量,高达18064.43t/a.海水水质污染会导致海洋生物多样性下降,降低生态系统的复杂性和稳定性,减少海岸带生态系统对干扰的适应能力和恢复力;同时导致红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床等海岸带关键生态系统退化和生态服务功能下降,这些服务的下降会削弱海岸带的自然防护功能,降低其对自然灾害的抵御能力,从而减少海岸带生态韧性[55-56].另外,围填海活动也会改变海域纳潮量、水动力环境,影响该海域的水环境容量[54],这很可能进一步加重了深圳西部海域水质污染对海岸带生态韧性的负面影响.
填海造地面积对深圳市海岸带生态韧性也具有重要的不利影响.自深圳进入城市化和高速发展进程以来,围海造陆是支持深圳经济发展、缓解用地紧张的重要手段[52].目前深圳西部海岸带临海区域基本为填海造地而成,东部海岸带则主要是岸带单元9有较大面积的填海区域.围填海活动使海岸带滩涂湿地、自然岸线大量消失,降低海岸带生态韧性[57].
城市人口密度增加对海岸带生态韧性有负面的影响.海岸带城市人口密度的增长对海岸带生态韧性的影响主要体现在两个层面:一方面,人口快速增长给海岸带区域带来高强度人类活动压力,集中体现于密集的开发活动、资源消耗、土地利用覆盖以及海岸带原生生态系统的改变.另一方面,高密度的人口以及城市格局会增加海岸带区域在灾害中的暴露风险和承灾体脆弱性,与海岸带城市社会系统遭遇致灾事件冲击的敏感性以及应对灾害事件的适应能力密切相关[58-59].
万元GDP水耗(即技术水效率)在模型中用于综合表征区域产业结构和技术创新等技术因素和水平.研究结果表明这一指标有着最大的模型弹性系数,意味着在其它因素不变的情况下,深圳市海岸带万元GDP水耗每降低1%,生态韧性平均提升0.469%.万元GDP水耗是衡量城市或地区生产活动对资源利用效率与生态环境友好程度的重要指标,有研究表明,工业中水效率低(即万元GDP水耗高)的产业往往具有重排污、规模结构不足、产品结构和原料结构不合理等问题[60].区域第三产业比例提升、产业结构的合理化和高度化提升、技术创新和产业绿色转型是水效率提升(即万元GDP水耗的降低)的主要因素[61].因此,本研究的结果中万元GDP水耗与生态韧性之间的关系,实质上是说明了区域的产业升级、工业污染减排、技术创新和绿色技术应用等能有效减轻生产活动对海岸带生态环境的压力和污染,对海岸带生态韧性有积极的作用.万元GDP水耗是一种生态效率指标.近年来,国外研究者开始关注生态效率与韧性之间的关系,Apostu等[62]分析了生态效率综合指数(IESE)和欧洲多国社会生态系统综合韧性的相关性,结果表明生态效率显著影响欧洲国家的韧性指数,并指出通过绿色产品和服务的技术创新提升资源效率,是管理气候风险并实现长期气候韧性增长的重要因素.这与本研究结果所体现的深圳情况是一致的.
3.1.1 深圳市的海岸带生态韧性有鲜明的空间分异特征,呈现东西不平衡的整体格局,西部海岸带生态韧性明显低于东部海岸带.海岸带生态韧性的空间格局与研究区城市开发特征有密切的关联.
3.1.2 基于STIRPAT模型和PLS算法的拟合结果表明,深圳市海岸带生态韧性主要影响因素包括城市人口、富裕度、技术水平、环境污染、填海面积等.
3.1.3 从驱动因子影响重要性上看,区域富裕度(GDP、夜间灯光)是影响深圳市海岸带生态韧性的主要负向因素.环境污染(重点排污单位数量)、填海面积、人口密度等因素对深圳海岸带生态韧性也具有负面的影响.
3.1.4 万元GDP水耗的降低对区域生态韧性有正向影响,且有较高的弹性系数,意味着技术创新带来的经济高质量发展会对海岸带生态韧性产生较强的促进作用.
本研究可为海岸带精细化管理与生态韧性提升提供参考.针对深圳市海岸带生态韧性特征和主要影响因素,提出以下政策建议以提升海岸带生态韧性:一是推动高质量发展,建立绿色低碳循环经济体系,减少经济发展对资源环境的依赖度.二是强化海岸带单元分区管控,对于生态韧性较低、工业企业密集的西北部海岸带,逐步淘汰落后产能,开展重点行业污染治理行动,推动旧工业区整治提升,鼓励工业企业清洁生产技术升级,探索工业废水集中处理和委托处理等先进模式.对于生态韧性较高的东部海岸带,实施生态产业化,通过生态旅游和海洋新兴产业等绿色经济促进海岸带高质量发展和高水平保护.三是加强海岸带生态修复和管理,保护现有自然岸线和红树林、海藻场、珊瑚礁等海岸带典型生态系统,大力推进人工岸线生态化修复,严控围填海活动,开展围填海遗留生态问题的修复.四是城市存量更新过程中合理控制滨海开发强度,避免海岸带高强度开发造成的生态环境压力,通过高效建设绿色空间、绿道、碧道,增强海岸带区域对气候变化的适应能力.
本研究仍有值得进一步研究的问题.本研究在权重计算方法上选取德尔菲法,作为主观赋权法,对韧性评估结果不可避免带有一定的主观因素影响.客观赋权法能避免权重以及评估结果的主观因素影响,但更为适用于复杂体系的指标权重计算;当前指标体系也仍有改进空间.未来可继续完善海岸带生态韧性内涵理论,在此基础上纳入维度更为全面的适用性指标,采用主客观赋权法结合等方法兼顾权重的客观性与实际性,构建能进一步体现海岸带社会-生态复合系统生态韧性内涵的评估体系,并探索开展基于韧性过程和时间尺度上的海岸带生态韧性研究,加强生态韧性非线性因果分析、社会经济影响因素交互耦合机制的研究.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078004)
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(KCXFZ20211020164205009)
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(KCXST20221021111416039)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-24
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078004)
深圳市科技计划项目(KCXFZ20211020164205009)
深圳市科技计划项目(KCXST20221021111416039)
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    1.北京大学深圳研究院,广东 深圳 518057
    2.深圳市城市规划设计研究院股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518028

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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