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The tolerance to cyanobacterial blooms and the need for ecological safety vary spatially across different areas of lake and reservoir water sources (e.g., intake areas, lake/reservoir zones, bay areas), which requires more precise selection and application of emergency response technologies. Currently, there is a wide range of emergency response technologies available for cyanobacterial blooms, but selecting efficient and safe technologies that are tailored to the specific scenarios of lake and reservoir water sources presents a technical challenge for emergency responders. This study first details the theoretical foundations of current emergency response technologies for cyanobacterial blooms, focusing on three main aspects: rapid algae-water separation, environmental factor regulation, and physiological growth inhibition, providing a theoretical basis for technology application. Secondly, based on spatial heterogeneity, the study categorizes different treatment areas within lake and reservoir water sources: interception, skimming, filtration, and clear water dispatching for highly sensitive intake areas; aeration, pressurized algae control, ultrasonic, flotation, and magnetic separation technologies for lake/reservoir zones; and flocculation, modified clay, chemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, allelopathic plants, and microbial algae control for bay areas. Finally, the study comprehensively compares the technical requirements, advantages, duration of effectiveness, and application costs of these technologies in different water areas, providing a reference for the selection and development of emergency response technologies for cyanobacterial blooms in lake and reservoir water sources.

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湖库型水源地不同水域(取水口、湖/库区、湾区)对蓝藻水华灾害的容忍度以及对生态安全的需求具有空间异质性,对应急处置技术的过程选择与实际应用提出更为精准的技术要求.当前蓝藻水华应急处置技术种类繁多,面对湖库型水源地蓝藻水华暴发的特殊情景,如何针对不同水域选择高效且安全的应急处置技术是应急主体所面临的技术难题.本文首先从藻水快速分离、环境因素调节与生理生长抑制三个主要方面详细阐述当前蓝藻水华应急处置技术的理论基础,为技术筛选与应用选择提供理论依据;其次,按照空间异质性对湖库水源地不同处置区域进行划分,为高敏感取水口水域推荐拦截、打捞、过滤与引清调度等处置技术,为湖/库区梳理曝气推流、加压控藻、超声波、气浮与磁分离等处置技术,为湾区总结絮凝、改性粘土、化学氧化、光催化氧化、植物化感与微生物控藻等处置技术;最后,综合比选各项技术在不同水域施用的技术要求、技术优点、作用时间与应用成本等,为湖库型水源地蓝藻水华应急处置技术筛选与应用发展提供参考依据.

, correspAuthors=姚玲爱, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,高级工程师,
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蔡启佳(1994-),男,广东汕头人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水体生态修复与藻类水华治理.发表论文20余篇..

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蔡启佳(1994-),男,广东汕头人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水体生态修复与藻类水华治理.发表论文20余篇..

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蔡启佳(1994-),男,广东汕头人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水体生态修复与藻类水华治理.发表论文20余篇..

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Toxicon201486:51-58., articleTitle=Growth inhibition of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and degradation of its microcystin toxins by the fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241049988822790911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, awardId=SL2022A04J01045, language=CN, fundingSource=广州市科技计划项目(SL2022A04J01045), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241049989124780815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, awardId=2024-01, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省水利科技创新项目(2024-01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241049989233832726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, awardId=202B1212050010, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省科技计划项目(202B1212050010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049972200763475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049972217540692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, companyId=1241049972200763475, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Institute of Ecological and Environmental Emergency Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment), Guangzhou 510530, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049972225929301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, companyId=1241049972200763475, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=生态环境部华南环境科学研究所(生态环境部生态环境应急研究所)国家环境保护水环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510530)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241049985614148270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of emergency treatment technology selection in different water areas, figureFileSmall=O6X4szNlUomxUx54Y5pAMQ==, figureFileBig=Iu1yYzRUIoN6kFiswZPgqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049985714811578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水源地水体不同水域应急处置技术选用示意, figureFileSmall=O6X4szNlUomxUx54Y5pAMQ==, figureFileBig=Iu1yYzRUIoN6kFiswZPgqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049987941987035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Overview of emergency response technologies for cyanobacterial blooms in lake and reservoir water sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号技术类型适用水域技术简介技术要求技术优点作用时间技术风险应用成本
1拦截取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过围栏、格栅、柔性围格布等方法将蓝藻控制在局部区域,限制蓝藻水华的大规模扩散①拦截材料孔径尺寸需小于藻颗粒粒径,防止藻颗粒逸出;
②弥散性水华拦截深度需覆盖水华深度
防止水华蓝藻大面积扩散,拦截后便于采取措施集中处置拦截后立即发挥作用,用于水华发生早期,可长期使用无明显技术风险较低,主要是围隔原料与拦截设施施工费,如使用过程损坏,需要一定的维护费
2打捞取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过水面吸藻器、藻水分离站等设施/设备削减蓝藻生物量①打捞设备可安装在船上实现移动除藻;
②打捞后高藻水具有存放或处理场所;
③打捞适用表面聚集型水华
有效削减处置区域蓝藻生物量,易于操作实施后立即发挥作用,用于水华堆积出现早期或暴发后期浓藻水后续处置二次污染风险较低,人工打捞主要是劳务费;机械打捞主要是打捞设备费、能源动力费和少量劳务费
3过滤取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过过滤设施对高藻水进行过滤,将藻颗粒截留在设施内并转移到岸上,过滤后清水重新排回湖库①滤网孔径小于大部分藻颗粒粒径;
②滤网可连续过滤,不易堵塞;
③滤网耐受水力冲击,不易破损
快速收集目标水域蓝藻,操作简单,可连续运转实施后立即发挥作用,水华存在的全过程均可实施筛网或滤膜破损风险中等,主要是采购过滤设备费与设备运行费
4引清调度取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过水利调度方式引河道、渠道等清水对水华水域进行补水,同时排放部分高藻水,实现水华水体置换,改善水动力和水质条件①周边具有可调用的清洁水源;
②水华水域具备放水条件;
③下游无敏感水体,调度风险可控
大面积降低水华暴发区域蓝藻生物量,增大水动力条件,缓解水华蓝藻聚集,降低水体营养程度实施时间长,后期水华显著减轻放水后下游高藻水流域污染风险中等,主要是水利调度费
5曝气推流湖/库区+湾区通过推流或曝气设施/设备对目标水体进行推流或曝气作用,提高局部水域水动力,减缓蓝藻水华在水体表面大规模聚集①水压>0.3MPa;
②水深>5m
提高水动力,促进水体溶解氧交换,有利于上下水层混合,缓解表层水华聚集实施后立即发挥作用,水华在水面堆积过程可用沉积物扰动,内源释放污染风险中等,主要是曝气装置费与能源动力费
6高压控藻湖/库区+湾区利用气压/水压作用力使蓝藻细胞伪空胞发生破裂,不破坏蓝藻细胞壁和细胞膜结构,驱使蓝藻细胞自然沉降后衰亡①水华蓝藻优势种类型为伪空胞敏感型;
②局部区域水华推荐机械加压技术;
③长期大规模水华暴发水域可考虑深井加压,深井加压区需远离取水口,防范沉积物污染
使有水华蓝藻快速沉降,降低蓝藻活性,抑制藻类生长水华存在的全过程均可实施,需持续运行发挥作用藻体衰亡胞内物质释放风险,蓝藻再悬浮水华再次暴发风险机械加压成本中等,主要为燃油动力费和人工费.深井加压成本高,主要是工程建设费,少量能源动力费
7超声波湖/库区+湾区利用超声波空化作用破裂伪空胞,抑制蓝藻胞内活性,驱使蓝藻细胞沉降后衰亡①水华蓝藻优势种类型为伪空胞敏感型;
②超声波频率40~200kHz;
③超声周期设置宜短,避免局部水体升温
破坏藻类伪空胞,驱使蓝藻沉降,高强度超声技术可直接杀灭蓝藻实施后立即发挥作用,适用于水华发生全过程藻体衰亡胞内物质释放风险高,主要是超声波设备费与能源动力费
8气浮湖/库区+湾区通过气浮设备产生纳米级气泡附着于蓝藻颗粒表面,驱使藻颗粒漂浮聚集在水面,便于集中打捞①微气泡与藻颗粒接触附着效率要高;
②需打捞转移漂浮聚集的蓝藻
蓝藻大量上浮聚集后,易于集中收集,减少收集藻水体积,可连续自动控制实施后立即发挥作用,水华存在的全过程均可实施药剂残留风险高,主要是推流/曝气设备费与能源动力费
9磁分离湖/库区+湾区一般结合传统絮凝技术,利用添加的磁性材料形成可被磁场吸附去除的絮体,实现藻水快速分离①外加磁场可以有效吸附磁性絮体;
②磁性物质可回收循环使用
可实现藻水快速分离,磁性材料可回收并循环使用实施后立即发挥作用,可在水华发生全过程连续运行药剂残留风险较高,主要是絮凝和磁性材料费与少量劳务费
10人工降雨湖/库区+湾区基于空中作业或地面作业催雨,通过人为调节光照、温度与水动力条件,抑制蓝藻水华①具备云层降雨条件;
②具备飞行器或高射炮等作业条件
大面积快速抑制蓝藻过量生长与表面积聚行为降雨期间遏制水华形成,大规模降雨后可发挥引清调度效果云雨不足导致降雨条件不充分,应急处置效果不明显高,主要是飞行器或高射炮发射费
11遮光湖/库区+湾区在水华水面覆盖遮光材料,抑制蓝藻光合作用与迁移能力,防范蓝藻水华暴发①具备大面积覆盖遮光材料;
②具备大面积遮光条件(小型湖库)
快速抑制蓝藻光合作用过程与感光垂直迁移能力覆盖期间均可以维持效果遮光导致的水生态系统失衡风险高,主要是遮光材料费与少量劳务费
12絮凝湾区通过添加絮凝剂对水华蓝藻进行絮凝,促使其絮凝后沉降减少表面聚集①原位试验确认投加条件、剂量与工况;
②采用动力装置或依靠高压水枪喷洒提供混合动力
快速除藻,藻体脱稳聚集后易于分离.无机絮凝剂可使藻体原位沉降,有机絮凝剂可形成紧固絮体,易于集中清除实施后立即发挥作用,单次使用可抑制水华约3~7d药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较低,主要是絮凝药剂费与少量劳务费
13化学氧化湾区利用化学氧化作用抑制蓝藻生理活性①原位试验确定投加条件、剂量与工况;
②优先选择环境友好型氧化剂;
③避免藻类胞内物质释放
快速沉降,快速杀灭蓝藻实施后立即发挥作用,单次使用可抑制水华约3~7d药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较低,主要是化学氧化材料费与少量劳务费
14光催化氧化湾区利用石墨烯、二氧化钛等光催化材料产生自由基氧化消除藻细胞,不用额外添加溶解性氧化剂①原位试验试验确认去除率>80%;
②水华作用区域光照充足
产生自由基快速灭活藻类实施后立即发挥作用,工程设施后可长期运行发挥作用水生态系统失衡风险高,主要是光催化工程建设费和材料费
15植物化感作用湾区使用高等水生植物提取物或释放物抑制蓝藻生长①原位试验确定投加条件与剂量;
②综合评估提取物对水生态系统影响风险
影响蓝藻细胞光合系统,破坏蓝藻细胞结构后大量衰亡实施后1~7d内发挥效果药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较高,主要是植物化感材料费和少量劳务费
16微生物控藻湾区通过投放溶藻菌等微生物灭藻,溶藻菌等微生物以藻体为食物,可连续生长繁殖至藻类消灭①原位试验确定投加条件与剂量;
②综合评估投加微生物对水生态系统影响风险
裂解藻类,消耗水体营养物质,部分代谢产物可使蓝藻聚集沉降.实施后1~7d内发挥效果药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较低,主要是微生物药剂材料费和少量劳务费
), ArticleFig(id=1241049988361417450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049969210225603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

湖库型水源地蓝藻水华应急处置技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号技术类型适用水域技术简介技术要求技术优点作用时间技术风险应用成本
1拦截取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过围栏、格栅、柔性围格布等方法将蓝藻控制在局部区域,限制蓝藻水华的大规模扩散①拦截材料孔径尺寸需小于藻颗粒粒径,防止藻颗粒逸出;
②弥散性水华拦截深度需覆盖水华深度
防止水华蓝藻大面积扩散,拦截后便于采取措施集中处置拦截后立即发挥作用,用于水华发生早期,可长期使用无明显技术风险较低,主要是围隔原料与拦截设施施工费,如使用过程损坏,需要一定的维护费
2打捞取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过水面吸藻器、藻水分离站等设施/设备削减蓝藻生物量①打捞设备可安装在船上实现移动除藻;
②打捞后高藻水具有存放或处理场所;
③打捞适用表面聚集型水华
有效削减处置区域蓝藻生物量,易于操作实施后立即发挥作用,用于水华堆积出现早期或暴发后期浓藻水后续处置二次污染风险较低,人工打捞主要是劳务费;机械打捞主要是打捞设备费、能源动力费和少量劳务费
3过滤取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过过滤设施对高藻水进行过滤,将藻颗粒截留在设施内并转移到岸上,过滤后清水重新排回湖库①滤网孔径小于大部分藻颗粒粒径;
②滤网可连续过滤,不易堵塞;
③滤网耐受水力冲击,不易破损
快速收集目标水域蓝藻,操作简单,可连续运转实施后立即发挥作用,水华存在的全过程均可实施筛网或滤膜破损风险中等,主要是采购过滤设备费与设备运行费
4引清调度取水口+湖/库区+湾区通过水利调度方式引河道、渠道等清水对水华水域进行补水,同时排放部分高藻水,实现水华水体置换,改善水动力和水质条件①周边具有可调用的清洁水源;
②水华水域具备放水条件;
③下游无敏感水体,调度风险可控
大面积降低水华暴发区域蓝藻生物量,增大水动力条件,缓解水华蓝藻聚集,降低水体营养程度实施时间长,后期水华显著减轻放水后下游高藻水流域污染风险中等,主要是水利调度费
5曝气推流湖/库区+湾区通过推流或曝气设施/设备对目标水体进行推流或曝气作用,提高局部水域水动力,减缓蓝藻水华在水体表面大规模聚集①水压>0.3MPa;
②水深>5m
提高水动力,促进水体溶解氧交换,有利于上下水层混合,缓解表层水华聚集实施后立即发挥作用,水华在水面堆积过程可用沉积物扰动,内源释放污染风险中等,主要是曝气装置费与能源动力费
6高压控藻湖/库区+湾区利用气压/水压作用力使蓝藻细胞伪空胞发生破裂,不破坏蓝藻细胞壁和细胞膜结构,驱使蓝藻细胞自然沉降后衰亡①水华蓝藻优势种类型为伪空胞敏感型;
②局部区域水华推荐机械加压技术;
③长期大规模水华暴发水域可考虑深井加压,深井加压区需远离取水口,防范沉积物污染
使有水华蓝藻快速沉降,降低蓝藻活性,抑制藻类生长水华存在的全过程均可实施,需持续运行发挥作用藻体衰亡胞内物质释放风险,蓝藻再悬浮水华再次暴发风险机械加压成本中等,主要为燃油动力费和人工费.深井加压成本高,主要是工程建设费,少量能源动力费
7超声波湖/库区+湾区利用超声波空化作用破裂伪空胞,抑制蓝藻胞内活性,驱使蓝藻细胞沉降后衰亡①水华蓝藻优势种类型为伪空胞敏感型;
②超声波频率40~200kHz;
③超声周期设置宜短,避免局部水体升温
破坏藻类伪空胞,驱使蓝藻沉降,高强度超声技术可直接杀灭蓝藻实施后立即发挥作用,适用于水华发生全过程藻体衰亡胞内物质释放风险高,主要是超声波设备费与能源动力费
8气浮湖/库区+湾区通过气浮设备产生纳米级气泡附着于蓝藻颗粒表面,驱使藻颗粒漂浮聚集在水面,便于集中打捞①微气泡与藻颗粒接触附着效率要高;
②需打捞转移漂浮聚集的蓝藻
蓝藻大量上浮聚集后,易于集中收集,减少收集藻水体积,可连续自动控制实施后立即发挥作用,水华存在的全过程均可实施药剂残留风险高,主要是推流/曝气设备费与能源动力费
9磁分离湖/库区+湾区一般结合传统絮凝技术,利用添加的磁性材料形成可被磁场吸附去除的絮体,实现藻水快速分离①外加磁场可以有效吸附磁性絮体;
②磁性物质可回收循环使用
可实现藻水快速分离,磁性材料可回收并循环使用实施后立即发挥作用,可在水华发生全过程连续运行药剂残留风险较高,主要是絮凝和磁性材料费与少量劳务费
10人工降雨湖/库区+湾区基于空中作业或地面作业催雨,通过人为调节光照、温度与水动力条件,抑制蓝藻水华①具备云层降雨条件;
②具备飞行器或高射炮等作业条件
大面积快速抑制蓝藻过量生长与表面积聚行为降雨期间遏制水华形成,大规模降雨后可发挥引清调度效果云雨不足导致降雨条件不充分,应急处置效果不明显高,主要是飞行器或高射炮发射费
11遮光湖/库区+湾区在水华水面覆盖遮光材料,抑制蓝藻光合作用与迁移能力,防范蓝藻水华暴发①具备大面积覆盖遮光材料;
②具备大面积遮光条件(小型湖库)
快速抑制蓝藻光合作用过程与感光垂直迁移能力覆盖期间均可以维持效果遮光导致的水生态系统失衡风险高,主要是遮光材料费与少量劳务费
12絮凝湾区通过添加絮凝剂对水华蓝藻进行絮凝,促使其絮凝后沉降减少表面聚集①原位试验确认投加条件、剂量与工况;
②采用动力装置或依靠高压水枪喷洒提供混合动力
快速除藻,藻体脱稳聚集后易于分离.无机絮凝剂可使藻体原位沉降,有机絮凝剂可形成紧固絮体,易于集中清除实施后立即发挥作用,单次使用可抑制水华约3~7d药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较低,主要是絮凝药剂费与少量劳务费
13化学氧化湾区利用化学氧化作用抑制蓝藻生理活性①原位试验确定投加条件、剂量与工况;
②优先选择环境友好型氧化剂;
③避免藻类胞内物质释放
快速沉降,快速杀灭蓝藻实施后立即发挥作用,单次使用可抑制水华约3~7d药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较低,主要是化学氧化材料费与少量劳务费
14光催化氧化湾区利用石墨烯、二氧化钛等光催化材料产生自由基氧化消除藻细胞,不用额外添加溶解性氧化剂①原位试验试验确认去除率>80%;
②水华作用区域光照充足
产生自由基快速灭活藻类实施后立即发挥作用,工程设施后可长期运行发挥作用水生态系统失衡风险高,主要是光催化工程建设费和材料费
15植物化感作用湾区使用高等水生植物提取物或释放物抑制蓝藻生长①原位试验确定投加条件与剂量;
②综合评估提取物对水生态系统影响风险
影响蓝藻细胞光合系统,破坏蓝藻细胞结构后大量衰亡实施后1~7d内发挥效果药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较高,主要是植物化感材料费和少量劳务费
16微生物控藻湾区通过投放溶藻菌等微生物灭藻,溶藻菌等微生物以藻体为食物,可连续生长繁殖至藻类消灭①原位试验确定投加条件与剂量;
②综合评估投加微生物对水生态系统影响风险
裂解藻类,消耗水体营养物质,部分代谢产物可使蓝藻聚集沉降.实施后1~7d内发挥效果药剂残留风险和水生态系统失衡风险较低,主要是微生物药剂材料费和少量劳务费
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湖库型水源地蓝藻水华应急处置技术研究进展
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蔡启佳 , 马千里 , 苟婷 , 梁荣昌 , 陈思莉 , 黄大伟 , 赵瑞 , 冯雁辉 , 姚玲爱 *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(1): 390-405
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(1): 390-405
湖库型水源地蓝藻水华应急处置技术研究进展
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蔡启佳 , 马千里, 苟婷, 梁荣昌, 陈思莉, 黄大伟, 赵瑞, 冯雁辉, 姚玲爱*
作者信息
  • 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所(生态环境部生态环境应急研究所)国家环境保护水环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510530
  • 蔡启佳(1994-),男,广东汕头人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事水体生态修复与藻类水华治理.发表论文20余篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,高级工程师,
Process on emergency treatment technology of cyanobacterial blooms in Lacustrine/reservoir water sources
Qi-jia CAI , Qian-li MA, Ting GOU, Rong-chang LIANG, Si-li CHEN, Da-wei HUANG, Rui ZHAO, Yan-hui FENG, Ling-ai YAO*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Institute of Ecological and Environmental Emergency Research, Ministry of Ecology and Environment), Guangzhou 510530, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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湖库型水源地不同水域(取水口、湖/库区、湾区)对蓝藻水华灾害的容忍度以及对生态安全的需求具有空间异质性,对应急处置技术的过程选择与实际应用提出更为精准的技术要求.当前蓝藻水华应急处置技术种类繁多,面对湖库型水源地蓝藻水华暴发的特殊情景,如何针对不同水域选择高效且安全的应急处置技术是应急主体所面临的技术难题.本文首先从藻水快速分离、环境因素调节与生理生长抑制三个主要方面详细阐述当前蓝藻水华应急处置技术的理论基础,为技术筛选与应用选择提供理论依据;其次,按照空间异质性对湖库水源地不同处置区域进行划分,为高敏感取水口水域推荐拦截、打捞、过滤与引清调度等处置技术,为湖/库区梳理曝气推流、加压控藻、超声波、气浮与磁分离等处置技术,为湾区总结絮凝、改性粘土、化学氧化、光催化氧化、植物化感与微生物控藻等处置技术;最后,综合比选各项技术在不同水域施用的技术要求、技术优点、作用时间与应用成本等,为湖库型水源地蓝藻水华应急处置技术筛选与应用发展提供参考依据.

湖库型水源地  /  蓝藻水华  /  应急处置  /  区域控藻  /  生态风险

The tolerance to cyanobacterial blooms and the need for ecological safety vary spatially across different areas of lake and reservoir water sources (e.g., intake areas, lake/reservoir zones, bay areas), which requires more precise selection and application of emergency response technologies. Currently, there is a wide range of emergency response technologies available for cyanobacterial blooms, but selecting efficient and safe technologies that are tailored to the specific scenarios of lake and reservoir water sources presents a technical challenge for emergency responders. This study first details the theoretical foundations of current emergency response technologies for cyanobacterial blooms, focusing on three main aspects: rapid algae-water separation, environmental factor regulation, and physiological growth inhibition, providing a theoretical basis for technology application. Secondly, based on spatial heterogeneity, the study categorizes different treatment areas within lake and reservoir water sources: interception, skimming, filtration, and clear water dispatching for highly sensitive intake areas; aeration, pressurized algae control, ultrasonic, flotation, and magnetic separation technologies for lake/reservoir zones; and flocculation, modified clay, chemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, allelopathic plants, and microbial algae control for bay areas. Finally, the study comprehensively compares the technical requirements, advantages, duration of effectiveness, and application costs of these technologies in different water areas, providing a reference for the selection and development of emergency response technologies for cyanobacterial blooms in lake and reservoir water sources.

lake and reservoir water sources  /  cyanobacterial blooms  /  emergency response  /  regional cyanobacterial controlling  /  ecological risk
蔡启佳, 马千里, 苟婷, 梁荣昌, 陈思莉, 黄大伟, 赵瑞, 冯雁辉, 姚玲爱. 湖库型水源地蓝藻水华应急处置技术研究进展. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 390 -405 .
Qi-jia CAI, Qian-li MA, Ting GOU, Rong-chang LIANG, Si-li CHEN, Da-wei HUANG, Rui ZHAO, Yan-hui FENG, Ling-ai YAO. Process on emergency treatment technology of cyanobacterial blooms in Lacustrine/reservoir water sources[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 390 -405 .
浮游藻类是水生态系统中的初级生产者,对维持水生态系统结构与功能发挥重要作用.随着经济社会快速发展,大量氮磷污染物进入自然水体,富营养化加剧,水中部分藻类尤其有害蓝藻过量繁殖,引发水华,导致水质恶化、藻毒素与异味物质增多,威胁水源地供水安全[1-2].伴随全球气候变暖,水华问题的暴发频率与危害程度与日俱增[3].自20世纪80年代以来,全球68%大型湖库蓝藻水华强度增加[2,4].Huang等通过分析国内58个具有长序列水质数据的湖库(含滇池、太湖、巢湖、鄱阳湖、洪泽湖、洞庭湖等),发现蓝藻水华面积从2013年的665.2km2增加至2018年的775.4km2,增幅约16.6%[5].2022年我国生态环境状况公报数据显示,在开展营养状态监测的重要湖库中,中富营养状态湖库占比达90.2%[6].流域氮磷污染综合治理是化解湖库型蓝藻水华的根本举措[7],但治理难度大且周期长,湖库富营养化问题难以快速根除[8],蓝藻水华暴发风险难以防控,水源地供水安全存在隐患,亟需寻求并筛选精准高效的应急处置技术以快速应对蓝藻水华带来的生态安全危机[9].
湖库型水源地在取水口、湖/库区以及湾区对蓝藻水华的容忍度与供水安全的敏感度依次降低,对应急处置的需求存在明显差异:取水口水域需要在短时间内有效清除蓝藻水华,不能对供水安全带来威胁,对供水安全要求最高;湖/库区水域范围广,对取水口水域影响程度高,一旦处置不当,易危及取水口供水安全;湾区水域是水源地蓝藻水华高发区,该水域水力停留时间长,易于蓝藻大量堆积,对供水安全要求较取水口和湖/库区水域偏低,应急处置技术选择较为宽泛.本研究拟基于湖库型水源地不同水域蓝藻水华应急处置技术的实际需求,综合考虑应急处置技术的时效性、安全性、稳定性、规范性、经济性等实际问题,重点梳理适用于当前湖库型水源地的蓝藻水华应急处置技术,为湖库型水源地应急处置技术筛选与应用发展提供参考.
蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)是一种原核生物,具有从单细胞到藻丝体或群体的复杂结构[7].它们是地球上最古老的光合生物之一,能通过光合作用积累有机物与释放氧气[10].蓝藻的生长繁殖速度非常快,在适宜的光照、温度、水动力、营养盐(如氮、磷)等环境条件下[4],能够在短时间内形成水华,对水生态系统和人类活动造成重大影响[11].蓝藻水华的发生看似具有突发性,实际上是蓝藻优势种在适宜的营养条件与水文气象条件下大量生长繁殖,生物量累积至一定程度后堆聚产生的,因此又具有累积性特征.针对蓝藻水华暴发的复杂属性,过去几十年学者们开展了不同条件下的应急处置技术理论研究,在此基础上,将蓝藻水华应急处置技术理论主要分成藻水快速分离、环境因素调节和生理生长抑制三个方面[12-16].
藻水快速分离理论是通过系列技术措施,直接将蓝藻从水体中快速分离开来,分离后使原水域蓝藻生物量快速削减,表面蓝藻水华迅速消散的过程.蓝藻水华因蓝藻大量堆积而暴发,藻水快速分离是控制蓝藻水华大规模暴发的有效途径.目前常用的藻水分离应急处置技术主要分成原位处置技术与异位处置技术两大类.原位处置技术以保护水源水为目标,在水体原位直接实施相关分离措施,达到直接削减藻类生物量的目的,例如:拦截、打捞、过滤、絮凝、气浮、磁分离等处置技术[13].异位处置技术主要是将水华水体转移到水域外进行有效处理,蓝藻消除后再转回原处.常见的异位处置技术,大多数先将水体转移至净水厂内,采用絮凝沉淀过滤工艺将蓝藻从水体中去除[17],或考虑在湖/库周边搭建藻水分离站[18],实施藻水分离后再将原水返回至自然水体.异位处置技术的实施成本一般较高,更适用于水华水域面积较小的情况,对于实际应用中面临的大规模蓝藻水华,异位处置技术的应用空间较小.因此,藻水分离原位处置技术在实际应急处置过程中被越来越多的研究者采用.Wang等[19]在滇池示范区应用微滤控藻技术,实现藻水快速分离后,水体叶绿素a浓度明显降低,透明度显著提升.Cong等[20]应用加压控藻技术破坏藻类伪空胞结构调节其在水层中的悬浮状态,将藻类从表层驱赶至光限制层,促使藻类消亡,进而实现藻水快速分离.此外,藻水分离方法还可以影响水体中营养盐的循环和重新分配,部分藻类携带的营养物质离开水层后,随着外源污染输入速率低于控藻过程中的营养物质转移速率,蓝藻生长繁殖能力受限,降低水华暴发风险.生物量的削减还会影响整个水生态系统,如藻类群落结构受到影响,从而改变蓝藻优势地位.
蓝藻生长至形成水华的过程由休眠、复苏、生长、上浮聚集四个阶段组成[21],在后两个阶段,光合作用和细胞分裂所需要的物质与能量决定蓝藻的生长状况,而在具备适宜的气象、水文环境条件时,已经在水体中积累至一定生物量的蓝藻上浮到水面并大量聚集形成水华.蓝藻形成水华的行为促进了蓝藻的光合作用和最佳生长过程,同时限制水下非蓝藻的藻类群落光照资源.光合作用是蓝藻能量和生物质积累的主要途径,在光照强度≤500lux条件下铜绿微囊藻的生长受到明显的抑制并呈衰亡趋势[22].温度是蓝藻进行光合作用与代谢活动的必要条件,水温偏低时,蓝藻代谢活动减弱,积累糖原使细胞比重增加,且伪空胞倾向于破裂,蓝藻细胞不易上浮[23].水动力调节体现在对藻水的物理稀释作用以及其他效应如削弱热分层、增加浊度等[24],长时间的持续扰动作用或增加水体流速会明显抑制蓝藻的聚集与生长[25].因此,强降水、降温、大风、泄洪等气象或水文因素的骤变,或者通过改变水环境中影响蓝藻生长的光照强度、水温、流速等环境因素开展蓝藻水华应急处置,也是控制蓝藻水华大规模暴发的有效手段.人工降雨是人为影响气象变化的重要手段,有研究表明,降雨对水华的消退作用显著,降雨后叶绿素a浓度明显下降,且能在较长时间内保持较低水平,且不会再次迅速暴发水华[26-27].此外,引清调度、遮光处理、曝气推流等应急处置技术的理论基础,均是通过快速调节环境因素抑制蓝藻暴发生长,使水华得到有效遏制.通过调节环境因素控制湖库型水源地蓝藻水华具有很高的安全性和时效性,但环境因素调节的应急处置技术更多的依赖于天时地利条件,如人工降雨依赖于多云天气,引清调度依赖于清水来源,遮光技术受限于遮光水域面积等,还需要研究者开展更多的理论探索和实践应用.
蓝藻细胞可以形成水华的特殊生理结构基础是其拥有充满气体的中空蛋白质结构伪空胞,伪空胞为蓝藻提供浮力使它们可以在水体表面聚集[28];蓝藻细胞可以像植物一样利用二氧化碳进行光合作用,为了保证二氧化碳的高效固定,蓝藻已经进化出多种二氧化碳浓缩机制[29];蓝藻含有大量的藻胆素,与蛋白质结合在一起形成藻胆蛋白,藻胆蛋白可以吸收其他藻类一般不能利用的绿、黄和橙光,扩大了蓝藻对光谱的吸收范围等[30].这一系列蓝藻细胞特有的结构和功能特征,使得其在生态竞争中更容易获得优势地位,进而爆发性生长.大多数研究者认为,对蓝藻水华的形成起重要作用的因素包括蓝藻自身的生理特点和适宜的环境因素[7,12].因此,从生理生长抑制角度开展蓝藻水华应急处置技术研究,可以从蓝藻内在本质上抑制水华大规模暴发.一般来说,抑制蓝藻生理生长细胞代谢的环境胁迫效应具有不同作用方式,物理法中,超声波、光催化氧化等技术影响蓝藻代谢活性;化学法中,有机化学品或氧化剂可以与蓝藻细胞发生化学反应,破坏藻细胞内部结构或功能完整性[31-33];生物法中,植物化感物质与溶藻菌可以通过生物作用或者天然化学物质抑制蓝藻生长代谢过程[34-35].不同的环境胁迫条件,一般主要攻击蓝藻细胞内蛋白质、核酸与脂质等生物大分子结构,造成蓝藻细胞代谢受到显著抑制[36].此外,不同的环境胁迫条件还可以通过直接降低蓝藻细胞的酶活性来有效抑制细胞代谢,Wang等[37]发现溶藻菌可以造成蓝藻细胞碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低,进而影响蓝藻对营养物质的吸收代谢能力.蓝藻细胞受到胁迫后,细胞结构如细胞膜可能发生过氧化反应产生大量丙二醛,稳定性降低,细胞内含物外渗破裂以致死亡[38].需要注意的是,部分生理抑制理论支持的应急处置技术可能致使蓝藻细胞膜破裂引起藻毒素释放,威胁供水安全,需引起高度重视.
湖库型水源地不同水域如取水口、湖/库区与湾区对蓝藻水华应急处置技术需求不尽相同.基于应急处置效果与供水安全需求,不同水域对应急处置技术选用的时效性、安全性、稳定性、经济性等存在明显差异.因此,以空间异质性作为分类依据,有助于针对性地筛选与应用应急处置技术.
水源地取水口水域范围相对较小,藻水处理较为集中,但是对蓝藻水华风险与供水安全最为敏感,对应急处置技术的时效性、稳定性与安全性要求较高.蓝藻水华发生时,要求短期内有效控制水华暴发,主要采用藻水快速分离技术如拦截、打捞、过滤,以及环境因素调节技术如引清调度等.
围隔拦截技术最初是针对油污泄露而开发的,随后被引入湖库水华的防控实践研究[39].针对取水口水域蓝藻水华,可采用不透水或细密网孔的拦截材料围挡取水口,将水华有效拦截在距取水口一定距离的水域外,防止高藻水侵入取水口.太湖牵龙口水厂水源地根据水厂日取水量与围隔区水力停留时间,建立2.1km2围隔区防止蓝藻水华向取水口扩散[40].拦截技术根据蓝藻水华类型可分为表层拦截与深层拦截,聚集性蓝藻水华暴发时在水面堆积大量蓝藻,拦截材料深度应满足对表层浓藻水拦截;弥散性蓝藻水华暴发时蓝藻不会上浮聚集,蓝藻颗粒均匀弥散在水体中、上层[41],应使用深层拦截技术,拦截材料深度需满足对中上层藻水的拦截.
打捞分为人工打捞和机械打捞.小区域范围出现蓝藻水华时,可以使用人工打捞技术.人工打捞组织迅速,成本较低,但同时处置效率也偏低.如果水华规模较大,建议使用机械打捞技术.机械打捞依靠水泵实现藻类打捞.钱盘生等在太湖竺山湾部署了120台流量为50m3/h的吸藻泵,每天最大打捞量可达9.6万m3[42].打捞后的藻浆面临转移与处置的难题,包括脱水成本、运输成本与生态风险等问题[42-43].
过滤是指藻水通过多孔介质后,藻细胞截留在介质上,滤液经介质孔隙流出,从而将藻细胞从藻水中分离的过程[44-46].过滤技术一般占地面积小,且无二次污染[47].过滤技术主要包括筛式过滤(叠筛、振筛、转鼓、砂滤等,孔径通常超过10μm)与膜式过滤(孔径通常低于1μm),筛式过滤处理量高于膜式过滤,但过滤效率较低[48].当蓝藻颗粒粒径较大时,可以选用筛式过滤技术.李文朝等开发仿鳃耙过滤浓缩除藻技术(叠筛式),每天藻水处理量达2.4万m3[49].当蓝藻颗粒粒径小于机械过滤介质的孔径,机械过滤处理效率不足,Wang等[50]在滇池蓝藻水华处置中使用孔径为35μm的转鼓过滤机,藻水日处理量达2.16万m3,但出水Chl a浓度仍超20μg/L.膜式过滤以微滤膜、纳滤膜或超滤膜为过滤介质,介质孔径远小于蓝藻颗粒粒径,过滤效率高.吴晓甜等利用孔径为100nm的陶瓷膜进行多周期微藻过滤,藻细胞截留率达84%~98%[51],膜式过滤过程存在膜污染、膜堵塞和膜通量衰减等问题,处置成本较高[46].尽管有研究尝试优化膜过滤工艺以降低过滤成本,其经济可行性仍难以实现[52].
引清调度通过水流作用改善水体水动力条件,稀释并驱散大量集中生长的蓝藻细胞,可快速削减水华水域的蓝藻生物量,持续的引清调度工作还可以减缓水体富营养化过程,抑制蓝藻过量生长.研究表明,云贵高原“滇中引水”工程对滇池Chl a的削减幅度为19%,可以缓解滇池蓝藻水华态势[53];东部地区“引江济太”工程也可以降低太湖贡湖湾夏季的蓝藻细胞密度[54].Lu等通过持续引水调度使竹仙洞水库的水力停留时间<5d,成功抑制蓝藻生长[24].引清调度技术可操作性高,生态风险低,但该技术要求具备清洁来水条件.针对我国目前水源地缺水现状,涉及跨区域调水以及短期内大规模水量调用较难实现.引清调度技术利用现在水利设施,经济投入成本主要与输水距离呈正相关关系.滇池牛栏江引水工程每公里输水距离能耗是0.0058kW⋅h/m3,随着输水距离的增加,引清调度的能耗显著升高[19].在选用引清调度技术控制蓝藻水华时,需谨慎考虑高藻水团迁移对流域下游敏感水体的影响,避免下游出现新的蓝藻水华现象.
湖/库区水域一般具有水域面积广、水体较深等特点,一旦暴发大规模蓝藻水华,对取水口供水安全构成威胁.湖/库区水域应急处置技术的选择,在具备调水/放水条件时,应优先通过引清调度/水利调控技术大面积降低水体蓝藻生物量(曝气推流技术可以在局部水域实现引清调度技术的部分功能),同时辅以其他应急处置技术提高蓝藻水华应急处置效果.一般可以采用原位沉降技术如加压控藻、超声波控藻等,局部使用气浮、磁分离等技术综合实现藻水快速分离.人工降雨等环境因素调节技术在理论上具备控藻潜力,但由于技术选用的局限性,在实际应用中相关研究鲜有报道.
曝气推流技术主要通过局部水流推动作用,增强水体流动性,通过改善水动力驱散或稀释蓝藻水华.持续的曝气推流技术可以有效抑制局部水域蓝藻水华,减缓蓝藻爆发性生长.黄廷林等在周村水库采用曝气推流技术,蓝藻水华优势种生物量显著减少[55].茜坑水库示范区曝气推流工程运行一个月后,藻类去除率达65%,年均能耗为0.058kW⋅h/m3,接近运输距离为10km的引清调度工程能耗[19,56].一般来说,曝气推流工程技术的施工强度较引清调度工程规模小,在局部水域蓝藻水华的调控上具有简便高效的技术优势.然而,深层的曝气推流技术可能引发水源地沉积物中的污染物释放,形成二次污染,对水质与水生生物产生不良影响,该技术应用局限于水深大于10m的深水型湖库[14,57].
当蓝藻细胞所承受的环境压力高于其伪空胞所能承受的临界压力时,藻细胞中的伪空胞发生破裂(细胞壁或细胞膜不发生破裂),蓝藻被动沉降至湖库底层,在无光或弱光条件下自然衰亡,从而降低水华蓝藻生物量.伪空胞在超过其临界压力时即可迅速破裂,例如微囊藻的伪空胞临界破裂压力在0.64~0.67mPa之间,微囊藻细胞受压30s以上,藻细胞去除率可达98.01%[58],而浮丝藻伪空胞临界压力约为0.72mPa[59],加压处置后去除效率不显著.加压控藻技术的有效性依赖水华蓝藻优势种类型.在实际应用中,加压控藻技术主要包括机械加压(气压)与深井加压(水压)两种作用方式.丛海兵等利用机械加压方式,使微囊藻伪空胞发生破裂,去除效率可达82.70%,加压设备能耗为0.0023kW⋅h/m3,这种加压装置可以安装在船上,具有方便灵活的应急处置优点[20].深井加压方式基于连通器原理,使高藻水下潜至水面70m以下或更深深度,借助水压致使蓝藻细胞伪空胞发生破裂,该技术处理量可达1.8万m3/h,且能耗较低,但该技术只能作用在固定水域,适用于蓝藻水华长期暴发的重点区域.相关研究表明,加压控藻技术在适宜的压力条件下,技术本身不会造成细胞壁或细胞膜发生破裂[60],但藻细胞衰亡沉降后可能存在胞内有害物质释放的风险,杨翠萍等发现微囊藻在水底滞留3d后自然衰亡可释放部分胞内毒素,因此该技术的选择还需防范生态风险[58].
该技术利用超声波(频率>20kHz)在传播介质中产生的机械效应与空化效应,破坏蓝藻细胞的结构与功能,致使蓝藻生物量降低.例如,超声波可以对蓝藻细胞内的伪空胞产生共振响应,促使伪空胞破裂[61].该技术使用时应避免超声波过强引发蓝藻细胞破裂释放胞内有害物质.有研究表明,控制微囊藻水华的超声波最优频率在40~200kHz之间[61].陈贺林等[61]使用超声波(40kHz)辐照蓝藻,当超声波功率密度为16.7W/L时,伪空胞的破坏率与藻细胞的沉降率分别为84%和80%,能耗约0.0232kW⋅h/m3.闫莉[63]在水库设置约1600m2水域利用超声共振设备(功率5W,辐照半轴90~180m)处置蓝藻,处置后蓝藻生物量降低约39.9%.陈矜等[64]认为超声波在自然水体易于空化,声压需达到105Pa才能有较好的控藻效果,实际处置中该能耗成本较高.从生物安全角度看,储昭升等研究发现低功率(0.08W/L)超声波辐照对浮游动物、鱼类和沉水植物的生长无显著影响[65],Zhou等[66]研究发现频率高于50kHz或强度高于400mW/cm2的超声波会增加水中青石斑鱼的死亡率.
气浮技术(DAF)通过产生微气泡并附着在蓝藻颗粒表面,驱使蓝藻颗粒上浮聚集于水面[67].该技术用于处理在自然条件下易于上浮的蓝藻[68-69],处置能耗约3.8~7.6kW⋅h/m3,处置成本高[70],气浮处置效率取决于气泡与蓝藻细胞的接触效率与附着能力.微气泡的大小在DAF中起到关键作用,随着微气泡直径减小,气泡与藻细胞碰撞附着效率显著提高,从而获得更高的去除率[71].如果藻细胞对接触到的微气泡附着能力不稳定,将直接导致蓝藻细胞去除效果下降,有研究通过添加硫酸铝或者两性壳聚糖提高气泡的正电性以增强藻细胞的去除效果[68,72].Féris等[73]以表面活性剂降低气泡表面张力实现附着效率的提升,改性气泡具备静电作用、架桥作用或疏水缔合作用.
该技术通过向水体中投放磁种、混凝剂、助凝剂或其他改性材料,赋予藻细胞絮体磁性,基于静电作用、介孔吸附、架桥网捕以及对磁场的高磁响应等方式,将藻细胞从水中分离,实现水华蓝藻快速去除,同时将磁种回收[74-75].磁分离技术的磁性材料一般为四氧化三铁(Fe3O4),同时辅助阳离子官能团,如金属盐或阳离子有机物进行改性,以提高磁性材料的处置效果.有研究表明,加载阳离子聚电解质的棒状氧化铁磁性纳米颗粒可在3min内分离90%的藻细胞[76].蔡炎等[77]利用生物质碳作为磁种材料,可以去除高浓度藻水中95%的藻类,能耗为0.060kW⋅h/m3.Ge等对Fe3O4-ZnO磁性材料表面涂覆硬脂酸,藻类形成絮体后,可使用紫外照射将磁性材料从絮体脱离回收[78].考虑磁性材料及其改性材料的处置成本问题,在磁分离技术使用过程中如何进行高效的蓝藻与磁性材料回收或磁性材料优化是当前该技术研究的主要方向.
其他环境调节技术一般包括人工降雨控藻技术和遮光抑藻技术等,通过人为调节光照、温度、水动力等环境因素,从而快速抑制蓝藻水华的应急处置技术.人工降雨控藻技术主要是指通过空中作业(飞行器)或者地面作业(高射炮)向云中播撒催化剂(盐粉、干冰或碘化银等)使云滴或冰晶增大到一定程度,形成局部降雨,以降低水体温度、改善水动力条件、减弱光照等,进而抑制适宜藻类生长的环境条件.降雨已被证明可以快速消减水体蓝藻水华,部分重要水源地管理部门也具备人工降雨作业技术能力.由于该技术实施成本高,频次低,且雨云资源与降雨条件重复性差,较难获得研究数据.遮光抑藻技术主要通过在水面覆盖遮光材料,直接限制光照条件抑制蓝藻生长[79].受到遮光材料使用面积限制,该技术一般适用于小型水体.太湖与滇池均开展过遮光抑藻技术的局部试验:太湖试验结果在遮光率大于50%时,藻类生物量显著降低;滇池试验结果在遮光率达85%时,反而有助于藻类生长[80-81].因此,遮光抑藻技术的有效性受限于不同水体的差异性,且不同水体处置效果不稳定.在水源地水面铺设大规模遮光材料难度大、成本高,对其他水生生物的潜在生态风险也不容忽视,需慎重选择.
湖库型水源地湾区的水动力条件差,营养物质容易聚集,是蓝藻水华高频高发区.对于远离取水口的湾区水域,可短期采用絮凝、改性粘土、化学氧化、化感控藻、光催化氧化与微生物控藻等应急处置技术.对于距离取水口较近的湾区,为了确保供水安全,推荐参考取水口应急处置技术.
絮凝技术基于静电中和、分子架桥与卷扫网捕等机制实现水中游离藻类颗粒的聚集与沉降,是一种较为经济可行且工艺成熟的蓝藻水华应急处置技术[15,82-83].蓝藻形成絮体后尺寸明显增大,部分絮凝剂还能提高絮体密度,提高絮体沉降能力[84].絮凝剂的种类主要包括无机絮凝剂和有机絮凝剂.无机絮凝剂包括Al3+、Fe3+等三价金属离子及其聚合物,如聚铝(PACl)、聚铁(PFS)[85-86]以及钛盐[87-88].聚铁与聚铝对温度与pH值的敏感性较低,其中聚铝可以形成稳定性高且具优势的Al13形态,其含量常作为聚铝的评价标准[15,89-90].电絮凝是一种特殊的无机絮凝方法,通过牺牲阳极(常为铝或铁)在原位产生高活性的絮凝剂,具有强大的吸附絮凝作用[91].Gao等[92]以铝为阳极,利用电絮凝-气浮技术实现100%的藻类去除率,这个过程产生的能量消耗为0.4kWh/m3.有机絮凝剂包括化学合成品(阳离子聚丙烯酰胺,CPAM)、天然产物(壳聚糖)及其衍生物(季铵型壳聚糖)[82,93-94],部分微生物分泌的胞外多糖也具备絮凝功能[95-96].有机絮凝剂具有更高的分子量与电荷密度,能够将藻颗粒聚积为尺寸更大的絮体.Wang等[50]在滇池使用1mg/L CPAM结合微过滤技术将藻水Chl a浓度削减至20μg/L以下,壳聚糖与季铵型壳聚糖也可以实现90%以上的微囊藻去除率[93-94].然而,由于CPAM与季铵型壳聚糖的潜在风险,一些国家对CPAM在饮用水处理中的应用进行了限制,比如美国政府规定CPAM使用剂量不得超过1mg/L[15].水源地原位投放无机或有机絮凝剂控制水华的应用案例相对较少,可能与形成的藻类絮体结构疏松且易于再悬浮,容易受水源地现场水文水质条件的影响有关[97].因此,在使用絮凝剂处理水源地蓝藻水华时,应在湾区提前开展原位实验及效果评估防范生态风险.
改性黏土技术以天然粘土(原位土壤、高岭土、红壤等)为原料,使用无机/有机絮凝剂对其表面进行改性以实现除藻效果.改性粘土技术与絮凝技术原理相似,优势在于粘土的高比表面、高质量密度以及改性后良好的表面基团,弥补常规絮凝剂絮体易悬浮的缺点[98-99],近年来该技术取得较广泛的应用[100].Pan等[98]在太湖与册田水库进行了改性原位土壤去除蓝藻水华的中试试验,在3a内对蓝藻水华、沉积物修复与水生态恢复均产生了积极影响.邹楚钧等在广东某水库2万m2水域喷洒改性红壤,成功实现水体表层95%的藻类去除[101].Shi等[102]以86%去除率为标准核算改性粘土成本为0.02美元/m3.与传统絮凝相比,改性粘土形成的絮体具有更好的沉降性能[102].曹西华等[103]发现改性粘土对养殖对虾幼体存活无明显影响,也有研究认为粘土中的改性剂对沉降的蓝藻细胞产生伤害效应[104],周庆等[105]发现PAC改性粘土造成蓝藻类囊体片层结构实质性损伤与藻毒素加速释放[105].改性粘土技术的生态效应较为复杂,需要根据实际水体特征开展综合研判分析.
氧化剂释放自由基(ROS)攻击藻类细胞,导致细胞失活,膜通透性升高、代谢活性降低并伴随胞内物质外泄,抑制蓝藻生长[106-108].常见的化学氧化剂包括过氧化氢、含氯氧化剂、臭氧、高锰酸钾、过氧化钙、高铁酸钾等.过氧化氢通过光照辐射产生羟基自由基(·OH),氧化还原电位达2.80V[109],对藻类及其代谢产物具有较好的去除效果,且不会产生有害副产物[110-111].对于铜绿微囊藻早期水华,过氧化氢抑制率可达97.5%,但是当Chl a增至50μg/L,20mg/L过氧化氢才能有效减少微囊藻的生物量[112].王永平等[113]在2.3万余m2(水深1.8m)的半封闭景观湖投加15μg/L过氧化氢,Chl a含量从94.5μg/L降至19.6μg/L,控藻效果维持时间超过30d.不同类型的蓝藻水华水体对过氧化氢剂量需求存在差异,2mg/L过氧化氢即可将阿氏浮丝藻为优势种的水体的蓝藻密度与藻毒素削减98%[114].过氧化氢氧化处理水体的胞外藻毒素在24h内呈升高趋势,在24h后则显著降低[115-116],在水源地的蓝藻水华应急处置中,该技术仅适用于局部湾区容易积聚水华且距离取水口较远的水域.含氯氧化剂广泛应用于自来水厂多级处理工艺前端,在投放最初几分钟内即可快速灭活藻类.常用的含氯氧化剂包括次氯酸钠、液氯、二氧化氯(ClO2)等.裴海燕等发现38~85mg ClO2 /mg Chl a的投加量对藻类去除率达89%[117].含氯氧化剂一般不会破坏藻细胞形态,但是会攻击细胞膜与胞内物质,致使藻细胞失活[118],过度氯氧化作用会释放藻源性有机物,并形成消毒副产物等致癌衍生物,威胁供水安全[119].臭氧与高锰酸钾的使用可以较好避免消毒副产物的产生,但受限于自身技术缺点,未能完全替代含氯氧化剂.臭氧化学性质不稳定且成本高[120],高锰酸钾用量不当容易引起锰离子超标或者水色变差[121-122].近年来,过氧化钙或高铁酸钾等新式氧化剂也被用于研究蓝藻水华处置,除了氧化作用,它们的还原产物还可以提高藻类去除率,如钙离子与铁离子可以附着在蓝藻细胞表面促进藻细胞聚积沉降[123-124].
光催化氧化技术主要通过光照辐射作用于催化材料,产生具有强氧化还原能力的电子-空穴对活性基团,进而攻击蓝藻细胞膜与细胞结构,引起藻细胞内氧化应急反应、藻细胞光合作用系统等代谢功能受损,最终导致藻细胞失活抑制蓝藻水华[125].不同材料的光催化剂降解能力差异明显,常见的光催化材料主要包括二氧化钛(TiO2)、类石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N3)和钙钛矿等.光催化氧化技术的使用材料可重复利用性高,产物一般是无毒酸、醛[126],较化学氧化技术更为绿色清洁[127].目前光催化氧化技术在处置蓝藻水华过程仍受多种环境因素约束,如水华藻种、细胞密度、pH值、离子特征等[128-131],但该技术具有明显的绿色能源特征,因此适用于水华高频发生的湾区长期应急处置.
大型植物可释放酚酸类、脂肪酸类、萜类与生物碱等植物化感物质,抑制水中蓝藻细胞光合作用系统活性、藻细胞膜完整性、藻细胞内酶活性等细胞活动,进而抑制蓝藻水华暴发[132].例如,陆生植物(如大麦秸秆、广玉兰等)与水生植物(如穗花狐尾藻、凤眼莲等)的提取物均对蓝藻生长表现出明显的抑制作用[133-136].朱小琴等发现生物碱类化感物质对铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制比脂肪酸和酯类更为显著[137].乙酰丙酮(AA)也被用于靶向控制铜绿微囊藻的生长,通过与蓝藻光合作用系统铁氧化还原蛋白结合而快速发挥生长抑制作用,且不会损害其他水生生物如鱼类、浮游动物等的生长[138].植物化感物质组分复杂,如何精准提取有效组分是化感物质大规模推广使用的难题[132].自然湖库环境的水生态系统复杂,大型植物释放的植物化感物质和干扰物质种类繁多,影响化感物质的抑藻功效,亟需在该领域开展更多的探索研究.
自然水体中的部分微生物如细菌、真菌、放线菌、原生动物等,通过直接溶藻、间接溶藻与资源竞争等方式抑制蓝藻生长[139-140],这部分微生物通常来源于水华水体中的原生物种.刘湘等[35]以10μL/L的枯草芽孢杆菌发酵液处理拉氏拟柱孢藻,对蓝藻的抑制率在第5d接近100%.Jia等[141]发现Trichaptum和Lopharia两种真菌可以在投加24h后显著抑制蓝藻生长.大多数微生物通过分泌杀藻活性物质裂解蓝藻,这些物质包括肽、蛋白质、生物碱、氨基酸、抗生素、色素或脂肪酸化合物等[142];部分微生物可以通过捕食作用或絮凝作用去除藻类[143-144].在实际应用中,按微生物菌剂类型分为单一微生物菌剂和复合微生物菌剂,复合微生物菌剂由2种以上细菌按比例配制,菌种之间的功能互为补充,具有更好的杀藻效果[145].微生物菌剂作为一种可再生资源,在蓝藻水华应急处置上同样具有较好的应用潜力,但微生物菌剂在自然水体水华应急处置中不止单一作用于蓝藻,对水中的浮游动物、水生植物及鱼类等水生生物都可能产生一定程度的干扰效应.因此,如何实现微生物菌剂在水源地水华应急处置过程中的安全使用,是推广该技术在水源地水体应用的关键[146].
综上,依据水源地蓝藻水华不同水域的环境敏感程度,从高到低依次分为取水口、湖/库区和湾区.在取水口(高敏感性)水域,推荐包含拦截、打捞、过滤与引清调度等安全程度高、风险程度低的应急处置技术.在实际处置过程中,引清调度技术需要匹配适宜的水资源条件,拦截、打捞和过滤等处置技术,则可依据不同水源地的特征情况,综合施策以达到最佳的处置效果.在湖/库区(中敏感性)空间水域,可选用曝气推流、加压控藻、超声波、气浮、磁分离等应急处置技术,这些技术的科学组合与搭配使用一般对供水安全影响较小.但是,不同技术的选用具有不同的技术要求,例如,曝气推流对水深要求较高,通常适用于深水型湖库;加压与超声波技术适用于特定的蓝藻水华优势种,技术参数把控要求较高;气浮与磁分离技术可实现藻水分离,但依赖微气泡或磁性材料,工艺要求较为复杂,需要根据不同水体应急情景的处置目标综合选择经济高效的处置技术.在湾区(较低敏感性)空间水域,可选用的技术手段较取水口和湖/库区更加宽泛,包括絮凝、改性粘土、化学氧化、光催化氧化、植物化感、微生物控藻等应急处置技术,这些技术大多需向水中投放化学物质,存在不同程度的次生危害,使用过程中需要严格控制使用量和作用时间,且需综合评估生态安全风险.目前,絮凝技术较为成熟,处置成本较低,但处置过程易形成漂浮性絮体,影响处置效果;改性粘土技术主要借助粘土颗粒的沉降特性提高絮凝效果,但如大量投加改性粘土,其潜在的生态风险不容忽视;化学氧化和微生物技术均可以快速抑制湾区水华,但会无差别攻击其他水生生物,易引起生态失衡;光催化氧化和植物化感技术一方面受环境因素限制较多,另一方面实际效果与理论研究差异较大,且技术成本较高,建议在小型水体开展更多的技术探索与实践应用.不同空间区域、不同敏感程度水域对蓝藻水华应急处置技术的选择性不尽相同,本研究依据蓝藻水华应急处置过程中的实际需求,按照不同类型技术的具体要求、技术优点、作用时间、技术风险与应用成本等问题,综合比选各项应急处置技术总结如表1所示.需要注意的是,高敏感性水域的应急处置技术可适用于低敏感性区域,反之则不推荐使用.
在内源营养禀赋、流域生产活动旺盛及全球气候变暖的多重因素影响下,短期内水源地蓝藻水华大规模暴发风险依然较高.水源地的特殊敏感性限制了部分高效应急处置技术的实践应用,增加了应急处置的技术难度,因此,迫切需要应急主体提前储备安全、高效、经济的应急处置技术以做好风险防范.本文总结现有的蓝藻水华应急处置技术,主要围绕藻水快速分离、环境因素调节与生理生长抑制三方面的理论基础,为湖库型水源地不同空间区域、不同敏感程度水域推荐选择不同的应急处置技术,较以往以物理-化学-生物技术分类的划分方式,更有助于应急主体在实施应急处置技术应用的同时,科学地选择适宜的应急处置技术.
水源地蓝藻水华开展应急处置,需要综合考虑两个方面的主要问题:一是对已有蓝藻水华的空间水域如何快速有效开展应急处置,二是对潜在具备蓝藻水华风险的空间水域如何进行风险防范.在蓝藻水华应急处置短期时效内(一般为1周内):需针对已经形成的蓝藻水华,采用快速应急处置措施,迅速降低蓝藻生物量,可参考本文中不同水域应急处置技术选择高效安全的技术手段,以快速降低蓝藻生物量和水华暴发负面影响(如图1所示).在蓝藻水华风险防范时效内(一般为应急处置技术施用后1~2周):为了应对潜在蓝藻水华复发风险,需持续抑制蓝藻增殖能力,根据蓝藻水华应急处置过程及水生态环境现存问题的实际现状,选择可持续的风险防范措施.在编制应急处置技术方案和风险防范技术方案时,需综合考虑蓝藻水华水源地的区域特征、水环境现状、水华优势种、水文气象等多种因素,以全面科学有效的应对实际问题.值得注意的是,蓝藻水华的暴发是一个可以被预测的过程,通过监测预警提早确定应急处置的关键时间节点与空间区域,根据预警信息在精准的时空范围内实施科学的处置,可以达到事半功倍的效果.需要再次强调的是,蓝藻水华应急处置措施不应过度使用,科学系统的流域污染综合治理措施和长期的生态修复举措才是化解和防范湖库型水源地蓝藻水华风险的根本举措.
虽然目前蓝藻水华应急处置技术手段多种多样,但是大多数技术对水生态系统风险问题缺乏长期科学的研究,如何有效消弭风险,选择安全高效的应急处置技术是未来推广使用不得不解决的难题之一.此外,在安全性上具备优势的物理控藻技术往往存在能耗较高的问题,在时效性上具备优势的化学和生物控藻技术可能存在二次污染或生态风险问题.受限于这些因素,现有蓝藻水华应急处置技术依旧处置规模有限且成本偏高.尽管蓝藻水华应急处置技术一直在更新迭代,但是仍未能解决规模化水华处置问题及其反复暴发的生态问题.随着风能、太阳能等新能源以及储能技术的发展,未来水源地蓝藻水华应急处置领域可以围绕能源革新改进高能耗控藻技术的能源依赖路径,不断降低处置技术的投入成本.最后,建议将蓝藻水华应急处置技术与污染物削减技术、水生态修复技术有效衔接并科学组合,是开展蓝藻水华应急处置技术探索与水华风险防范的长远之策.
  • 广州市科技计划项目(SL2022A04J01045)
  • 广东省水利科技创新项目(2024-01)
  • 广东省科技计划项目(202B1212050010)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
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广州市科技计划项目(SL2022A04J01045)
广东省水利科技创新项目(2024-01)
广东省科技计划项目(202B1212050010)
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    生态环境部华南环境科学研究所(生态环境部生态环境应急研究所)国家环境保护水环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室,广东 广州 510530

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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