Article(id=1241049968849515457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718899200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818970167, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818970167, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818970167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818970167, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=208, endPage=222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049969642238932, articleId=1241049968849515457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Microbial mechanism of magnetite addition on the biodegradation of phenanthrene in sediments, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the surface environments, magnetite (Fe3O4) serves as an electron receptor and donor for microbial extracellular respiration, facilitating interspecies electron transfer as a means to promote the biodegradation of organic pollutants. It has gradually found application in the realm of water pollution remediation. The interplay between magnetite and the mineral-microbe interface assumes a profoundly pivotal role. However, the biodegradation mechanism of PAHs in sediments mediated by different morphologies of magnetite remains unclear. In this paper, two different morphologies of magnetite (micron Fe3O4 and nano Fe3O4) were prepared to investigate the effect of the magnetite on the biodegradation of PAHs in sediments. Under aerobic conditions, the addition of magnetite did not appreciably reduce the total content of PAHs and certain high-ring PAHs in the sediment. Nevertheless, the introduction of magnetite significantly diminished the levels of low-ring PAHs (naphthalene and phenanthrene) in the sediment. To further investigate the anaerobic biodegradation influence of magnetite on PAHs under varying redox conditions, with phenanthrene as the target pollutant, enrichment and cultivation experiments were conducted with the indigenous degrading microbial communities in the sediment. Two forms of magnetite were introduced under different redox conditions. The results revealed that the augmented treatment with magnetite or electron acceptors somewhat promoted anaerobic biodegradation. Under natural attenuation conditions, the independent addition of micron Fe3O4 significantly enhanced phenanthrene degradation, whereas the effect of nano Fe3O4 on phenanthrene degradation was more pronounced under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions. The phenanthrene degradation rate constant under sulfate reducing condition was 1.39 times higher than that of the control treatment. Electron transfer system (ETS) activity demonstrated that the addition of Fe3O4 significantly enhances microbial respiration activity.Compared with the control, the ETS activity of the nano-Fe3O4 and the micro-Fe3O4 treatment increased by 441.7%~511.2% and 113.8%~141.1%, respectively. The microbial community structure indicated that the addition of Fe3O4 increased the abundance of aromatic compound-degrading bacteria such as Hydrogenophaga and Ignavibacterium, and relative to micron Fe3O4, nano Fe3O4 augments the abundance of PAH-degrading bacteria, Achromobacter and Ensifer. Furthermore, nano Fe3O4 may mediate intermicrobial electron transfer by releasing more Fe(II) and Fe(III). These findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of the pivotal role of magnetite in the biodegradation of organic pollutants, offering a potential approach for the remediation of contaminated sediments.

, correspAuthors=Zai-sheng YAN, Hua-xiang YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-yang WANG, Jia YOU, Zai-sheng YAN, He-long JIANG, Hua-xiang YE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049978651603262, articleId=1241049968849515457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=磁铁矿介导沉积物中菲的微生物降解机制, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

制备两种不同形态的磁铁矿(纳米Fe3O4和微米Fe3O4),对不同形态磁铁矿介导下沉积物中PAHs的生物降解影响进行了探究. 在有氧条件下,纳米Fe3O4和微米Fe3O4未明显降低沉积物PAHs总含量. 为进一步探究在不同氧化还原条件下磁铁矿对PAHs的厌氧生物降解影响,以菲为目标污染物,通过富集和培养沉积物中的相关降解菌群落,在不同氧化还原条件下投加两种形态的磁铁矿进行培养实验,发现投加Fe3O4在一定程度上促进了菲的厌氧生物降解. 在没有外加电子受体的条件下微米Fe3O4能显著促进菲的降解,而在硫酸盐或硝酸盐处理组中纳米Fe3O4对菲降解的促进效果更显著,菲降解速率常数是对照组的1.39倍. 电子传递体系(ETS)活性结果表明,投加Fe3O4可以显著提高微生物呼吸活性.纳米Fe3O4处理组和微米Fe3O4处理组的ETS活性较对照组分别提高了441.7%~511.2%和113.8%~141.1%.微生物群落结构表明,投加Fe3O4增加了芳香化合物降解菌HydrogenophagaIgnavibacterium的丰度;相对于微米Fe3O4,纳米Fe3O4提高了PAHs降解菌AchromobacterEnsifer的丰度.另外,纳米Fe3O4可能通过释放更多的Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)来介导微生物间的电子转移. 这些结果有助于深入理解磁铁矿在有机污染物生物降解过程中的重要作用,为污染沉积物修复提供了一种潜在的应用方法.

, correspAuthors=晏再生, 叶华香, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副研究员,
副教授,
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王鸿洋(1999-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊沉积物污染物降解研究.发表论文3篇.email:

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2.Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与流域水安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
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王鸿洋(1999-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊沉积物污染物降解研究.发表论文3篇.email:

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王鸿洋(1999-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊沉积物污染物降解研究.发表论文3篇.email:

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language=CN, label=图10, caption=厌氧条件下菲的主要代谢产物的质谱分析, figureFileSmall=zvcIeBxjzSuAX3m0ohoc7A==, figureFileBig=8FAurQr+vafvZgQzqzQSEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994858393645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design of magnetite treatment groups under different redox conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组培养条件及电子受体
T1对照组,自然降解
T2纳米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4
T3微米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4
T4硫酸盐处理组,SO42-
T5硝酸盐处理组,NO3-
T6硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与SO42-
T7硝酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与NO3-
T8硫酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与SO42-
T9硝酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与NO3-
), ArticleFig(id=1241049996548698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磁铁矿在不同氧化还原条件下处理组设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组培养条件及电子受体
T1对照组,自然降解
T2纳米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4
T3微米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4
T4硫酸盐处理组,SO42-
T5硝酸盐处理组,NO3-
T6硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与SO42-
T7硝酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与NO3-
T8硫酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与SO42-
T9硝酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组,Fe3O4与NO3-
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997060403268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variation of phenanthrene concentration (µg/L) with time under different treatment conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组0h36h60h108h180h
T1(对照组)683.43±10.09a289.77±23. 66a103.21±12.75bcd33.92±16.26d
T2(纳米Fe3O4处理组)508.63±56.39ab237.84±26. 00abc89.02±6.01cde41.49±3.56cd
T3(微米Fe3O4处理组)438.63±118.46b175.51±25. 06d73.27±9.84e39.71±1.68d
T4(硫酸盐处理组)575.49±34.66ab279.72±19.25a98.87±8.53bcd41.17±2.85cd
T5(硝酸盐处理组)1120.71±40.57431.15±19.03b207.73±6.88cd108.55±3.65bc57.01±11.13bc
T6(硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组)432.86±104.63b215.03±45.37bcd78.53±9.62e22.90±0.99d
T7(硝酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组)503.14±107.27b241.47±39.26abc116.46±12.81b65.59±2.64ab
T8(硫酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组)503.14±107.28ab289.96±23.55a84.93±4.32de40.00±8.06cd
T9(硝酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组)503.14±107.29ab272.33±18.09ab158.46±3.38a78.57±10.14a
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997240758349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理条件下菲浓度(µg/L)随时间变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组0h36h60h108h180h
T1(对照组)683.43±10.09a289.77±23. 66a103.21±12.75bcd33.92±16.26d
T2(纳米Fe3O4处理组)508.63±56.39ab237.84±26. 00abc89.02±6.01cde41.49±3.56cd
T3(微米Fe3O4处理组)438.63±118.46b175.51±25. 06d73.27±9.84e39.71±1.68d
T4(硫酸盐处理组)575.49±34.66ab279.72±19.25a98.87±8.53bcd41.17±2.85cd
T5(硝酸盐处理组)1120.71±40.57431.15±19.03b207.73±6.88cd108.55±3.65bc57.01±11.13bc
T6(硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组)432.86±104.63b215.03±45.37bcd78.53±9.62e22.90±0.99d
T7(硝酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组)503.14±107.27b241.47±39.26abc116.46±12.81b65.59±2.64ab
T8(硫酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组)503.14±107.28ab289.96±23.55a84.93±4.32de40.00±8.06cd
T9(硝酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组)503.14±107.29ab272.33±18.09ab158.46±3.38a78.57±10.14a
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997496610907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Degradation rate k and half-life t1/2 of phenanthrene under different treatment conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组降解速率常数k(h-1)半衰期t1/2/(h)R2
T10.0191 ±0.001636.38570.9749
T20.0236 ±0.001229.35820.9882
T30.0276 ±0.002025.09580.9741
T40.0211 ±0.000932.88170.9895
T50.0262 ±0.001126.44590.9903
T60.0266 ±0.001726.08760.9797
T70.0231 ±0.001630.04540.9724
T80.0208 ±0.001333.40470.9797
T90.0202 ±0.001134.31420.9830
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997731491950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同处理条件下菲的降解速率常数k及半衰期t1/2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组降解速率常数k(h-1)半衰期t1/2/(h)R2
T10.0191 ±0.001636.38570.9749
T20.0236 ±0.001229.35820.9882
T30.0276 ±0.002025.09580.9741
T40.0211 ±0.000932.88170.9895
T50.0262 ±0.001126.44590.9903
T60.0266 ±0.001726.08760.9797
T70.0231 ±0.001630.04540.9724
T80.0208 ±0.001333.40470.9797
T90.0202 ±0.001134.31420.9830
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997878292601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Number of sample sequences and OTU numbers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品数OTUs数序列数
T060566367
T171121306
T265769313
T366240294
T470175273
T564211276
T665796284
T773607264
T862843251
T964623332
), ArticleFig(id=1241049998033481860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049968849515457, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各样品序列数及OTU数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品数OTUs数序列数
T060566367
T171121306
T265769313
T366240294
T470175273
T564211276
T665796284
T773607264
T862843251
T964623332
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磁铁矿介导沉积物中菲的微生物降解机制
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王鸿洋 1, 2, 3 , 尤佳 3, 4 , 晏再生 2, 3, * , 江和龙 2, 3 , 叶华香 1, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(1): 208-222
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 208-222
磁铁矿介导沉积物中菲的微生物降解机制
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王鸿洋1, 2, 3 , 尤佳3, 4, 晏再生2, 3, * , 江和龙2, 3, 叶华香1, *
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨师范大学地理科学学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150025
  • 2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与流域水安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
  • 3.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
  • 4.东南大学土木工程学院,江苏 南京 210096
  • 王鸿洋(1999-),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事湖泊沉积物污染物降解研究.发表论文3篇.email:

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副研究员,
Microbial mechanism of magnetite addition on the biodegradation of phenanthrene in sediments
Hong-yang WANG1, 2, 3 , Jia YOU3, 4, Zai-sheng YAN2, 3, * , He-long JIANG2, 3, Hua-xiang YE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geographical Sciences, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
  • 4.School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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制备两种不同形态的磁铁矿(纳米Fe3O4和微米Fe3O4),对不同形态磁铁矿介导下沉积物中PAHs的生物降解影响进行了探究. 在有氧条件下,纳米Fe3O4和微米Fe3O4未明显降低沉积物PAHs总含量. 为进一步探究在不同氧化还原条件下磁铁矿对PAHs的厌氧生物降解影响,以菲为目标污染物,通过富集和培养沉积物中的相关降解菌群落,在不同氧化还原条件下投加两种形态的磁铁矿进行培养实验,发现投加Fe3O4在一定程度上促进了菲的厌氧生物降解. 在没有外加电子受体的条件下微米Fe3O4能显著促进菲的降解,而在硫酸盐或硝酸盐处理组中纳米Fe3O4对菲降解的促进效果更显著,菲降解速率常数是对照组的1.39倍. 电子传递体系(ETS)活性结果表明,投加Fe3O4可以显著提高微生物呼吸活性.纳米Fe3O4处理组和微米Fe3O4处理组的ETS活性较对照组分别提高了441.7%~511.2%和113.8%~141.1%.微生物群落结构表明,投加Fe3O4增加了芳香化合物降解菌HydrogenophagaIgnavibacterium的丰度;相对于微米Fe3O4,纳米Fe3O4提高了PAHs降解菌AchromobacterEnsifer的丰度.另外,纳米Fe3O4可能通过释放更多的Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)来介导微生物间的电子转移. 这些结果有助于深入理解磁铁矿在有机污染物生物降解过程中的重要作用,为污染沉积物修复提供了一种潜在的应用方法.

磁铁矿  /  多环芳烃  /  生物降解  /  电子传递

In the surface environments, magnetite (Fe3O4) serves as an electron receptor and donor for microbial extracellular respiration, facilitating interspecies electron transfer as a means to promote the biodegradation of organic pollutants. It has gradually found application in the realm of water pollution remediation. The interplay between magnetite and the mineral-microbe interface assumes a profoundly pivotal role. However, the biodegradation mechanism of PAHs in sediments mediated by different morphologies of magnetite remains unclear. In this paper, two different morphologies of magnetite (micron Fe3O4 and nano Fe3O4) were prepared to investigate the effect of the magnetite on the biodegradation of PAHs in sediments. Under aerobic conditions, the addition of magnetite did not appreciably reduce the total content of PAHs and certain high-ring PAHs in the sediment. Nevertheless, the introduction of magnetite significantly diminished the levels of low-ring PAHs (naphthalene and phenanthrene) in the sediment. To further investigate the anaerobic biodegradation influence of magnetite on PAHs under varying redox conditions, with phenanthrene as the target pollutant, enrichment and cultivation experiments were conducted with the indigenous degrading microbial communities in the sediment. Two forms of magnetite were introduced under different redox conditions. The results revealed that the augmented treatment with magnetite or electron acceptors somewhat promoted anaerobic biodegradation. Under natural attenuation conditions, the independent addition of micron Fe3O4 significantly enhanced phenanthrene degradation, whereas the effect of nano Fe3O4 on phenanthrene degradation was more pronounced under sulfate and nitrate reducing conditions. The phenanthrene degradation rate constant under sulfate reducing condition was 1.39 times higher than that of the control treatment. Electron transfer system (ETS) activity demonstrated that the addition of Fe3O4 significantly enhances microbial respiration activity.Compared with the control, the ETS activity of the nano-Fe3O4 and the micro-Fe3O4 treatment increased by 441.7%~511.2% and 113.8%~141.1%, respectively. The microbial community structure indicated that the addition of Fe3O4 increased the abundance of aromatic compound-degrading bacteria such as Hydrogenophaga and Ignavibacterium, and relative to micron Fe3O4, nano Fe3O4 augments the abundance of PAH-degrading bacteria, Achromobacter and Ensifer. Furthermore, nano Fe3O4 may mediate intermicrobial electron transfer by releasing more Fe(II) and Fe(III). These findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of the pivotal role of magnetite in the biodegradation of organic pollutants, offering a potential approach for the remediation of contaminated sediments.

magnetite  /  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)  /  biodegradation  /  electron transfer
王鸿洋, 尤佳, 晏再生, 江和龙, 叶华香. 磁铁矿介导沉积物中菲的微生物降解机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 208 -222 .
Hong-yang WANG, Jia YOU, Zai-sheng YAN, He-long JIANG, Hua-xiang YE. Microbial mechanism of magnetite addition on the biodegradation of phenanthrene in sediments[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 208 -222 .
多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中广泛存在的一类持久性有机污染物,经地表径流、污水排放及大气颗粒迁移和沉降而进入湖泊、河流等水体中.由于PAHs具有较高的疏水性和固液分配系数,进入水体中的PAHs易于吸附在颗粒物上,极易聚集到沉积物中,因此沉积物被认为是其主要的环境归宿之一[1-4].而湖泊河口区是陆-湖相互作用的耦合带,是污染物产生物理、化学和生物作用最活跃的地带,其沉积物中PAHs来源复杂,不仅接纳河流径流的污染物,而且汇集了河口及近岸污水、船舶等多种来源的污染物,局部区域处于高度甚至重度污染水平.河口沉积物中潜在致癌性的高环PAHs的比例呈递增趋势[5-6],这些区域内PAHs污染会对水生态系统产生负面影响,甚至严重威胁到人类的身体健康[6-7].因此,有效地控制和修复入湖河口沉积物中PAHs污染,对改善湖泊水环境质量和湖泊生态系统显得尤为重要和紧迫[8].
生物降解在PAHs的迁移转化、自然分解甚至最终从环境中消失的过程中占有重要的地位,是沉积物中PAHs去除最主要的途径[1,9].微生物是有机污染水体沉积物原位修复的重要驱动者[10-11].与有氧条件下生物降解相比,微生物在厌氧条件下的呼吸类型和代谢机制更为复杂.铁氧化物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐是水体沉积物中微生物厌氧呼吸与代谢最常用的三类电子受体[1,9,12].硝酸盐和硫酸盐作为电子受体,常用作溶解态形式添加到污染沉积物中.已有研究表明投加硝酸盐或硫酸盐作为末端电子受体可以促进PAHs的厌氧生物降解(硝酸盐还原或硫酸盐还原),其在沉积物有机污染物的治理与修复中发挥重要作用[1,9,11].然而,硝酸盐和硫酸盐作为溶解态电子受体,易于受到沉积物孔隙水流的影响,随孔隙水流流失其作用效果会降低,且对水生态系统可能造成负面影响[13].铁氧化物的形态多样,最常使用的类型主要为无定型铁氧化物(FeOOH)[14]和磁铁矿(Fe3O4[15].早先的研究表明异化铁还原菌Geobacter metallireducensShewanella oneidensis等能够将铁氧化物中的Fe(III)作为终端电子受体进行胞外呼吸,并且微生物在铁呼吸的同时降解转化有机污染物[16].更为重要的是,具有混合价态的铁氧化物,如Fe3O4,在微生物胞外呼吸中既可以作为电子受体又可以作为电子供体,对环境的氧化—还原电位起到重要的调节作用[17].研究发现,采用微米级Fe3O4和纳米级Fe3O4促进了微生物在甲烷化条件下菲的厌氧降解[18].相关研究发现[19]利用纳米Fe3O4处理受PAHs污染的土壤,纳米级Fe3O4提供的铁元素可以刺激某些细菌活性,从而促进PAHs的降解.然而,Shen等[20]的研究却发现Fe3O4颗粒会抑制萘的生物降解.还有研究发现不同尺寸大小的Fe3O4(亚微米级与纳米级)会影响污染物的去除效果[18].这些研究表明Fe3O4影响沉积物中PAHs的生物降解机理有待进一步阐明.此外,越来越多的研究发现受污染沉积物环境中存在着大量能以多种电子受体进行复合代谢功能的微生物,磁铁矿介导下对这些微生物降解有机污染物的影响尚不清楚.因此,本研究制备了两种不同形态的磁铁矿(微米Fe3O4和纳米Fe3O4),在有氧和厌氧条件下研究其对沉积物中PAHs生物降解的影响,比较磁铁矿在不同氧化还原条件下对PAHs的降解行为和降解动力学,分析其电子传递体系活性差异并且探究磁铁矿存在条件下微生物驱动有机污染物降解转化的机制.研究对揭示磁铁矿介导下微生物驱动的污染物地球化学循环过程、机制及其环境调控机理具有重要意义,为受损区域水生态系统功能恢复和有效开展污染环境生物修复提供重要的理论支持.
沉积物样品采自江苏省苏州市东山镇东太湖入湖河道大水港(31.07114°N,120.4119°E).大水港是东太湖的入湖河道之一,是苏州东山镇船舶建造、船舶维修基地,水体常年受到机油、柴油等污染[5-6].将采集的大水港沉积物样品放入自封袋并立即运输至实验室.使用2mm筛网去除沉积物样品中的粗碎屑和砾石,采用这些沉积物样品进行生物降解试验.部分沉积物样品保存在4和-20℃冰箱待分析其它理化指标.
研究使用的纳米Fe3O4根据以前研究报道[21-22]并加以改进制备而成,具体过程为:控制铁盐浓度为0.5mol/L,NaOH浓度为0.25mol/L,控制物质的量之比为Fe2+:Fe3+:OH-=1:1:6[23].本研究中将6.95g FeSO4·7H2O与6.7625g FeCl3·6H2O溶于100mL无氧去离子水中,在30℃条件下水浴并不断搅拌.快速向其中加入600mL 0.25mol/L NaOH溶液,搅拌1h后放置沉淀去除上清液.向剩余沉淀中加入除氧去离子水重复洗涤沉淀至中性后分散于装有去离子水的烧杯中,制备得到稳定的Fe3O4纳米溶液.经电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)测试溶液中Fe浓度为6.2g/L.
研究使用的微米Fe3O4根据以前研究报道[15,24]并加以改进制备而成,具体过程为:控制物质的量之比为Fe3+:Fe2+=1.75:1.将1mol/L的NaOH快速加入到有11.606g FeSO4·7H2O与19.763g FeCl3·6H2O的溶液中直至溶液pH值达到11.0,搅拌速度800~1000r/min.将烧杯置于80℃的水浴锅反应1.5h,将所得沉淀反复洗涤至中性后自然干燥.此条件下得到的Fe3O4产物纯度最高,粒径尺度最大[25].
通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对纳米Fe3O4的表面形貌和微观晶相构成进行了表征;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光粒度分析仪和XRD对制备的微米Fe3O4表面形貌、颗粒的大小和分布以及微观晶相进行了表征.
使用150mL反应器加入40g受PAHs污染的湿沉积物样品和70mL去离子水,分别添加0.4g微米Fe3O4固体或47mL纳米Fe3O4溶液混合均匀.试验设置不同处理组,分别为:(1)纳米Fe3O4处理组;(2)微米Fe3O4处理组;(3)对照组,即不添加Fe3O4的PAHs自然降解对照组.反应器放置在摇床中培养26d,培养温度为25℃,转速为150r/min.试验结束后,测定不同处理条件下沉积物中残留PAHs浓度.
为富集培养PAHs降解菌,选择菲作为目标污染物,进行了一系列培养转接实验.将10g新鲜的湿沉积物样品置于200mL灭菌蒸馏水中搅拌混合,放置于恒温振荡培养箱内(25℃,120r/min)培养12h.将悬浊培养液静置1h,移取10mL浓缩培养物至装有200mL液体培养基的锥形瓶.将培养基pH值调节至7.2~7.4,采用0.22µm滤膜过滤灭菌的方式加入菲溶液,使培养液中菲的浓度约为2mg/L,并向培养液中充入氮气30min,形成厌氧环境.培养基的组分为[14](/L):K2HPO4 0.27g;KH2PO4 0.35g;NH4Cl 1.07g;CaCl2•2H2O 0.1g;MgCl2•6H2O 0.1g;微量元素溶液1mL.其中,微量元素溶液的组分为[20]:CoCl2•6H2O 0.19g/L;MnCl2•4H2O 0.07g/L;ZnCl2 0.07g/L;NiCl2•6H2O 0.024g/L;Na2MoO4·H2O 0.024g/L;H3BO3 0.006g/L;CuCl2•2H2O 0.003g/L;FeCl2•4H2O 1.5g/L.
将锥形瓶置于恒温振荡培养箱内(25℃,200r/min)培养5d.为了获得稳定的细菌群落,将20mL富集培养液重新转接到新的200mL厌氧培养基中,提高菲浓度至4mg/L左右,7d后再次转接富集培养液至新的厌氧培养基中.共转接3次,每次添加菲浓度至4mg/L.在菲基本降解后取悬浮菌液作为沉积物中菲降解菌的富集培养液.
所有培养均在50mL厌氧血清瓶中进行,磁铁矿在不同氧化还原条件下处理组设计如表1所示.其中,每个血清瓶添加28mL厌氧培养基,Fe3O4以20mmol/L(以Fe计)、外加电子受体(硫酸钠Na2SO4、硝酸钠NaNO3)以20mmol/L的量投加[14].每个处理组设置3个平行.血清瓶用丁基橡胶塞密封前充氮气5min,高压灭菌30min.灭菌后待小瓶冷却至室温,使用无菌注射器接种0.1mL的菲储备液(1000mg/L)以及2mL沉积物富集培养液.在28℃、200r/min的条件下恒温培养,测定菲的初始浓度为(1120.71±40.57)µg/L.在第36,60,108,180h使用无菌注射器进行取样,测定各处理组中PAHs浓度.
沉积物中PAHs的提取按照如下方法[6]:对沉积物样品进行冷冻干燥、研磨过筛.采用二氯甲烷溶剂加速溶剂萃取法(ThermoFisher,Dionex ASE 350)萃取不同沉积物样品中的PAHs.提取物通过硅胶柱净化,并通过乙腈洗脱获得PAHs浓缩液,并通过旋转蒸发并氮吹浓缩至1mL.水相中的PAHs的提取按照Yan等[14]方法进行:将水样和乙腈以1:1比例混合,超声50min,将水相中的PAHs萃取到乙腈相.PAHs的分析采用Agilent 1200高效液相色谱仪(HPLC),以二极管阵列紫外检测器(DAD)串联荧光检测器(FLD)进行PAHs的定性和定量分析[26].具体方法如下[27]:色谱柱为C18(4.6mm×150mm),流动相为乙腈和水以60:40体积比的溶液,进样量为20μL,流速控制在1mL/min,柱温度为30℃.荧光检测器(FLD)激发波长Ex=260nm,发射波长Em=380nm,紫外检测器(DAD)检测波长为238nm,参比波长为360nm.通过PAHs标准品的色谱图保留时间,确定沉积物样品中16种优先控制PAHs单体的峰位置,进而通过峰面积利用标准曲线反算出PAHs的浓度.
PAHs的中间代谢产物与PAHs样品提取方法一致.使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对PAHs代谢产物进行检测.样品通过HP-5ms弹性石英毛细色谱柱进行分离,柱温变化如下:(1)程序升温起始温度为60˚C,保持2min.(2)以20˚C/min的速度提温至180˚C.(3)维持在180˚C 13min.(4)以10˚C/min的速度提温至300˚C.(5)维持在300˚C 30min.样品分析结束后,使用NIST 20MS光谱库进行检索匹配,并结合相关文献、相对保留时间等对代谢产物进行定性分析.
沉积物样品的其他理化指标按照如下方法测定[28].沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)通过重铬酸盐氧化和硫酸亚铁溶液滴定测定,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量的测定均采用过硫酸盐氧化法通过分光光度计测定.沉积物中Fe(III)和Fe(II)含量可通过Ferrozine法测定,其中Fe(II)含量通过HCl提取后利用分光光度分析测得,Fe(III)含量通过盐酸羟胺还原Fe(III)后测得的总铁的量与Fe(II)含量的差值可得.沉积物间隙水中NO3-和SO42-浓度通过离子色谱法(dionex ICs-2000)进行测定.
使用INT法[29]对180h的不同处理组中的富集培养液微生物ETS活性进行测定.将3mL培养液、2mL Tris-HCl缓冲液和1mL 0.2% INT溶液(空白管则加入1mL纯水代替INT溶液)加入一个10mL离心管中.将离心管放入37℃的水浴中振荡培养4h.加入1mL 37%甲醛以终止酶反应.以4000r/min离心5min,将上清液轻轻弃去,加入5mL甲醇,混合搅拌均匀.继续在37℃下暗处振荡萃取10min,然后以4000r/min离心5min.取上清液在485nm处测定上清液的吸光度,根据标准曲线由公式(1)计算ETS活性值.
式中:UT是INT-ETS活性,μg/(h⋅mL);A485是波长485nm处的上清液吸光度;V是萃取剂体积,mL;KT为标准曲线斜率;W为培养液体积,mL;t为培养时间,h.
微生物群落测试分析方法如下[1].180h时采集不同处理组的培养液后立即进行DNA提取.使用试剂盒(QIAGEN)提取样品的DNA.使用Nanodrop 2000分光光度计(Nanodrop Technologies,Wilmington,USA)测量DNA纯度(260nm/280nm和260nm/230nm的吸光度比)和浓度.将提取后的微生物样品送至广东美格基因生物科技有限公司进行PCR扩增和Illumina测序.选择V4-V5区域引物,引物序列为515F(GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA)和806R(CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT).使用Usearch软件进行序列分析,以97%的一致性将序列聚类成为OTU,默认一个OTU可能代表一个物种,根据OTU注释确定微生物群落组成.
实验数据采用Origin 2021进行分析与制图.显著性检验采用IBM SPSS Statistics 24进行统计学分析(单因素ANOVA检验,p<0.05表示有显著性意义,使用小写字母来显示数据之间的显著差异),若方差齐性则采用LSD方法进行多重比较检验,若方差不齐性,则采用Dunett's T3进行多重比较检验.
不同还原条件下PAHs的生物降解用一级动力学方程(2)描述.PAHs化合物的半衰期t1/2由公式(3)计算.
式中:C0是PAHs的初始浓度;Ct时刻的PAHs浓度;k是一级反应速率常数.
对共沉淀法制备的两种形态的磁铁矿(图1A)进行了表征以了解其表面形貌.纳米Fe3O4的TEM图像如图1B,可以观察到该方法合成的纳米Fe3O4形状近似于球状,其粒子尺寸均匀且分散性良好,粒径约为10~20nm.微米Fe3O4的SEM显微照片如图1C所示,可以看出微米Fe3O4呈粒状或块状.激光粒度仪测得的微米Fe3O4尺寸分布如图1D,粒度累积分布中50%所对应的直径为26.337 µm.图1E为两种不同形态Fe3O4的XRD图谱,在衍射角2θ=30.2°、35.4°、43.2°、57.2°和62.7°处均出现了5个明显的衍射峰,与Fe3O4的XRD标准卡片(JCPDS no.19- 0629)一致,分别对应于(220)、(311)、(400)、(511)和(440)晶面.同时衍射峰较尖锐,表明合成的Fe3O4纯度高,晶体细小且晶化度较好.以上结果表明,制备成功纳米Fe3O4与微米Fe3O4具有不同尺寸大小和形态特征.
首先测定初始大水港沉积物中电子受体(NO3-、Fe(III)、SO42-)、电子供体Fe(II),TOC、TN、TP及PAHs含量等地球化学参数.发现初始大水港沉积物中电子受体SO42-浓度((242.49±28.62)mg/L)显著高于NO3-((0.56±0.20) mg/L)和Fe(III)浓度((49.64± 11.96) µmol/g).电子供体Fe(II)浓度为(59.11±4.28) µmol/g.沉积物中TOC、TN、TP的浓度分别为(2.05±0.04) %、(1.06±0.14) mg/g、(1.55±0.05) mg/g.尤为关注的是沉积物中总PAHs浓度达到了(31.27±4.10) mg/kg.根据沉积物质量评价等级,大水港沉积物中PAHs污染为重度污染,其浓度已超过生态风险区间低值(4mg/kg),该区域内PAHs污染可能会对生物产生负面影响,威胁人类的身体健康[5-6].因此,在地表关键带中,强化磁铁矿—微生物的相互作用以促进有机污染物的微生物降解.
有氧条件下磁铁矿对沉积物中PAHs降解的效果如图2所示.经过26d的有氧培养试验发现,自然降解条件下(对照组)沉积物中PAHs总量及部分PAHs单体含量(萘、菲、芘及茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘)显著(P<0.05)低于初始沉积物.然而,与自然降解的对照组相比,有氧条件下磁铁矿添加对沉积物中高环PAHs(芘、苯并[α]芘、茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘)的降解产生抑制作用,在有氧条件下,微生物可能优先利用O2作为电子受体降解PAHs.与初始值相比,磁铁矿处理组高环PAHs含量无显著性差异.
微生物降解PAHs受到电子受体浓度影响,Nieman等[30]提出,沉积物中固有的电子受体在影响生物降解方面比投加的电子传递介质更为重要.
电子受体浓度过高或过低都会对降解产生抑制作用[31].此外,不同电子受体条件对特定微生物厌氧降解PAHs反应有不同的作用,因此有必要进一步探究在不同氧化还原条件下的磁铁矿对于PAHs的降解影响[32].
以菲作为目标化合物,开展PAHs降解菌富集培养.经过26d的选择性富集培养,从大水港沉积物中获得了一个能够降解菲的微生物群落.26d过后,培养物变为红棕色如图3所示,这与Zhang等[33]观察到的现象一致,表明添加的菲被降解.测定不同培养瓶中富集培养液内菲降解率为80%~95%.
经过180h的厌氧培养,各处理组中菲含量随时间变化如表2所示.在180h时,各处理组的菲降解率均达到了90%以上.在36h时,微米Fe3O4组(T3)、硝酸盐组(T5)、硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6)、硝酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T7)菲降解率显著高于对照组(T1).到60h时,微米Fe3O4组(T3)、硝酸盐组(T5)、硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6)的菲降解率显著高于对照组(T1). 108h时,微米Fe3O4组(T3)和硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6)菲降解率显著高于对照组(T1);硝酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组(T9)菲降解率显著低于对照组(T1).综合来看,微米Fe3O4组(T3)、硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6)和硝酸盐组(T5)对菲有更显著的降解效果,而硝酸盐及微米Fe3O4处理组(T9)在降解后期有抑制菲降解的现象.
采用一级反应动力学方程拟合不同处理条件下菲的浓度随时间的变化,比较其降解速率常数及半衰期,如表3所示.各处理组的降解速率常数均高于自然降解对照组(T1),其中微米Fe3O4处理组(T3)和硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6)表现出明显更高的降解速率常数,分别为(0.0276±0.0020)h-1和(0.0266±0.0017)h-1,半衰期分别为25.0958和26.0876h.微米Fe3O4处理组菲降解速率常数是对照组(T1)降解速率常数的1.45倍;硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组菲降解速率常数是对照组降解速率常数的1.39倍;硝酸盐处理组(T5)菲降解速率常数是对照组降解速率常数的1.38倍.可见,与对照组相比,添加Fe3O4、硫酸盐及硝酸盐电子受体在一定程度上均促进了菲的厌氧生物降解,而磁铁矿Fe3O4在不同氧化还原条件下对于菲的降解表现出的作用不同.可见,磁铁矿介导下对这些微生物降解有机污染物的机制需要进一步阐明.
微生物降解PAHs的过程中,生物细胞内的脱氢酶(DHA)可以催化有机物氧化脱氢反应,将电子从有机物中释放出来,并通过电子传递体系(ETS)逐步传递到最终电子受体,从而实现有机污染物的氧化[34].因此,ETS活性通过检测微生物电子传递速率来间接指示微生物的呼吸活性,进而从生物学角度反映微生物降解有机物的能力[35,36].通过INT-ETS法测定180h各处理组培养液菌种的微生物ETS活性如图4所示.Fe3O4的存在对ETS活性有显著影响.初始菌落富集液(T0)与对照组(T1),硫酸盐还原处理组(T4)和硝酸盐还原处理组(T5)的ETS活性无显著差异,未添加Fe3O4的处理组与初始菌落的微生物活性无明显变化.而添加了纳米Fe3O4的处理组(T2、T6和T7)和添加了微米Fe3O4处理组(T3、T8和T9)的ETS活性较对照组分别提高了441.7%~511.2%和113.8%~141.1%.这可以从一定程度上解释投加Fe3O4是通过提高了微生物呼吸活性,触发了更快的电子转移速率,从而提高了对菲的降解能力.
样品经过滤和质控后共获得871348条有效序列数,其中优质序列数共有829464条,占比为95.19%.各处理组中的OTUs种类数和序列总数如表4所示.
为了进一步准确评估修复试验中不同处理组沉积物中微生物丰富度的差异,使用单样本的多样性(α多样性)计算微生物群落丰度.α多样性指数统计图如图5所示.由图发现初始菌落富集液(T0)中群落多样性较其他处理组高,研究表明微生物群落在初始阶段表现出更高的复杂性,这样在应对环境变化方面具有更大的活力[37].经过180h的培养,各处理组群落多样性较T0有所降低,可能是培养过程中不同处理条件对微生物群落进行了筛选,出现了更能适应培养条件的优势菌种.
门水平和属水平的群落结构组成如图6所示.由图6(a)发现各处理组变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占据主导地位,相对丰度达到了70.63%~98.26%.研究表明,大多数PAHs降解菌被分类到Proteobacteria门中[38].由图6(b)发现各处理组在厌氧培养的过程中微生物群落结构与初始菌落富集液T0均出现明显差异.T0中以Pseudoxanthomonas(22.41%)、Taibaiella(18.53%)及Achromobacter(14.30%)菌属为主.T1、T2、T3、T4、T6和T8中Pseudomonas相对丰度分别为58.81%、49.82%、66.39%、79.65%、61.8%、78.0%;Cupriavidus的相对丰度分别为20.95%、12.44%、12.23%、5.62%、9.96%、6.49%.而T5、T7和T9中Burkholderiaceae科和Propionivibrio属相对丰度较高,占比分别达到了38.95%~55.98%和18.51%~24.91%.各处理组不同群落组成与结构的原因可能是试验前用于富集培养菌液的初始沉积物孔隙水中SO42-含量比较高((242.49±28.62) mg/L),初始微生物群落适应了富含SO42-的环境,因此试验时添加了SO42-的处理组(T4、T6和T8)和没有外加电子受体的其他处理组(T1、T2和T3)群落组成和结构接近.而添加了硝酸盐的处理组(T5、T7和T9)中,硝酸盐强化了与氮循环相关细菌的丰度和活性,引起了微生物群落结构的显著变化[37,39-40].
T1、T2、T3、T4、T6和T8中微生物占据主导地位的Pseudomonas属于Gammaproteobacteria纲.Gammaproteobacteria已被报道具有降解PAHs的能力和对PAHs毒性的更好抗性[41].许多研究表明Pseudomonas是受污染土壤和沉积物中的具有竞争优势的PAHs降解细菌[42-44].Pseudomonas对环境变化的高度适应性和快速繁殖速度使其在PAHs的选择性富集中占主导地位[44-45].Tibor Benedek[44]发现Pseudomonas在初始的微生物样品中的丰度非常低(0.3%),但富集培养后的其相对丰度高于60%,这与本文的试验发现相符.这种现象可能是因为试验前菌落富集液中菲含量已经基本降解,但相关菌种降解PAHs的能力仍然存在,试验时菲的存在触发了微生物群落中隐藏的PAHs降解能力[44].另外,许多研究表明Pseudomonas对菲的降解发挥重要的作用[42,46].有研究表明Pseudomonas在厌氧条件下可以产生多种生物表面活性剂,提高对PAHs的生物利用度,从而能够去除PAHs和降低PAHs对细菌的毒性[42].
添加了硝酸盐的处理组(T5、T7和T9)中占据主导地位的是Burkholderiaceae科.研究表明Burkholderiaceae科的细菌在反硝化过程中发挥重要作用[47,48],可降解芳香族化合物[49-50].T5、T7和T9中另一优势菌Propionivibrio是反硝化除磷菌群[51],是一种专门用于降解氢芳烃化合物的发酵细菌.硝酸盐还原条件下微米Fe3O4处理组(T7)中优势菌Ensifer是固氮根瘤菌的一种.Ensifer出现的原因是用于菌落富集的初始沉积物采样地附近有沉水植物生长区域.一些研究表明根瘤菌对有机污染物具有抗性[52]并可以利用PAHs作为碳和能源.Anna Muratova等[53-54]发现了其对菲的生物降解作用.此外,Anaerolineaceae科、Longilinea属菌群可以参与菲的厌氧生物降解.
PCoA分析(Principal Component Analysis)通过一系列的特征值和特征向量排序,可以基于任意距离尺度来评价样本之间的相似度.基于Bray Curtis距离进行PCoA分析,并选取贡献率最大的主坐标组合进行作图如7所示.结果显示,除了T0组(初始菌落富集培养液),T7、T9(硝酸盐及纳米或微米Fe3O4处理组)及T5(硝酸盐处理组)与T1(对照组)和其他处理组的微生物组成差异较大.再次说明了硝酸盐的刺激增强了反硝化细菌的丰度和活性,引起微生物群落结构的变化[39].为进一步观察组间群落组成差异,将丰度前25的微生物丰度进行组间对比,绘制各物种在不同处理组中的相对丰度热图如图8,Z值越大表示物种在该处理组的丰度较其他处理组越高.
相较于对照组(T1),添加了Fe3O4的T2和T3处理组中,HydrogenophagaIgnavibacterium的丰度有所增加.研究发现[55]Hydrogenophaga属具有PAHs的降解能力.Yan等[56]发现Hydrogenophaga菌种在好氧和厌氧条件下均能降解高环PAHs.Ignavibacterium属细菌能够代谢氮元素和芳香化合物[15].纳米Fe3O4处理组(T2)中Achromobacter丰度比T1和微米Fe3O4处理组(T3)高,硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6)中Achromobacter丰度比硫酸盐还原条件下微米Fe3O4处理组(T8)高.Achromobacter通常存在于海洋和受污染的沉积物中,也与PAHs的降解有关[57].对比发现,单独投加纳米Fe3O4(T2)中的Ensifer丰度高于单独投加微米Fe3O4(T3),在硫酸盐还原条件和硝酸盐还原条件纳米Fe3O4中的Ensifer丰度均高于单独投加微米Fe3O4,说明纳米Fe3O4能增加某些PAHs降解菌的丰度.
值得注意的是,在有电子受体的条件下投加Fe3O4(T6~T9)处理组中,Tissierella的丰度明显高于未投加或单独投加Fe3O4的处理组(T1~T3).Tissierella属于Firmicutes门下的Clostridia.Chang等[58]表明Clostridia纲的菌种是菲的降解者.另外,Firmicutes门中具有许多电活性微生物,说明在有电子受体的条件下添加Fe3O4可能会促进电活性微生物的丰度,从而提高了微生物ETS活性,促进有机物氧化释放的电子向电子受体的转移.
在厌氧条件下微生物可以利用NO3-、SO42、Fe(III)等无机盐离子或化合物作为电子受体进行呼吸作用,将PAHs氧化为低分子量物质[59].在没有其他电子受体存在的条件下,研究发现微生物能够在产甲烷条件下进行PAHs的厌氧降解[60-61].在厌氧条件下微生物会优先利用NO3-作为电子受体,硝酸盐还原条件下PAHs生物降解速率大于硫酸盐还原条件[37].这与本研究得到的结果一致(硝酸盐处理组菲降解速率0.02621h-1>硫酸盐处理组0.02108h-1).研究表明在以硝酸盐为唯一电子受体条件下,二环和三环PAHs的降解比在硫酸盐还原条件下更为显著[62].激活多种参与碳、氮、硫循环的功能微生物,促进多种有机污染物的降解转化有关[12].
本研究单独投加两种不同形态的Fe3O4处理组中,微米Fe3O4处理组(T3)菲降解速率(0.02762h-1)高于纳米Fe3O4处理组(T2)菲降解速率(0.02361h-1),这可能是由于微米Fe3O4的表面更便于PAHs降解相关的菌株能够以生物膜的形式附着繁殖[20].然而,在硫酸盐还原条件或硝酸盐还原条件下投加两种不同形态的Fe3O4处理组中,纳米Fe3O4(T6、T7)相对于微米Fe3O4(T8、T9)降解菲的效果更好,特别是硫酸盐及纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6),菲降解速率常数可以达到0.02657h-1.这可能与磁铁矿介导了微生物间的电子转移有关.有研究发现Fe(II)/Fe(III)间的氧化还原转化过程可以协助微生物间的胞外电子传递[63-64].添加了Fe3O4的各处理组的生物可利用性Fe(II)及Fe(III)浓度变化情况如图9所示.在整个培养期间,含有纳米Fe3O4处理组(T2、T6、T7)的生物可利用性Fe(II)及Fe(III)浓度显著高于含有微米Fe3O4处理组(T3、T8、T9).Fe3O4作为微生物胞外呼吸的终端电子供体、电子储存介质或种间电子传递介质促进微生物的硝酸盐还原或硫酸盐还原过程[65].而且纳米Fe3O4可能促进了Fe(II)/Fe(III)间的氧化还原循环,介导了微生物的电子传递过程.在有电子受体(NO3-、SO42-)的条件下,不同种类的微生物相互协作形成了一个复杂的种间电子转移网络[66-67],硫酸盐或硝酸盐还原菌与PAHs降解菌的协同作用能够分解代谢菲[68].而磁铁矿富集了PAHs降解菌,并显著提高了微生物ETS活性(图3).Fe3O4可能作为导电矿物的存在介导了体系中的电子传递,增强了微生物电子转移网络传递电子的效率,从而提高了微生物对PAHs的降解效率.
此外,通过GC-MS测定180h各处理组的菲代谢产物如图10所示.各组主要的代谢产物均为6-叔丁基间甲酚(图10(a))和2,2'-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)(图10(b)).这与以前研究提出的菲厌氧降解途径主要是羧基化或甲基化途径相吻合[68].研究还发现在硫酸盐还原条件下纳米Fe3O4处理组(T6)降解菲所产生的中间产物相对于其他处理组更简单、毒性更小且分解更完全.由于微生物群落的组成影响PAHs的降解速率以及最终产物的特性[69],还需要更多的研究来阐明磁铁矿介导下PAHs代谢的不同机制.
3.1 采用共沉淀法成功制备了纳米Fe3O4和微米Fe3O4.纳米Fe3O4形状近似于球状,其粒子尺寸均匀且分散性良好,粒径约为10~20nm;微米Fe3O4呈粒状或块状,中值粒径为26.337µm.
3.2 有氧条件下自然降解显著降低了大水港沉积物的PAHs,而纳米Fe3O4和微米Fe3O4处理组未明显降低沉积物中的PAHs.说明有氧条件下沉积物原有的电子受体在影响生物降解方面比投加的电子传递介质更为重要.厌氧在没有电子受体条件下微米Fe3O4能显著促进菲的降解.而在硫酸盐或硝酸盐处理组中,纳米Fe3O4对菲降解的促进效果更显著.不同氧化还原条件下菲的降解动力学结果表明,菲的生物降解符合一级反应动力学模型,降解速率常数为0.01905~0.02762h-1.
3.3 厌氧培养试验ETS活性结果表明,Fe3O4能够显著提高微生物传递系统活性.纳米Fe3O4处理组和微米Fe3O4处理组的ETS活性较对照组分别提高了441.7%~511.2%和113.8%~141.1%.
3.4 厌氧培养试验微生物群落结构分析表明,添加了硝酸盐的处理组(T5、T7和T9)明显改变了微生物群落结构,其优势菌为Burkholderiaceae科和Propionivibrio属.其他处理组中的优势属为PseudomonasCupriavidus.投加Fe3O4会增加芳香化合物降解菌HydrogenophagaIgnavibacterium的丰度;相对于微米Fe3O4,纳米Fe3O4提高了PAHs降解菌AchromobacterEnsifer的丰度.在有电子受体的条件下,投加Fe3O4增加了Clostridia纲Tissierella的丰度.微生物可利用铁测定结果表明,纳米磁铁矿可能促进了Fe(II)/Fe(III)间的氧化还原循环,介导了微生物的电子传递过程.
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    1.哈尔滨师范大学地理科学学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150025
    2.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与流域水安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
    3.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008
    4.东南大学土木工程学院,江苏 南京 210096

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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