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Winter wheat is the main cereal crop in Northern China, and excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation are employed in recent years to ensure a high grain yield. A high amount of N was lost via leaching, which exacerbated the risk of non-point source pollution and further increased the resource waste. It is highly necessary to clarify the characteristics and influencing factors of N leaching loss during the winter wheat season in the region. The literature on N leaching loss from the winter wheat production in Northern China, published from 2000 to 2023 was screened, and linear, multiple-factor regression models, as well as random forest and XGBoost models were established in the study. The research showed that the N leaching during the winter wheat season was mainly affected by the fertilizer rate and irrigation water, as well as soil properties (pH, clay and sand content), and was effectively inhibited by crop straw incorporation. Multiple variable combinations were constructed based on the results of importance analysis and stepwise regression. Grid search method, Bayesian and the combination of Bayesian and Early stopping were used to optimize the model parameters. The models constructed through Random Forest, based on all influential variables and based on the influential variables screened by stepwise, had the R2 of 0.628 and 0.708, respectively, and the R2 for the corresponding models constructed through XGBoost were 0.745 and 0.722, respectively. This indicates that the prediction effects of N leaching based on Random Forest and XGBoost were much better than the linear and multiple-factor regression models. The influence of multiple factors on N leaching was comprehensively considered in the machine learning models, and the effects of prediction were better when choosing the influential variables screened by empirical statistical methods as independent variables. The results of this study can provide technical support for reducing the N leaching in the winter wheat production in Northern China.

, correspAuthors=Fan-qiao MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao-yu LI, Xiu-chun XU, Xuan YANG, Bin CUI, Heng-ai CHEN, Xiao-ying ZHAO, Ning YUAN, Fan-qiao MENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049974033674353, articleId=1241049967779967921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=利用机器学习预测华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确华北地区冬小麦生产中的氮淋失特征及影响因素,整合了2000~2023年发表的、在华北地区进行的冬小麦氮淋失试验研究,分别构建了单因素和多因素回归模型,以及基于机器学习的随机森林和XGBoost模型,对农田氮淋失进行定量分析.研究表明,氮肥和水分投入量、土壤性质(pH值、粘粒和砂粒含量)是影响华北地区冬小麦生产中氮淋失的主要因素,秸秆还田能够有效抑制氮淋失.利用随机森林方法,基于全部预测变量和逐步回归筛选后预测变量构建的模型拟合优度分别为0.628和0.708,而经过贝叶斯搜参和早停法优化后构建的XGBoost模型拟合优度分别为0.745和0.722.机器学习模型构建过程中充分考虑了多因素对冬小麦生产中氮淋失的影响,采用经验统计筛选的预测指标构建的模型拟合优度高,适用性好,对于华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失的阻控具有重要技术支撑.

, correspAuthors=孟凡乔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Esipf+64GibJAzURBGL3KA==, magXml=xgf8wYHcbO25V7GudCQA1w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1StYNXkBeGjza6tcwEuFEA==, pdfFileSize=1425698, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Odwbjh86A6c6L5YNI9e3Kg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9c35TrQD3Ws2eI6EZEEADA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李涛宇(2003-),男,江苏扬州人,本科生,研究方向为土壤氮循环.发表论文1篇..

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李涛宇(2003-),男,江苏扬州人,本科生,研究方向为土壤氮循环.发表论文1篇..

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李涛宇(2003-),男,江苏扬州人,本科生,研究方向为土壤氮循环.发表论文1篇..

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Water202214(15):2307., articleTitle=Improving results of existing groundwater numerical models using machine learning techniques: A review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241049993629463503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, awardId=2023YFD1701701, language=CN, fundingSource=十四五国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1701701), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049974608294036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049974620876951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, companyId=1241049974608294036, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Prevention, Control and Restoration of Farmland Soil Pollution, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049974633459866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, companyId=1241049974608294036, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国农业大学资源与环境学院农田土壤污染防控与修复北京市重点实验室,北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241049985849029318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution histogram of total N leaching loss and logarithmic total N leaching loss during the winter wheat season, figureFileSmall=90iJb1+lVW6vYI8CeR3hbA==, figureFileBig=Odwbjh86A6c6L5YNI9e3Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049987497390804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=图1, caption=冬小麦农田总氮淋失量分布直方图和总氮淋失量取对数分布直方图, figureFileSmall=90iJb1+lVW6vYI8CeR3hbA==, figureFileBig=Odwbjh86A6c6L5YNI9e3Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049988365611758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Correlation between total N leaching loss and predictive variables during the winter wheat season, figureFileSmall=/An1vFvXYEhWxjUvHLsvuw==, figureFileBig=bBWGOOLh8t7FUJUisr78wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049988789236472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=图2, caption=冬小麦农田总氮淋失量与预测变量的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=/An1vFvXYEhWxjUvHLsvuw==, figureFileBig=bBWGOOLh8t7FUJUisr78wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049989116392203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Importance analysis of various predictive variables for total N leaching loss during the winter wheat season, figureFileSmall=qqoD22cz0v/NLWNaRrhPBA==, figureFileBig=Hww+OMJCWyBKLieUs9xCuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049989258998555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=图3, caption=冬小麦农田总氮淋失量各预测变量的重要性分析, figureFileSmall=qqoD22cz0v/NLWNaRrhPBA==, figureFileBig=Hww+OMJCWyBKLieUs9xCuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049989418382122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Regression simulation of total N leaching loss with fertilizer N rate, total N rate and water input in winter wheat fields, figureFileSmall=XzrjTcl3zPa3e+PRdlRIbQ==, figureFileBig=oVeYcSxUe345HKfAEWkkVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049989598737207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冬小麦农田总氮淋失量与化肥施氮量、总施氮量和水分投入量的回归模拟, figureFileSmall=XzrjTcl3zPa3e+PRdlRIbQ==, figureFileBig=oVeYcSxUe345HKfAEWkkVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049989829423940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Two factor regression simulation of total N leaching loss with fertilizer N rate and water input during the winter wheat season, figureFileSmall=SPQWppcftOPsMBA9nLtGVA==, figureFileBig=dZyNEcjf+ItjNedqVAiMPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049990005584719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=图5, caption=冬小麦农田总氮淋失量与化肥施氮量和水分投入量的双因素回归模拟, figureFileSmall=SPQWppcftOPsMBA9nLtGVA==, figureFileBig=dZyNEcjf+ItjNedqVAiMPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049990194328414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of multiple regression model for total N leaching loss in winter wheat fields

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数系数预测值标准差tP
截距Intercept-113.72135.454-3.2080.002
化肥施氮量Fertilizer N rate0.0660.0125.341<0.001
秸秆还田输入氮量Straw incorporation N rate-0.0220.025-0.8710.385
有机肥输入氮量Organic fertilizer N rate0.0590.0252.3380.020
水分投入量Water input0.0850.0155.874<0.001
土壤pH值Soil pH6.0513.3641.7990.074
土壤全氮含量Soil total N12.5836.0152.0920.038
有机质含量Soil organic matter-0.3400.431-0.7890.431
粘粒含量Clay content0.8920.1655.408<0.001
砂粒含量Sand content0.3140.0873.605<0.001
采样深度Sampling depth-0.0100.032-0.3220.747
还田秸秆量Straw incorporation
总施氮量Total N rate
FF statistic: 10.311PP-value: 6.43×10-14
拟合优度Multiple R2: 0.344修正拟合优度Adjusted R2: 0.310
), ArticleFig(id=1241049990492124016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冬小麦农田总氮淋失量的多元回归模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数系数预测值标准差tP
截距Intercept-113.72135.454-3.2080.002
化肥施氮量Fertilizer N rate0.0660.0125.341<0.001
秸秆还田输入氮量Straw incorporation N rate-0.0220.025-0.8710.385
有机肥输入氮量Organic fertilizer N rate0.0590.0252.3380.020
水分投入量Water input0.0850.0155.874<0.001
土壤pH值Soil pH6.0513.3641.7990.074
土壤全氮含量Soil total N12.5836.0152.0920.038
有机质含量Soil organic matter-0.3400.431-0.7890.431
粘粒含量Clay content0.8920.1655.408<0.001
砂粒含量Sand content0.3140.0873.605<0.001
采样深度Sampling depth-0.0100.032-0.3220.747
还田秸秆量Straw incorporation
总施氮量Total N rate
FF statistic: 10.311PP-value: 6.43×10-14
拟合优度Multiple R2: 0.344修正拟合优度Adjusted R2: 0.310
), ArticleFig(id=1241049992236954494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of stepwise regression model for total N leaching loss in winter wheat fields

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参数系数预测值标准化系数标准差tP
截距Intercept-129.77323.956-5.417<0.001
总施氮量Total N rate0.0640.3950.0125.270<0.001
还田秸秆量Straw incorporation-0.001-0.2030.000-3.0190.003
水分投入量Water input0.0870.4700.0136.642<0.001
粘粒含量Clay content0.8930.4890.1515.926<0.001
砂粒含量Sand content0.3050.2720.0823.708<0.001
土壤pH值Soil pH7.4720.2012.6442.8260.005
土壤全氮含量Soil total N11.1700.1325.5252.0220.045
FF statistic: 14.3PP-value: 4.32×10-15
拟合优度Multiple R2: 0.335修正拟合优度Adjusted R2: 0.311
), ArticleFig(id=1241049992580887432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冬小麦农田总氮淋失量的逐步回归模型参数

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参数系数预测值标准化系数标准差tP
截距Intercept-129.77323.956-5.417<0.001
总施氮量Total N rate0.0640.3950.0125.270<0.001
还田秸秆量Straw incorporation-0.001-0.2030.000-3.0190.003
水分投入量Water input0.0870.4700.0136.642<0.001
粘粒含量Clay content0.8930.4890.1515.926<0.001
砂粒含量Sand content0.3050.2720.0823.708<0.001
土壤pH值Soil pH7.4720.2012.6442.8260.005
土壤全氮含量Soil total N11.1700.1325.5252.0220.045
FF statistic: 14.3PP-value: 4.32×10-15
拟合优度Multiple R2: 0.335修正拟合优度Adjusted R2: 0.311
), ArticleFig(id=1241049992853517206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Hyperparameter range

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模型超参数参数范围
网格搜索法贝叶斯搜索法
随机森林
Random Forest
决策树的数量(n_estimators)50,100,15050~200
树的最大深度(max_depth)10,15,201~20
节点最小分裂样本数(min_samples_split)2,4,82~10
叶子节点最小样本数(min_samples_leaf)1,2,41~10
决策树考虑的特征比例(max_features)0.3,0.4,0.50.1~1.0
XGBoost
eXtreme Gradient Boosting
决策树的数量(n_estimators)50~200
树的最大深度(max_depth)3~10
学习率(learning_rate)0.01~0.4
叶子节点中最小样本权重和(min_child_weight)3~9
样本训练比例(subsample)0.3~0.8
决策树考虑的特征比例(colsample_bytree)0.1~1.0
gamma0.01~0.1
alpha1.0~1.5
lambda0~0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241049993088398247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

超参数范围

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模型超参数参数范围
网格搜索法贝叶斯搜索法
随机森林
Random Forest
决策树的数量(n_estimators)50,100,15050~200
树的最大深度(max_depth)10,15,201~20
节点最小分裂样本数(min_samples_split)2,4,82~10
叶子节点最小样本数(min_samples_leaf)1,2,41~10
决策树考虑的特征比例(max_features)0.3,0.4,0.50.1~1.0
XGBoost
eXtreme Gradient Boosting
决策树的数量(n_estimators)50~200
树的最大深度(max_depth)3~10
学习率(learning_rate)0.01~0.4
叶子节点中最小样本权重和(min_child_weight)3~9
样本训练比例(subsample)0.3~0.8
决策树考虑的特征比例(colsample_bytree)0.1~1.0
gamma0.01~0.1
alpha1.0~1.5
lambda0~0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241049993201644468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation results of different models

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预测变量组合基于不同优化方法下不同模型R2
随机森林网格搜索法随机森林贝叶斯搜参XGBoost贝叶斯搜参XGboost贝叶斯搜参+早停法多因素线性回归
(1)全部预测变量 All predicted variables0.6270.6280.7020.7450.344
(2)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量,土壤类型,秸秆还田输入氮量,有机肥输入氮量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N,Soil type,Straw incorporation N rate,Organic fertilizer N rate0.6090.6070.6810.6710.343
(3)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量,土壤类型,秸秆还田输入氮量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N,Soil type,Straw incorporation N rate0.6250.6240.6920.6990.325
(4)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量,土壤类型 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N,Soil type0.5400.5420.5630.5670.324
(5)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,黏粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N0.5430.5460.5890.5850.324
(6)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter0.5370.5420.5750.5240.292
(7)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,黏粒含量,土壤pH值 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH0.5300.5310.5600.5530.289
(8)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,黏粒含量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content0.5230.5240.5490.5190.279
(9)水分投入量,化肥施氮量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate0.3100.3110.6070.6100.127
(10)总施氮量,还田秸秆量,水分投入量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,土壤全氮含量 Total N rate,Straw incorporation,Water input,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil total N0.7050.7080.7100.7220.335
), ArticleFig(id=1241049993486857151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967779967921, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同模型性能评价对比

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预测变量组合基于不同优化方法下不同模型R2
随机森林网格搜索法随机森林贝叶斯搜参XGBoost贝叶斯搜参XGboost贝叶斯搜参+早停法多因素线性回归
(1)全部预测变量 All predicted variables0.6270.6280.7020.7450.344
(2)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量,土壤类型,秸秆还田输入氮量,有机肥输入氮量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N,Soil type,Straw incorporation N rate,Organic fertilizer N rate0.6090.6070.6810.6710.343
(3)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量,土壤类型,秸秆还田输入氮量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N,Soil type,Straw incorporation N rate0.6250.6240.6920.6990.325
(4)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量,土壤类型 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N,Soil type0.5400.5420.5630.5670.324
(5)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,黏粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量,土壤全氮含量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter,Soil total N0.5430.5460.5890.5850.324
(6)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,有机质含量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil organic matter0.5370.5420.5750.5240.292
(7)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,黏粒含量,土壤pH值 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH0.5300.5310.5600.5530.289
(8)水分投入量,化肥施氮量,砂粒含量,黏粒含量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate,Sand content,Clay content0.5230.5240.5490.5190.279
(9)水分投入量,化肥施氮量 Water input,Fertilizer N rate0.3100.3110.6070.6100.127
(10)总施氮量,还田秸秆量,水分投入量,砂粒含量,粘粒含量,土壤pH值,土壤全氮含量 Total N rate,Straw incorporation,Water input,Sand content,Clay content,Soil pH,Soil total N0.7050.7080.7100.7220.335
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利用机器学习预测华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失
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李涛宇 , 许秀春 , 杨轩 , 崔斌 , 陈恒爱 , 赵晓莹 , 袁宁 , 孟凡乔 *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(1): 343-354
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(1): 343-354
利用机器学习预测华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失
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李涛宇 , 许秀春, 杨轩, 崔斌, 陈恒爱, 赵晓莹, 袁宁, 孟凡乔*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学资源与环境学院农田土壤污染防控与修复北京市重点实验室,北京 100193
  • 李涛宇(2003-),男,江苏扬州人,本科生,研究方向为土壤氮循环.发表论文1篇..

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*责任作者,教授,
Prediction of nitrogen leaching from winter-wheat production in North China based on random forest and XGBoost
Tao-yu LI , Xiu-chun XU, Xuan YANG, Bin CUI, Heng-ai CHEN, Xiao-ying ZHAO, Ning YUAN, Fan-qiao MENG*
Affiliations
  • College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Prevention, Control and Restoration of Farmland Soil Pollution, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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为明确华北地区冬小麦生产中的氮淋失特征及影响因素,整合了2000~2023年发表的、在华北地区进行的冬小麦氮淋失试验研究,分别构建了单因素和多因素回归模型,以及基于机器学习的随机森林和XGBoost模型,对农田氮淋失进行定量分析.研究表明,氮肥和水分投入量、土壤性质(pH值、粘粒和砂粒含量)是影响华北地区冬小麦生产中氮淋失的主要因素,秸秆还田能够有效抑制氮淋失.利用随机森林方法,基于全部预测变量和逐步回归筛选后预测变量构建的模型拟合优度分别为0.628和0.708,而经过贝叶斯搜参和早停法优化后构建的XGBoost模型拟合优度分别为0.745和0.722.机器学习模型构建过程中充分考虑了多因素对冬小麦生产中氮淋失的影响,采用经验统计筛选的预测指标构建的模型拟合优度高,适用性好,对于华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失的阻控具有重要技术支撑.

冬小麦  /  氮淋失  /  机器学习  /  XGBoost  /  网格搜索  /  贝叶斯搜参

Winter wheat is the main cereal crop in Northern China, and excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation are employed in recent years to ensure a high grain yield. A high amount of N was lost via leaching, which exacerbated the risk of non-point source pollution and further increased the resource waste. It is highly necessary to clarify the characteristics and influencing factors of N leaching loss during the winter wheat season in the region. The literature on N leaching loss from the winter wheat production in Northern China, published from 2000 to 2023 was screened, and linear, multiple-factor regression models, as well as random forest and XGBoost models were established in the study. The research showed that the N leaching during the winter wheat season was mainly affected by the fertilizer rate and irrigation water, as well as soil properties (pH, clay and sand content), and was effectively inhibited by crop straw incorporation. Multiple variable combinations were constructed based on the results of importance analysis and stepwise regression. Grid search method, Bayesian and the combination of Bayesian and Early stopping were used to optimize the model parameters. The models constructed through Random Forest, based on all influential variables and based on the influential variables screened by stepwise, had the R2 of 0.628 and 0.708, respectively, and the R2 for the corresponding models constructed through XGBoost were 0.745 and 0.722, respectively. This indicates that the prediction effects of N leaching based on Random Forest and XGBoost were much better than the linear and multiple-factor regression models. The influence of multiple factors on N leaching was comprehensively considered in the machine learning models, and the effects of prediction were better when choosing the influential variables screened by empirical statistical methods as independent variables. The results of this study can provide technical support for reducing the N leaching in the winter wheat production in Northern China.

winter wheat  /  nitrogen leaching  /  machine learning  /  XGBoost  /  grid search  /  bayesian optimization
李涛宇, 许秀春, 杨轩, 崔斌, 陈恒爱, 赵晓莹, 袁宁, 孟凡乔. 利用机器学习预测华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 343 -354 .
Tao-yu LI, Xiu-chun XU, Xuan YANG, Bin CUI, Heng-ai CHEN, Xiao-ying ZHAO, Ning YUAN, Fan-qiao MENG. Prediction of nitrogen leaching from winter-wheat production in North China based on random forest and XGBoost[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 343 -354 .
华北地区是我国主要的粮食产区,冬小麦是该地区主要的粮食作物,种植面积约3.3×106hm2[1].近年来,随着人口增加和生活水平的提高,粮食产量需求持续增长,高量水肥投入成为提高冬小麦产量的主要措施[2].当前,在华北地区冬小麦生产中,农民常规管理措施情形下,单季灌溉水和氮肥投入总量高达350mm和300kg/hm2[3-6],远超冬小麦的合理水肥需求量.过量施用的氮肥一部分在土壤中残留,很大一部分随水分迁移并淋失到作物根区以外、进入地下水体[7],造成面源污染等环境问题[8-9].华北地区冬小麦生产中硝态氮淋失量达26.3~70.5kg/hm2,占化肥投入量的11.7%~23.5%左右[10-12].明确华北地区冬小麦生产中的氮淋失特征并进行定量预测,对于提高农业生产效益和保护环境具有重要意义.
研究表明,华北地区冬小麦季氮淋失受到多种因素的影响,包括氮肥施用[13]、灌溉制度[14]、土壤类型[15]、秸秆还田[16]等,目前大部分进行的氮淋失预测模型主要关注单个因素,如肥料或者水分对氮淋失的影响[17].Cui等[18]和杨旺鑫[19]分别建立了氮淋失量与施氮量和降雨量的指数和线性模型,回归决定系数(R2)分别为0.50和0.37.生产实际中,由于不同地区土壤和环境条件差异较大,农田生产管理措施各异,氮淋失的变化受到众多因素影响,而不是仅局限于肥料或者水分,单因素预测往往效果较差[17],多因素、非线性预测模型更能反映生产实际中氮淋失的变化规律.
机器学习作为一种新兴的数据处理与统计方法,近年来在环境科学领域展现出其强大的应用潜力[20].研究表明,广义加线性模型[21]、人工神经网络[22]以及随机森林模型[23]等机器学习方法在环境污染预测中具有较高的准确性(R2均大于0.76),能够有效揭示污染物变化规律及其影响因素,明确缓解环境污染问题的有效措施.机器学习方法,主要是基于概率论和统计学,从大规模数据中挖掘出隐藏的规律和关联,并利用这些规律为指标定量预测提供更加精准的模型[24].机器学习作为一种回归方法,与统计回归分析具有相似之处,但是与经验统计回归模型相比,能够纳入更多的影响因子,并综合考虑不同影响因子的重要性程度,提高模型的预测精度.Ying等[25]和Liu等[26]通过随机森林模型对农田氮淋失进行预测,结果表明其拟合效果要优于常规指数模型,且施用生物炭能够显著降低农田土壤氮淋失量.但综合分析,基于机器学习的农业面源污染研究多集中于大气[21]、重金属[23]、水质[27]等方面,在氮淋失方面相关研究较少.
对于华北地区农田土壤氮淋失进行直接测定的方法在2000年以前尚不完善[28],而对氮淋失的研究大多通过采集土壤样品或在室内进行模拟试验的方法进行[29].因此,本研究整合了2000~2023年发表的、在华北地区进行的冬小麦农田氮淋失研究(表S1),筛选包括土壤性质、氮肥施用量、秸秆还田量、水分投入量和氮淋失量等数据.通过随机森林、极限梯度提升(XGBoost)等机器学习方法,并结合网格搜索、贝叶斯搜参、早停法等进行参数优化,系统分析华北地区冬小麦生产中环境条件和农田管理措施对氮淋失的影响及其重要程度.根据不同影响因子的重要程度进行逐步筛选,并结合经验统计分析方法获得构建最佳模型的影响因子组合,以提高对氮淋失预测的模型精度,同时分析机器学习方法的适用性,为降低华北地区氮淋失风险和提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据.
传统意义上,华北地区包括北京、河北、山西、内蒙古和天津等省市[1].与华北地区接壤的河南、山东和陕西等省份,当前大田作物主要也是冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟的种植制度,气温、降水、日照和土壤等环境条件以及农田管理措施与河北、山西等地相似.因此,本研究区域包括北京、河北、山西、内蒙古、天津、河南、山东、陕西等省市地区.
本次研究,主要对Web of Science和中国知网(CNKI)等文献平台检索了2000~2023年间发表的,且研究区域为华北地区的相关文献.搜索关键词包括“氮淋失”“氮素平衡”“硝态氮”“冬小麦”和“华北地区”等以及相应英文,并将这些关键词进行组合.筛选文献时,研究区域为河南、山东、陕西等省市地区的文献也被考虑在内.文献选择标准如下:1)研究应为在农田进行的田间试验,氮淋失应是通过淋溶盘法、渗漏池法或陶土头配合压力计法的其中一个方法直接测定;2)氮淋失监测时段必须包括一个完整的冬小麦生长周期;3)不同文献,如果数据来源于同一个地点、同一试验且相同年份的,选择最后一个发表年度的文献数据.
研究收集的数据主要包括土壤性质,包括pH值、有机质、全氮、粘粒、砂粒以及土壤类型,采样(采样方法、采样深度),农田管理措施,包括化肥施氮量、还田秸秆量、秸秆还田输入氮量、有机肥输入氮量、总施氮量、水分投入量等,以及总氮淋失量.对于只有图的文献,使用GetData Gragh Digitizer软件从图中提取数值.
本研究共选取了22篇期刊文献和硕士、博士论文,共获得208条数据.选取土壤性质、采样、农田管理措施等共14个因素作为预测变量,将总氮淋失量作为目标变量.预测变量中的总氮施用量包括化肥施氮量、秸秆还田输入氮量和有机肥输入氮量,水分投入量包括降雨量和灌溉量.
本研究中缺失值主要集中在土壤粘粒、砂粒和总氮淋失量等数据.对于土壤粘粒和砂粒含量缺失的文献,查找与缺失文献试验区域具有相同经、纬度的文献中的相关数据进行补充.硝态氮是华北地区总氮淋失的主要形式[30],对于仅提供硝态氮淋失量的文献,其总氮淋失量按照硝态氮淋失占比为95%的比例进行换算.
研究获得的208条数据中,冬小麦季总氮淋失量小于20kg/hm2的数据条约占78%(图1(a)).总氮淋失量的最小值、最大值和平均值分别为0.10,88.5和13.9kg/hm2.由于总氮淋失量分布偏离正态分布,对总氮淋失量进行取对数处理(LN),使数据更接近正态分布(图1(b)),同时也减少了异常值的影响.对数化处理后的总氮淋失量仅用于机器学习模型的构建,进行其它回归分析时,未对总氮淋失量进行对数化处理.
为消除不同变量之间量纲的影响,研究中采用了标准化处理方法.标准化后的数据均值为0,标准差为1.标准化的过程采用Z-score标准化公式[31]
式中:Zi是标准化后的数据;Xi为需要标准化的数据;μ是该组数据的均值;σ是该组数据的标准差.
针对本研究中的土壤类型、采样方法等分类变量,本文采用了独热编码进行处理,将这些分类变量按照类别转化为0和1的编码形式.对于土壤类型,本文建立了三维向量,其中[1,0,0]代表棕壤土,[0,1,0]代表褐土,[0,0,1]代表潮土.对于采样方法,[1,0,0]代表陶土头-张力计法,[0,1,0]代表蒸渗仪法,[0,0,1]代表淋溶盘法.该编码处理方法解决了因常规编码引起的分类变量在回归时权重发生变化问题,也避免模型对分类变量产生偏好,从而使解释和分析变量时更为准确和可靠.
本研究采用SPSS 27.0.1进行Pearson相关性分析,一元线性回归分析、二元线性回归分析和多元回归分析,来明确施氮量、水分投入量和土壤性质等因子对总氮淋失量的影响.通过回归方程的R2P值来识别最佳模型.采用Origin 2021作图.
本研究采用Python(Python version 3.10)相关库,包括pandas(2.2.0)、numpy(1.26.3)、scikit-learn(1.4.0)和xgboost(2.0.3))进行随机森林和XGBoost的模型建立.搜参方法采用scikit-learn(1.4.0)中的GridSearchCV方法进行网格搜索,scikit-optimize(0.9.0)库中的BayesSearchCV方法进行贝叶斯搜索.模型构建中均采用五折交叉检验的方法来评估参数,并采用scikit-learn(1.4.0)库中的相关方法(r2_score)计算R2进行评价.
随机森林是一种集成学习方法,在建立回归模型过程中通过构建多个决策树进行预测,每个决策树输出一个连续的数值,然后将决策树预测的结果,通过取平均值或加权平均值的方法整合得到最终结果[32].通过随机森林进行模拟的过程中需要对参数(决策树的数量、树的深度、节点最小分裂样本数以及决策树考虑的特征数量等)进行优化以获得最优模型,参数优化方法包括网格搜索法和贝叶斯优化法.网格搜索是一种通过在预定义的参数空间中穷举组合来确定最优模型参数的方法[33].对于每一组参数组合,模型都会进行训练和评估,最终选择在指定评估指标表现最好的参数组合.而贝叶斯优化是一种基于贝叶斯定理的参数优化方法,通过在每一步选择具有最大潜在改善的参数组合,逐步缩小搜索空间,从而高效地寻找全局最优解[33].
在建立随机森林模型的过程中,将预处理后的数据分为80%的训练集和20%的测试集.采用网格搜索法和贝叶斯搜参法在训练集上搜索最优参数组合,建立随机森林模型.为确保结果的稳定性,本文进行200次随机模拟.随后,在测试集上对建立好的模型进行了测试和评估,取均方误差和解释率的平均值趋于稳定的结果,并对所有模拟的模型拟合优度求平均作为最终结果.
XGBoost是一种梯度提升算法,通过迭代训练一系列弱学习器(本研究中为决策树),每次迭代都调整前一轮模型的错误,以逐步提高整体模型的性能[32].该算法引入正则化项以避免过拟合,并具有高度优化的计算效率.
在XGBoost模型的建立过程中,将数据分为80%的训练集和20%的测试集.利用贝叶斯搜参法对决策树数量、树深度、决策树考虑的特征数量、学习率等XGBoost相关超参数进行优化并建立模型.取200次模型模拟R2的平均值作为最终结果.为避免模型在拟合过程中出现过拟合的现象,采用了早停法.通过在训练过程中监控验证集的性能,并在性能不再提升时停止模型的训练,从而抑制了过拟合的现象.
Pearson相关性分析可用于评估变量之间的线性相关性,而随机森林或XGBoost重要性分析则可以考虑到预测变量与目标变量间的相对非线性关系.基于Pearson相关性分析和随机森林或XGBoost重要性分析,可以对预测变量进行筛选,以确定其对目标变量的影响程度和重要性.
在Pearson相关性分析中(图2),总氮淋失量与农田主要管理措施(总施氮量、水分投入量、化肥施氮量)和土壤pH值具有极显著的正相关关系,而与土壤有机质含量则呈极显著的负相关关系.总氮淋失量与其他预测变量的相关性较弱,未达显著水平.需要指出的是总氮淋失量与还田秸秆量和秸秆还田输入氮量呈负相关关系.
通过构建随机森林或XGBoost模型,可以量化每个预测变量对模型预测性能的贡献程度,从而识别出对目标变量影响较大的指标.随机森林重要性分析结果表明水分投入量、总施氮量、化肥施氮量、土壤粘粒含量和砂粒含量对总氮淋失量影响最大(图3),而XGBoost重要性分析则表明土壤砂粒含量、采样方法和化肥施氮量是影响总氮淋失量最重要的因素.
基于Pearson相关性分析和随机森林重要性分析结果,构建总氮淋失量与施氮量和水分投入量的单因素(图4)和双因素(图5)回归模型,从而定量化肥施氮量、总施氮量以及水分投入量对总氮淋失量的影响.
线性回归表明,总氮淋失量随着氮肥和水分投入量的增加呈增加的趋势(图4).通过总施氮量(图4(a))和化肥施氮量(图4(b))对总氮淋失量进行预测的各模型拟合优度相似,且通过总施氮量进行预测的模型R2(线性模型、指数模型、多项式模型分别为0.071、0.066、0.072)略高于化肥施氮量,但解释度都小于10%.水分投入量预测总氮淋失量的3种模型(线性模型、指数模型、多项式模型)拟合优度相差不大(图4(c)),解释度也都仅为7%左右.
在双因素回归分析中,化肥施氮量和水分投入量对总氮淋失量的解释度为12.7%,回归方程为Y总氮淋失量=0.0397X化肥施氮量+0.0465X水分投入量-11.3,P<0.001,在拟合优度上相比单因素回归模型有了一定的提升.化肥施氮量和水分投入量标准化后的回归系数分别为0.244和0.252,水分投入量对总氮淋失量的影响大于化肥施氮量.
单因素和双因素回归分析的R2值相对较低(P<0.01),表明单一因素对总氮淋失量模型的贡献仍有限,无法充分解释总氮淋失量的变化.因此,为更准确地预测和解释总氮淋失量,本文构建了所有预测变量与总氮淋失量的多元回归模型(表1).
多元回归模型对总氮淋失量的预测和解释的拟合优度(R2=0.310,P<0.001)较单因素和双因素回归模型高,且达到统计学显著水平.构建的模型方程为Y总氮淋失量=0.066X化肥施氮量-0.022X秸秆还田输入氮量+0.059X有机肥输入氮量+0.085X水分投入量+6.051X土壤pH值+12.583X土壤全氮含量-0.340X有机质含量+0.892X粘粒含量+0.314X砂粒含量-0.010X采样深度-113.721.由于总施氮量(包括化肥施氮量、秸秆还田输入氮量和有机肥输入氮量)与各施氮量之间、还田秸秆量与秸秆还田输入氮量之间存在共线性,在多元回归模型的拟合中去除了总施氮量和还田秸秆量两个预测变量.回归结果表明,总氮淋失量与秸秆还田输入氮量、土壤有机质含量以及采样深度呈负相关关系,而与其他变量均呈正相关关系.然而,秸秆还田输入氮量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质含量和采样深度的回归系数没有通过显著性检验(P>0.05).而逐步回归通过反复添加或删除预测变量,可以有效地筛选出对模型贡献显著的预测变量,提高模型的可靠性.因此,采用逐步回归方法进一步对预测变量进行筛选以建立更优的回归方程.
逐步回归剔除了化肥施氮量、秸秆还田输入氮量、有机肥输入氮量、有机质含量和采样深度5个预测变量,模型方程为Y总氮淋失量=0.064X总施氮量-0.001X还田秸秆量+0.087X水分投入量+0.893X粘粒含量+0.305X砂粒含量+7.472X土壤pH值+11.170X土壤全氮含量-129.773.回归方程的检验显示,模型F统计量的P<0.001.逐步回归所选取指标的回归系数都通过了显著性检验(P<0.05).标准化回归系数表明土壤粘粒含量(0.489)、水分投入量(0.470)、总施氮量(0.395)等是影响冬小麦农田总氮淋失的重要因素.
研究采用网格搜索法和贝叶斯搜参法对预处理后的数据建立随机森林和XGBoost模型,经过多次实验优化后,随机森林和XGBoost模型超参数搜索范围如表3.随机森林模型网格搜索法和贝叶斯搜索法的决策树最大个数分别为150和200,两种搜索法中树的最大深度和最小节点数均为20和1.XGBoost模型贝叶斯搜参法决策树个数、树的最大深度分别为200和10.本研究中,进行200次模拟后,模型的平均拟合优度趋于稳定.
结果表明,基于两种搜参方法的随机森林模型表现相似(表4),通过对全部指标(组合1)和逐步回归筛选后的指标(组合10)进行模拟的模型拟合优度均高于多元回归模型.根据重要性指标剔除预测变量进行模拟时,当删除秸秆还田输入氮量(比较组合3和组合4)和土壤粘粒、砂粒含量(比较组合8和组合9)时,模型拟合优度显著下降.
对于全部指标和通过逐步回归筛选出的指标,基于贝叶斯搜参法构建的XGBoost模型的R2分别为0.702(组合1)和0.710(组合10).虽然XGBoost模型在提高拟合程度方面表现出色,但在训练过程中仍然存在严重的过拟合现象.为了进一步抑制模型的过拟合并提高训练效率,本文在贝叶斯搜参的基础上应用了早停法.在XGBoost回归中,研究首先对除决策树数量外的参数进行贝叶斯搜参,然后基于这些参数继续进行模型训练,当连续20次5折交叉验证性能没有提升时,停止模型的训练并在测试集上进行验证,这一方法有效地抑制了过拟合现象(全部指标R2=0.745,逐步回归筛选出指标R2=0.722).当删除秸秆还田输入氮量(比较组合3和组合4)时,模型拟合优度显著下降.但是与随机森林不同,删除土壤粘粒、砂粒含量(比较组合8和组合9)时,模型拟合优度变化不显著.
Pearson相关性分析和随机森林重要性分析结果表明,施氮量和水分投入量是影响总氮淋失量最为重要的因素.丁燕等[34]通过6a田间试验,发现在小麦-玉米种植体系中,随着施氮量和水分投入量的增加,总氮淋失量呈指数增加.张玉铭等[35]的试验表明,随着施氮量和灌溉量的增加,土壤中硝态氮累积峰面积增大,且出现位置加深,高施氮处理硝态氮累积峰的位置相对于低施氮处理从80cm处移动至100cm处.表明施氮量和灌溉量的增加不仅增加氮淋失量,而且会增加氮淋失深度,进而影响地下水安全[36].除施氮量外,氮肥种类或施肥方式等对氮淋失也有一定的影响.研究表明,与传统农业相比,有机无机肥配施可以提高作物氮素利用率,较单施化肥显著降低总氮淋失量40%左右[11].施用有机肥提高了土壤中反硝化菌群的活性[37],促进硝态氮向有机氮的转化,抑制硝态氮淋失,从而降低对环境的污染风险.
在Pearson相关性分析中,秸秆还田输入氮量和总氮淋失量呈负相关,与多元回归中得出的结果一致,且在随机森林和XGBoost模型中对秸秆还田输入氮量进行剔除时,均出现拟合优度显著下降的现象,这表明了秸秆还田在对氮淋失的预测中可能占据重要地位,这是在以前的研究中大多得到忽视的.秸秆还田对氮淋失的影响主要是由于:一改善表层土壤团聚体性能[38],增加土壤胶体的吸附能力;二还田秸秆的覆盖作用防止水分蒸发、提高土壤保水能力[38];三秸秆还田为土壤微生物提供了碳源,从而促进微生物对氮的利用和固定[39-40],因此,秸秆还田能够显著降低氮淋失量.
氮淋失还受到土壤性质等因素的影响.在pearson相关性分析中总氮淋失量与土壤pH值呈显著正相关关系,且在随机森林重要性分析中砂粒、粘粒含量等土壤性质的重要性也仅次于施氮量和水分投入量.多元回归分析的R2较一元和二元回归分析的R2显著增加,以及在随机森林模型和XGBoost模型模拟过程中减少预测变量后的R2显著降低,表明对于整个华北地区冬小麦氮淋失量的预测,必须考虑农田管理措施和土壤性质等多种因素的共同影响.
传统的经验统计模型(一元或多元回归分析)主要是基于变量之间的关系来进行建模和预测的一种统计方法,通过将数据拟合到已知的统计理论(例如t分布或F分布等)或统计模型(例如线性回归模型或指数回归模型等)来检验假设[41],并通过模型解释度R2和F检验(P值)来判别模型的可靠性,从而说明预测变量对目标变量的影响.机器学习则是在定义的数据集上进行学习,在给定的“输入”和“输出”变量之间构建算法,从大量的数据中捕捉到传统经验模型难以表达的规律,从而对目标变量进行预测.机器学习过程中更注重预测精度(R2[42],而不是估计变量之间的相关性[41].
传统的经验统计模型计算简单,只需要少量参数即可获得预测模型[43],但是只通过单一预测变量或两个预测变量对总氮淋失量进行预测的解释度不高.本研究通过多元回归分析构建的模型,相较一元和二元回归分析的R2虽有所提升,但解释度依然不高,主要是多元回归模型也无法很好地拟合数据的非线性关系[44].机器学习仅通过农田管理措施(化肥施氮量和水分投入量)建立的XGBoost预测模型就表现出较高的拟合度(R2=0.610),预测精度显著提升.并且相较于一元回归模型、二元回归模型和多元回归模型,机器学习在将多个因素作为预测变量的同时,量化每个预测变量对模型预测性能的贡献程度,从而识别出对目标变量具有重要影响的指标,通过构建多次模拟获得最佳的预测模型.本研究结合逐步回归筛选的指标构建的随机森林和XGBoost模型在氮淋失预测中R2值(最大为0.722)显著优于常规回归模型.表明机器学习模型在如华北地区的较大区域内进行预测比传统统计模型更具推广性.
单纯依赖机器学习模型进行预测和解释华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失也存在一定局限性.机器学习模型通常以“黑盒”的形式呈现,无法像传统统计模型一样明确各个预测变量对目标变量的具体影响[45],对预测变量的添加与否存在一定的盲目性,使得模型的解释变得困难.另外,机器学习模型的性能极大依赖于数据的质量[46],如果数据集中存在噪声数据或异常值,模型可能表现出较低的鲁棒性.部分机器学习算法(尤其是深度学习)相较于传统的经验模型需要大量的计算资源,对训练和预测成本具有较高的要求[47].
随机森林算法基于引导聚集算法(Bagging)[32],通过对多个决策树的投票来进行预测,因此每个指标的重要性均被平等地衡量.与之相比,XGBoost采用梯度提升算法(Boosting)[32],其特点是每一轮迭代都会根据上一轮的模型结果来调整.这意味着对于每棵决策树的建立,特征分裂的机会并不均等[48],使得XGBoost更加关注对目标函数影响最大的特征,降低XGBoost在重要性分析中的解释率.在机器学习过程中,由于模型复杂度过高也会存在过拟合现象,而XGBoost模型中早停法能够在模型拟合优度不再提升时,及时停止训练,有效地抑制了过拟合现象.
本研究中的模型是基于华北地区的数据集训练构建的,其适用范围仅限于本研究所定义的华北区域,若要在其他地区应用,则需进一步进行验证.此外,机器学习构建模型过程中仅根据重要性分析的结果筛选变量存在一定的片面性,本试验结合逐步回归筛选预测变量可提高预测模型的拟合优度.在XGBoost构建模型过程中去除土壤粘粒和砂粒含量,模型的拟合优度没有如随机森林模型一样显著下降(比较组合8和组合9),与土壤的粘粒含量和砂粒含量是影响氮淋失的重要因素的事实不符[49].考虑到R2虽然是常用的衡量模型拟合程度的指标,但其只能提供模型对预测变量的解释程度.因此,机器学习模型在预测农田氮淋失时还需要结合相关领域知识、统计方法或其他机器学习算法的结果对这些指标进行筛选,以确保选取的预测变量具有更高的可解释性和预测能力[50].
华北地区冬小麦农田氮淋失受农田管理措施和土壤性质等因素共同影响.施氮量和水分投入量对冬小麦农田氮淋失的影响最为重要,秸秆还田能够有效抑制氮淋失的发生.随机森林在多元指标拟合方面表现出色,通过对全部指标和逐步回归筛选指标建立的模型的R2分别为0.628和0.708,但在建立化肥施氮量和水分投入量双因素预测模型时,R2仅有0.311.研究结果表明将随机森林模型的构建与经验统计分析方法相结合,确定了构建模型的最佳因子组合,提高了模型的预测精度和可靠性.经过贝叶斯搜参和早停法优化后的XGBoost模型在全部预测变量上拟合程度最优(R2=0.745),对双因素预测变量的R2也提高至0.610.机器学习模型在预测农田氮淋失时还需要结合相关领域知识、统计方法或其他机器学习算法的结果对这些指标进行筛选,以提高模型的可行性和适用性.
  • 十四五国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1701701)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
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十四五国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1701701)
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    中国农业大学资源与环境学院农田土壤污染防控与修复北京市重点实验室,北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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