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An innovative technique for extracting phosphorus and synthesizing high-purity vivianite from incinerated sewage sludge ash was explored in this investigation, which experienced three principal stages, including leaching with sulfuric acid, purification via resin adsorption, and crystallization through iron electrocoagulation. The optimal conditions for acid leaching of phosphate (PO43-)from incinerated sewage sludge ash were examined by the response surface methodology, and the optimal operational parameters for the iron electrocoagulation process were determined by the Box-Behnken Design. The results indicate that phosphorus extraction efficiency of 92.80% was achieved at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 37.60mL/g, a sulfuric acid concentration of 0.125mol/L, and an acid leaching duration of 90.0min, the metal cations interfering with phosphate precipitation, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, and Fe2+/3+ were efficiently removed by 732cation exchange resin, all phosphorus was removed from the solution successfully during the iron electrocoagulation process at an initial solution pH value of 2.00, a current of 2.00A, and a reaction time of 30.0min, meanwhile, vivianite with a purity of 97.37% were synthesized. The outcomes show that the three-step method facilitates phosphorus recovery from incinerated sewage sludge ash. 61.44% of the phosphorus was retrieved as high-purity vivianite through the three steps; the recovery process costs 14.66yuan per kilogram product of vivianite and yields a profit of 30.68yuan.

, correspAuthors=Shi-wei XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chang LIU, Tao-yuan WEI, Ao-xue QIU, Wu-bin LIAO, Hui HONG, Dan-ni DENG, Shi-wei XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049978592883003, articleId=1241049967339565994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=以高纯度蓝铁矿回收剩余污泥中磷——基于酸浸-纯化-铁电絮凝三步法, columnId=1240689598737731645, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=固体废物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出了一种从剩余污泥焚烧灰中回收磷并合成高纯度蓝铁矿的新方法,该方法包括硫酸酸浸、树脂吸附除杂和铁电絮凝结晶3个步骤.本文采用响应曲面法研究了硫酸浸提焚烧污泥灰中磷酸盐(PO43-)的最优条件,并使用Box-Behnken法优化了铁电絮凝工艺参数.结果表明,在液固比37.60mL/g、硫酸浓度0.125mol/L、酸浸时间90.0min的条件下,酸浸法可提取焚烧污泥灰中92.80%的磷;732阳离子交换树脂在去除Ca2+、Mg2+、Al3+、Fe2+/3+等干扰磷酸盐沉淀的金属阳离子方面表现出显著效果;在溶液初始pH值为2.00、电流2.00A、反应时间30.0min的条件下,铁电絮凝过程能够去除溶液中所有的磷,并以纯度为97.37%的蓝铁矿形式回收.综上所述,本文提出的三步法可以从剩余污泥焚烧灰中回收磷,其中61.44%的磷可以作为高纯度蓝铁矿回收,且回收成本为14.66元/kg,而利润为30.68元/kg.

, correspAuthors=谢世伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副教授,
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刘畅(2000-),男,湖北孝感人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水处理电化学.发表论文1篇,.

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刘畅(2000-),男,湖北孝感人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水处理电化学.发表论文1篇,.

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刘畅(2000-),男,湖北孝感人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水处理电化学.发表论文1篇,.

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China Environmental Science202343(1):225-233., articleTitle=Phosphorus release and formation of vivianite from acid leaching incineration sludge ash, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241049997932818560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, awardId=51808415, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808415), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049978827764049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049978831958354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, companyId=1241049978827764049, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049978840346964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, companyId=1241049978827764049, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉科技大学城市建设学院,湖北 武汉 430065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241049989590348597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The flow chart of phosphorus recovery as vivianite, figureFileSmall=yHlj+Xm3laIOALhvpO2zXw==, figureFileBig=iRO1NCi1VvF2Y6A3ZmQi3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049989825229634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蓝铁矿回收流程, figureFileSmall=yHlj+Xm3laIOALhvpO2zXw==, figureFileBig=iRO1NCi1VvF2Y6A3ZmQi3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049990265631589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Variation of phosphorus release rate with H+concentration, figureFileSmall=3X42zM6wglAtfQrTVC+XKg==, figureFileBig=mzPiPzKmAdBVxuXLsqaBCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049990471152493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=图2, caption=释磷率随H+浓度变化, figureFileSmall=3X42zM6wglAtfQrTVC+XKg==, figureFileBig=mzPiPzKmAdBVxuXLsqaBCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049992236954497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Variations of removal efficiency of P, product purity, DO and pH values during the electrocoagulation processes, figureFileSmall=9Rm0pEI9rSprsGvC1caXaw==, figureFileBig=slutrZmNrcJptQCoVEJTYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049992589276043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=图3, caption=电絮凝过程中P去除率、产物纯度、DO和pH值变化, figureFileSmall=9Rm0pEI9rSprsGvC1caXaw==, figureFileBig=slutrZmNrcJptQCoVEJTYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049992870294427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variations of the concentrations of P, Fe2+(aq), total Fe(aq) and total Fe during the electrocoagulation processes, figureFileSmall=P3PPIeSCGyvM76Drt3JbVg==, figureFileBig=R5D8vgRbcF0Nsoa2Z7AHmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993080009635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电絮凝过程中P、Fe2+(aq)、总Fe(aq)和总Fe浓度变化, figureFileSmall=P3PPIeSCGyvM76Drt3JbVg==, figureFileBig=R5D8vgRbcF0Nsoa2Z7AHmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993201644465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=XRD spectrum, SEM image and EDS results of the recovered product, figureFileSmall=FxP6w6UUyCCWFh5lZLrI+A==, figureFileBig=A3xePGtVMoryRcU9IJma4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993478468543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=图5, caption=回收产物的XRD图谱以及SEM和SEM-EDS图像, figureFileSmall=FxP6w6UUyCCWFh5lZLrI+A==, figureFileBig=A3xePGtVMoryRcU9IJma4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993604297678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Influence factors and value in the acid leaching experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单位变量取值范围
时间minA10.050.090.0
酸浓度mol/LB0.100.200.30
灰重量gC1.03.05.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049993767875549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酸浸实验影响因素及取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单位变量取值范围
时间minA10.050.090.0
酸浓度mol/LB0.100.200.30
灰重量gC1.03.05.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994040505325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Influence factors and value of the electrocoagulation experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单位变量取值范围
电流AA 0.501.252.00
初始pH值-B 2.003.004.00
时间minC 10.030.050.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994208277499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电絮凝实验影响因素及取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单位变量取值范围
电流AA 0.501.252.00
初始pH值-B 2.003.004.00
时间minC 10.030.050.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994413797388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of orthogonal acid leaching experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Run时间(min)酸度(mol/L)灰重(g)磷提取率(%)
实际值预测值
110.00.205.028.6929.96
250.00.203.064.7664.77
350.00.101.053.6350.51
410.00.303.037.0832.70
550.00.203.061.9864.77
690.00.103.026.3530.74
750.00.203.067.5564.77
890.00.303.092.2393.11
950.00.203.062.4564.77
1090.00.205.056.4852.49
1150.00.203.067.0864.77
1290.00.201.082.4481.17
1350.00.301.070.5770.96
1410.00.201.029.5033.49
1550.00.305.068.3571.46
1610.00.103.021.8320.95
1750.00.105.018.1817.79
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994682232854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酸浸正交实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Run时间(min)酸度(mol/L)灰重(g)磷提取率(%)
实际值预测值
110.00.205.028.6929.96
250.00.203.064.7664.77
350.00.101.053.6350.51
410.00.303.037.0832.70
550.00.203.061.9864.77
690.00.103.026.3530.74
750.00.203.067.5564.77
890.00.303.092.2393.11
950.00.203.062.4564.77
1090.00.205.056.4852.49
1150.00.203.067.0864.77
1290.00.201.082.4481.17
1350.00.301.070.5770.96
1410.00.201.029.5033.49
1550.00.305.068.3571.46
1610.00.103.021.8320.95
1750.00.105.018.1817.79
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994774507553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of the orthogonal electrocoagulation experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RunpH值I(A)T(min)纯度(%)
实测值预测值
12.001.2510.021.9720.48
22.001.2550.087.1087.60
32.002.0030.099.8197.80
42.000.5030.043.5746.57
53.000.5010.00.00-1.51
63.000.5050.090.0386.53
73.001.2530.073.8773.87
83.002.0010.075.9679.46
93.002.0050.039.1140.62
104.000.5030.048.7950.80
114.001.2510.034.0433.54
124.001.2550.014.1215.61
134.002.0030.037.6334.63
143.001.2530.073.8773.87
153.001.2530.073.8773.87
163.001.2530.073.8773.87
173.001.2530.073.8773.87
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994845810730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电絮凝正交实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RunpH值I(A)T(min)纯度(%)
实测值预测值
12.001.2510.021.9720.48
22.001.2550.087.1087.60
32.002.0030.099.8197.80
42.000.5030.043.5746.57
53.000.5010.00.00-1.51
63.000.5050.090.0386.53
73.001.2530.073.8773.87
83.002.0010.075.9679.46
93.002.0050.039.1140.62
104.000.5030.048.7950.80
114.001.2510.034.0433.54
124.001.2550.014.1215.61
134.002.0030.037.6334.63
143.001.2530.073.8773.87
153.001.2530.073.8773.87
163.001.2530.073.8773.87
173.001.2530.073.8773.87
), ArticleFig(id=1241049996414480431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The contents of main ions in acid leaching solution before and after CER treatment

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项目PO43--P
(mg/L)
Ca2+
(mg/L)
Mg2+
(mg/L)
Al3+
(mg/L)
总Fe
(mg/L)
CER前790.55399.35117.00410.70258.98
CER后537.874.622.190.7410.13
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997068791876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

CER处理前后酸浸液中主要离子含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目PO43--P
(mg/L)
Ca2+
(mg/L)
Mg2+
(mg/L)
Al3+
(mg/L)
总Fe
(mg/L)
CER前790.55399.35117.00410.70258.98
CER后537.874.622.190.7410.13
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997265924178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of the researches on extraction and recovery of phosphorus from sludge incinerated ash

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献除杂技术回收方式磷回收效率(%)磷产品产物纯度(%)
[31]投加CaCl261.20钙磷93.75
[32]CER投加MgCl2和NH4Cl79.00鸟粪石98.10
[18]水滑石吸附投加FeCl251.88蓝铁矿95.73
本研究CER铁电絮凝61.44蓝铁矿97.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997496610909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

从污泥焚烧灰中提取回收磷的相关研究对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献除杂技术回收方式磷回收效率(%)磷产品产物纯度(%)
[31]投加CaCl261.20钙磷93.75
[32]CER投加MgCl2和NH4Cl79.00鸟粪石98.10
[18]水滑石吸附投加FeCl251.88蓝铁矿95.73
本研究CER铁电絮凝61.44蓝铁矿97.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997676965990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Cost analysis of the vivianite recovery process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目消耗价格费用(元/kg)
硫酸2.76kg/kg0.30元/kg0.83
阳离子交换树脂2.47kg/kg4.00元/kg9.88
铁电极片0.52kg/kg4.60元/kg2.39
电耗3.05kW⋅h/kg0.51元/kW⋅h1.56
合计14.66
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997777629300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049967339565994, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

蓝铁矿回收工艺成本分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目消耗价格费用(元/kg)
硫酸2.76kg/kg0.30元/kg0.83
阳离子交换树脂2.47kg/kg4.00元/kg9.88
铁电极片0.52kg/kg4.60元/kg2.39
电耗3.05kW⋅h/kg0.51元/kW⋅h1.56
合计14.66
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以高纯度蓝铁矿回收剩余污泥中磷——基于酸浸-纯化-铁电絮凝三步法
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刘畅 , 魏桃员 , 邱傲雪 , 廖武斌 , 洪辉 , 邓丹妮 , 谢世伟 *
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(1): 234-242
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(1): 234-242
以高纯度蓝铁矿回收剩余污泥中磷——基于酸浸-纯化-铁电絮凝三步法
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刘畅 , 魏桃员, 邱傲雪, 廖武斌, 洪辉, 邓丹妮, 谢世伟*
作者信息
  • 武汉科技大学城市建设学院,湖北 武汉 430065
  • 刘畅(2000-),男,湖北孝感人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水处理电化学.发表论文1篇,.

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Phosphorus recovery and high purity vivianite synthesis from residual sludge—Based on acid leaching-purification-electrocoagulation three-stage process.
Chang LIU , Tao-yuan WEI, Ao-xue QIU, Wu-bin LIAO, Hui HONG, Dan-ni DENG, Shi-wei XIE*
Affiliations
  • School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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提出了一种从剩余污泥焚烧灰中回收磷并合成高纯度蓝铁矿的新方法,该方法包括硫酸酸浸、树脂吸附除杂和铁电絮凝结晶3个步骤.本文采用响应曲面法研究了硫酸浸提焚烧污泥灰中磷酸盐(PO43-)的最优条件,并使用Box-Behnken法优化了铁电絮凝工艺参数.结果表明,在液固比37.60mL/g、硫酸浓度0.125mol/L、酸浸时间90.0min的条件下,酸浸法可提取焚烧污泥灰中92.80%的磷;732阳离子交换树脂在去除Ca2+、Mg2+、Al3+、Fe2+/3+等干扰磷酸盐沉淀的金属阳离子方面表现出显著效果;在溶液初始pH值为2.00、电流2.00A、反应时间30.0min的条件下,铁电絮凝过程能够去除溶液中所有的磷,并以纯度为97.37%的蓝铁矿形式回收.综上所述,本文提出的三步法可以从剩余污泥焚烧灰中回收磷,其中61.44%的磷可以作为高纯度蓝铁矿回收,且回收成本为14.66元/kg,而利润为30.68元/kg.

树脂吸附  /  响应曲面法  /  焚烧污泥灰  /  磷酸盐

An innovative technique for extracting phosphorus and synthesizing high-purity vivianite from incinerated sewage sludge ash was explored in this investigation, which experienced three principal stages, including leaching with sulfuric acid, purification via resin adsorption, and crystallization through iron electrocoagulation. The optimal conditions for acid leaching of phosphate (PO43-)from incinerated sewage sludge ash were examined by the response surface methodology, and the optimal operational parameters for the iron electrocoagulation process were determined by the Box-Behnken Design. The results indicate that phosphorus extraction efficiency of 92.80% was achieved at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 37.60mL/g, a sulfuric acid concentration of 0.125mol/L, and an acid leaching duration of 90.0min, the metal cations interfering with phosphate precipitation, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, and Fe2+/3+ were efficiently removed by 732cation exchange resin, all phosphorus was removed from the solution successfully during the iron electrocoagulation process at an initial solution pH value of 2.00, a current of 2.00A, and a reaction time of 30.0min, meanwhile, vivianite with a purity of 97.37% were synthesized. The outcomes show that the three-step method facilitates phosphorus recovery from incinerated sewage sludge ash. 61.44% of the phosphorus was retrieved as high-purity vivianite through the three steps; the recovery process costs 14.66yuan per kilogram product of vivianite and yields a profit of 30.68yuan.

resin adsorption  /  response surface methodology  /  incinerated sewage sludge ash  /  phosphate
刘畅, 魏桃员, 邱傲雪, 廖武斌, 洪辉, 邓丹妮, 谢世伟. 以高纯度蓝铁矿回收剩余污泥中磷——基于酸浸-纯化-铁电絮凝三步法. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 234 -242 .
Chang LIU, Tao-yuan WEI, Ao-xue QIU, Wu-bin LIAO, Hui HONG, Dan-ni DENG, Shi-wei XIE. Phosphorus recovery and high purity vivianite synthesis from residual sludge—Based on acid leaching-purification-electrocoagulation three-stage process.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 234 -242 .
磷是地球上珍贵的不可再生矿产资源,分布不均匀,储量有限[1-2].据预测,全球磷资源将在100a后枯竭[3].磷矿的快速消耗引发了人们对磷可持续利用的关注.废水约占人类磷总排放量的54%[4-5].污水中的大部分磷(>90%)在污水处理厂中被去除,并保留在剩余污泥中.因此,从剩余污泥中回收磷,不仅可以减少资源浪费,还能促进磷的可持续利用,缓解磷资源稀缺带来的压力.
我国污泥悬浮固体(TSS)中总磷含量为22~51mg/g TSS,主要以无机磷形式存在[6].然而,由于剩余污泥中含有多种有机和无机污染物,无法直接将其用作肥料[7].污泥的焚烧处理是一种有效的减量技术,不仅可以显著减少污泥体积,还可将污泥中的有机磷(OP)转化为无机磷(IP)[8].焚烧后的污泥灰中磷主要以无机正磷酸盐(>90%总磷)的形式存在[9].目前污泥中磷的提取方法主要包括热提取法、生物提取法和湿化学提取法等[10].其中湿化学法因其操作简便、回收率高成为应用最广泛、技术最成熟的提取方法,浸出剂中以硫酸为代表的无机酸因其低成本和高浸出效率,已得到广泛应用[11].在酸浸过程中,金属元素会共溶于磷提取液中.常见的除杂方法有离子交换法、化学沉淀法和选择性吸附除杂,其中离子树脂交换法因其对溶液中金属阳离子的良好吸附效果和可再生重复使用,已被广泛应用于回收高纯度磷产品[12].目前,蓝铁矿(Fe3(PO42·8H2O)结晶法因其高效性、产物高价值和适中的工艺条件,被认为是目前最具有优势的磷回收方法之一[13-14].关于污泥提取蓝铁矿的研究主要集中在两个方面:一是通过生化手段活化污泥产生亚铁或水溶性磷,从而促进蓝铁矿沉淀,提升回收效率[15-16];二是通过创新的结晶方法或去除杂质金属离子,提升产品纯度,实现高纯度蓝铁矿的回收[17-18].蓝铁矿的回收效率与溶液pH值和溶解氧(DO)含量相关.化学沉淀法回收蓝铁矿,需在合适的pH值和DO值下进行沉淀反应,通常以硫酸亚铁作铁源,回收成本较高.相比之下,一些研究采用铁电絮凝技术,以更低成本从含磷工业废水中回收蓝铁矿[19].其原理是当电源施加电流时,铁阳极失去电子形成亚铁离子,并迅速消耗体系中的DO形成缺氧环境.阴极生成的氢氧根使体系中pH值逐渐升高至形成蓝铁矿的最佳范围(pH值6~8),同时阳极铁片溶出的Fe2+与溶液中PO43-反应产生蓝铁矿.目前,尚未有研究报道采用铁电絮凝技术从剩余污泥中回收磷资源.
因此,本研究提出了一种以蓝铁矿为产物从焚烧污泥灰中回收磷的新工艺,并对其可行性和作用机制进行研究.本文首先利用响应曲面法研究了硫酸浸提焚烧污泥灰中磷酸盐(PO43-)的最优条件,并采用Box-Behnken法优化了铁电凝工艺参数.继而在最佳条件下研究了对焚烧污泥灰采用酸浸-树脂纯化-铁电絮凝三步法回收磷的效率,对所得蓝铁矿的纯度进行了表征分析,并对工艺的经济效益进行了评估.本研究的结果可以为使用蓝铁矿结晶法回收剩余污泥中磷的工艺优化、技术研发及工程应用提供参考.
实验材料:硫酸(H2SO4)、无水硫酸钠(Na2SO4)、磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4)、732阳离子交换树脂,以上药剂均为分析纯,购自上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司.铁电极为含铁量99%的纯铁片制成.所有溶液均采用电阻率为18.2MΩ/cm的去离子水配置.
实验仪器:烘箱(GXZ-9070)、马弗炉(合肥科晶ksl-1200x-J)、电源(台湾固纬GPS-X303/C)、紫外可见分光光度计(上海翱艺A580)、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-OES,型号Agilent 5800)、X射线衍射仪(XRD,德国Bruker D8Advance)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM,捷克TESCAN MIRA LMS)、便携多参数水质测定仪(德国WTW-Multi 3630).
检测方法:Fe浓度检测采用邻菲啰啉分光光度法,P浓度检测采用钼锑抗分光光度法法,以上检测方法详见《水和废水监测分析方法》(第四版)[20].TP检测参考沉积物磷形态分析方法[21](SMT法).
取10.0g污水处理厂脱水泥饼,置于110℃的烘箱中烘烤24h,以去除泥饼中的残余水分,烘干后的污泥用研钵磨碎,并通过80目筛网筛分.将筛分后的污泥粉放入马弗炉(合肥科晶ksl-1200x-J)中,以20℃/min的速率升温至700℃,在此温度下煅烧2h,待其冷却后,得到焚烧污泥灰(ISSA)样本[22],10.0g泥饼经焚烧后获得(3.59g±0.13g)的焚烧污泥灰.
通过对现有研究的统计分析,发现影响酸浸过程磷提取率的主要因素包括酸浸时间、液固比例、酸浓度[23].因此,本研究选择酸浸时间、灰重量和酸浓度作为主要影响因素,以污泥中磷元素的浸出率为目标,采用Box-Behnken法设计正交实验,以确定酸浸的最佳条件.实验参数及其取值如表1所示.
实验过程为:称量ISSA样品于50mL烧杯中,与H2SO4溶液充分混合,以500r/min的速率搅拌,反应完成后取样,水样经0.45 μm滤膜过滤,测定浸出液中磷浓度,根据式(1)计算浸出效率(以P计).使用Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行分析,以探寻最优酸浸条件.浸出效率(PEE)计算公式如下:
式中:C为浸出液中磷元素质量浓度,mg/L;V为浸出液体积,L;Q为焚烧污泥灰中磷的质量分数,本研究中为33.62mg/g;m为焚烧污泥灰质量,g.
电絮凝实验在体积为500mL的高硼硅玻璃反应器中进行.实验所用的阴极和阳极均为尺寸为1cm×7cm×0.5mm的纯铁片.且垂直排列间距固定为1cm.在实验前,纯铁片用36%~38%的HCl溶液冲洗以去除锈迹和氧化膜.
影响铁电絮凝实验的主要因素包括电流密度、絮凝时间和初始pH值[24].因此,本文以电流、初始pH值、反应时间为影响因素,以沉淀中蓝铁矿相对纯度为目标,采用Box-Behnken法设计正交实验.电絮凝实验的参数及其取值如表2所示.
实验过程如下:首先,使用磷酸二氢钠配置浓度为500mg/L(以P计)的富磷溶液.电解质选用0.1mol/L无水硫酸钠,实验前调节溶液初始pH值,采用稳压直流电源的恒定电流模式供电.反应过程中定期取样测定反应器内总铁(总Fe)、溶解态亚铁(Fe2+(aq))、溶解态总铁(总Fe(aq))和磷(P)元素质量浓度,根据公式(2)计算沉淀Fe/P的摩尔比值、公式(3)计算产物相对纯度.最后,使用Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行分析以探寻最优的絮凝条件.
蓝铁矿中Fe/P的物质的量比值为1.5.因此,利用固体产物中Fe和P这两种蓝铁矿核心元素的比例作为相对纯度(K)的参考因子,计算公式如下:
式中:x为固体产物中Fe/P的物质的量比;ρ1为总铁质量浓度,mg/L;ρ2为溶解态总铁质量浓度;ρ0=500mg/L,为溶液初始磷浓度;ρ3为溶解态磷浓度,mg/L;k为换算系数,k=31/56.则固体产物中蓝铁矿相对纯度K的计算公式为:
酸浸液中杂质元素与磷的分离是实现产品高纯度回收的前提[25].蓝铁矿回收流程如图1所示.酸浸实验在500mL烧杯中进行,按1.3节中确定的最优酸浸参数称取ISSA样品进行磷提取实验.反应结束后,滤去残渣,加入250g阳离子交换树脂(CER)以500r/min速度搅拌反应30min,分别在CER纯化前后取样,经过0.45μm滤膜过滤,用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-OES)测定PO43--P、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe等主要元素质量浓度.除杂完成后过滤,按1.4节中确定的最优回收参数进行铁电絮凝结晶实验.
用真空抽滤机分离沉淀物,将其置于-70℃冷冻干燥机中冷冻干燥24h,随后将干燥后的样品研磨成粉末,并对产物的晶体特征进行XRD测试,检测过程中,电压控制在40kV、电流30mA、2θ角范围为5~75°、扫描速度为8°/min.回收产物研磨后的粉末通过导电胶固定,用离子溅射镀膜仪在样品表面镀上一层约100nm厚的金膜,加速电压设置为15kV,根据观察点位选取合适的放大倍率,进一步对样品进行SEM-EDS测试观察蓝铁矿晶体形态.
为探究硫酸酸浸工艺最优条件,根据表1所展示的三因素三水平试验方案,采用Box-Behnken Design设计方法,设计17次响应面正交实验,实验结果如表3所示,表中的预测值根据拟合模型计算得出.
利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对表3中结果进行统计分析,可以得到硫酸酸浸条件和磷酸盐提取率的二次多项式模型为:Y1=64.76+17.55A+18.53B-8.05C+12.66AB-6.29AC+8.30BC-11.90A2-8.49B2-3.59C2R2=0.9848,P<0.0001),模型的R2=0.985,R2Adj=0.965,R2Pre=0.804,R2Adj-R2Pre<0.2,变异系数(CV) =7.78%<10%,失拟项P>0.05,表明上述模型拟合度和可信度良好.各因素对磷酸盐提取率的影响为:酸度(B)>时间(A)>泥重(C).
通过Box-Behnken试验设计和回归方程分析,以最大响应值为优化目标筛选最优的酸浸工艺条件为:反应时间90.0min、酸浓度0.30mol/L、灰重1.33g,模型预测最大提取率为95.65%.在实际工程应用中,过量投加酸会导致经济效益下降.为此,保持初始条件1.33g灰重和90.0min反应时间不变,研究了H+浓度(浓度梯度取0.05mol/L)对释磷率(PEE)的影响.实验结果如图2所示.
ISSA的释磷效率随着酸浓度的增加呈现出先增加后稳定的趋势.硫酸浓度为0.125mol/L时,释磷效果达到92.80%,与回归模型预测值(95.65%)的相对标准偏差小于3%,表明建立的模型具有实际应用价值.在酸性条件下,释磷率难以达到100%,这可能是因为少量的AlPO4仍然存在于浸出残留物中.已有研究表明AlPO4在碱性溶液中比在酸性溶液中更容易溶解[26].
综上所述,以0.125mol/L H2SO4萃取1.5h,液固比为37.60mL/g,是该ISSA提取磷的最佳条件.根据计算,消耗0.461kg H2SO4可从1kg ISSA中提取31.20g P,这一结果与其他研究相当[27].
为探究电絮凝工艺的最优回收条件.根据表2所展示的三因素三水平试验方案,采用Box-Behnken Design设计方法,以沉淀相对纯度为响应值,设计17次响应面正交实验,实验结果见表4,表中的预测值根据拟合模型计算得出.
利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对表3中结果进行统计分析,可以得到电絮凝条件和沉淀纯度的二次多项式模型为:Y2=73.87+14.48A+8.02B+13.30C-16.85AB-23.76AC-30.22BC-14.69A2-1.73B2-22.37C2R2=0.9848,P<0.0001),模型的R2=0.996,R2Adj=0.990,R2Pre=0.928,R2Adj-R2Pre<0.2,变异系数(CV)= 5.18%<10%,表明上述模型拟合度好.各考察因素对磷酸盐提取率的影响为:反应时间(C)>初始pH值(A)>反应电流(B).
通过Box-Behnken试验得出的结果和回归方程,以响应值最大为优化目标筛选最优的电絮凝工艺条件为:在初始pH值为2.00的条件下,以2.00A电流电絮凝30.92min,可获得相对纯度97.84%的磷酸亚铁沉淀.
为探究电絮凝过程蓝铁矿的完全沉淀时间,由Design Expert V8.0.6软件筛选的最佳工艺条件(初始pH值2、絮凝电流2.00A)下以2.5min的间隔收集样品,记录反应器内pH值跟DO浓度,并进行Fe2+(aq)、总Fe(aq)、总Fe、P(mg/L)的元素浓度测量,根据2.3中公式计算P去除率和相对纯度.反应器内磷去除率和产物纯度随反应时间的变化如图3(a)所示.溶液中的磷酸根从20.0min开始沉淀,于30.0min时完全沉淀,P去除率达到98.19%.同时,蓝铁矿纯度呈现出先上升后降低的趋势,在30.0min时沉淀纯度最高,为96.13%.反应器内DO和pH值随时间的变化如图3(b)所示,溶液中pH值随时间呈上升趋势,在20.0min溶液的pH值达到了磷酸亚铁沉淀的pH值(pH=6),在32.5min pH值达到了氢氧化亚铁沉淀的pH值(pH=8).随着电絮凝过程中阳极产生亚铁离子氧化对DO的消耗,DO含量逐渐下降,在10.0min时形成缺氧条件(DO<0.50mg/L)、20.0min达到无氧条件(DO=0.00mg/L).综上所述,铁电絮凝过程可以创造合适pH值和DO条件,20.0~30.0min是回收蓝铁矿的最佳时间.
反应器内Fe和P的浓度变化如图4所示.从图中可以看出,总Fe(aq)和Fe2+(aq)浓度曲线基本重合,表明溶解态铁主要以Fe(II)离子形式存在.在20min前,总Fe、Fe2+(aq)和总Fe(aq)浓度相同,说明铁元素全部以溶解态Fe2+形式存在,PO43-浓度(以磷计)保持初始浓度500mg/L不变,反应器内澄清无沉淀生成,反应器内进行式(4)和式(5)反应.随着式(5)反应中H+的消耗,溶液pH值逐步上升,至20min时,反应器内pH值上升至6.00,达到磷酸亚铁沉淀的pH值,导致反应器内溶解态铁和P浓度下降,此时反应器内发生式(4)、式(5)和式(6)反应,生成磷酸亚铁蓝白色絮凝体.在32.5min时,溶液中的P元素完全沉淀,P浓度由20.0min时495.90mg/L降至0.00mg/L,P去除率达到100.00%.32.5min后,由于溶液中没有足够PO43-进行式(6)反应,反应器内进行式(4)、式(5)和式(7)反应,生成的氢氧化亚铁降低了沉淀中蓝铁矿的纯度.因此,为保证回收产物中蓝铁矿的纯度,在三步法中回收蓝铁矿的最佳时间为30.0min.
在得到酸浸和铁电絮凝的最佳条件后,对焚烧污泥灰按图1流程进行蓝铁矿回收.首先对H2SO4酸浸液纯化除杂前后,溶液中P、Al、Ca和Fe等主要元素含量进行了分析,结果如表5所示.
金属离子中Al3+的浓度最高,这可能与污水处理厂在絮凝池工艺中使用铝盐作为絮凝剂有关.由表5可知,在纯化处理前,酸浸液中Ca2+、Mg2+、Al3+和总Fe离子的浓度分别为399.35,117.00,410.70和258.98mg/L,经过CER处理后,离子浓度分别降至4.62,2.19,0.74和10.13mg/L.这表明,酸浸液经过CER处理后,溶液中的金属离子得到了有效去除.然而,经过CER处理后,PO43--P的浓度有所降低,这可能是由于阳离子交换树脂的含水率为46%~52%,对酸浸液起到了稀释作用.此外,有研究表明,在酸性条件下,P主要以HPO4-的形式存在,该离子会与Ca2+、Mg2+等阳离子形成复合物[28],因此CER纯化过程导致了P元素的损失.
铁电絮凝回收产物的XRD结果如图5-(a)所示,结果表明磷酸亚铁是所得样品中的主要晶相.固体产物晶面(110)、(020)、(200)、(101)、(031)、(-301)、(-321)衍射特征峰的2θ分别位于12.89°、15.23°、20.98°、26.83°、32.28°、34.82°、38.23°处,其中12.89°为蓝铁矿标准图谱(PDF#79-1928)次强峰,15.26°为最强峰.经jade 6软件定性对比分析,产物XRD特征峰与蓝铁矿标准图谱(PDF#79-1928)特征峰一致,表明固体产物的主要成分为蓝铁矿[29].
通过扫描电镜(SEM)研究电絮凝工艺形成的蓝铁矿粉末的形貌和结构,结果如图5-(b)所示.可以观察到固体产物呈片状或板状构成的牡丹花状聚集体晶体结构,表面较为光滑,有一些较小的团聚体附着在晶体边缘.较大的花朵状聚集体由片状晶体层叠而成,直径约为10μm.与Wu等[30]研究中蓝铁矿的扫描电镜结果相似,证实了产物为蓝铁矿.
为探究产物的元素种类及含量,用EDS能谱测定粉末样品的元素组成.结果如图5-(c)所示,电絮凝30.0min形成的沉淀产物中原子百分比为:O 73.44%,P 10.40%,Fe 16.01%,Ca 0.07%,Al 0.08%.固体产物表面以O、Fe、P元素为主,符合蓝铁矿的组分特点.铁元素和磷元素的原子质量比可以作为蓝铁矿存在的另一个证据,铁磷元素计量比越接近1.5,其纯度越高.根据SEM-EDS能谱中获得的元素及含量,计算得到Fe-P化学计量比为1.54.根据1.3中公式(3)计算得出产物中蓝铁矿纯度为97.37%.XRD和SEM-EDS结果表明电絮凝产物为高纯度蓝铁矿.
综上所述,在蓝铁矿回收工艺中,酸浸、除杂和电絮凝工艺的磷元素回收效率分别为92.80%、68.04%和97.37%.ISSA样品中约61.44%的磷可以作为蓝铁矿回收.表6总结了从污泥焚烧灰中提取回收磷的相关研究.与鸟粪石和钙磷相比,以蓝铁矿作为回收产物具有更高的应用价值.与铁盐化学沉淀法相比,本研究采用了更加经济实用的除杂和回收方法,回收效率和产品纯度得到了进一步提升.
对污泥焚烧灰合成蓝铁矿的工艺进行成本分析,该工艺运行成本主要涉及药剂、铁电极及电耗,其他可忽略不计.具体核算结果见表7.
在本实验中,每1kg污泥焚烧灰经酸浸提取、树脂纯化和电絮凝回收,可合成0.167kg的蓝铁矿.根据表7的计算结果,本文提出的三步法回收蓝铁矿的成本约为14.66元/kg.为评估该方法的经济性,将成本与康素琴等[33]研究中采用的酸浸、纯化和化学沉淀法进行比较.化学沉淀法回收1kg蓝铁矿约消耗硫酸15.18kg、阳离子交换树脂19.36kg和硫酸亚铁1.87kg,总成本约为119.49元/kg.相比之下,本研究在酸浸阶段优化了酸浸参数,减少了硫酸和树脂消耗;在回收阶段,采用更经济的铁片和少量电能替代昂贵的铁盐,从而显著降低了磷回收成本.目前蓝铁矿的市场售价为45.34元/kg[28].三步法回收蓝铁矿的经济效益约为30.68元/kg.以上结果进一步表明,该蓝铁矿回收工艺不仅能够有效处理污水厂的剩余污泥,还具有显著的经济效益.
3.1 通过Box-Behnken试验得出的回归方程能够准确预测酸浸实验的结果,其中酸度是最重要的影响因素.酸浸提取ISSA中磷的最佳条件为:硫酸浓度0.125mol/L、浸取时间90min、液固比37.60mL/g,在此条件下ISSA中磷提取率可达92.80%.
3.2 通过Box-Behnken试验得出的回归方程能够预测电絮凝实验的结果,反应时间是最重要的影响因素.电絮凝回收蓝铁矿的最佳条件为:初始pH值为2.00、电流2.00A、反应时间30.0min.在此条件下,反应液中磷元素完全沉淀并形成相对纯度96.13%的磷酸亚铁沉淀.
3.3 在“酸浸-纯化-铁电絮凝”三步法回收蓝铁矿流程中,CER纯化工艺可以去除H2SO4浸提液中96.1%以上的干扰金属离子.XRD和SEM-EDS结果表明回收产物为相对纯度97.37%的蓝铁矿.酸浸、除杂和电絮凝工艺的磷元素回收效率分别为92.80%、68.04%和97.37%.三步法可以回收剩余污泥中约61.44%的磷,成本约为14.66元/kg,利润为30.68元/kg.
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
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    武汉科技大学城市建设学院,湖北 武汉 430065

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