Article(id=1241049966215492512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818969538, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818969538, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818969538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818969538, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049967108879272, articleId=1241049966215492512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties of visible light responsive CBM/PVDF self-cleaning catalytic membrane, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A photocatalytic membrane reaction process, integrating a CBM (gC3N4/BiOBr/MXene) photocatalyst and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, was constructed using a phase inversion method. The addition of CBM was adjusted to optimize the membrane surface structure and properties, as well as to improve the hydrophilicity and permeability of the composite membrane. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl), a common antibiotic drug, was used as the target pollutant in the dead-end process to assess the separation and fouling resistance capabilities. The optimally doped PVDF/CBM-0.6membrane achieved 92 % degradation of TC-HCl, in which the active species •O2- and h+ played a dominant role. The degradation efficiency remains above 85% after 5 cycles, proving its good recyclability. Thirteen degradation intermediates and potential degradation pathways were proposed, including hydroxylation, demethylation, deamination, benzene ring opening, and deamidation reactions. Continuous operation with bovine serum albumin (BSA) confirmed the ability of the process to alleviate irreversible membrane fouling by preventing pore blockage and pollutant adhesion, achieving an efficient membrane self-cleaning.Overall, the CBM/PVDF photocatalytic membrane proposed in this work has the potential to enhance the practical application of photocatalytic membrane reaction systems.

, correspAuthors=Yu YANG, Li-an HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ke-xuan GAO, Yu YANG, Yi-ran CHAI, Li-an HOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049976462176509, articleId=1241049966215492512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=可见光响应的CBM/PVDF自清洁催化膜制备及性能, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用共混相转化法构建了一种集成了CBM(gC3N4/BiOBr/MXene)光催化剂和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤(UF)膜的光催化膜反应系统.通过调整相转化过程中的CBM添加量优化了膜表面结构与性质,提高了复合膜的亲水性和渗透性.以典型的抗生素类药物盐酸四环素(TC-HCl)作为目标污染物,在死端系统中评估了膜的分离和抗污染性能.最优掺杂的PVDF/CBM-0.6膜实现了对TC-HCl高达92%的高效降解,其中活性物种•O2-和h+发挥了主导作用.5次重复使用降解效率仍高于85%,证明其良好的循环稳定性.提出了TC-HCl的13种降解中间体和可能的降解路径,包括羟基化、脱甲基、脱氨、苯开环、和脱酰胺反应.牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的连续运行证实了该系统通过防止膜孔堵塞和污染物粘附展现出对不可逆污染的显著缓解能力,实现了膜的高效自清洁.本研究提出的CBM/PVDF光催化膜具有增强光催化膜反应系统实际应用的潜力.

, correspAuthors=杨禹, 侯立安, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
院士,
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高柯玄(1995-),女,山东济宁人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理.发表论文7篇..

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高柯玄(1995-),女,山东济宁人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理.发表论文7篇..

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高柯玄(1995-),女,山东济宁人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理.发表论文7篇..

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articleId=1241049966215492512, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TC-HCl的降解中间体,可能的光催化降解途径及中间产物的毒性预测(颜色由深至浅表示毒性变化,LC 50/ChV<1×10-6:非常有毒;1×10-6<LC 50/ChV<10×10-6:有毒; 10×10-6<LC 50/ChV<100×10-6:有害; LC 50/ChV>100×10-6:无害), figureFileSmall=LQhGRNBENcZE/ybyFwdc2w==, figureFileBig=RjUG7vtQE9fwJ0XP9+OAew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049990202717022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049966215492512, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The recycling capability, bactericidal ability, and long-term anti-membrane fouling performance of the PVDF/CBM-0.6 catalytic membrane, figureFileSmall=FeGCcS5B/lktT7WYnrg5wg==, figureFileBig=j2B6FOY9xShgqNKS1w/81w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049990479541102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049966215492512, language=CN, label=图8, caption=PVDF/CBM-0.6催化膜的循环使用能力、抑菌能力以及长效运行过程的抗膜污染效能, figureFileSmall=FeGCcS5B/lktT7WYnrg5wg==, figureFileBig=j2B6FOY9xShgqNKS1w/81w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049992228565887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049966215492512, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of tetracycline degradation effects of photocatalytic membranes reported in literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灯源四环素去除率纯水通量(LMH/bar)参考文献
FTM(Y)300W氙灯λ≥420nm10mg/L79.25% (180min)~1920[20]
Au-TiO2/pDA/PVDF300W氙灯λ≥420nm20mL (10mg/L)92% (120min)-[21]
Au0.1Ag0.9/TiO2/CA-1.5可见光λ≥420nm)10mg/L90% (120min)-[22]
NCQDs/BiOBr/TiO2/PVDF300W氙灯λ≥420nm20mL77% (120min)-[23]
TiO2/Bi3O4Cl/PVDF可见光10mg/L88.85% (90min)347.27[24]
Bi2WO6/CeO2/PVDF氙灯/可见光100mL (20mg/L)82% (90min)35.14[25]
PAN/Bi2MoO6/Ti3C2300W氙灯λ≥420nm100mL (15mg/L)90.3% (180min)-[26]
IM-BTO300W氙灯100mL (20mg/L)76.30% (90min)4545.45[27]
CBM/PVDF-0.6300W氙灯λ≥400nm100mL (10mg/L)92% (180min)1159.6这项工作
), ArticleFig(id=1241049992580887431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049966215492512, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文献报道的光催化膜降解四环素效果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灯源四环素去除率纯水通量(LMH/bar)参考文献
FTM(Y)300W氙灯λ≥420nm10mg/L79.25% (180min)~1920[20]
Au-TiO2/pDA/PVDF300W氙灯λ≥420nm20mL (10mg/L)92% (120min)-[21]
Au0.1Ag0.9/TiO2/CA-1.5可见光λ≥420nm)10mg/L90% (120min)-[22]
NCQDs/BiOBr/TiO2/PVDF300W氙灯λ≥420nm20mL77% (120min)-[23]
TiO2/Bi3O4Cl/PVDF可见光10mg/L88.85% (90min)347.27[24]
Bi2WO6/CeO2/PVDF氙灯/可见光100mL (20mg/L)82% (90min)35.14[25]
PAN/Bi2MoO6/Ti3C2300W氙灯λ≥420nm100mL (15mg/L)90.3% (180min)-[26]
IM-BTO300W氙灯100mL (20mg/L)76.30% (90min)4545.45[27]
CBM/PVDF-0.6300W氙灯λ≥400nm100mL (10mg/L)92% (180min)1159.6这项工作
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可见光响应的CBM/PVDF自清洁催化膜制备及性能
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高柯玄 , 杨禹 * , 柴怡然 , 侯立安 *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(1): 103-112
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 103-112
可见光响应的CBM/PVDF自清洁催化膜制备及性能
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高柯玄 , 杨禹* , 柴怡然, 侯立安*
作者信息
  • 北京师范大学环境学院,水环境模拟国家重点实验室,北京 100875
  • 高柯玄(1995-),女,山东济宁人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为膜法水处理.发表论文7篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
院士,
Preparation and properties of visible light responsive CBM/PVDF self-cleaning catalytic membrane
Ke-xuan GAO , Yu YANG* , Yi-ran CHAI, Li-an HOU*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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采用共混相转化法构建了一种集成了CBM(gC3N4/BiOBr/MXene)光催化剂和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤(UF)膜的光催化膜反应系统.通过调整相转化过程中的CBM添加量优化了膜表面结构与性质,提高了复合膜的亲水性和渗透性.以典型的抗生素类药物盐酸四环素(TC-HCl)作为目标污染物,在死端系统中评估了膜的分离和抗污染性能.最优掺杂的PVDF/CBM-0.6膜实现了对TC-HCl高达92%的高效降解,其中活性物种•O2-和h+发挥了主导作用.5次重复使用降解效率仍高于85%,证明其良好的循环稳定性.提出了TC-HCl的13种降解中间体和可能的降解路径,包括羟基化、脱甲基、脱氨、苯开环、和脱酰胺反应.牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的连续运行证实了该系统通过防止膜孔堵塞和污染物粘附展现出对不可逆污染的显著缓解能力,实现了膜的高效自清洁.本研究提出的CBM/PVDF光催化膜具有增强光催化膜反应系统实际应用的潜力.

膜过滤  /  光催化  /  降解机制  /  膜污染  /  自清洁

A photocatalytic membrane reaction process, integrating a CBM (gC3N4/BiOBr/MXene) photocatalyst and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, was constructed using a phase inversion method. The addition of CBM was adjusted to optimize the membrane surface structure and properties, as well as to improve the hydrophilicity and permeability of the composite membrane. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl), a common antibiotic drug, was used as the target pollutant in the dead-end process to assess the separation and fouling resistance capabilities. The optimally doped PVDF/CBM-0.6membrane achieved 92 % degradation of TC-HCl, in which the active species •O2- and h+ played a dominant role. The degradation efficiency remains above 85% after 5 cycles, proving its good recyclability. Thirteen degradation intermediates and potential degradation pathways were proposed, including hydroxylation, demethylation, deamination, benzene ring opening, and deamidation reactions. Continuous operation with bovine serum albumin (BSA) confirmed the ability of the process to alleviate irreversible membrane fouling by preventing pore blockage and pollutant adhesion, achieving an efficient membrane self-cleaning.Overall, the CBM/PVDF photocatalytic membrane proposed in this work has the potential to enhance the practical application of photocatalytic membrane reaction systems.

membrane filtration  /  photocatalysis  /  degradation mechanisms  /  membrane fouling  /  self-cleaning
高柯玄, 杨禹, 柴怡然, 侯立安. 可见光响应的CBM/PVDF自清洁催化膜制备及性能. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 103 -112 .
Ke-xuan GAO, Yu YANG, Yi-ran CHAI, Li-an HOU. Preparation and properties of visible light responsive CBM/PVDF self-cleaning catalytic membrane[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 103 -112 .
膜分离技术因其操作简单、占地面积小、高效低耗被认为是有前景、可靠的水处理技术[1].然而膜污染导致长期运行过程中通量损失和截留率降低,是膜技术实际应用的主要瓶颈[2-3].目前已经提出了多种提高膜抗污性能的策略,包括表面改性和接枝、纳米颗粒掺杂等.然而,这些改性膜在运行过程中仍易发生污染物的吸附或沉积[4].研发具有抗污染自清洁性能的新型多功能膜材料具有重要意义,膜技术与高级氧化工艺(AOP)的结合可能是实现这一目标的有效工艺.其中光催化技术被认为是解决膜污染问题和赋予材料自清洁性能的高效绿色策略之一.但提高其可见光利用率、电荷分离效率、光生电子和空穴迁移速度仍然是光催化膜实际应用面临的挑战.
石墨氮化碳(gC3N4)由于其合适的带隙结构和独特的表面性质广泛应用于光催化氧化[5].溴氧铋(BiOBr)可以在与gC3N4形成异质结结构时引入大量氧空位,加速光生载流子的分离、提高太阳能的转换效率.此外,具有非凡光捕获效率和电导率的MXene以量子点形式引入异质结,加速电荷分离传输,制备的CBM催化剂具有高效的可见光降解性能[6].将催化剂固定在聚合物膜载体上,有助于发挥膜反应器优势包括减少催化颗粒聚集、容易回收和重复使用以及更好地控制流体动力学等.然而,如何将光催化剂固定在膜表面且稳定发挥光催化作用对于光催化膜的构建至关重要.聚合物光催化膜的制备方法包括涂覆法、原位生长和相转化法[7].涂覆技术简单易操作,但是大量催化剂附着在膜表面会堵塞膜孔,影响膜通量[8].原位生长往往需要高温等苛刻的反应条件,存在复杂性和批量生产困难的问题[9].相转化法具有制备工艺简单,容易大规模制作的优点[10],但是需要通过调节制备条件以调控催化位点的高度暴露并兼顾膜的机械稳定性与成膜特性.
因此,本文使用简单的溶剂热法同时结合异质结、氧空位(OV)和MXene量子点(MQD)的特性,制备了具有电荷分离效率高、载流子传输速度快、ROS高效生成特征的CBM(gC3N4/BiOBr/MXene)催化剂,并通过共混相转化法将CBM催化剂掺入PVDF膜基质,通过调控铸膜液中催化材料的添加量优化制备过程,调节膜表面性质与结构,开发了一种用于有机废水分离的光催化-膜分离集成系统.CBM/PVDF膜展现出高水通量和有效的TC-HCl截留,表现出优异的防污和自清洁性能.探究了催化膜降解机理,评估膜分离过程中的抗生物污染及抗有机污染性能,为光催化膜在实际药物类有机废水中的长效稳定运行提供参考.
除有特殊说明,所用化学试剂至少为分析纯,用于高效液相色谱(HPLC)的溶剂为色谱级.尿素、溴化钾、硝酸铋、乙二醇和盐酸四环素购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司.Ti3AlC2粉末购自山东烯研有限公司.PVDF和PVP购自Sigma-Aldrich.N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)、1,4-苯醌(BQ)、叔丁醇(TBA)、L-组氨酸、5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-n-氧化物(DMPO)和2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(TEMP)购于阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司.实验用水为超纯水,所用实验仪器包括磁力恒温搅拌器、配备400~780nm滤光片的300W氙灯、超声波清洗器和油浴锅.
通过我们之前的研究方法制备光催化剂CBM[6].具体来说,首先通过典型的马弗炉煅烧制备C3N4,即将三聚氰胺置于带盖坩埚以5℃/min的升温速率升温至520℃保持4h,冷却至室温后,将得到的黄色固体研磨成粉末,收集备用.用0.5M盐酸处理得到质子化的gC3N4,并利用gC3N4质子化的表面电荷修饰进行静电自组装来构建纳米结构.然后在不添加任何表面活性剂的条件下采用乙二醇溶剂热法合成催化剂,将0.2g质子化的gC3N4和MXene添加到40mL乙二醇中,然后超声处理2h以实现均匀分散.Bi(NO335H2O和KBr分散在10mL去离子水中,在剧烈搅拌下,将获得的Bi(NO335H2O和KBr的均匀悬浮液滴入gC3N4溶液中并搅拌0.5h,从而产生更加均匀和紧密的材料结合.随后,将混合物转移至100mL高压反应釜中.冷却至室温后,用水和乙醇洗涤沉淀数次,最后通过冷冻干燥得到复合材料CBM,其中gC3N4和BiOBr的比例为1:5,MXene添加量为gC3N4的5%.
通过相转化法制备光催化膜.铸膜液配置步骤为:首先在65℃下将PVDF粉末干燥过夜,维持干燥无水状态.将CBM分散到DMAC中,在超声波清洗器中超声30min使催化材料分散均匀.然后置于65℃油浴锅中搅拌,缓慢加入一定质量的PVP,充分搅拌30min使其溶解,随后添加PVDF粉末缓慢溶解,保持搅拌24h,静置脱气12h.相转化过程首先将铸膜液倒在置于光滑玻璃板上的无纺布上,使用200μm刮刀匀速刮过无纺布,迅速将其浸入35℃的温水中进行相转化过程,浸泡10min后形成固相催化膜,浸泡在超纯水中以备后续实验使用.其中PVDF,PVP,DMAC占比分别为11wt%,6wt%,83wt%.根据铸膜液中CBM的添加质量(0.1g,0.4g,0.6g,0.8g)将其分别命名为PVDF/CBM-x(x=0.1,0.4,0.6,0.8).
建立死端过滤装置测试复合膜的纯水通量,使用无纸化记录仪记录膜的跨膜压差TMP,采用蠕动泵(BT100-1L,Longer)以1.5mL/min的恒定流速将进料液送入膜池,如图1所示.建立通量-压力曲线,其中膜的有效过滤面积为6.16×Δ10-4m2.纯水通量计算公式为:
式中:Jw为纯水通量(L/(m2·h),V为过滤液体积(g),A为过滤有效面积(m2),Δp为跨膜压差(bar),Δt为过滤时间(h).
光催化静态降解实验在100mL烧杯中进行,采用波长范围为400~780nm的300W氙灯作为外置光源,主要为可见光.将PVDF/CBM复合膜(60mm×60mm)置于TC-HCl反应液(10mg/L,100mL)中,在黑暗条件下搅拌30min达到吸附平衡,然后开启光源开始光照过程,光源距离目标物液面为15cm,整个反应过程在磁力搅拌下进行,与外界空气相通,每间隔一定时间取2mL反应溶液并用0.22µm滤膜过滤,通过HPLC在355nm波长测定TC-HCl剩余浓度,流动相为水和甲醇.复合膜光催化降解率的计算公式如下:
式中:CtC0分别表示t时间溶液的浓度和初始浓度(mg/L).
在测量纯水通量的实验后,使用牛血清蛋白(BSA)溶液代替纯水,采用死端过滤装置,通过多阶段过滤BSA溶液(100mg/L,pH=7.4)以评估CBM/PVDF复合膜的抗污染性能.
选取清洁的膜片,首先使用纯水进行过滤(1mL/min),待压力趋于稳定时记录压力值TMP0;通过过滤BSA溶液100min测试污染膜的水通量,记录压力值TMP1;将污染膜从膜组件取出,用纯水冲洗膜表面,然后继续使用纯水过滤,压力趋于稳定后,记录TMP2;以2mL/min恒定流速对膜片进行反冲洗,再次进行纯水过滤,记录压力值TMP3;将膜片取出浸入纯水中,经过可见光下照射后再次装入膜组件过滤纯水,稳定后记录压力值TMP4.
根据串联阻力模型评估膜的抗污染性能:
式中:Rt表示总膜阻(m-1);Rm为膜材料的固有阻力;Rr为可逆膜阻;Ref为外部膜阻,主要由滤饼层引起,可以通过膜表面水力冲洗去除;Rif-r为内部可逆膜阻,Rirr为不可逆膜阻,主要由膜孔堵塞引起,其中,Rif-r可通过水力反冲洗或其他清洗过程进一步去除,而Rirr则不可恢复.
各部分膜阻的计算过程如下:
式中:µ为水的动力粘度系数(Pa s);J表示膜的渗透通量(m3/s).以TMP4代替TMP3计算可将光照射自清洁后的膜阻变化.
采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)观察不同掺杂量的PVDF/CBM复合膜的表面和切面形貌.使用接触角测量仪和膜表面Zeta电位仪分别测试复合膜表面的亲疏水性和Zeta电位.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征催化膜的晶面结构和表面官能团.以DMPO和TEMP用作ESR的自旋捕获剂,通过电子自旋共振波谱仪(ESR,JES-FA100,JEOL Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan)检测活性氧物种,其中DMPO/水体系和DMPO/甲醇体系分别用于检测羟基和超氧自由基的存在.
通过淬灭实验和自由基捕获实验(ESR)确定PVDF/CBM复合膜降解TC-HCl时发挥主要作用的活性物种,并分析复合膜光催化降解TC-HCl的机理.具体实验过程如下:首先将PVDF/CBM复合膜(60mm×60mm)置于TC-HCl反应液(10mg/L,100mL)中,加入10mM的淬灭剂,其中对苯醌(BQ)、叔丁醇(TBA)、L-组氨酸(L-his)分别被用作淬灭•O2-、•OH和1O2.经过暗反应和光照反应,每间隔一定时间取2mL反应溶液经0.22µm滤膜过滤,通过HPLC在355nm波长测定TC-HCl吸光度并计算剩余浓度,绘制降解曲线,计算淬灭剂对光催化行为的抑制率,从而对比得出主导活性物种.ESR测试使用DMPO和TEMP分别作为•O2-、•OH和1O2的捕获剂,通过电子自旋波谱仪测定信号从而确定体系中存在的自由基类型.
通过调整铸膜液中CBM掺杂量探讨其对复合膜光催化性能的影响,优化复合膜制备条件.建立死端过滤装置测试复合膜纯水通量,在线记录跨膜压差TMP,采用蠕动泵(BT100-1L,Longer)以1.5mL/min恒定流速将进料液泵入膜池,建立通量-压力曲线,其中膜有效过滤面积为6.16×10-4m2,通过公式计算得到各改性膜的渗透通量.如图2所示,0.1g CBM的掺入首先降低了膜的渗透性,这可能是少量催化剂的掺入占据了PVDF膜孔,导致膜表层结构更为致密.而随着CBM材料掺入量的进一步提高,膜渗透通量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,PVDF/CBM-0.6表现出最高的渗透通量,达到1159.6L/(m2·h·bar),高于PVDF基膜的渗透通量907.5L/(m2·h·bar),这说明改性材料的进一步掺入影响了成孔行为,片层材料在PVDF相转化过程促使其中形成了更丰富的水通道.
通过改性膜的水接触角变化评价催化材料掺杂对膜亲水性的影响.纯PVDF膜的接触角为79.5°,CBM掺杂引起膜水接触角先减小后增大,具体规律与膜水渗透性一致,当CBM掺杂量为0.6g时膜水接触角最小,表明亲水性增强,说明膜渗透性与表面亲水性显著相关.亲水性的增强使得改性膜表面容易形成水合层减少污染物在膜表面的吸附和积累,实现膜被动抗污能力的提升.通过测试复合膜表面Zeta电位分析膜表面静电作用.在pH值中性条件下,0.001mol/L KCl溶液中测得复合膜表面Zeta电位值分别为-24.0mV(PVDF),-26.7mV(PVDF/CBM-0.1),-25.4mV(PVDF/CBM-0.4),-15.5mV(PV DF/CBM-0.6)和-20.6mV(PVDF/CBM-0.8).PVDF及改性膜的表面Zeta电位均为负值,随着CBM材料的掺杂,膜表面Zeta电位呈现增加趋势,其中PVDF/CBM-0.6展现出最高的表面电势,电位的变化证实了CBM在PVDF/CBM复合膜表面的成功负载,CBM中含量最高的BiOBr通过暴露Bi3+位点形成正电荷[11],有助于在库仑力的作用下使e-转移到相界面,提高光生载流子的分离效率.
通过不同负载量的膜表面颜色可以看出,随着CBM负载量的增加,膜颜色加深,逐步贴近CBM粉末的颜色,并且没有CBM粉末脱离,证明CBM在PVDF膜上的成功负载且分散均匀.通过SEM观察不同CBM掺杂比例下改性膜的表面形貌(图3(b-d)),可以看出CBM的掺杂导致膜表面出现小尺寸凸起,平均尺寸约为0.2µm,且分布均匀,说明了CBM催化剂在铸膜液中的均匀分散,经过相转化后CBM催化剂分布在固化的PVDF膜表面.当掺杂量从0.1g增加到0.8g时,改性膜表面凸起数量逐步增加,PVDF/CBM-0.6表面孔洞中还出现大量的小尺寸颗粒,这是由于相转化孔洞形成过程中更小尺寸的颗粒在造孔剂的造孔过程中黏附在孔洞结构,从而直接暴露于膜孔表面.而随着CBM掺杂量进一步增加,膜表面出现CBM催化剂的堆叠,且孔洞结构进一步减少,导致了下层CBM难以接触光照射从而阻碍光催化自由基的生成.同时,观察到PVDF/CBM-0.6改性膜表面孔洞结构最为丰富,这可能是其膜渗透性最优的原因.不同掺杂量的CBM影响膜孔道结构的原因主要是由于CBM的掺入会影响相转化过程的传质[12].当CBM添加量少时,亲水性和大的比表面积有利于水在空气中的渗透,从而强化顶层的相转化过程.而过高含量的CBM聚集在膜表面对传质过程产生相反的影响.其次,CBM的添加显著增加铸膜液的粘度,会影响成膜动力学,少量的CBM会减缓沉淀速度,导致表面形成多孔致密层,但大量加入时,CBM发生聚集,表面形成CBM多层堆叠,堵塞膜孔.图3(d-e)为不同放大倍数下膜切面的SEM图像,在PVDF孔道结构中有明显的片层CBM催化剂,也证明了其在PVDF膜中的良好分散.通过元素面扫描研究改性膜表面元素分布(图3(g)),元素占比最多的F元素和C元素主要来自PVDF,PVDF主链以氟和碳原子为主要构成元素[13],少量C元素来自CBM催化剂,Bi和Ti元素的均匀分布也证明了CBM催化剂在PVDF膜中的均匀分散.
改性膜XRD晶面特征分析表明,纯PVDF膜中2θ=18.0°和26.6°的衍射峰属于α相(020)和(021)晶面,而20.3°处的衍射峰分别对应于β相PVDF的(110)晶面衍射[14-15].因此制备的PVDF可能含有α相和β相的混合物.PVDF/CBM膜除了特定的PVDF图案外,还出现了新的衍射峰,在10.85°和32.25°处出现的新峰索引为BiOBr的(001)和(110)晶面(PDF#09-0393)[16],这是由于CBM是由BiOBr和g-C3N4组成,证明了CBM的成功负载.为了确认PVDF改性膜的分子结构,对膜进行傅里叶变换红外光谱测量来分析键振动,如图4(b)所示.一般来说,PVDF膜呈现部分结晶状态,主要由非晶相、α相和β相组成[17].非晶相的吸收峰出现在883和840cm-1处,α相振动吸收峰出现在760cm-1处,β相吸收峰出现在1280cm-1处.位于3020cm-1和870cm-1的谱带与PVDF的CH2的伸缩振动相关,1400cm-1处的峰与-CF2的弯曲振动有关[18],1180cm-1的吸收峰来自于CF键的伸缩振动[19],1675cm-1处的C=O弯曲振动特征峰是由于残留于膜中的PVP成孔剂造成的.通过对比PVDF和改性后的PVDF-CBM膜的峰值,掺入CBM催化剂后特征峰没有明显的位移,说明添加的催化剂没有破坏PVDF的结构.对照PVDF膜,改性膜仅观察到轻微的CH2特征峰变化,这可能是因为掺入少量CBM后,CBM材料上的官能团与PVDF的CH2发生反应.改性膜中没有出现明显的BiOBr和C3N4的红外特征峰,原因可能是由于膜表面主要由相转化后的PVDF组成,CBM催化材料的添加量较少,且其特征峰与PVDF的特征峰出现重叠,强烈的PVDF特征峰掩盖了催化材料的表达.
为了评估所制备光催化膜的光催化活性,在可见光(400nm<λ<780nm)下对TC-HCl进行光降解.随着CBM掺杂量的提高,TC-HCl降解速率呈现显著提升趋势,由此表明CBM是复合膜的有效光催化基材.当掺杂量达到0.6g时实现了180min内92%的降解率,光催化降解常数达到0.00922/min.进一步提升光催化剂的掺杂量没有带来更有效的降解效果提升,可能是由于膜表面面积是一定的,膜面光催化剂可接受的光照面积以及与污染物的接触面积已被最大化利用,尽管膜基材中增加了CBM的含量,但是下层的催化剂被上层催化剂覆盖导致不能有效接收光照射,影响了催化能力的发挥,这与SEM结果一致.此外,通过对比文献报道的改性膜光催化降解四环素的效果如表1,可以看出本研究制备的改性膜具有突出的四环素降解能力.
为了进一步探究改性光催化膜降解的主要活性物种和降解机理,通过DMPO和TEMP自旋捕获的ESR技术分析可见光照射下PVDF膜和PVDF/CBM-0.6改性膜表面产生的ROS类型.如图6所示,当使用DMPO作为捕获剂时,经过可见光照射,PVDF和PVDF/CBM-0.6改性膜体系都检测出了•OH和•O2-的特征峰,同等测试条件下,改性膜产生明显更高浓度的自由基,说明了改性材料的负载促进了活性物种的生成,PVDF膜体系中检测出的信号可能来自于膜孔内残留的PVP造孔剂等物质与捕获剂的反应[28].同时,催化膜体系中没有检测出明显的1O2的特征峰.进一步通过淬灭实验考察各活性组分对光催化降解性能的贡献,其中乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)、1,4-苯醌(BQ)、叔丁醇(TBA)和L-组氨酸分别作为空穴(h+)、超氧自由基(•O2-)、羟基自由基(•OH)和单线态氧(1O2)的捕获剂[29-30].如图6(d)所示,淬灭•OH和1O2对体系没有产生明显的抑制作用,虽然降解速率略有降低,但在3h的反应时间内同样达到与空白对照组相似的降解效率.而当加入•O2-和h+的淬灭剂时,四环素的降解收到显著抑制,说明•O2-和h+在PVDF/CBM-0.6改性膜光催化降解体系中发挥重要作用.其中淬灭h+时,光催化膜降解四环素的降解效率低于10%,证明h+在本体系催化降解过程中占据主导作用.非自由基h+的直接氧化过程可以避免活性自由基与共存物质之间的副反应,实现对不同目标有机物的选择性降解.
通过在不同降解时间收集水样使用UPLC-QTOF/MS(ESI正离子模式)对TC-HCl光降解过程中形成的中间体进行表征,以进一步了解其降解途径和机制.如图7(a)所示,提出了TC-HCl的13种中间体和可能的降解路径.降解过程主要包括羟基化、脱甲基、脱氨、苯开环、和脱酰胺[31-32].本研究中,盐酸四环素首先发生羟基化、脱氨和去甲基化,产生了一系列高分子量中间体,随着光照时间增加降解反应进一步进行,苯环断裂形成更小分子量的降解产物.根据中间产物的结构式进行毒性预测,采用ECOSAR(生态结构活性关系)软件分析了中间体对鱼类、水蚤和藻类的毒性[33].全球化学品统一分类和标签系统(GHS)表明,鱼类、水蚤和藻类可被视为所有水生生物的替代品,并且其他物种的数据在测试时具有可比性[34].预测结果如图7(b)所示,据观察,降解过程中产生了部分具有急性和慢性毒性的中间产品,但大多数TC-HCl降解产物是无害的(>100mg/L),不会对鱼类、水蚤或绿藻造成急性毒性.
为了考察改性膜的稳定性,在相同条件下进行TC-HCl的光降解,经过5次循环后光催化能力略有下降,3h内的降解效率仍然高于85%.通过铜绿假单胞菌进行了光催化膜在可见光照射不同时间的抑菌实验以评价光催化剂生态毒性和抑菌性.黑暗条件下光催化膜没有对细菌造成明显影响,说明光催化膜本身不具备生态毒性,而在光照条件下,随着光照时间的延长,铜绿假单胞菌受到显著抑制,光照2h时达到100%的抑菌效率,证明可见光照射后,PVDF/CBM-0.6膜产生的自由基抑制了细菌活动,从而实现了膜的抗生物污染,这与ESR和淬灭实验的结论是一致的.
通过300min的含细菌废水的连续过滤考察PVDF/CBM-0.6复合膜在连续运行过程中的抑菌能力,如图8(c),可以看出在没有光照的情况下,TMP呈现持续上升状态,经过5h膜的渗透性下降到316.93LMH/bar,而光照下显著缓解了膜通量的下降,经过5h后渗透性仍能达到549.26LMH/bar.说明了PVDF/CBM-0.6复合膜在可见光照射下能够维持持续的抗菌性能,这归因于活性物种的持续生成.
为了探究光催化复合膜的抗污染自清洁性能,进一步通过蛋白类有机组分BSA对比了PVDF和PVDF/CBM-0.6膜的抗污染性能(图7(d-e)).BSA在膜表面形成的滤饼层导致可逆污染,可以通过水力清洗去除,而在膜孔内的吸附或堵塞形成的不可逆污染,只能由化学清洗方式去除.BSA污染过程中改性膜相比于PVDF膜显著抑制了TMP的升高,说明CBM的掺入明显改变了膜表面性质形成抗污表面.相比于纯PVDF膜(可逆污染占比42.7%),改性膜的可逆污染占比增高(72.8%),这与膜本身性质的改变有关,亲水性提高形成膜表面薄水层促进了抗污染性的增强.经过可见光照射后,PVDF/CBM-0.6膜光照后进一步降低了不可逆污染的占比(14.8%),赋予光催化复合膜自清洁的性能.
3.1 本工作采用相转化法将光催化剂CBM复合在PVDF膜中制备了新型光催化膜.催化剂掺杂量的调整优化了膜的亲水性和表面电性,增强了膜的被动抗污染能力.
3.2 h+直接氧化过程有利于光生电荷的分离,促进更多活性物种•O2-生成,实现了92%的TC-HCl高效降解.
3.3 PVDF/CBM-0.6膜在5次重复利用后降解效率仍高于85%,证明了其良好的循环稳定性.
3.4 静态实验和动态过滤都证明了改性膜具有优异的抗生物及有机污染能力,可见光照射降低了CBM/PVDF膜的不可逆污染占比至14.8%,展现出优异的膜自清洁性能.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51920105012)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51920105012)
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    北京师范大学环境学院,水环境模拟国家重点实验室,北京 100875

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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