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To control the addition of chlorine disinfectant in drinking water disinfection technology, and to combine the coagulation and disinfection units to reduce energy consumption, a quaternary ammonium chitosan-based flocculant (CTS-g-CHPTAC) with dual functions of flocculation and sterilization was developed. This flocculant effectively removes kaolin and Escherichia coli from wastewater. Material characterization results showed that CTS-g-CHPTAC had a higher cationicity (29.51%) and better water solubility. Flocculation performance tests indicated that the turbidity and bacterial removal rates of CTS-g-CHPTAC reached up to 98.5% and 99%, respectively, when dosages were 0.2mg/L and 2mg/L. Meanwhile, the removal rate was as high as 97% when the dosage of CTS-g-CHPTAC was only 1~1.6mg/L in the mixed simulated wastewater, and the removal rate of mixed pollutants was as high as 95% within the pH range of 5~11. It is speculated that CTS-g-CHPTAC's higher cationic content and rougher surface topography enhance charge neutralization, adsorption bridging, and net sweeping effects, leading to improved flocculation.Furthermore, CTS-g-CHPTAC has bactericidal function, which can interact with the cell wall and cell membrane of E. coli through the quaternary ammonium group on CHPTAC and the amino group on chitosan and kill E. coli.

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为控制饮用水消毒技术中氯消毒剂的投加,同时将絮凝和消毒两单元进行合并,降低能耗,制备了一种具有絮凝除浊和杀菌双重功能的季铵化壳聚糖基絮凝剂(CTS-g-CHPTAC),可用于去除废水中的高岭土和大肠杆菌.材料表征结果显示,CTS-g-CHPTAC具有更高的阳离子度(29.51%)和更好的水溶性.絮凝性能测试表明,CTS-g-CHPTAC在投加量分别为0.2mg/L和2mg/L时,除浊率和除菌率分别高达98.5%和99%.同时,CTS-g-CHPTAC在高岭土-大肠杆菌混合模拟废水中投加量仅为1~1.6mg/L时,去除率高达97%;在pH=5~11内,对混合污染物的去除率高达95%.推测是因为CTS-g-CHPTAC含有更多阳离子单元和更粗糙的表面形貌,增强了其电荷中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,使得絮凝效果更加显著.此外,CTS-g-CHPTAC还具有杀菌功能,可通过CHPTAC上的季铵基团和壳聚糖上的氨基与大肠杆菌细胞壁和细胞膜发生相互作用并杀灭大肠杆菌.

, correspAuthors=李宏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,副研究员,
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谭小波(1998-),男,四川中江人,硕士研究生,主要从事水处理及水处理剂研究..

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谭小波(1998-),男,四川中江人,硕士研究生,主要从事水处理及水处理剂研究..

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(b) 10,000x, figureFileSmall=L2u+HjIR9pKPyfINeaJiQQ==, figureFileBig=uw+zGXxk2Z9XWFfujZ3/Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049992874479754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CTS不同放大倍数的SEM图:(a) 2000倍; (b) 10000倍, figureFileSmall=L2u+HjIR9pKPyfINeaJiQQ==, figureFileBig=uw+zGXxk2Z9XWFfujZ3/Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993071612052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SEM images of CTS-g-CHPTAC at different magnifications:(a) 2000x; (b) 10,000x, figureFileSmall=DroE1rIUcXDRLocaT/7HpQ==, figureFileBig=ZQy9baeKB2Evrt1kAMzC/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993197441189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CTS-g-CHPTAC不同放大倍数的SEM图:(a) 2000倍;(b) 10000倍, figureFileSmall=DroE1rIUcXDRLocaT/7HpQ==, figureFileBig=ZQy9baeKB2Evrt1kAMzC/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993537179839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=FT-IR spectra of CTS and CTS-g-CHPTAC, figureFileSmall=vlXSJbFmF6MPsJEOx5aPjA==, figureFileBig=RYq8Y+jcHA8BPztzEx3aKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993704952015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的FT-IR图谱, figureFileSmall=vlXSJbFmF6MPsJEOx5aPjA==, figureFileBig=RYq8Y+jcHA8BPztzEx3aKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049993868529886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=XRD spectra of CTS and CTS-g-CHPTAC, figureFileSmall=/NhS3S/VJdBhbsrPzZB0sA==, figureFileBig=/0by5cckuIoBN4BWWvL4uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994027913449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的XRD图谱, figureFileSmall=/NhS3S/VJdBhbsrPzZB0sA==, figureFileBig=/0by5cckuIoBN4BWWvL4uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994199879930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=TGA-DSC analysis of different materials:(a) CTS; 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(a)高岭土;(b)大肠杆菌

, figureFileSmall=8Ski5sTgxp1PDij8zHFNqQ==, figureFileBig=DKXdrOoOmT9QYMzTAzT60A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049999488897532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Zeta values of simulated wastewater supernatant at different pH values, figureFileSmall=1kVGpvZ2h3/n3KzDSeBKQg==, figureFileBig=5shGzGHUFtATI6OVbxKsGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050001154036232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同pH值下的模拟废水上清液Zeta值

(a)高岭土;(b)大肠杆菌

, figureFileSmall=1kVGpvZ2h3/n3KzDSeBKQg==, figureFileBig=5shGzGHUFtATI6OVbxKsGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050001980314141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Three-dimensional fluorescence pattern of E. coli in different states, figureFileSmall=o9HphqTwf5/MWdt42P0s3Q==, figureFileBig=HQG1w5DUqQKcsFhkXEXVfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002215195180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=图15, caption=大肠杆菌在不同状态下的三维荧光图

(a)原始大肠杆菌悬浮液;(b)经CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的大肠杆菌

, figureFileSmall=o9HphqTwf5/MWdt42P0s3Q==, figureFileBig=HQG1w5DUqQKcsFhkXEXVfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002403938876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=SEM images of E. coli in different states, figureFileSmall=hk53oWM7mtrzVf3usZPvdQ==, figureFileBig=lqtJyWPEGjdhSqWSsGsXjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002659791437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=图16, caption=大肠杆菌在不同状态下的SEM图

(a)原始大肠杆菌;(b)经CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的大肠杆菌(50000x);(c)经CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的大肠杆菌(100000x)

, figureFileSmall=hk53oWM7mtrzVf3usZPvdQ==, figureFileBig=lqtJyWPEGjdhSqWSsGsXjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241050002794009175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of CTS and CTS-g-CHPTAC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
絮凝剂阳离子度(%)特性粘度(mL/g)分子量(Da)
CTS19.16396.60134831
CTS-g-CHPTAC29.51429.26142848
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003007918698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的基本特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
絮凝剂阳离子度(%)特性粘度(mL/g)分子量(Da)
CTS19.16396.60134831
CTS-g-CHPTAC29.51429.26142848
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003280548470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Water solubility of CTS and CTS-g-CHPTAC at different pH conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
絮凝剂pH值
234567891011
CTS++±-------
CTS-g-CHPTAC++++++++++
), ArticleFig(id=1241050003548983941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965712167210, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC在不同pH值条件下的水溶性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
絮凝剂pH值
234567891011
CTS++±-------
CTS-g-CHPTAC++++++++++
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基于絮凝和杀菌双重功能的新型壳聚糖基絮凝剂制备及其性能
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谭小波 1 , 蒋君怡 1 , 孙漫梨 1 , 张占梅 2 , 李宏 1, * , 郑怀礼 1 , 丁魏 1
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(1): 132-143
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 132-143
基于絮凝和杀菌双重功能的新型壳聚糖基絮凝剂制备及其性能
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谭小波1 , 蒋君怡1, 孙漫梨1, 张占梅2, 李宏1, * , 郑怀礼1, 丁魏1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆大学环境与生态学院,重庆 400045
  • 2.重庆交通大学河海学院,重庆 400074
  • 谭小波(1998-),男,四川中江人,硕士研究生,主要从事水处理及水处理剂研究..

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*责任作者,副研究员,
Preparation and performance of a new chitosan-based flocculant based on the dual functions of flocculation and sterilization
Xiao-bo TAN1 , Jun-yi JIANG1, Man-li SUN1, Zhan-mei ZHANG2, Hong LI1, * , Huai-li ZHENG1, Wei DING1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
  • 2.School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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为控制饮用水消毒技术中氯消毒剂的投加,同时将絮凝和消毒两单元进行合并,降低能耗,制备了一种具有絮凝除浊和杀菌双重功能的季铵化壳聚糖基絮凝剂(CTS-g-CHPTAC),可用于去除废水中的高岭土和大肠杆菌.材料表征结果显示,CTS-g-CHPTAC具有更高的阳离子度(29.51%)和更好的水溶性.絮凝性能测试表明,CTS-g-CHPTAC在投加量分别为0.2mg/L和2mg/L时,除浊率和除菌率分别高达98.5%和99%.同时,CTS-g-CHPTAC在高岭土-大肠杆菌混合模拟废水中投加量仅为1~1.6mg/L时,去除率高达97%;在pH=5~11内,对混合污染物的去除率高达95%.推测是因为CTS-g-CHPTAC含有更多阳离子单元和更粗糙的表面形貌,增强了其电荷中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,使得絮凝效果更加显著.此外,CTS-g-CHPTAC还具有杀菌功能,可通过CHPTAC上的季铵基团和壳聚糖上的氨基与大肠杆菌细胞壁和细胞膜发生相互作用并杀灭大肠杆菌.

壳聚糖基絮凝剂  /  季铵化改性  /  大肠杆菌  /  高岭土  /  水处理药剂

To control the addition of chlorine disinfectant in drinking water disinfection technology, and to combine the coagulation and disinfection units to reduce energy consumption, a quaternary ammonium chitosan-based flocculant (CTS-g-CHPTAC) with dual functions of flocculation and sterilization was developed. This flocculant effectively removes kaolin and Escherichia coli from wastewater. Material characterization results showed that CTS-g-CHPTAC had a higher cationicity (29.51%) and better water solubility. Flocculation performance tests indicated that the turbidity and bacterial removal rates of CTS-g-CHPTAC reached up to 98.5% and 99%, respectively, when dosages were 0.2mg/L and 2mg/L. Meanwhile, the removal rate was as high as 97% when the dosage of CTS-g-CHPTAC was only 1~1.6mg/L in the mixed simulated wastewater, and the removal rate of mixed pollutants was as high as 95% within the pH range of 5~11. It is speculated that CTS-g-CHPTAC's higher cationic content and rougher surface topography enhance charge neutralization, adsorption bridging, and net sweeping effects, leading to improved flocculation.Furthermore, CTS-g-CHPTAC has bactericidal function, which can interact with the cell wall and cell membrane of E. coli through the quaternary ammonium group on CHPTAC and the amino group on chitosan and kill E. coli.

Chitosan-based flocculants  /  Quaternary ammonium modification  /  Escherichia coli  /  Kaolin  /  Water treatment agents
谭小波, 蒋君怡, 孙漫梨, 张占梅, 李宏, 郑怀礼, 丁魏. 基于絮凝和杀菌双重功能的新型壳聚糖基絮凝剂制备及其性能. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 132 -143 .
Xiao-bo TAN, Jun-yi JIANG, Man-li SUN, Zhan-mei ZHANG, Hong LI, Huai-li ZHENG, Wei DING. Preparation and performance of a new chitosan-based flocculant based on the dual functions of flocculation and sterilization[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 132 -143 .
传统饮用水的处理包含絮凝,沉淀,过滤,消毒4个工艺步骤,絮凝和消毒是其中净化处理原水的重要步骤,但通常被划分为两个独立的处理单元,流程繁琐且耗能较大[1].此外,我国的水处理消毒技术一直以氯消毒法为主,但这一方法容易产生具有致癌作用的消毒副产物,危害人体健康[2-3].因此,若能开发一种具有杀菌功能的絮凝剂,使其能够在絮凝的同时杀死细菌,不仅可以优化水处理流程,还能减少消毒副产物,为经济和环境的可持续性发展带来一定的效益.目前最常用的为聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂[4],然而聚丙烯酰胺的残体丙烯酰胺具有神经毒性且难以降解,会对人体健康和水生态环境造成潜在影响[5-6].因此,寻找新的无毒且高效的絮凝剂已经成为许多研究工作者关注的热点.
壳聚糖(CTS)是天然有机资源中储量第二丰富的物质,主要存在于甲壳类动物如虾、蟹的外骨骼中[7].作为一种无毒的天然有机高分子絮凝剂,CTS具有一定的生物降解性、絮凝和吸附能力[8-9].同时,其质子化氨基所携带的正电荷也赋予了CTS一定的抗菌活性,可与带负电的微生物细胞表面发生静电相互作用而导致细胞死亡[10].然而,CTS的溶解性较差,当它被用作絮凝剂时,只能溶于酸性溶液中[11].并且在pH<5时,酸性条件会加速CTS的降解,降低了絮凝效率[12].此外,CTS本身絮凝能力较弱,很难得到实际应用,因此需要对其进行改性[13],以增强其絮凝和杀菌的能力.季铵化合物是一种优异的消毒剂和抗菌剂,已广泛用作医疗、制药和个人护理产品中[14-15].研究表明,季铵化合物可以不可逆地与磷脂双分子层结合并破坏细胞膜功能,从而杀死细菌[16].另外,将水合性的季铵盐基团引入CTS分子链中,不仅能改善CTS的杀菌性能,还能提高其水溶性[17],使得絮凝和杀菌性能都得到提升.目前常见季铵盐有3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵[18],2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵[19],缩水甘油三甲基氯化铵[20]等.其中3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵价格低廉,对环境污染小,将其接枝在CTS分子链上能生产出性能优异且成本低廉的季铵化壳聚糖絮凝剂.
目前,季铵化壳聚糖的合成研究已经相对成熟,但其在絮凝杀菌方面还鲜有报道.因此,本文以壳聚糖(CTS)和3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHPTAC)为单体制备了季铵化壳聚糖CTS-g-CHPTAC.通过测定基本参数,确定了CTS-g-CHPTAC具体的阳离子度、特性粘度和分子量.利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射图谱分析(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和热重与差式扫描同步热分析(TGA-DSC)对CTS-g-CHPTAC进行了结构、表面形貌和热稳定性分析,证实了其成功合成.随后将CTS-g-CHPTAC应用于高岭土和大肠杆菌悬浮液的絮凝处理,并对其絮凝除浊和絮凝杀菌效果进行了系统评价,同时对絮凝和杀菌机理作了一定的探讨.本文为开发具有絮凝和杀菌双重功能的水处理药剂提供了一定思路,能帮助简化水处理流程,提高出水安全性.
3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(65wt%,CHPTAC)、壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥95%,CTS)、氯化钠和高岭土购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;异丙醇、盐酸和氢氧化钠均购自成都市科隆化学品有限公司;大肠杆菌购自北京保藏生物科技有限公司;LB肉汤购自广东环凯微生物有限公司;无水乙醇购自重庆川东化工有限公司.
AL104电子分析天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司)、2100Q浊度仪(美国HACH公司)、UV2355紫外可见分光光度计(尤尼柯仪器有限公司)、TGA-DSC热重与差式扫描同步热分析仪(梅特勒-托利多公司)、DMAX/2C粉末X射线衍射仪(日本岛津公司)、NicoletiS50傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)、DF-101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器(上海予申仪器有限公司)、QuattroS环境扫描电子显微镜(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)、GYJ1-10L-S超纯水机(重庆华创水处理工程有限公司)、PHS-3C pH计(杭州市奥立龙仪器有限公司)、TA6程控混凝试验搅拌仪(武汉恒岭科技有限公司)、Zetasizer Nano ZS90Zeta电位测定仪(英国马尔文公司)、BKQP-75L立式全自动高压灭菌锅(济南展康医疗器械有限公司).
使用精密天平称取1g壳聚糖于三颈烧瓶中,加入40mL异丙醇,用1mol/L和0.1mol/L的NaOH溶液和HCl溶液调节pH值至8~9,室温下磁力搅拌碱化1h.随后,缓慢滴加适量的CHPTAC溶液,待搅拌均匀后放入水浴锅,升温至80℃并恒温搅拌反应8h.反应结束后,取出三颈烧瓶熟化1h,然后对所制得的粗制品进行真空抽滤.滤渣用50mL无水乙醇反复浸泡、洗涤和抽滤3次,直至洗涤至中性.最后,在60℃下将产品烘干36h至恒重,得到季铵化壳聚糖基絮凝剂CTS-g-CHPTAC,置于干燥器内保存备用.CTS-g-CHPTAC的合成机理如图1所示.
将30mg絮凝剂和30mL纯水置于若干个烧杯中搅拌均匀.使用NaOH和HCl调节絮凝剂溶液的pH值在2~11之间.在室温下继续搅拌1h后,肉眼观察絮凝剂的溶解情况.
准确称取0.0016g左右的絮凝剂,置于100mL锥形瓶中,加入20mL去离子水,磁力搅拌至完全溶解.再加入微量甲苯胺蓝作为指示剂,溶液此时变为淡蓝色.使用10mL棕色滴定管向锥形瓶中缓慢滴入PVSK溶液,直至溶液由淡蓝色变为淡紫红色,且30s内不褪色时,则完成滴定.记录下此时滴加的PVSK溶液体积,重复3次平行实验,取平均值.
阳离子度计算公式如下[21]
式中:Am(%)为絮凝剂样品阳离子度;C为PVSK的摩尔浓度(mol/L);V为消耗PVSK的溶液体积(mL),V0为空白试验中消耗PVSK的溶液体积(mL);m为絮凝剂的质量(g);188.10为阳离子链节相对分子质量.
1)准确称取0.1g的絮凝剂样品,加入50mL纯水溶解后转移至100mL容量瓶中.然后将5.85g NaCl溶解于适量纯水中,待完全溶解后转移到装有絮凝剂溶液的容量瓶中并定容,得到目标溶液样品.通过砂芯漏斗将溶液样品过滤到小烧杯中,保存备用. 2)将10mL 1.00mol/L的NaCl溶液转入粘度计中.待30℃恒温加热10min后,记录溶液在上下校准线之间缓慢流动的时间,得到“t0”的值. 3)吸取10mL 1)中的溶液样品于粘度计中,其余步骤按照步骤2)进行,得到“t”的值.絮凝剂样品的特性粘度计算公式见式(2)和式(3)[22].
式中:c(g/mL)为絮凝剂样品溶液的浓度;tt0(s)分别表示絮凝剂样品溶液和1mol/L氯化钠溶液在粘度计的上下分度线上流动所需的时间.
絮凝剂产物的分子量Mr采用Mark-Houwink方程计算[23],如式(4)所示.
式中:Mr(Da)为絮凝剂的分子量;η(mL/g)为絮凝剂的特性粘度;根据经验,在室温25℃,k=3.72×10-5a=1.37.
使用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析其官能团和化学键组成;使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)进行其晶体结构测试;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察样品形貌;采用热重与差式扫描同步热分析仪(TGA-DSC)进行热稳定性分析.
将0.3g的高岭土颗粒溶于1L纯水中,配制得到0.3g/L的高岭土悬浮液.其原始pH=6.85,浊度=610NTU.
称取6.4g LB肉汤粉末于500mL锥形瓶中,加入320mL纯水搅拌溶解.对含有培养基的锥形瓶进行高压蒸汽灭菌,结束后取出并置于超净工作台上冷却2h.随后接种大肠杆菌于锥形瓶中,并在37℃、220rpm的恒温振荡器中培养24h,得到大肠杆菌原液.对原液进行适当稀释,获得适宜OD600值的大肠杆菌悬浮液.其原始pH=7.80,OD600=0.845~0.855,浊度=370~380NTU.
分别配制NaCl浓度为0、1、10、50、100、500mmol/L的高岭土和大肠杆菌模拟废水.含盐离子的高岭土模拟废水的原始pH=6.80~6.90,浊度=610NTU.含盐离子的大肠杆菌模拟废水的原始pH=7.70~7.90,OD600=0.845~0.855,浊度=370~380NTU.
各取相同体积的高岭土模拟废水和大肠杆菌模拟废水混合均匀,得到目标混合模拟废水.其原始pH=7.50,OD600=0.6395~0.6495,浊度=420~430NTU.
分别配制NaCl浓度为0、1、10、50、100、200、300、400、500mmol/L的高岭土-大肠杆菌混合废水,其原始pH=7.40~7.60,OD600=0.6395~0.6495,浊度=420~430NTU.
取若干250mL烧杯,分别加入100mL高岭土悬浮液、大肠杆菌悬浮液或高岭土-大肠杆菌混合模拟废水,调节悬浮液的pH值至实验所需值,然后向各烧杯中加入一定浓度的絮凝剂,在程控混凝试验搅拌仪上开展絮凝实验.实验程序分为三阶段:首先在200r/min的条件下快速搅拌3min,然后以50rpm的速度慢速搅拌15min,最后静置30min.取10mL液面下1~2cm处的上层清液进行浊度或OD600值的测定.
阳离子度、特性粘度和分子量均是衡量CTS-g-CHPTAC基本特性的重要参数.一方面,阳离子絮凝剂可通过电荷中和和吸附架桥作用与带负电荷的高岭土颗粒和大肠杆菌结合.另一方面,高特性粘度和高分子量的絮凝剂能够更好地发挥网捕卷扫效应,增强絮凝效果[24].表1显示,通过CHPTAC季铵化改性后,CTS的阳离子度得到了显著增加,制备的CTS-g-CHPTAC阳离子度达到29.51%,远高于CTS的19.16%.此外,CTS-g-CHPTAC的特性粘度和分子量也较CTS所有提升,这是因为CHPTAC成功地接枝到CTS分子链上,不仅引入了大量季铵盐,还促进了CTS特性粘度和分子量的增长.
絮凝剂的水溶性至关重要,因为高分子絮凝剂只有充分溶解于水中,其有效絮凝部位才能充分暴露,使得絮凝效果最大化.表2显示了CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC在不同pH值下的水溶性.可以看到CTS仅在pH<5时具有水溶性,而制备的CTS-g-CHPTAC则在pH=2~11范围内均具有一定的水溶性,说明亲水基团季铵盐的引入改善了壳聚糖的水溶性,理论上提高了其絮凝性能,拓宽了其应用领域.
通过扫描电镜(SEM)对CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的微观形貌进行了分析.图2(a)和2(b)分别是CTS在2000倍和10000倍放大下的电镜图像,图3(a)和3(b)则展示了CTS-g-CHPTAC在相同放大倍数下的电镜图像.可以观察到,CTS的外部形貌和结构相对平整、光滑和致密.经CHPTAC接枝反应后,CTS-g-CHPTAC的外部形貌和结构发生了显著变化.其表面变得更加粗糙、松散和凹凸不平,且分布着许多大小不一的微孔结构.已有研究证明,絮凝剂的絮凝效果与表面形貌密切相关.一方面,絮凝剂粗糙的表面可以增大与污染物的接触面积,提供更多的吸附位点[25],从而提高CTS-g-CHPTAC的电荷中和能力.另一方面,更加松散的表面结构有助于水溶性的增强[26],当其完全溶解于水中时,延伸的分子链可以促进高分子絮凝剂链的吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,使得絮凝效果得到有效提升.
为了确定所制备絮凝剂的化学键和官能团,对CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC进行了FT-IR光谱分析.结果显示在图4中,相较于CTS,其主要差别首先在于CTS的红外谱图中1597.84cm-1左右的N-H变形振动峰仍然存在,但在CTS-g-CHPTAC的红外谱图中已经消失,这说明CHPTAC与CTS主链上的-NH2基团发生了接枝反应.同时,在CTS-g-CHPTAC光谱图的1483.84cm-1、1637.62cm-1和3001.51cm-1处出现了3个新的吸收峰.其中,前两个峰为CHPTAC上的-CH3变形振动峰,后一个峰为-CH3伸缩振动峰,进一步说明CHPTAC被成功接枝在CTS分子链上.其次,在3446.32cm-1、2878.20cm-1和1090.12cm-1处观察到了壳聚糖分子的特征吸收峰,依次对应为O-H伸缩振动峰、C-H伸缩振动峰和C-OH伸缩振动峰[27],这些特征峰同时出现在CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC光谱中,说明CHPTAC的接枝引入对壳聚糖主链的主要基团结构几乎没有影响.
为了获得更多的结构信息,对CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC进行了X射线衍射(XRD)表征.如图5所示,CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的谱图基本相似,均显示出较宽的衍射带,且在θ=20.21°处有CTS特有的晶型(II)特征衍射峰.不同的是,CTS-g-CHPTAC在θ=5.24°左右还出现了一处新的强特征衍射峰.此外,与CTS相比,CTS-g-CHPTAC在θ=11.92°处的衍射峰向右偏移至θ=14.72°,且衍射峰的强度有所降低,这可能是因为CHPTAC接枝到CTS的-NH2上.总的来说,上述衍射峰的变化进一步证明了带季铵盐基团的CHPTAC被成功引入至CTS主链,且经季铵化接枝反应、热引发反应和提纯等一系列处理后,壳聚糖主链结构几乎保持不变.
通过热重-差示扫描量热法(TGA-DSC)评估了CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的热稳定性.如图6(a)和6(b)所示,可以看到两种絮凝剂在常温下表现稳定,失重率均低于5%.随着温度的升高,CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC均显示出3个失重阶段,其中发生在第一阶段(25~200℃)的失重可能是物理吸附的水分蒸发造成的[28].第二个阶段(200~330℃)的失重与基团的吸热分解有关.而第三个阶段的失重(330~600℃)则可归因于CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC主链的热裂解[29].温度大于600℃后,TGA曲线逐渐平缓,CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的最终残余重分别为原始残余重的20.19%和22.01%.在DSC曲线上,CTS-g-CHPTAC与CTS存在明显区别,在233.3℃观察到了一个CTS-g-CHPTAC的显著吸收峰,该处的新峰可能与CHPTAC上酰氨基的热分解/亚胺化有关[30],再次证实了CTS-g-CHPTAC的合成成功.合成的CTS-g-CHPTAC在常温下具有良好的热稳定性,满足运输和储存要求,具有实用性.
图7(a)和7(b)分别评估了不同投加量下CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC对高岭土和大肠杆菌悬浮液的絮凝效果.对于高岭土悬浮液,两种絮凝剂呈现出相似的絮凝效果趋势,即絮凝后的上清液浊度随着投加量的增加先下降后持续上升.相较于CTS,CTS-g-CHPTAC表现出了更出色的絮凝效果,当投加量为0.2mg/L时,CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的上清液浊度可低至6.92NTU(除浊率>98.5%),低于CTS絮凝后的最低浊度(13.6NTU).此外,CTS-g-CHPTAC在整个投加量范围内的絮凝效果明显优于CTS,这是因为CTS-g-CHPTAC不仅具有更高的阳离子度和分子量,而且其表面形貌更加粗糙和松散,因此电荷中和和吸附桥接作用均强于CTS.
对于大肠杆菌悬浮液,CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC同样呈现出OD600随着絮凝剂投加量增加先下降后上升的趋势.这种趋势是因为低投加量的絮凝剂会引起体系的电荷中和不足,而过量的絮凝剂则会引起静电排斥和空间效应,进而导致胶体颗粒重新稳定,不利于胶体的聚集和沉降[31].不同于高岭土悬浮液的是,CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC在大肠杆菌悬浮液的絮凝过程中需要更高的投加量,这可能是因为絮凝剂更容易电荷中和高岭土颗粒,从而使得高岭土颗粒在较低的投加量下就可以脱稳聚集.此外,CTS-g-CHPTAC对大肠杆菌悬浮液的絮凝效果均优于CTS,在投加量为2mg/L时就能表现出最佳的除菌效果,此时的OD600降至0.0185(除菌率>99%),显示出卓越的除菌性能.
pH值是影响絮凝效果的重要指标,因此系统评价了在不同pH值条件下CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的除浊和除菌能力,其中CTS的投加量分别为0.8mg/L和3mg/L,CTS-g-CHPTAC的投加量分别为0.2mg/L和2mg/L.如图8(a)所示,对于高岭土悬浮液,CTS只在偏中性环境下表现出良好的除浊效果.这是因为酸性环境使得高岭土所带的部分负电荷被中和.pH值越低,体系所带负电荷越少,Zeta电位越接近于等电点.当投加带高正电荷的絮凝剂时,不仅会中和高岭土颗粒表面的负电荷,还会导致其颗粒表面发生电荷反转而带上正电荷,从而与带正电的絮凝剂产生静电斥力,致使絮凝效果下降.然而,CTS-g-CHPTAC在酸性和中性环境下均表现出优异的除浊效果,除浊率高达95%以上.这是因为CTS-g-CHPTAC具有高分子量和松散的结构,能够通过架桥作用抵消电荷斥力带来的不利影响,使得CTS-g-CHPTAC在酸性条件下也能发挥良好的絮凝作用[32].在碱性条件下,CTS和CTS-g-CHPTAC的除浊效果均出现恶化,推测是由于碱性条件引入的负电荷导致整个体系中负电荷数量增加,絮凝剂的电荷中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用均无法平衡体系中所有的负电荷.pH值越高,体系中负电荷越多,同性电荷间产生的静电斥力越大,导致絮凝后上清液的浊度逐渐增大.
对于大肠杆菌悬浮液,如图8(b)所示,CTS在中性和弱碱环境下显示出一定的除菌能力,而CTS-g-CHPTAC则在pH=4~9范围内均呈现出不错的除菌效果,絮凝后上清液OD600均小于0.1.与高岭土絮凝的结果类似,这一现象同样表明架桥和网捕卷扫在CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝过程中发挥了重要作用.由于架桥和网捕卷扫作用的参与,CTS-g-CHPTAC在较宽pH值范围内展现出优异的絮凝能力.当pH=7时,投加2mg/L的CTS-g-CHPTAC可将OD600有效降低至0.0189.
离子是影响絮凝效果的重要因素之一,不同浓度的共存离子可能对电荷屏蔽和颗粒稳定性产生影响.因此,本文研究了自然界最常见的共存盐离子NaCl对CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝除浊和除菌性能的影响,其中CTS-g-CHPTAC的投加量分别为0.2mg/L和2mg/L.图9(a)显示了CTS-g-CHPTAC在不同NaCl浓度下对高岭土的除浊能力,可以看到整体上除浊效果受到的影响并不大,低浓度下的浊度略微上升,高浓度下稍有下降.这表明CTS-g-CHPTAC对高岭土的去除几乎不受共存离子的影响,絮凝效果十分稳定.图9(b)展现了CTS-g-CHPTAC在不同NaCl浓度下的除菌能力.在大肠杆菌絮凝过程中,低浓度的NaCl几乎不影响CTS-g-CHPTAC的絮凝除菌能力,而高浓度的NaCl则对其产生显著影响.这可能是由于高浓度的盐离子竞争性地吸附到菌体表面,不仅减少了絮凝剂的有效吸附位置,还阻碍了絮凝剂分子和菌体表面间的相互作用,导致絮凝效率下降.
图10评估了不同投加量下CTS-g-CHPTAC对高岭土-大肠杆菌混合模拟废水的絮凝效果.如图10所示,絮凝后的上清液浊度和OD600随着投加量的增加先下降后上升.即使在混合模拟废水中,CTS-g-CHPTAC的絮凝效果几乎没有下降,仅在投加量为1~1.6mg/L时,对混合污染物的去除率可达97%,表现出良好的絮凝效果.
图11评估了不同pH值条件下CTS-g-CHPTAC对高岭土-大肠杆菌混合模拟废水的絮凝效果,其中CTS-g-CHPTAC的投加量为1.4mg/L.CTS-g-CHPTAC在pH=5~11时均表现出良好的絮凝效果,浊度和OD600分别低于18.7和0.0686,对混合污染物的去除率高达95%.
图12显示了在不同NaCl浓度下CTS-g-CHPTAC对高岭土-大肠杆菌混合模拟废水的絮凝效果,其中CTS-g-CHPTAC的投加量为1.4mg/L.低浓度的NaCl几乎不影响CTS-g-CHPTAC对混合污染物的去除能力,而高浓度的NaCl则对其产生显著影响.这主要是因为混合废水中大肠杆菌细胞表面竞争性地吸附了高浓度的盐离子,阻碍了絮凝剂和菌体表面间的相互作用,导致了絮凝效率的下降.
结合实验结果,分析了CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝高岭土和大肠杆菌悬浮液可能存在的机理.首先,阳离子度的测定结果表明CTS-g-CHPTAC具有很好的正电性,可通过电荷中和吸附带负电的高岭土和大肠杆菌.同时,特性粘度和分子量的测定结果说明CTS-g-CHPTAC是高分子絮凝剂,其分子链可通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用捕集高岭土和大肠杆菌,从而增强絮凝效果.此外,SEM图谱显示制备的CTS-g-CHPTAC表面形貌松散且粗糙,不仅提供了更多吸附位点,还增强了絮凝剂的水溶性,使完全展开的分子链更好地发挥吸附架桥和网捕卷扫功能.
为了深入了解絮凝机制,探究了经CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的高岭土和大肠杆菌上清液的Zeta电位值变化.图13(a)和13(b)显示了不同投加量下对高岭土和大肠杆菌上清液Zeta电位变化的影响,结合前文投加量对絮凝影响的结果可知,絮凝后的高岭土和大肠杆菌上清液的Zeta电位都随着CTS-g-CHPTAC投加量的增加而显著增加,且均在最佳剂量附近接近等电点.这一现象表明电荷中和效应在絮凝过程中发挥了重要作用.图14(a)和14(b)分别展示了废水初始pH值对高岭土和大肠杆菌上清液Zeta电位变化的影响,同样与前文pH值对絮凝影响的结果相对照,可以看到高岭土和大肠杆菌上清液的Zeta值均在最佳pH值附近接近于0,再次证明了电荷中和的存在.然而CTS-g-CHPTAC在酸性条件下也表现出一定的絮凝能力,这表明吸附桥接和网捕卷扫在CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝过程中同样起着重要作用.综上所述,电荷中和、吸附桥接和网捕卷扫作用共同控制着CTS-g-CHPTAC的絮凝过程.
芳香蛋白通常存在于细胞内,为确定CTS-g-CHPTAC的杀菌活性,使用三维荧光检测了絮凝前后上清液的芳香蛋白含量变化.如图15(a)和15(b)所示,与絮凝前相比,经CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的大肠杆菌上清液在芳香蛋白Ⅰ区(激发波长:200~250nm;发射波长:280~330nm)检测到了新的荧光信号,同时芳香蛋白Ⅱ区(激发波长:200~250nm;发射波长:330~380nm)荧光信号变得更强[24],说明细胞内的芳香蛋白发生了泄露.而原始大肠杆菌悬浮液在芳香蛋白Ⅱ区检测到的荧光信号可能源于培养基和细胞代谢过程[33].
为了更进一步验证CTS-g-CHPTAC具有杀菌功能,对原始大肠杆菌和经CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的大肠杆菌絮体进行了SEM分析.图16(a)显示了原始大肠杆菌的表面形貌,可以看出未经絮凝剂处理的大肠杆菌个体呈杆状形,形貌完整且个体分散.而经CTS-g-CHPTAC絮凝后的大肠杆菌菌体形貌发生不同程度的变形,部分菌体细胞破裂且菌体间出现了团聚现象(图16(b)图16(c)).综上所述,CTS-g-CHPTAC具体杀菌过程可解释为以下步骤:首先,CTS-g-CHPTAC通过电荷吸引使大肠杆菌悬浮液失稳并聚集成小絮凝体.随后在吸附桥接和网捕卷扫的作用下形成了大絮凝菌体并沉降.紧接着,CTS-g-CHPTAC上过量的正电季铵盐阳离子和壳聚糖上的氨基与带负电的大肠杆菌细胞壁和细胞膜发生相互作用,这种相互作用可使细胞膜通透性发生变化,从而破坏菌体细胞结构并使得大肠杆菌细胞内液外漏,最终导致大肠杆菌细菌的失活死亡.
4.1 以CHPTAC为阳离子接枝单体,CTS为主链,采用热引发法合成了具有除浊-杀菌双重功能的新型壳聚糖基絮凝剂CTS-g-CHPTAC.
4.2 季铵盐阳离子单体的接枝不仅提高了絮凝剂的阳离子度、特性粘度和分子量,同时还改善了其水溶性.
4.3 CTS-g-CHPTAC对高岭土和大肠杆菌模拟废水的处理具有更低的最佳投加量和更宽的pH值絮凝范围.在投加量分别为0.2mg/L和2mg/L时,除浊率和除菌率分别高达98.5%和99%.
4.4 CTS-g-CHPTAC在高岭土-大肠杆菌混合模拟废水中絮凝效果几乎没有下降,在投加量仅为1~1.6mg/L时,去除率可达97%.同时,在pH=5~11范围内对混合污染物的去除率高达95%.
4.5 CTS-g-CHPTAC还具有杀菌功能,其主要通过季铵盐阳离子基团和壳聚糖上的氨基与带负电的大肠杆菌细胞发生相互作用导致大肠杆菌的死亡.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22276018)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22276018)
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    1.重庆大学环境与生态学院,重庆 400045
    2.重庆交通大学河海学院,重庆 400074

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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