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In response to issues identified in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission inventory for Guangdong Province—including time-lag, unclear source classification, and ambiguous emission trends—a refined PAHs emission factor library for anthropogenic sources was established through comprehensive literature research. A high-resolution, bottom-up PAHs emission inventory of 16PAH compounds for Guangdong Province covering 2006~2020 was developed using the emission factor method, providing insights into principal emission species, key sources, and the spatiotemporal evolution of emissions. The findings were as follows: From 2006 to 2020, anthropogenic PAHs emissions in Guangdong Province showed an overall decline of 45%, with the contribution of carcinogenic PAHs reducing from 60% to 29%. Naphthalene (Nap), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (Bghip), and phenanthrene(Phe) emerged as the primary PAH species, contributing on average 23%, 10%, and 9% to total PAHs emissions, respectively. As national standards for diesel vehicles and motorcycles tightened, yellow-label vehicles were eliminated, and policies like the prohibition on straw burning were enacted, the primary sources of PAHs emissions shifted from motorcycles, diesel vehicles, and biomass burning to industrial coal combustion, coking, and household combustion. Spatial analysis indicated that line-source emissions (primarily from motorcycles and diesel vehicles) decreased significantly, while point-source emissions from industrial sources increased across several regions. Considering population health risks and the need for targeted PAHs emission controls in densely populated areas, the study recommends enhanced regulation of PAHs from industrial coal combustion and coking industries. This study provides critical scientific support for Guangdong Province′s PAHs emission control strategies, with a focus on public health outcomes.

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针对广东省多环芳烃(PAHs)排放清单存在时间滞后、排放源分类不精细、排放演变特征不清晰的问题,基于广泛的文献调研,构建了精细化的人为源PAHs排放因子库,采用排放因子法自下而上地构建了2006~2020年广东省16种PAHs的高分辨率排放清单,识别了广东省PAHs主要排放物种、重点排放源和时空演变特征.研究结果表明:广东省2006~2020年PAHs人为源排放整体呈现下降趋势,下降比例为45%,其中,8种致癌PAHs排放贡献从60%下降到29%;排放量靠前的主要PAHs物种分别为萘(Nap)、苯并[g,h,i]苝(Bghip)和菲(Phe),对PAHs排放总量的平均贡献分别为23%、10%和9%;随着国家柴油车和摩托车排放标准提升、广东省淘汰黄标车、秸秆禁烧等政策推行,广东省PAHs重点排放源逐步从摩托车、柴油车和生物质燃烧演变为工业燃煤、炼焦和民用燃烧源;空间分布上,以摩托车和柴油车排放为主的线源排放显著下降,但以工业燃烧源为主的点源排放在全省许多地区有所上升;从人群健康风险角度考虑,以控制人口密集地区PAHs排放为目标,建议广东省加强炼焦行业等工业燃煤的多环芳烃排放控制.本研究可为广东省开展以人群健康为导向的多环芳烃排放防控提供科学支撑.

, correspAuthors=沙青娥, 郑君瑜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,讲师,
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唐凤(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染源排放清单及其健康影响评估..

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唐凤(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染源排放清单及其健康影响评估..

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唐凤(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染源排放清单及其健康影响评估..

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审图号:GS(2019)3333号

, figureFileSmall=IfeygVXJjPli/p7DcXovWA==, figureFileBig=JI/Ep9l0L2lRb0oGwX1ymQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049994682224921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965330485545, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information sheet on the 16PAHs studied

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中文名称名称缩写环数分子式
NaphthaleneNap2C10H8
苊烯AcenaphthyleneAcy3C12H8
AcenaphtheneAce3C12H10
FluoreneFlu3C13H10
PhenanthrenePhe3C14H10
AnthraceneAnt3C14H10
灭蒽FluorantheneFla4C16H10
PyrenePyr4C16H10
苯并[a]蒽Benzo[a]anthraceneBaA4C18H12
ChryseneChry4C18H12
苯并[b]荧蒽Benzo[b]fluorantheneBbF5C20H12
苯并[k]荧蒽Benzo[k]fluorantheneBkF5C20H12
苯并[a]芘Benzo[a]pyreneBaP5C20H12
二苯并[a,h]蒽Dibenzo[ah]anthraceneDahA5C22H14
苯并[g,h,i]苝Benzo[ghi]peryleneBghip6C22H12
茚苯[1,2,3-cd]芘Indeno[123-cd]pyrenelcdP6C22H12
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994812248359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965330485545, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究的16种PAHs信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称名称缩写环数分子式
NaphthaleneNap2C10H8
苊烯AcenaphthyleneAcy3C12H8
AcenaphtheneAce3C12H10
FluoreneFlu3C13H10
PhenanthrenePhe3C14H10
AnthraceneAnt3C14H10
灭蒽FluorantheneFla4C16H10
PyrenePyr4C16H10
苯并[a]蒽Benzo[a]anthraceneBaA4C18H12
ChryseneChry4C18H12
苯并[b]荧蒽Benzo[b]fluorantheneBbF5C20H12
苯并[k]荧蒽Benzo[k]fluorantheneBkF5C20H12
苯并[a]芘Benzo[a]pyreneBaP5C20H12
二苯并[a,h]蒽Dibenzo[ah]anthraceneDahA5C22H14
苯并[g,h,i]苝Benzo[ghi]peryleneBghip6C22H12
茚苯[1,2,3-cd]芘Indeno[123-cd]pyrenelcdP6C22H12
), ArticleFig(id=1241049996414472499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965330485545, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification of PAHs emission sources in Guangdong Province and corresbonding sources of activity data and emission factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级排放源二级排放源三级排放源活动水平数据来源排放因子来源
摩托车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ[2829]调研[2234-38]
柴油车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ/国Ⅵ微货/轻货/中货/重货/微客/小客/中客/大客[2829]调研[222439-50]
汽油车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ/国Ⅵ微货/轻货/中货/重货/微客/小客/中客/大客[2829]调研[222439-50]
其他移动源工程机械G<37KW/37<G<75KW/75<G<130KW/G>130KW
港口机械G<37KW/37<G<75KW/75<G<130KW/G>130KW
农业机械G<37KW/37<G<75KW/75<G<130KW/G>130KW[28-33]调研[21]
农用运输车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ
渔船
船舶水域/码头
铁路机车
工业燃烧锅炉燃煤[21]
锅炉燃油[21]
天然气[28]环境统计数据[51]
焦炭[52]
炼焦燃煤[21]
生物质燃烧秸秆开放燃烧水稻/水稻/小麦/玉米/豆类/棉花/油菜/芝麻/甘蔗[2829]调研[51]
森林火灾[51]
秸秆家用燃烧水稻/水稻/小麦/玉米/豆类/棉花/油菜/芝麻/甘蔗[51]
薪柴[51]
民用燃烧源煤炭[28]环境统计数据[21]
煤油[21]
柴油[21]
液化石油气[51]
天然气[51]
火力发电燃料煤[28]环境统计数据[51]
燃料油[21]
天然气[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1241049997077172557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965330485545, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

广东省人为源PAHs排放源分类及活动水平数据与排放因子来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级排放源二级排放源三级排放源活动水平数据来源排放因子来源
摩托车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ[2829]调研[2234-38]
柴油车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ/国Ⅵ微货/轻货/中货/重货/微客/小客/中客/大客[2829]调研[222439-50]
汽油车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ/国Ⅵ微货/轻货/中货/重货/微客/小客/中客/大客[2829]调研[222439-50]
其他移动源工程机械G<37KW/37<G<75KW/75<G<130KW/G>130KW
港口机械G<37KW/37<G<75KW/75<G<130KW/G>130KW
农业机械G<37KW/37<G<75KW/75<G<130KW/G>130KW[28-33]调研[21]
农用运输车国Ⅰ前/国Ⅰ/国Ⅱ/国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ
渔船
船舶水域/码头
铁路机车
工业燃烧锅炉燃煤[21]
锅炉燃油[21]
天然气[28]环境统计数据[51]
焦炭[52]
炼焦燃煤[21]
生物质燃烧秸秆开放燃烧水稻/水稻/小麦/玉米/豆类/棉花/油菜/芝麻/甘蔗[2829]调研[51]
森林火灾[51]
秸秆家用燃烧水稻/水稻/小麦/玉米/豆类/棉花/油菜/芝麻/甘蔗[51]
薪柴[51]
民用燃烧源煤炭[28]环境统计数据[21]
煤油[21]
柴油[21]
液化石油气[51]
天然气[51]
火力发电燃料煤[28]环境统计数据[51]
燃料油[21]
天然气[51]
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2006~2020年广东省人为源多环芳烃排放演变特征
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唐凤 1 , 沙青娥 1, 2, * , 刘颍颖 1 , 翁淑娟 1 , 周宁 1 , 陈豪琪 1 , 刘露云 1 , 司徒淑娉 3 , 钟庄敏 4, 5 , 许冠英 3 , 陈多宏 4, 5 , 郑君瑜 6, *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(1): 19-29
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 19-29
2006~2020年广东省人为源多环芳烃排放演变特征
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唐凤1 , 沙青娥1, 2, * , 刘颍颖1, 翁淑娟1, 周宁1, 陈豪琪1, 刘露云1, 司徒淑娉3, 钟庄敏4, 5, 许冠英3, 陈多宏4, 5, 郑君瑜6, *
作者信息
  • 1.暨南大学环境与气候学院,环境与气候研究院,广东 广州 511443
  • 2.暨南大学广州区域低碳经济研究基地,广东 广州 510632
  • 3.广东省佛山生态环境监测站,广东 佛山 528010
  • 4.广东省生态环境监测中心,广东 广州 510308
  • 5.生态环境部环境保护区域空气质量监测重点实验室,广东 广州 510308
  • 6.香港科技大学(广州),可持续能源与环境学域,广东 广州 511458
  • 唐凤(1999-),女,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染源排放清单及其健康影响评估..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,讲师,
Evolutionary characteristics of anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2020
Feng TANG1 , Qing-e SHA1, 2, * , Ying-ying LIU1, Shu-juan WENG1, Ning ZHOU1, Hao-qi CHEN1, Lu-yun LIU1, Shu-ping SI-TU3, Zhuang-min ZHONG4, 5, Guan-ying XU3, Duo-hong CHEN4, 5, Jun-yu ZHENG6, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
  • 2.Guangzhou Regional Low Carbon Economy Research Base, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 3.Guangdong Province Foshan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Station, Foshan 528010, China
  • 4.Guangdong Ecological Environment Monitoring Centre, Guangzhou 510308
  • 5.Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring for Environmental Protection, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510308
  • 6.Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, Guangzhou 511458, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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针对广东省多环芳烃(PAHs)排放清单存在时间滞后、排放源分类不精细、排放演变特征不清晰的问题,基于广泛的文献调研,构建了精细化的人为源PAHs排放因子库,采用排放因子法自下而上地构建了2006~2020年广东省16种PAHs的高分辨率排放清单,识别了广东省PAHs主要排放物种、重点排放源和时空演变特征.研究结果表明:广东省2006~2020年PAHs人为源排放整体呈现下降趋势,下降比例为45%,其中,8种致癌PAHs排放贡献从60%下降到29%;排放量靠前的主要PAHs物种分别为萘(Nap)、苯并[g,h,i]苝(Bghip)和菲(Phe),对PAHs排放总量的平均贡献分别为23%、10%和9%;随着国家柴油车和摩托车排放标准提升、广东省淘汰黄标车、秸秆禁烧等政策推行,广东省PAHs重点排放源逐步从摩托车、柴油车和生物质燃烧演变为工业燃煤、炼焦和民用燃烧源;空间分布上,以摩托车和柴油车排放为主的线源排放显著下降,但以工业燃烧源为主的点源排放在全省许多地区有所上升;从人群健康风险角度考虑,以控制人口密集地区PAHs排放为目标,建议广东省加强炼焦行业等工业燃煤的多环芳烃排放控制.本研究可为广东省开展以人群健康为导向的多环芳烃排放防控提供科学支撑.

广东省  /  多环芳烃  /  排放清单  /  排放趋势  /  空间分布

In response to issues identified in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission inventory for Guangdong Province—including time-lag, unclear source classification, and ambiguous emission trends—a refined PAHs emission factor library for anthropogenic sources was established through comprehensive literature research. A high-resolution, bottom-up PAHs emission inventory of 16PAH compounds for Guangdong Province covering 2006~2020 was developed using the emission factor method, providing insights into principal emission species, key sources, and the spatiotemporal evolution of emissions. The findings were as follows: From 2006 to 2020, anthropogenic PAHs emissions in Guangdong Province showed an overall decline of 45%, with the contribution of carcinogenic PAHs reducing from 60% to 29%. Naphthalene (Nap), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (Bghip), and phenanthrene(Phe) emerged as the primary PAH species, contributing on average 23%, 10%, and 9% to total PAHs emissions, respectively. As national standards for diesel vehicles and motorcycles tightened, yellow-label vehicles were eliminated, and policies like the prohibition on straw burning were enacted, the primary sources of PAHs emissions shifted from motorcycles, diesel vehicles, and biomass burning to industrial coal combustion, coking, and household combustion. Spatial analysis indicated that line-source emissions (primarily from motorcycles and diesel vehicles) decreased significantly, while point-source emissions from industrial sources increased across several regions. Considering population health risks and the need for targeted PAHs emission controls in densely populated areas, the study recommends enhanced regulation of PAHs from industrial coal combustion and coking industries. This study provides critical scientific support for Guangdong Province′s PAHs emission control strategies, with a focus on public health outcomes.

Guangdong Province  /  PAHs  /  emission inventories  /  emission trends  /  spatial evolution
唐凤, 沙青娥, 刘颍颖, 翁淑娟, 周宁, 陈豪琪, 刘露云, 司徒淑娉, 钟庄敏, 许冠英, 陈多宏, 郑君瑜. 2006~2020年广东省人为源多环芳烃排放演变特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 19 -29 .
Feng TANG, Qing-e SHA, Ying-ying LIU, Shu-juan WENG, Ning ZHOU, Hao-qi CHEN, Lu-yun LIU, Shu-ping SI-TU, Zhuang-min ZHONG, Guan-ying XU, Duo-hong CHEN, Jun-yu ZHENG. Evolutionary characteristics of anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2020[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 19 -29 .
多环芳烃(PAHs)是持久性有机污染物(POPs)的一种[1].其在环境中无处不在,且对人体具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用[2-5],同时对生态环境也具有严重危害,现已引起广泛关注[6-7]大气中PAHs的最重要来源是含有碳和氢的物质的不完全燃烧[8-10],例如煤、石油、木材和生物质秸秆等燃料燃烧[11-13],机动车[14]和炼焦等活动[15].
PAHs作为典型的POPs,会通过远距离迁移对全球造成环境影响,因此,PAHs被联合国欧洲经济委员会列入《远距离越境空气污染公约》,全球密切关注PAHs的排放、传输、以及生态和健康影响.我国PAHs排放是全球最大的,排放量占全球排放总量的20%以上[16-17].2017~2020年间我国先后将PAHs物种萘(Nap)、苯并(a)蒽(BaA)、苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)、苯并(k)荧蒽(BkF)和苯并(a)芘(BaP)列入了优先控制化学品名录[18-19].
PAHs排放清单是制定PAHs排放控制策略、评估其人群与生态环境风险、开展国际履约谈判与评估的基础数据.国内外学者已针对我国PAHs的排放清单开展了一系列的研究,但不同研究的估算结果因排放因子和活动水平来源不同而差异明显.例如:大尺度范围的研究通常基于国家级活动水平来估算排放量,全球排放估算结果表明,2004和2007年中国的PAHs排放量分别为11.4万t[16]和10.6万t[15];然而,基于精细的省级活动数据所估算的中国2005年PAHs排放量为4.7万t[20],这与全球尺度上的核算结果存在2~3倍的差异[21].另一方面,从排放因子的角度,现有研究中PAHs排放清单仅提供了生物质燃烧、民用燃煤、工业燃烧和机动车等少数大类排放源的排放因子,以机动车为例,大部分研究对机动车和摩托车PAHs排放估算主要只依据燃料类型(柴油/汽油)进行分类[15-16,20],然而,最新的一些实测研究[22-24]表明,机动车和摩托车的排放因子随着我国排放标准的提升有明显的下降.为此,我国一些地区基于更为精细的本地化数据开展了从区域尺度上构建PAHs排放清单研究.例如长三角区域[21,25]和太原市[26],但多采用单年份或较短的时间跨跨度.随着近年来我国经济结构与污染管控发生的巨大变化,掌握PAHs排放的长期变化趋势,以及深入剖析排放源时空变化格局的演变特征成为当前重点关注的问题.
作为我国排放源类最复杂、人口最密集、局地排放对人体健康影响最大的省份之一,也有部分学者针对广东省的PAHs排放开展了研究.例如,2003年广东省火电厂和工业燃烧排放清单[27],2012年包含广东省在内的全国的机动车PAHs排放清单[22].然而,迄今为止,广东省尚未建立综合的PAHs排放清单,且存在生物质燃烧等排放源的排放特征不清、火力发电和工业燃烧研究时间严重滞后、机动车排放核算未考虑排放标准影响导致不确定性大等问题,严重制约PAHs排放策略制定与健康影响评估.
鉴于此,本文通过广泛收集广东省PAHs排放源活动水平数据和构建精细的人为源PAHs排放因子数据库,采用自下而上的方法构建了2006~2020年高分辨率PAHs排放清单,在此基础上识别了PAHs高排放物种、重点排放源和时空演变特征.本文可为评估广东省PAHs人群与生态环境风险和制定管控策略提供基础数据支撑.
本文研究区域为广东省行政区域内的21个地级市,包括广州、佛山、肇庆、深圳、东莞、惠州、珠海、中山和江门9个珠三角(Pearl River Delta,PRD)城市及潮州、汕头、揭阳、汕尾、梅州、湛江、茂名、阳江、云浮、清远、河源和韶关12个非珠三角(NPRD,Non-Pearl River Delta Region)城市.研究对象为美国环保署(US EPA)优先控制污染物清单中的16种PAHs物种,分别为Nap、Acy、Ace、Flu、Phe、Ant、Fla、Pyr、BaA、Chry、BbF、BkF、BaP、lcdP、DahA和Bghip,其信息见表1.研究的排放源涵盖摩托车、柴油车、汽油车、其他移动源、工业燃烧源、生物质燃烧源、民用燃烧源和火力发电8大类污染源,具体源分类信息见表2.
基于对广东省各重点PAHs排放源的活动水平数据和排放因子开展广泛的调研,本研究采用排放因子法构建广东省PAHs排放趋势清单.其中,摩托车、柴油车和汽油车放核算公式如式(1)所示:
式中:i为PAHs物种ij为车型分类jEi,j为PAHs物种i在车型分类j的排放量,t;Pjj车型的机动车数量,辆;VKTjj型车的年平均行驶里程(Vehicle Kilometers Traveled),km;EFi,jj型车的第i类污染物的平均排放因子,g/(km⋅辆),代表排放源每单位活动水平排放PAHs的量.
其他移动源、工业燃烧源、生物质燃烧源、民用燃烧源和火力发电排放核算公式如式(2)所示:
式中:m为PAHs物种mn为排放源nEm,n为PAHs物种m在排放源n的排放量,t;An为排放源n的活动水平,即燃料消耗量,t;EFm,n为PAHs物种m排放源n的排放因子,g/kg,代表排放源每单位活动水平排放PAHs的量.
活动水平数据主要来源于广东省环境统计数据,同时结合国家、广东省、广东省内各城市以及行业的统计年鉴数据、污染源普查数据、实地调研数据等.其中,火力发电、民用燃烧源和工业燃烧源的活动水平数据如燃料消耗量等主要依据环境统计数据,使用《中国能源统计年鉴》(2006~2020年)[28]及广东省各地市统计年鉴进行校验调整;摩托车、汽油车和柴油车的活动水平数据是地区机动车年度总行驶里程,由各类机动车保有量与单辆车的年均行驶里程相乘得到,各类机动车总保有量主要来自《广东统计年鉴》(2006~2020年)[29],不同排放标准机动车的占比来自广东省内部分城市实地调研,年均行驶里程来自广东省内城市调研数据,同时参考郑等[30]的研究方法进行趋势校验调整;其他移动源中,工程机械的活动水平数据来自《中国工程机械工业年鉴》(2006~2020年),船舶的活动水平数据来自《中国港口年鉴》(2006~2020年)[31],渔船的活动水平数据来自《广东农村统计年鉴》(2006~2020年)[32],铁路机车活动水平数据来自《中国交通年鉴》(2006~2020年)[33],农业机械活动水平数据来自《中国交通年鉴》(2006~2020年)[33]和广东省各城市统计年鉴,港口机械活动水平数据来自《中国港口年鉴》(2006~2020年)[31]和《广东统计年鉴》(2006~2020年)[29];生物质燃烧源的活动水平数据主要来自《中国能源统计年鉴》(2006~2020年)[28]、《广东省统计年鉴》(2006~2020年)[29]和广东省内部分城市实地调研.
PAHs的排放因子主要来自国内外已发表的文献[21-22,24,34-52],本研究优先选取广东省内和国内实测的排放因子.对于移动源,本研究使用了区分排放标准的摩托车[22,34-38]、柴油车和汽油车[22,24,39-50]以及其他移动源[21]的PHAs排放因子.需要指出的是,由于目前研究对机动车PAHs排放测试主要集中在国Ⅰ到国Ⅴ,缺失对国Ⅰ前和国Ⅵ的PAHs排放因子的测试,本研究采用国Ⅰ和国Ⅴ的排放因子分别代替国Ⅰ前和国Ⅵ(摩托车由国Ⅲ代替国Ⅳ).对于工业燃烧源,本研究使用了区分行业和燃料类型的排放因子,包括锅炉燃煤[21]、锅炉燃油[21]、炉窑天然气[51]、焦炭[52]和炼焦燃煤[21].对于生物质燃烧,本研究采用Xu等[51]的实测结果,使用了区分农作物类型(见表1-2)的秸秆开放燃烧和家用燃烧、森林火灾以及薪柴燃烧.对于民用燃烧源,本研究使用了区分燃料类型的排放因子,包括煤炭[21]、煤油[21]、柴油[21]、液化石油气[51]和天然气[51].火力发电与民用燃烧源类似,燃料类型包括燃料煤[51]、燃料油[21]和天然气[51].各类排放源使用的活动水平数据和排放因子可见表2.此外,尽管已有研究实测建立了船舶[53]、民用燃烧源[54]等少数分船型、分燃烧技术的精细化排放因子,但在编制排放清单时,我们无法获取分船型、分燃料类型等的精细化活动水平数据,因此难以用此开展排放表征.未来可通过精细化的活动水平数据结合最新的排放因子来进一步构建广东省PAHs的排放清单.
本研究采用了郑君瑜等[30]的研究方法,利用与排放源有相同空间变化特征的空间地理信息数据,将排放分配至3km×3km网格,绘制了2006年和2020年PAHs排放空间分布以及差值演变.具体方法如下:(1)网格的权重因子;根据不同排放源空间分配表征参数,如工业企业经纬度坐标、道路信息、人口分布、土地利用和航行轨迹等信息数据,建立不同排放源3km×3km网格的空间分配因子.(2)单位网格排放量计算;对各排放源排放总量根据对应空间分配权重因子进行各网格排放量的计算.(3)网格化清单构建;单位网格的排放量进行叠加得到广东省3km×3km的各网格PAHs的排放量,最终获得广东省网格化的PAHs排放清单.
2006~2020年广东省PAHs排放总量演变特征如图1(a)所示,结果表明,广东省PAHs排放整体上呈现下降趋势,排放总量从2006年的2401t降为2020年的1307t,下降45%.其中,2012年到2016年排放迅速下降,主要得益于摩托车、柴油车等移动源提标改造以及广东省对生物质燃烧所采取一系列禁燃措施;2017年开始有小幅的回升,这是由于燃煤炼焦的发展所致,2016~2017年广东省炼焦燃煤用量的年均增长率同比上升122.5%[28],导致PAHs排放量下降趋势停止.
2006~2020年广东省PAHs排放源结构演变特征如图1(b)所示.广东省PAHs排放的主要贡献源从2006年的摩托车,柴油车和生物质燃烧演变为2020年的工业燃烧和民用燃烧.从2006年到2020年,摩托车PAHs排放占比从41%快速下降到5%,生物质燃烧和柴油车占比分别从16%和15%同时降为4%,这三大排放源的占比共计下降了89%;而工业燃烧占比从13%激增到62%,演变为广东省PAHs排放的第一大源,民用燃烧占比从8%上升到了12%,其他移动源占比从4%上升为9%.可见十五年来,在快速发展与大力管控下,广东省PAHs排放来源格局已经发生根本变化.
从广东省内不同经济区域来看,从图1(a)可知,珠三角和非珠三角的PAHs排放总量相当,但由于这两个地区产业结构等差异,PAHs排放源贡献特征及其演变趋势有所差异,如图1(c)和(d)所示.从贡献特征来看,珠三角地区相较非珠三角地区经济和工业产业发达,人口密集,机动车(柴油车和汽油车)保有量高,因此工业燃烧和机动车PAHs排放占比高于非珠三角地区;珠三角地区的排放源结构现已逐步演变为工业燃烧源、生物质燃烧源和移动源等排放源占主导,这与邹昃灏等[55]通过对珠三角地区实测PAHs进行诊断比值法和PMF源解析识别出主要贡献源较为吻合;非珠三角地区摩托车保有量和农田面积较珠三角地区更大,农村地区早期供热部分采用秸秆与薪柴家用燃烧,导致摩托车和生物质燃烧PAHs排放贡献较大.从演变趋势来看,2006~2020年,珠三角地区PAHs排放主要贡献源从摩托车和柴油车逐步演变为工业燃烧源,这是由于摩托车和柴油车排放标准提升所致;非珠三角地区PAHs排放贡献源则从摩托车和生物质燃烧源逐渐演变为工业燃烧源,这是由于摩托车提标、生物质禁烧等政策以及珠三角地区工业产业转移等原因所致.
广东省16种PAHs的排放量和区域贡献如图2(a)所示.从排放量看,2006年至2020年大部分PAHs物种呈现下降趋势,特别是Bghip、BkF和BaA等物种排放快速下降,同比下降比例分别为77.8%、77.6%和75.0%.这些物种的减排主要得益于摩托车和柴油车排放标准提升.然而,Acy、Flu和Fla等物种整体呈现上升趋势,特别是Acy,2020年相比于2006年上升82.3%,其主要来自工业燃烧源中的炼焦燃煤,这与Mu等[56]的研究具有一致性.从各物种的区域贡献来看,珠三角地区主要以3~4环的PAHs为主,这与邹昃灏等[55]对珠三角环境空气中实测浓度数据的研究具有一致性,特别是Chry、BbF、BkF、BaP、lcdP、DahA和Bghip等高环PAHs在珠三角地区的贡献略高于非珠三角地区,而Nap、Ace和Phe等中低环PAHs物种在非珠三角地区的贡献略高于珠三角地区.
广东省16种PAHs物种排放贡献演变如图2(b)所示,2006年广东省的主要PAHs物种是Nap(18.6%)、Bghip(12.5%)和BkF(11.1%),2020年演变为Nap(32.3%)、Phe(14.0%)和Acy(6.6%).16种PAHs中,8种致癌[57]PAHs(BaA、Chry、BbF、BkF、BaP、IcdP、DahA和BghiP)占比从2006年的60%下降到2020年的29%,这主要得益于广东省禁摩、淘汰黄标车等地区政策和国家排放标准提升带来的摩托车和柴油车减排.
广东省16种PAHs排放贡献演变如图2(c)所示,2020年相比于2006年,Acy、Flu、Phe和Fla排放有所增长,主要是由于工业燃烧源的排放增长所致;其中,Flu、Phe和Fla呈现波动增长,这是由于生物质燃烧源的大力减排抵消了部分工业燃烧排放.除了以上4种PAHs之外,其它12种PAHs排放均呈现下降趋势,其中,Nap和Ace受生物质减排影响,在2012~2016年间显著下降,但随着工业燃烧的快速发展,2016~2020年减排开始放缓;8种致癌[57]PAHs(BaA、Chry、BbF、BkF、BaP、IcdP、DahA和BghiP)演变趋势较为一致,其受益于摩托车[35]和柴油车[58]提标在2012~2016年快速减排,在其他年份缓慢减排.
摩托车是早期广东省PHAs排放的首要污染源,2006年其对PAHs排放总量的贡献高达到41%,此后呈现持续下降的趋势,如图3(a)所示.摩托车PAHs排放量从2006年的981t快速下降到2020年的71t,降幅92%.这主要得益于两方面的改善,其一是由于广东省所实行的一系列“禁摩”措施导致广东省摩托车的保有量的大幅下降;其二是摩托车排放因子随国标的提升显著下降[16,29-33],如图3(b)所示.
柴油车PAHs排放总量呈现下降趋势,如图3(c)所示,从2006年的366t下降为2020年的57t,降幅84%.这主要得益于排放标准提升带来的PAHs排放因子下降[22,24,34-50],如图3(d)所示.2009年和2010年呈现小幅上升趋势,这主要是由于经济复苏期货运需求刺激下柴油车保有量快速上升所致.2011~2020年,随着柴油车排放标准和燃油标准提高以及黄标车淘汰,PAHs排放量快速下降.从柴油车的车型来看,如图3(c)所示,对柴油车PAHs排放贡献较大的车型为柴油轻货,排放贡献在2006年为42%,其后稳定在40%左右,在2020年贡献增加为48%,这主要是由于2020年新冠肺炎疫情影响下,人员流动量减少使得客车行驶里程减少导致客车PAHs排放减少所致.
工业燃烧源是近年来广东省PAHs排放的首要贡献源,且其排放仍呈现总体上升的态势,如图4所示,广东省工业燃烧PAHs排放从2006年的309t上升为2020年的820t,上升了165%.在工业燃烧源的二级排放源中,锅炉燃煤和炼焦燃煤是PAHs排放的主要贡献子源,二者合计贡献超过94%的工业燃烧PAHs排放;焦炭和燃油锅炉燃料消耗量较小,PAHs排放贡献占比在2006年为6%,排放呈现持续下降的趋势;天然气作为清洁能源,对PAHs排放贡献远低于其他燃料.
广东省工业燃烧源PAHs排放随时间演变可以分为四个具有显著差异的阶段,分别为2006~2013年,2013~2016年,2016~2018年和2018~2020年.2006~2013年,工业燃烧PAHs排放总体呈上升趋势,锅炉燃煤的贡献持续稳定在80%左右,这主要是由于工业的快速发展带动锅炉燃煤消耗量快速增长所致.2013~2016年,工业燃烧PAHs排放总体呈下降趋势,锅炉燃煤占比开始减少,炼焦燃煤占比开始增加;2016~2018年,工业燃烧PAHs排放激增80%,锅炉燃煤占比迅速降为40%,而炼焦燃煤占比快速上升到60%;锅炉燃煤占比下降原因在于《广东省大气污染防治行动计划(2014~2017年)》通过“煤炭总量控制”、“煤改气”等能源结构调整和排放限值等末端治理措施,有效地控制了广东省锅炉燃煤的PAHs排放;工业燃烧PAHs排放与炼焦燃煤占比上升的主要原因是广东省炼焦行业快速发展导致炼焦煤耗增加.2018~2020年排放与子源结构基本保持稳定.基于以上排放演变特征分析,建议广东省进一步加强炼焦燃煤PAHs排放特征与影响的研究,细化炼焦行业PAHs控制策略,继续推进锅炉燃煤排放控制.
生物质燃烧源PAHs排放演变如图5所示,生物质燃烧PAHs排放的主要二级源是秸秆家用和秸秆开放燃烧,其在2006~2016年呈现波动下降的趋势,从2006年的375t到2016年的46t,下降了88%,这是由于农村居民生活水平提高以及广东省对秸秆采取的禁烧、还田等一系列措施,秸秆家用和秸秆开放燃烧整体上呈现下降趋势,而秸秆开放燃烧极易受降雨、湿度和气温等自然因素影响导致排放变化趋势呈现波动性[59];生物质燃烧PAHs排放在2016年到2020年基本稳定.
秸秆家用是广东省前期生物质燃烧源PAHs排放的主要贡献源,在2006年贡献占比高达82%,其排放量从2006年的307t到2020年的0.14t下降比例高达99.95%,随着广东省不断加强农村家用秸秆燃烧的监管,以及天然气燃料的大力普及,农村居民供能需求得以满足,秸秆家用燃烧量持续下降接近清零,随之秸秆开放的贡献逐步凸显,到2020年贡献占比达98%,取代秸秆家用成为生物质燃烧PAHs排放的主要贡献源.
广东省2006年和2020年PAHs排放空间分布及2020年相对2006年的排放差值空间分布如图6所示.由图6(a)、(b)可知,广东省PAHs排放的高值区域始终集中在经济发达、人口集中和人类活动频繁的广州、东莞、深圳和佛山等珠三角中心城市,以及东西两翼农田面积大、农村人口密集的潮州、汕头、湛江和茂名等非珠三角城市.2020年珠三角地区排放较大的四个城市依次为佛山、广州、深圳和珠海,这与牛计伟等[60]对2020年四个城市中16种PAHs年均质量浓度实测结果对比较为一致.此外,从图6(c)可知,2020年相比于2006年,沿路网分布的线源排放显著下降,这得益于摩托车和柴油车的大力减排;非珠三角地区东西两翼也有明显的减排,这主要得益于摩托车的排放标准提升和生物质燃烧源的管控;随着经济发展,珠三角地区部分工业企业逐步向非珠三角地区迁移,非珠三角地区点源排放明显增加,珠三角地区和珠三角外围非珠三角地区都存在诸多显著增加的点源排放,这主要为工业燃烧PAHs排放,未来广东省应加强工业燃烧企业的PAHs减排.
3.1 从2006~2020年,广东省PAHs排放整体上呈现下降趋势,排放总量从2006年的2401t至2020年的1307t下降了45%;然而,近年来炼焦燃煤PAHs排放快速上升,打断了PAHs排放总量的下降趋势.
3.2 广东省的主要PAHs物种从2006年以Nap(18.6%)、Bghip(12.5%)和BkF(11.1%)转变为2020年的Nap(32.3%)、Phe(14.0%)和Acy(6.6%),8种致癌PAHs(BaA、Chry、BbF、BkF、BaP、IcdP、DahA和BghiP)的贡献占比从60%下降到29%.
3.3 广东省PAHs排放贡献源从摩托车、柴油车和生物质燃烧已经演变为工业燃烧源,排放的高值区域始终集中在经济发达、人口集中和人类活动繁多的珠三角城市,以及沿海和农村人口密集的部分非珠三角城市,珠三角和非珠三角的PAHs排放总量相当.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3700604)
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  • 接收时间:2024-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-27
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3700604)
广州市2023年度基础与应用基础研究专题项目(2023A04J0250)
广州市哲学社会科学发展“十四五”规划共建课题(2023JDGJ11)
2022年江苏省大气环境监测与污染控制高技术研究重点实验室开放基金重点项目(KHK2202)
国家自然科学基金委员会青年科学基金项目(42305112)
作者信息
    1.暨南大学环境与气候学院,环境与气候研究院,广东 广州 511443
    2.暨南大学广州区域低碳经济研究基地,广东 广州 510632
    3.广东省佛山生态环境监测站,广东 佛山 528010
    4.广东省生态环境监测中心,广东 广州 510308
    5.生态环境部环境保护区域空气质量监测重点实验室,广东 广州 510308
    6.香港科技大学(广州),可持续能源与环境学域,广东 广州 511458

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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