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To investigate the impact of phosphorus input on phosphorus output in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this study utilized the Net Anthropogenic Phosphorus Input (NAPI) model and the improved Export Coefficient Model (ECM) to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of phosphorus input and output from 2006 to 2021, as well as their response relationship. The results showed that the annual NAPI value initially increased and then decreased, with a peak in 2015. The distribution of NAPI values exhibited spatial clustering among counties, with phosphorus fertilizers contributing the most to NAPI, averaging 64.42% annually. Total phosphorus (TP) output fluctuated around 2500 tons per year with a slowly increasing trend, and the areas with high TP values shifted from the northeastern to the southwestern parts of the reservoir area. Dryland contributed the most to TP, with an annual average of 41.25%. There was a positive correlation between TP and NAPI, with the phosphorus input from human food and animal feed (Pim) having the greatest overall impact on TP, followed by non-food phosphorus input (Pnf) and phosphorus fertilizer input (Pfer). Pim was found to generate more TP per unit than Pnf and Pfer. The phosphorus output rate ranged from 1.18% to 2.26%, with an annual average of 1.78%. The proportion of Pim had the greatest influence on the phosphorus output rate, followed by the proportion of Pnf, with the output rate increasing as the proportions of Pim and Pnf increased. In contrast, the proportion of Pfer was negatively correlated with the phosphorus output rate. Pim posed the greatest threat to potential regional phosphorus pollution risks. This study provides scientific references for water environment management in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

, correspAuthors=Yun-qi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-jing GUO, Yun-qi WANG, Xiao-zhou ZHOU, Jian-cong ZHANG, Jin-hua CHENG, Zhen WANG, Xiao-ming ZHANG, Peng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049984641069668, articleId=1241049965041087380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=人类活动净磷输入来源特征影响着区域磷输出, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究三峡库区磷输入对磷输出的影响,基于人类活动净磷输入(NAPI)模型和改进的输出系数模型(ECM),分析了2006~2021年库区磷输入输出的时空特征及其响应关系.结果表明,年际NAPI值呈先升高后降低的趋势(峰值为2015年),各区县NAPI值高低呈聚集分布,磷肥对NAPI的贡献率最大,年均达64.42%;磷输出量(TP)在2500t/a上下波动呈缓慢增加趋势,TP高值区域由库区东北部向西南部转移,旱地对TP的贡献率最大,年均41.25%.TP与NAPI呈正相关,磷输入来源中人类食品和动物饲料磷输入(Pim)对TP的总作用最大,其次为非食品磷输入(Pnf)和化肥磷输入(Pfer),单位Pim较Pnf和Pfer能产生更多的TP;磷输出率在1.18%~2.26%之间,年均1.78%,Pim比例对磷输出率的作用最大,其次为Pnf比例,磷输出率随Pim和Pnf比例增大而增大,Pfer比例与磷输出率呈负相关,Pim对区域潜在磷污染风险威胁最大.本研究可为三峡库区水环境管理提供科学参考.

, correspAuthors=王云琦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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郭玉静(2000-),女,湖南郴州人,北京林业大学水土保持学院硕士研究生,主要研究水土保持工程学.发表论文1篇..

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郭玉静(2000-),女,湖南郴州人,北京林业大学水土保持学院硕士研究生,主要研究水土保持工程学.发表论文1篇..

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郭玉静(2000-),女,湖南郴州人,北京林业大学水土保持学院硕士研究生,主要研究水土保持工程学.发表论文1篇..

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Biogeochemistry2015123:99-116., articleTitle=Influence of legacy phosphorus,land use,and climate change on anthropogenic phosphorus inputs and riverine export dynamics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241050050239983731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=286, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=83, authorNames=Zhong W, Wang S, Dong Y, journalName=Chemosphere, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhong WWang SDong Y,et al. Trends of the response-relationship between net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs(NANI/NAPI) and TN/TP export fluxes in Raohe basin,China [J]. 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人口经济因素包括人口密度DP(人/km2)、城镇化率(%)、国内生产总值GDP(万元);土地利用因素包括耕地面积比例PAL(%)、林地面积比例PFL(%)、建筑用地面积比例PCL(%);产业结构因素包括第一产业比例PPS(%)、第二产业比例PSS(%)、第三产业比例PTS(%).排序图中两因素之间的夹角越小则相关性越好,投影长度越长则作用越大.同向为正相关,反向为负相关

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Data source

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名称数据内容精度数据来源
降水2006-2021年逐月降水量1km × 1km国家地球系统科学数据中心
(http://www.geodata.cn)
DEM90m分辨率高程数据90m × 90m地理空间数据云
(https://www.gscloud.cn)
土地利用2005、2010、2015、2020四期土地利用类型30m × 30m中科院资源环境科学数据中心
(https://www.resdc.cn/)
土壤土壤类型1km × 1km世界土壤数据库(HWSD)的中国土壤数据(v1.1)
(http://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans)
统计数据2006-2021年人口数量及城镇化率、主要作物产量、农作物播种面积、化肥施用量、动物数量及产品产量、国内生产总值(GDP)、第一产业增加值、第二产业增加值、第三产业增加值-重庆市、湖北省统计年鉴
), ArticleFig(id=1241050010935161371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据名称数据内容精度数据来源
降水2006-2021年逐月降水量1km × 1km国家地球系统科学数据中心
(http://www.geodata.cn)
DEM90m分辨率高程数据90m × 90m地理空间数据云
(https://www.gscloud.cn)
土地利用2005、2010、2015、2020四期土地利用类型30m × 30m中科院资源环境科学数据中心
(https://www.resdc.cn/)
土壤土壤类型1km × 1km世界土壤数据库(HWSD)的中国土壤数据(v1.1)
(http://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans)
统计数据2006-2021年人口数量及城镇化率、主要作物产量、农作物播种面积、化肥施用量、动物数量及产品产量、国内生产总值(GDP)、第一产业增加值、第二产业增加值、第三产业增加值-重庆市、湖北省统计年鉴
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011069379111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The phosphorus consumption and excretion of animal and human

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型家禽
磷消费量(kg/a)0.503.109.651.120.14
排泄百分比(%)10068888568
磷产品总消费量(kg/a)0.504.5610.971.320.21
动物产品磷含量(kg/a)-1.461.320.200.07
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011237151281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

动物和人类磷的消耗和排泄系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型家禽
磷消费量(kg/a)0.503.109.651.120.14
排泄百分比(%)10068888568
磷产品总消费量(kg/a)0.504.5610.971.320.21
动物产品磷含量(kg/a)-1.461.320.200.07
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011379757625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Phosphorus content of main crops and animal productions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作物产品磷含量(%)动物产品磷含量(%)
水稻0.08猪肉0.13
小麦0.17牛肉0.18
玉米0.20羊肉0.16
大豆0.42鸡肉0.17
薯类0.05鸭肉0.13
油菜籽0.20鹅肉0.14
花生0.23蛋类0.19
水果0.01奶制品0.07
蔬菜0.03水产品0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011572695617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主要农作物和动物产品磷含量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作物产品磷含量(%)动物产品磷含量(%)
水稻0.08猪肉0.13
小麦0.17牛肉0.18
玉米0.20羊肉0.16
大豆0.42鸡肉0.17
薯类0.05鸭肉0.13
油菜籽0.20鹅肉0.14
花生0.23蛋类0.19
水果0.01奶制品0.07
蔬菜0.03水产品0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011702719046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The coefficient of phosphorus pollution output in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口输出系数(t/(万人·a))畜禽养殖输出系数(t/(头·a))/ (t/(万只·a))土地利用输出系数(t/(km2·a))
禽类水田旱地林地草地水域建设用地未利用地
2.140.412.180.140.050.210.230.020.080.040.180.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241050011828548176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三峡库区磷污染源的输出系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口输出系数(t/(万人·a))畜禽养殖输出系数(t/(头·a))/ (t/(万只·a))土地利用输出系数(t/(km2·a))
禽类水田旱地林地草地水域建设用地未利用地
2.140.412.180.140.050.210.230.020.080.040.180.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241050012088595032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

CN values of different land use

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用类型水田旱地建设用地林地草地水域
CN值8879846069100
), ArticleFig(id=1241050012256367196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同土地利用类型所对应的CN值

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土地利用类型水田旱地建设用地林地草地水域
CN值8879846069100
), ArticleFig(id=1241050012579328620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The path coefficient between the sources of NAPI and TP

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类别对TP的直接作用对TP的间接作用对TP的总作用
Pim0.257-0.003(通过Pfer)0.393
0.139(通过Pnf)
Pfer0.0170.045(通过Pim)0.040
0.012(通过Pnf)
Pnf0.2030.176(通过Pim)0.380
-0.001(通过Pfer)
), ArticleFig(id=1241050012856152689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

NAPI来源与TP的通径系数

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类别对TP的直接作用对TP的间接作用对TP的总作用
Pim0.257-0.003(通过Pfer)0.393
0.139(通过Pnf)
Pfer0.0170.045(通过Pim)0.040
0.012(通过Pnf)
Pnf0.2030.176(通过Pim)0.380
-0.001(通过Pfer)
), ArticleFig(id=1241050014701646462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The path coefficient between the source characteristics of NAPI and phosphorus output rate

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类别对磷输出率的直接作用对磷输出率的间接作用对磷输出率的总作用
Pim比例(%)0.3790.026
(通过Pnf比例)
0.405
Pnf比例(%)0.0580.173
(通过Pim比例)
0.231
), ArticleFig(id=1241050014814892679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049965041087380, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

NAPI来源特征与磷输出率的通径系数

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类别对磷输出率的直接作用对磷输出率的间接作用对磷输出率的总作用
Pim比例(%)0.3790.026
(通过Pnf比例)
0.405
Pnf比例(%)0.0580.173
(通过Pim比例)
0.231
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人类活动净磷输入来源特征影响着区域磷输出
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郭玉静 1 , 王云琦 1, 2, * , 周小舟 3 , 张建聪 1 , 程金花 1, 2 , 王震 1 , 张晓明 4 , 李鹏 5
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(1): 355-368
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(1): 355-368
人类活动净磷输入来源特征影响着区域磷输出
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郭玉静1 , 王云琦1, 2, * , 周小舟3, 张建聪1, 程金花1, 2, 王震1, 张晓明4, 李鹏5
作者信息
  • 1.北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京 100083
  • 2.北京林业大学水土保持学院,重庆缙云山三峡库区森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站,北京 100083
  • 3.重庆市林业科学研究院,重庆 400036
  • 4.中国水利水电科学研究院,北京 100048
  • 5.西安理工大学水利水电学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 郭玉静(2000-),女,湖南郴州人,北京林业大学水土保持学院硕士研究生,主要研究水土保持工程学.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Source characteristics of net anthropogenic phosphorus input influence regional phosphorus output
Yu-jing GUO1 , Yun-qi WANG1, 2, * , Xiao-zhou ZHOU3, Jian-cong ZHANG1, Jin-hua CHENG1, 2, Zhen WANG1, Xiao-ming ZHANG4, Peng LI5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.Jinyun Forest Ecosystem Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Chongqing Academy of Forestry, Chongqing, 400036, China
  • 4.China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
  • 5.Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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为探究三峡库区磷输入对磷输出的影响,基于人类活动净磷输入(NAPI)模型和改进的输出系数模型(ECM),分析了2006~2021年库区磷输入输出的时空特征及其响应关系.结果表明,年际NAPI值呈先升高后降低的趋势(峰值为2015年),各区县NAPI值高低呈聚集分布,磷肥对NAPI的贡献率最大,年均达64.42%;磷输出量(TP)在2500t/a上下波动呈缓慢增加趋势,TP高值区域由库区东北部向西南部转移,旱地对TP的贡献率最大,年均41.25%.TP与NAPI呈正相关,磷输入来源中人类食品和动物饲料磷输入(Pim)对TP的总作用最大,其次为非食品磷输入(Pnf)和化肥磷输入(Pfer),单位Pim较Pnf和Pfer能产生更多的TP;磷输出率在1.18%~2.26%之间,年均1.78%,Pim比例对磷输出率的作用最大,其次为Pnf比例,磷输出率随Pim和Pnf比例增大而增大,Pfer比例与磷输出率呈负相关,Pim对区域潜在磷污染风险威胁最大.本研究可为三峡库区水环境管理提供科学参考.

三峡库区  /  人类活动净磷输入  /  输出系数模型  /  时空变化特征  /  来源特征  /  响应关系

To investigate the impact of phosphorus input on phosphorus output in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this study utilized the Net Anthropogenic Phosphorus Input (NAPI) model and the improved Export Coefficient Model (ECM) to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of phosphorus input and output from 2006 to 2021, as well as their response relationship. The results showed that the annual NAPI value initially increased and then decreased, with a peak in 2015. The distribution of NAPI values exhibited spatial clustering among counties, with phosphorus fertilizers contributing the most to NAPI, averaging 64.42% annually. Total phosphorus (TP) output fluctuated around 2500 tons per year with a slowly increasing trend, and the areas with high TP values shifted from the northeastern to the southwestern parts of the reservoir area. Dryland contributed the most to TP, with an annual average of 41.25%. There was a positive correlation between TP and NAPI, with the phosphorus input from human food and animal feed (Pim) having the greatest overall impact on TP, followed by non-food phosphorus input (Pnf) and phosphorus fertilizer input (Pfer). Pim was found to generate more TP per unit than Pnf and Pfer. The phosphorus output rate ranged from 1.18% to 2.26%, with an annual average of 1.78%. The proportion of Pim had the greatest influence on the phosphorus output rate, followed by the proportion of Pnf, with the output rate increasing as the proportions of Pim and Pnf increased. In contrast, the proportion of Pfer was negatively correlated with the phosphorus output rate. Pim posed the greatest threat to potential regional phosphorus pollution risks. This study provides scientific references for water environment management in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA)  /  net anthropogenic phosphorus input  /  export coefficient model  /  spatiotemporal variation characteristics  /  source characteristics  /  response relationship
郭玉静, 王云琦, 周小舟, 张建聪, 程金花, 王震, 张晓明, 李鹏. 人类活动净磷输入来源特征影响着区域磷输出. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 355 -368 .
Yu-jing GUO, Yun-qi WANG, Xiao-zhou ZHOU, Jian-cong ZHANG, Jin-hua CHENG, Zhen WANG, Xiao-ming ZHANG, Peng LI. Source characteristics of net anthropogenic phosphorus input influence regional phosphorus output[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 355 -368 .
随着经济及城市化快速发展,为满足随之快速增长的人口数量及粮食需求[1],人们发展工业,扩大畜牧业生产,应用合成肥料等[2-3],这些人类活动产生了大量磷,部分由植物吸收,大部分磷进入地表径流,改变了磷的自然循环,最终导致过量磷输送至水体[4].磷作为水生物生长繁殖中不可或缺的元素,也影响着河流水生态[5],是水体富营养化现象产生的主要原因.水体富营养化不仅严重威胁着区域的社会经济发展,也威胁着区域生物饮用水安全[6-7].控制磷输入是治理区域富营养化问题并改善水质的有效措施,故探究人类活动净磷输入对磷输出的影响对区域水环境管理及维护生态安全具有重要意义.
对于人类活动磷输入强度评估,普遍采用人类活动净磷输入(net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs,NAPI)模型[8],该模型包括人类活动所产生的3个不同磷输入来源,参数少、计算简便且模拟精度较高,因而在世界范围内广泛应用.在鄱阳湖流域、洞庭湖流域[9],化肥磷输入对NAPI的贡献度普遍达到60%以上,远超过其他来源.但目前对于磷输入的研究普遍以流域为研究尺度,缺少更精细的空间尺度以得到更加准确的结果.对于定量估算磷输出量(TP)常采用AnnAGNPS[10]和SWAT[11]等为代表的机理模型,对数据要求高且操作复杂;而经典输出系数模型(ECM)等经验模型数据要求低、操作简便且模拟精度较好,广泛应用于污染物输出量估算.由于不同研究区域具有其特殊的地理条件,众多学者[12-13]开始加入区域降雨、地形影响因子对ECM进行改进,研究表明[14]改进后的模型能一定程度上提高污染模拟精度.然而只考虑降雨和地形不能完全表达污染从陆地输送到水体的迁移过程,目前研究普遍缺少土壤、植被和土地利用类型对磷输出的影响,因此,对于模拟磷输出量需充分考虑区域产流、产沙、下渗作用对磷输出的影响以得到更精准的TP[15].
多数研究侧重于对磷输入或输出过程及其来源特征进行单独研究,忽略了两者之间的联系.研究表明,磷输入与磷输出密切相关[16],输出的变化直接受到输入变化的影响.输出量与输入量的比率称为磷输出率,表征着区域磷遗留能力及潜在磷污染风险[17],区域遗留磷的能力决定着有多少磷输入在之后长时序内缓慢地、源源不断通过河流系统输出[18].尽管有少部分研究结合探究磷输入输出之间的响应关系,其总量之间存在着线性或指数的关系,但对于磷输入来源特征对磷输出量的影响及其响应尚存在空白,这对于区域以更精细调节磷输入来源特征来达到减少磷输出量,降低水体磷污染风险至关重要.
三峡库区是我国重要的淡水水源地,也是生态环境极脆弱敏感区,在人口密集区和重要农作区常有化肥、农药施用过量和废水排放等污染问题[19].自三峡水库蓄水以来,水华现象频发[20].因此,本研究以三峡库区为研究对象,以区县为研究尺度收集相关统计数据,在长时序下,采用NAPI模型、基于全过程的入河系数改进的ECM分别估算三峡库区磷输入和输出量,分析其时空变化及其影响因素,探究磷输入及其来源特征与磷输出之间的响应特征,以期为三峡库区以及长江上游水资源管理和水环境污染防治提供科学参考.
三峡库区位于东经106°20'~111°30',北纬28°31'~31°44'(图1),是我国中西部结合的咽喉地带,东起湖北宜昌,西至重庆江津,涉及范围为重庆和湖北的18个区县,总面积约为57341km2.地势东高西低,山地和丘陵分别占总面积的74%和22%,为典型山区.以林地和耕地为主要土地利用类型.土壤类型分布多样,分布最广的为紫色土[21].库区属湿润的亚热带季风气候,年均气温为14~19℃.年平均降水量1000mm以上,水热资源时空分布不均.由于库区特有的地理和气候条件[22],易发生水土流失.库区常住人口约为2200万人,城镇化率68%,地区国内生产总值(GDP)约达1840亿元.
本文主要用到的数据包括降水、DEM、土地利用、土壤和库区各区县的统计数据,原始数据详细信息及来源如表1.
采用人类活动净磷输入(NAPI)模型对三峡库区NAPI进行估算,计算公式如下:
式中:NAPI为磷输入量;Pim为人类食品和动物饲料磷输入;Pfer为化肥磷输入,Pnf为非食品磷输入量.单位均为kg/(km2·a).
(1)人类食品和动物饲料磷输入 食品、饲料磷输入量是磷消耗量和产品磷含量的差值.其计算公式如下:
式中:Pim为人类食品和动物饲料磷输入;Phc代表人类食品磷消费量,根据区域人口和人均磷消费水平乘积得到[23],三峡库区人口磷消费水平以《第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活排污系数手册》[24]为标准确定(表2);Plc为动物饲料磷消费量,根据区域牲畜数量和牲畜的磷消耗水平乘积得到[25],通过文献[26]得到动物磷消耗水平;Plp为动物产品含磷量,为牲畜数量与其磷含量的乘积;Pcq为农产品含磷量,为各类农产品产量与其含磷量的乘积,从中国食品成分表[27]获取农作物和动物产品含磷量(表3),按10%计算损耗量[28].
(2)化肥磷输入 本研究使用统计年鉴中磷肥和复合肥的净使用量,其中复合肥中磷含量占比为35.02%[29].
(3)非食品磷输入 非食物性磷主要来自人类日常生活中使用的含磷洗涤用品.本文基于人均污水排放量和污水中磷含量的估算方法[23],人均非食物磷输入为0.62kg/a.
本研究基于输出系数模型[30],结合入河系数,对三峡库区污染物磷输出量进行估算.模型如下式:
式中:L为磷输出量,t/a;λTP为TP入河系数;Ei为第i类污染源的输出系数,t/(km2·a)或t/(头·a)或t/(万只·a)或t/(人·a);Ai为第i种土地利用类型面积,km2,或第i种牲畜数量,头/万只,或农村人口数量,万人.
污染物输出系数具有地域差异性,为保证相对精确性,本文以研究区域为长江中上游区域和三峡库区的参考文献为依据[31-32]确定输出系数(表4).
入河系数λTP表征着磷污染物从产生、迁移和转化的全过程受降水、坡度、地表/地下径流传输、流域滞留及不同土壤类型等相关因子的影响,本研究建立以“地形因子-降雨因子-地表径流因子-植被截留因子-土壤侵蚀因子”为主体的全过程入河系数改进输出系数模型.
式中:λTP为TP入河系数;Norm为归一化;αβ,TI,K,LI分别为地形影响因子、降雨驱动因子、植被截留因子、土壤可蚀性因子、归一化的地表径流因子,以上参数均为无量纲.
地形影响因子
地形影响因子表征着流域地表起伏变化对磷输出的影响.计算公式如下:
式中:θj为空间单元的坡度,°;为空间的平均坡度,°;d取值0.6104[33].
降雨驱动因子 降雨主要通过冲刷土壤表面对磷流失产生影响.降雨驱动因子计算公式如下:
式中:Ru为第u年的降雨侵蚀力;为区域多年平均降雨侵蚀力;Pm为第m月的降雨量,mm.
地表径流因子 采用SCS-CN产流模型对库区地表径流因子进行计算.关系式如下:
式中:F为实际蓄水量;S为最大需水量;P为总降雨量;Q为径流深;Ia为降雨初损量,以上单位均为mm.式7可改写为:
式中:初损量Ia与流域最大蓄水能力S的关系为Ia=ΦSΦ为初损率,无量纲,当三峡库区的初损率定为0.05时[34],拟合精度较高.引入参数-径流曲线数(CN)来计算S的值,关系式如下:
式中:CN综合反映流域下垫面特征,值在[1-100]范围内,无量纲,CN值越大则蓄水能力越小.结果见表5.
植被截留因子 植被截留因子表征区域某点的磷污染物流向水体的过程中被植被截留的可能性.计算公式如下:
式中:DA为植被类型;为林草地累积截留效率;为平均坡度,°.
根据三峡库区的土地利用数据和坡度数据计算三峡库区不同土地利用类型的植被截留因子值.首先设置三峡库区植被二值图:将土地利用类型为林地和草地的赋值1,其余土地利用类型赋值0.再以二值图与的乘积作为权重栅格进行flow length运算,最终得出三峡库区的植被截留因子.
土壤可蚀性因子 土壤可蚀性因子表征着土壤抗水蚀能力,K值越小则土壤的抗冲能力越强.采用侵蚀-生产力评价模型EPIC进行K因子的估算,如下式:
式中:KEPIC为土壤可蚀性因子,t·h/(MJ·mm);Sd为砂粒含量,%;Si为粉粒含量,%;Ci为黏粒含量,%;C为有机碳含量,%;乘以0.1317为转换单位.
结合NAPI模型和改进的ECM模型来计算磷输出率,表征磷污染的潜在风险及区域磷遗留能力[8,35].计算公式如下:
式中:Pr为磷输出率,%;L为磷输出量,t/a,A为区域面积,km2.
本研究使用Canoco5.0和IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0对数据分别进行冗余分析和通径分析,利用Excel2021和Origin2022对研究区统计数据进行计算、分析与制图,并采用ArcGIS10.8地理信息系统对各子单元NAPI、TP进行数据空间分析和可视化.
三峡库区NAPI随时间变化呈先增大后减少的趋势(图2),在2015年达到峰值,为2837.97kg/(km2·a). 2015年较2006年NAPI增长幅度为25.71%,2021年较2015年下降幅度为9.55%.年均NAPI为2614.37kg/(km2·a).
三峡库区2006~2021年NAPI来源贡献率从大到小依次为Pfer、Pim、Pnf,年均分别为64.42%、27.19%、8.38%(图2).Pfer贡献率在2020、2021年有明显增加,较2006年分别增长了4.93%、4.62%;Pim则明显降低,2020、2021年较2006年分别降低了5.16%、4.96%;Pnf随时间变化幅度不大,贡献率在8.00%上下波动.
库首及库尾的NAPI值均较高,腹地各区县NAPI水平均较低(图3).其中库首以宜昌为最高NAPI水平,达4273.82kg/(km2·a),其次为秭归,年均NAPI为3592.95kg/(km2·a);库尾以长寿为最高NAPI水平,其次为重庆和涪陵,年均NAPI为4416.94,4169.22kg/(km2·a).可见,库区各区县之间NAPI差异性较大,并且NAPI水平高低呈现出一种聚集状态,以重庆、宜昌为中心,周边区县普遍具有较高的NAPI水平,总体上各区县NAPI呈波动下降趋势,普遍高于其他区县的重庆、涪陵和宜昌NAPI呈逐渐减少趋势,下降幅度分别为42.41%、27.77%和24.42%.而长寿、丰都、江津、开州和云阳NAPI呈逐渐增加趋势,增长幅度分别为106.88%、56.35%、43.96%、38.30%和33.22%.其他区县降幅不超12%,增幅在30%内.
地形影响因子取值在[0,5.242]范围内(图4),三峡库区平均坡度为20°,东北部多为山区,平均坡度在23°以上,地形影响因子值较高;西南部位于四川盆地,平均坡度约为15°,地形影响因子值较低.总体呈现出“东北高、西南低”的空间分布特征.
降雨驱动因子时空分布差异较大(图5).三峡库区2006~2021年平均降雨量为1242mm,高降雨强度区域逐渐由东北部向西南部转移,转移方向为“库首-腹地-库尾-库首”,但各区县降雨驱动因子变化无规律,这种不规律性进一步增加了各区县污染物P输出概率的不确定性.
地表径流因子时空分布特征(图6)与降雨驱动因子(图5)相似.其中,库首西部区域的地表径流因子普遍较高,年均在0.5以上.区域地表径流的差异影响着污染物磷进入受纳水体的量,地表径流因子高表明区域磷输出量大.
植被截留因子取值在[1,13.497]范围内(图7),值越高说明污染物截留效率高,高值95%以上处于林地,集中在库区库首及腹地位置.2005~2020年期间,三峡库区林地面积增加了约2%,但总体上植被截留因子大小空间分布状况变化不大.
三峡库区19种土壤类型的可蚀性在[0,0.327]之间.库首的土壤可蚀性因子值相对较低(图8),除库首外,其他以外的区域土壤可蚀性因子值与土地利用类型相关,当土地利用类型为林地和草地时,土壤可蚀性因子值相对较低,但差值较小.
库首的入河系数随时间变化呈减小的趋势(图9);腹地的入河系数值普遍较高,表明该区域磷污染物对受纳水体保持着较高的输出可能性,库尾入河系数则随时间变化呈增大的趋势.库首的入河系数普遍较低.
对于库区整体(图10),TP在2500t/a上下波动变化,最高值出现在2019年,达3334.70t/a,最低值在2020年为1691.44t/a.总体上TP呈缓慢增加趋势,至2021年TP增长幅度达39.23%.
从三大污染源来看(图10),TP贡献率从大到小依次为土地利用、人口、畜禽养殖,其中土地利用类型中的旱地贡献率最大,年均达41.25%.随时间变化,禽畜养殖贡献率逐渐降低,主要表现为家禽的贡献率逐年降低,2021年较2006年贡献率降低了5.64%,下降幅度达56.84%.土地利用则逐年增加,主要表现为旱地和建设用地贡献率增加,2021年较2006年分别增长了6.74%、3.33%,增长幅度分别达17.71%、394.93%.
三峡库区TP空间分布差异性较大(图11).总体上呈“腹地库尾高,库首低”的分布特点,其中重庆具有最高的TP,达305.38t/a,万州其次,为237.75t/a,最低的为兴山,仅24.55t/a.在2006~2011年,TP呈现出“腹地高、库尾次之、库首低”的特点,其中腹地中万州具有最高的TP,年均值为246.07t/a;库尾为重庆173.74t/a;库首为秭归195.64t/a.自2012年起,TP输出重点区域明显由库区东北方向往西南方向转移.在2012~2021年,库尾TP大于腹地而呈现出“库尾高、腹地次之、库首低”的特点,其中重庆和江津有大幅增长,增长率分别达232.23%和133.23%;库首则一直处于较低水平,且秭归、宜昌和兴山均有大幅下降,分别降低了81.00%、56.43%和38.41%.
三峡库区NAPI与TP呈线性变化(图12),TP随NAPI的增加而增加.2006~2021年三峡库区磷输出率呈波动变化,范围在1.18%~2.26%之间,年平均输出率为1.78%.以2015年NAPI降低为节点来看,2006~2015年平均磷输出率1.76%,2016~2021年提高至平均1.81%.
基于通径分析得到NAPI三类来源输出量对TP的通径系数(表6),Pim、Pfer、Pnf对TP的直接通径系数即为直接作用,分别为0.257、0.017和0.203,可见Pim对TP的直接作用程度最大,其通过Pfer和Pnf的间接作用分别为-0.003和0.139,故Pim对TP的总作用为0.393,成为对TP作用最大的NAPI来源.其次为Pnf,总作用为0.380,最小的是Pfer,仅0.074.
NAPI来源特征对磷输出率的通径系数(表7),Pim比例对磷输出率的直接作用程度最大,为0.379,通过Pnf比例的间接作用为0.026,总作用达0.405,其次是Pnf比例总作用为0.231,其中直接作用为0.058,通过Pim比例的间接作用为0.173.通过相关分析得到Pfer比例与磷输出率成负相关,相关系数为0.4.
三峡库区的重庆和宜昌的磷输入水平普遍较高,年均在4200.00kg/(km2·a)以上,且周边区县也具有较高磷输入量,这与其人口密度大,城镇化率高及经济相对发达有关,与Zhang等[17]的研究结果一致;奉节县NAPI普遍较低,尽管人口密度为179人/km2,在三峡库区各区县处于中等水平,但城镇化率不足50%且经济水平相对落后[36]造成了这一结果.冗余分析的结果(图13)表明,NAPI受到土地利用结构及产业结构的影响,与建筑用地面积比例有最好的正相关关系,与第一产业比例有最好的负相关关系,进一步说明了区域经济发展水平影响着NAPI.长寿、丰都、江津、开州和云阳NAPI随时间有较大幅度增长与乡村振兴政策、大力发展农业有关,在农业生产中化肥施用量增长2~8倍,化肥磷输入的大量增加使得NAPI呈增加趋势.
三峡库区2006~2021年均NAPI为2614.37kg/(km2·a),前人得出[28]三峡库区2006~2016年均NAPI为2741.00kg/(km2·a),与本文结果相差4.84%,这是因为污染控制措施的采取导致NAPI持续减少;其研究所得时间变化趋势与本文研究结果一致,均呈先增加后减少的趋势,且峰值出现在2015年.与中国其他流域年均NAPI值相比,洞庭湖913.5kg/(km2·a)[9];千岛湖流域杭州段2230kg/(km2·a)[37];榆林3641kg/(km2·a)[38];河南省7573.47kg/(km2·a)[39],是目前研究NAPI输入水平最高的地区,这与其高人口密度带来的高食品磷需求和高非食品磷输入相关[23],可见,三峡库区在全国范围内处于中等水平且中国年均NAPI分布差异性较大,王雨珊[40]对中国七大流域NAPI的研究有相似发现,并得出长江流域年均NAPI为1244.07kg/(km2·a),远低于位于长江上游的三峡库区,表明库区是长江流域磷输入较大的地区,易产生磷污染,应当引起生态保护重视.以上流域NAPI在2015年前后呈逐渐下降趋势,与三峡库区时间趋势变化节点一致,这与当时开展全面保护环境工作有关,并对生活污水持续控制,如生产无磷洗涤剂和污水除磷[41].
2006~2021年重庆的年均磷输出量最大,且16a来增长幅度达232.23%,这与其快速增长的人口数量和建筑用地面积有关,与李潇然等[42]的研究一致.2012年之后三峡库区库尾TP高于腹地,这主要是因为库区降雨分布不均,自2012年后高雨强地区由库区东北方向往西南方向转移.由于地表径流是区域磷流失的主要途径[43],降雨量的增大导致区域水土流失增加,从而增大了区域磷输出量[44],这也解释了江津在2014年后TP明显增大的现象.库区库首TP普遍较低,这与库首高林地面积比例相关,根据冗余分析的结果(图13)可见TP与林地面积比例成高负相关性,表明林地可有效拦截磷输出,此结果印证了王业迪等[45]土地利用结构影响着磷污染的结论.
本研究得出三峡库区年均TP达46.43kg/(km2·a),前人考虑降水和地形因素改进输出系数模型[46]得出三峡库区1990~2015年TP为102.19~151.30kg/(km2·a),造成此数值差距的原因是本文还考虑了植被、土壤及径流对污染迁移的影响,使得入河系数更精确;有研究[47]得到三峡库区石盘丘小流域TP实测值为53.40kg/(km2·a),本文结果与其仅有13%的差异,由于三峡库区分布面积广,TP分布有一定差异,因此本文基于入河系数的改进输出系数模型模拟得到的TP结果合理可靠,较接近真实值.与江西省97.39kg/(km2·a)[48]和泸沽湖125.10kg/(km2·a)[49]相比,三峡库区TP处于低水平位置,这主要是因为地区产业发展差异造成的,江西畜牧业发达,泸沽湖种植业发达,来自畜禽养殖和土地利用的磷输出量较大导致磷输出量偏大;其次,也可能是三峡库区的陆地系统对磷的遗留率较高造成磷输出量较低[18].尽管库区磷输出量相对较低,但总体上仍呈现出增加的趋势,这与库区快速增长的人口和食物需求使得三峡库区人地矛盾更加突出,对土地不合理的利用方式以及更大规模的畜禽养殖促进了磷的流失,使输送到水体的磷污染量增加[20].
三峡库区磷输出量随磷输入量增加呈线性增加趋势,这与大多数研究一致[17],表明库区磷输出直接响应于磷输入.库区磷输出率在1.18%~2.26%之间,与中国大多数流域输出率范围相一致[50],但低于全球3%的磷输出率[17].自NAPI呈下降趋势后年均磷输出率反而升高了,说明库区在采取控制磷输入量的措施后水体磷含量并未减少,治理效果不佳,这通常被认为是磷遗留所带来的影响[51],在人类活动净磷输入到磷输出的迁移过程中,由于气象、地形地势等影响因素,导致当年输入量不能完全输出而遗留在区域陆域系统.由输出率可知三峡库区遗留率超97%,表明NAPI同时影响着区域陆地系统本身的磷养分状况,与流域内磷养分富集和生态环境变化密切相关[52].根据Liu等[53]研究计算出三峡库区2007~2021年的磷遗留量,可见库区磷遗留量呈线性增加(图14),由2007年2316.22kg/(km2·a)增加到2021年38886.36kg/(km2·a),增长了16.79倍,平均每年增加2612.15kg/(km2·a).当流域内磷遗留量不断增加,磷的遗留能力不断降低,同时遗留磷将持续不断地流向受纳水体[54],最终导致河流潜在磷污染风险不断升高[55].三峡库区2006~2021年磷输出率的升高也印证了这一结论.
本研究发现Pim对TP的作用最大,即当Pim、Pfer和Pnf输入变化量相等时,TP随Pim变化的变化量更大,可知单位Pim较Pfer和Pnf流入受纳水体的量更大.磷输出率受NAPI来源特征影响,其中Pim比例对磷输出率的作用最大,即当Pim比例越大,区域磷输出率也将增大,表明Pim对河流潜在磷污染影响更明显,这主要是Pim通常以点源的形式输入,会减少区域对磷的滞留效果,从而导致较高磷输入量进入水体,与王雨珊[40]的研究结果一致.因此,在进行水环境防治工作时需考虑从源头上减少磷输入量,如降低磷肥的施用量,提高磷肥利用效率[56];同时还需降低Pim的输出量,如健全污水排放与处理系统,以降低潜在磷污染风险.
4.1 2006~2021年,三峡库区NAPI具有较大的时空异质性,呈“库首库尾高,腹地低”的分布特点;NAPI年均值为2614.37kg/(km2·a),随时间变化先增大后减少,磷肥对NAPI的贡献率最大,年均达64.62%.
4.2 三峡库区TP呈现“腹地库尾高,库首低”的分布特点,随时间变化在2500t/a上下波动呈缓慢增加趋势;旱地对TP的贡献率最大,年均达41.25%.
4.3 NAPI和TP受人口经济、土地利用和产业结构的影响,在人口密集区和经济发达区通常有较高的磷输入输出量.农业活动是三峡库区磷输入输出的主要途径,林地可有效拦截磷污染输出.
4.4 TP随NAPI增加呈线性增加,磷输出率在1.18%~2.26%之间,年均1.78%.人类食品和动物饲料磷输入(Pim)及其比例对TP及磷输出率的总作用最大,Pfer比例与磷输出率呈负相关.Pim对区域潜在磷污染风险威胁最大.超97%的NAPI遗留在区域陆域系统,增加了区域磷潜在污染风险.在三峡库区水环境防治中须将农业活动、NAPI来源特征及磷遗留综合考虑.
  • 国家自然科学基金长江水科学研究联合基金资助项目(U2340215)
  • 云南省基础研究计划项目(202401AU070122)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
基金
国家自然科学基金长江水科学研究联合基金资助项目(U2340215)
云南省基础研究计划项目(202401AU070122)
作者信息
    1.北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京 100083
    2.北京林业大学水土保持学院,重庆缙云山三峡库区森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站,北京 100083
    3.重庆市林业科学研究院,重庆 400036
    4.中国水利水电科学研究院,北京 100048
    5.西安理工大学水利水电学院,陕西 西安 710048

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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