Article(id=1241049964500022155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718640000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818969129, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818969129, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818969129, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818969129, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241049962679694215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='592', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818968696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819749443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241053237428671383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241049962679694215, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241049964860732306, articleId=1241049964500022155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal distribution and influencing factors of atmospheric ammonia in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas based on IASI observation data, columnId=1234106386020365051, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Air Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monitoring and obtaining observation data of atmospheric anomia is of great significance for further reducing fine particles pollution. The study uses satellite remotely sensed Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) data to conduct research on the accounting method of atmospheric ammonia emission intensity and total ammonia in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas, providing support for the remote sensing monitoring application of atmospheric ammonia and ammonia reduction.Spatial interpolation was performed on spatially discontinuous data to calculate the annual average emission intensity (YNH3), seasonal average emission intensity (QNH3), and monthly average emission intensity (MNH3) of atmospheric ammonia, and to estimate the total amount of atmospheric ammonia (TNH3). By doing so, the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal variation patterns of atmospheric ammonia in the study area were analyzed, and finally, the influencing factors of atmospheric ammonia emissions were further examined. The results showed that from 2014 to 2022, the daily average emission intensity of atmospheric ammonia in the study area was 7.99kg/km2. The central part of the region was a high value area for YNH3, and the five cities with low column concentrations and low increasing rates were mainly distributed in northern Hebei and southern Henan. The eight cities with low column concentrations but high increasing rates were distributed in southwestern Henan, central Hebei, and Jiaodong Peninsula. The nineteen cities with high column concentrations but low increasing rates and sixteen cities with high column concentrations and high increasing rates were distributed in the central region and the surrounding of the Bohai Sea. Over the past 9 years, both YNH3 and TNH3 have shown an increasing trend, with YNH3 in the study area growing from 5.89kg/km2 to 9.20kg/km2, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.73%; TNH3 increased from 1169kt to 1825kt. In terms of temporal distribution, QNH3 exhibited periodic changes, with summer being the peak season for QNH3 and July being the peak month for MNH3. TNH3 had a high correlation with arable land and population, and their spatial distributions were highly consistent with each other, indicating that farming and population are important influencing factors of ammonia emissions in the study area. Random Forest analysis showed that agricultural and living sources were the most significant reduction factors of ammonia emission. This study demonstrated that remote sensing monitoring of atmospheric ammonia can offer data support for air quality monitoring operations.

, correspAuthors=Jin-xiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-ke SONG, Lei JIANG, Hai-feng LU, Xiu-e SHEN, Xin-hui WANG, Shuang SUN, Lei LI, Jin-xiang LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241049975992414430, articleId=1241049964500022155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于IASI的京津冀及周边NH3分布特征及影响因素分析, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

红外大气探测干涉仪(IASI)卫星遥感数据,开展京津冀及周边地区大气氨排放强度和氨总量的核算方法研究,为大气氨的遥感监测应用和氨减排提供支持.首先,对空间非连续数据进行空间插值,进而统计大气氨年均排放强度(YNH3)、季均排放强度(QNH3)、月均排放强度(MNH3),并估算大气氨总量(TNH3).然后,据此分析研究区大气氨的空间分布特征及时间变化规律.最后,探究了大气氨排放的影响因素.结果表明:2014~2022年,研究区的大气氨日均排放强度为7.99kg/km2,区域中部是YNH3高值区,5个柱浓度低且增长率也低的地级市主要分布在冀北和豫南,8个柱浓度低但增长率高的地级市分布在豫西南、冀中和胶东半岛,19个柱浓度高但增长率低和16个柱浓度高且增长率也高的地级市分布在区域中部和环渤海一带. 9年间,YNH3和TNH3均呈增长趋势,研究区的YNH3从5.89kg/km2增长到9.20kg/km2,复合年均增长率为5.73%;TNH3从1169kt增长到1825kt;时间分布上,QNH3呈周期性变化特征,夏季是QNH3峰值季,7月是MNH3峰值月.TNH3与耕地和人口的相关性高,且其空间分布高度一致,表明农业和人口是氨排放的重要影响因素,随机森林分析结果表明农业源和生活源是最显著的氨减排因子.本研究证明大气氨遥感监测能为空气质量监测业务提供数据支持.

, correspAuthors=李金香, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授级高工,
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宋小可(1996-),女,北京人,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感监测.发表论文2篇..

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宋小可(1996-),女,北京人,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感监测.发表论文2篇..

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宋小可(1996-),女,北京人,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感监测.发表论文2篇..

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审图号:GS(2023)2767号

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The comparison of total ammonia emissions in different estimations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究尺度研究区域研究年份年均排放量
清单核算本研究结果(kt)
文献研究对象结果(kt)
区域京津冀2018[11]畜禽、种植448.6551.56
河北2019[27]畜禽、农田、生物质燃烧、人体排放、道路移动源、废弃物处理、化工生产、燃料燃烧767.52489.8
山东2018[28]畜禽、氮肥施用、土壤本底、生物质燃烧、固氮植物、人体排放、化工生产、废物处理、移动源758.23481.89
天津2014[29]畜禽30.9430.86
青岛2019[30]畜禽、农田、生物质燃烧、人体排放、道路移动源、废物处理、化工生产28.3328.49
洛阳2017[31]畜禽、农田、生物质燃烧、人体排放、化工生产、道路移动源、废物处理63.236.82
郑州2017[32]畜禽、氮肥施用、天然氨源、工艺过程、生物质燃烧、道路移动源、固定燃烧、逸散源18.1425.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241049994850005036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049964500022155, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同研究结果的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究尺度研究区域研究年份年均排放量
清单核算本研究结果(kt)
文献研究对象结果(kt)
区域京津冀2018[11]畜禽、种植448.6551.56
河北2019[27]畜禽、农田、生物质燃烧、人体排放、道路移动源、废弃物处理、化工生产、燃料燃烧767.52489.8
山东2018[28]畜禽、氮肥施用、土壤本底、生物质燃烧、固氮植物、人体排放、化工生产、废物处理、移动源758.23481.89
天津2014[29]畜禽30.9430.86
青岛2019[30]畜禽、农田、生物质燃烧、人体排放、道路移动源、废物处理、化工生产28.3328.49
洛阳2017[31]畜禽、农田、生物质燃烧、人体排放、化工生产、道路移动源、废物处理63.236.82
郑州2017[32]畜禽、氮肥施用、天然氨源、工艺过程、生物质燃烧、道路移动源、固定燃烧、逸散源18.1425.26
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基于IASI的京津冀及周边NH3分布特征及影响因素分析
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宋小可 1 , 姜磊 1, 2 , 鹿海峰 1, 2 , 沈秀娥 1, 2 , 王新辉 1, 2 , 孙爽 1 , 李磊 1 , 李金香 1, *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(1): 30-39
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 30-39
基于IASI的京津冀及周边NH3分布特征及影响因素分析
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宋小可1 , 姜磊1, 2, 鹿海峰1, 2, 沈秀娥1, 2, 王新辉1, 2, 孙爽1, 李磊1, 李金香1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京市生态环境监测中心,北京 100048
  • 2.大气颗粒物监测技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100048
  • 宋小可(1996-),女,北京人,硕士,主要从事大气环境遥感监测.发表论文2篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授级高工,
Spatio-temporal distribution and influencing factors of atmospheric ammonia in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas based on IASI observation data
Xiao-ke SONG1 , Lei JIANG1, 2, Hai-feng LU1, 2, Xiu-e SHEN1, 2, Xin-hui WANG1, 2, Shuang SUN1, Lei LI1, Jin-xiang LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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红外大气探测干涉仪(IASI)卫星遥感数据,开展京津冀及周边地区大气氨排放强度和氨总量的核算方法研究,为大气氨的遥感监测应用和氨减排提供支持.首先,对空间非连续数据进行空间插值,进而统计大气氨年均排放强度(YNH3)、季均排放强度(QNH3)、月均排放强度(MNH3),并估算大气氨总量(TNH3).然后,据此分析研究区大气氨的空间分布特征及时间变化规律.最后,探究了大气氨排放的影响因素.结果表明:2014~2022年,研究区的大气氨日均排放强度为7.99kg/km2,区域中部是YNH3高值区,5个柱浓度低且增长率也低的地级市主要分布在冀北和豫南,8个柱浓度低但增长率高的地级市分布在豫西南、冀中和胶东半岛,19个柱浓度高但增长率低和16个柱浓度高且增长率也高的地级市分布在区域中部和环渤海一带. 9年间,YNH3和TNH3均呈增长趋势,研究区的YNH3从5.89kg/km2增长到9.20kg/km2,复合年均增长率为5.73%;TNH3从1169kt增长到1825kt;时间分布上,QNH3呈周期性变化特征,夏季是QNH3峰值季,7月是MNH3峰值月.TNH3与耕地和人口的相关性高,且其空间分布高度一致,表明农业和人口是氨排放的重要影响因素,随机森林分析结果表明农业源和生活源是最显著的氨减排因子.本研究证明大气氨遥感监测能为空气质量监测业务提供数据支持.

NH3  /  IASI  /  时空特征  /  影响因素

Monitoring and obtaining observation data of atmospheric anomia is of great significance for further reducing fine particles pollution. The study uses satellite remotely sensed Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) data to conduct research on the accounting method of atmospheric ammonia emission intensity and total ammonia in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas, providing support for the remote sensing monitoring application of atmospheric ammonia and ammonia reduction.Spatial interpolation was performed on spatially discontinuous data to calculate the annual average emission intensity (YNH3), seasonal average emission intensity (QNH3), and monthly average emission intensity (MNH3) of atmospheric ammonia, and to estimate the total amount of atmospheric ammonia (TNH3). By doing so, the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal variation patterns of atmospheric ammonia in the study area were analyzed, and finally, the influencing factors of atmospheric ammonia emissions were further examined. The results showed that from 2014 to 2022, the daily average emission intensity of atmospheric ammonia in the study area was 7.99kg/km2. The central part of the region was a high value area for YNH3, and the five cities with low column concentrations and low increasing rates were mainly distributed in northern Hebei and southern Henan. The eight cities with low column concentrations but high increasing rates were distributed in southwestern Henan, central Hebei, and Jiaodong Peninsula. The nineteen cities with high column concentrations but low increasing rates and sixteen cities with high column concentrations and high increasing rates were distributed in the central region and the surrounding of the Bohai Sea. Over the past 9 years, both YNH3 and TNH3 have shown an increasing trend, with YNH3 in the study area growing from 5.89kg/km2 to 9.20kg/km2, with a compound annual growth rate of 5.73%; TNH3 increased from 1169kt to 1825kt. In terms of temporal distribution, QNH3 exhibited periodic changes, with summer being the peak season for QNH3 and July being the peak month for MNH3. TNH3 had a high correlation with arable land and population, and their spatial distributions were highly consistent with each other, indicating that farming and population are important influencing factors of ammonia emissions in the study area. Random Forest analysis showed that agricultural and living sources were the most significant reduction factors of ammonia emission. This study demonstrated that remote sensing monitoring of atmospheric ammonia can offer data support for air quality monitoring operations.

Atmospheric ammonia  /  IASI  /  spatio-temporal characteristics  /  influencing factors
宋小可, 姜磊, 鹿海峰, 沈秀娥, 王新辉, 孙爽, 李磊, 李金香. 基于IASI的京津冀及周边NH3分布特征及影响因素分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 30 -39 .
Xiao-ke SONG, Lei JIANG, Hai-feng LU, Xiu-e SHEN, Xin-hui WANG, Shuang SUN, Lei LI, Jin-xiang LI. Spatio-temporal distribution and influencing factors of atmospheric ammonia in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas based on IASI observation data[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 30 -39 .
大气氨是形成气溶胶的重要前体物[1-2],能够通过化学反应和中和反应促进PM2.5的生成[3-4],引发雾霾天气,危害人体健康[5].因此,开展大气氨减排有助于提高环境治理效能.掌握大气氨监测数据,将有助研究者开展二次气溶胶的形成机制分析,针对NH3、SO2、NOx等气态污染物治理靶向用力,降低雾霾污染事件的发生频率[6].研究证实我国华北平原是大气氨排放强度高值区[7-8],减排潜力大.目前,清单核算法是估算大气氨排放量的主流方法[7,9-10],但其时空分辨率低.此外,由于各地区间存在统计标准不一致、统计数据滞后、核算尺度不统一等问题,清单法核算结果的准确性和时效性有待提高[11].与统计数据相比,卫星观测数据具有客观、全面、实时等优势,能够弥补统计数据难以反映空间分布和变化趋势的不足[8,12-13].观测大气氨的卫星传感器包括IASI、TES、AIRS、CrIS和HIRAS,相比之下,IASI观测数据的空间覆盖率高、观测数据历史周期长、重访周期短、波段探测范围宽,为监测大气痕量气体提供了有效手段[1,14-15].相关学者利用IASI卫星观测数据研究不同尺度下的大气氨分布特征、变化趋势等[8,16-18],这些研究为定量掌握大气氨的时空特征提供了重要依据.作为大气氨排放强度高值区,目前,对京津冀及周边地区大气氨空间分布特征和时间变化规律的研究仍比较有限,不足以支撑大气氨减排政策的制定.鉴于此,本文基于长时间序列的IASI卫星观测数据研究京津冀及周边地区大气氨的空间分布特征和时间变化规律,以期为区域氨减排政策制定和减排效果评价提供科学依据.大气氨主要来源于生产和生活[9,19],为了增强氨减排措施的针对性和实效性,提高减排效能,本文进一步分析了与生产和生活相关的因素对大气氨排放的显著性影响.
京津冀及周边地区是大气氨排放强度高值区,该地区大气环境治理形势总体上不容乐观,《空气质量持续改善行动计划》将京津冀及周边地区的“2+36”城市确定为重点区域.为研究京津冀及周边地区大气氨的时空分布规律,本文选取北京、天津、河北、山东、河南5省市作为研究区,该研究范围涵盖了“2+36”城市.研究区土地利用、产业结构及人口分布情况(2020年)如图1所示,区域内耕地较多(57%),主要分布在燕山和太行山的山前平原区,冀北和豫西以山地为主,不适宜耕种,林草地居多;研究区总人口约3.3亿,集中分布在平原地带的城市建成区,研究区近10年的年均人口变化幅度低于0.3%;区域内近10年的三次产业结构变化较小,北京和天津的第三产业占比高,分别为80%和60%左右,河北、山东和河南的第一产业占比相对较高(10%左右),显著高于北京(低于1%)和天津(低于2%).
MetOp-B是欧盟2012年9月发射的极轨卫星[8],当地过境时间是每天9:30和21:30[20]. MetOp-B卫星上搭载的红外大气探测干涉仪(IASI)能够探测地球发出的红外辐射,光谱探测范围为645~ 2760cm-1,光谱分辨率高(0.5cm-1),通过大气不同组分的光谱吸收特征开展监测活动,该传感器的星下点分辨率为12km,幅宽2100km[16,21],IASI卫星观测数据为快速、高效探测NH3、CH4、CO等大气痕量气体提供了有效手段.大气氨的红外辐射波段吸收特征在900cm-1(800~1010cm-1)附近,部分学者利用大气氨在该波段的吸收特征反演大气氨柱浓度[20],主流反演算法包括伪定量探测法、最优估计理论、查找表法和神经网络法等.通过文献对比[8,13,22-23],神经网络法作为查找表法的泛化,能够快速构建输入层与输出层的函数关系,反演大气氨柱浓度,该方法具有反演精度高的特点.研究表明,在北半球,神经网络算法的反演结果与GEOS-Chem模型模拟的结果相比,拟合精度较高,达到了73%[20].因此,本文选用基于神经网络算法反演的大气氨卫星遥感产品研究京津冀及周边地区大气氨的时空分布特征.
本研究的大气氨反演产品来源于IASI网站(http://iasi.aeris-data.fr),土地利用数据来源于资源环境科学与数据平台(http://www.resdc.cn),人口密度数据来源于WorldPop网站(http://hub.worldpop.org),温度和降水数据来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心(http://data.tpdc.ac.cn),统计数据来源于国家统计局(http:\\www.stats.gov.cn).
研究表明,神经网络算法反演结果的平均误差随热对比度的升高而快速下降,当热对比度大于5K时,相应的平均偏差低于10%,反演产品精度更高[20].由于9:30的观测数据热对比度更高,因此,本研究剔除21:30的观测数据,剔除数据量占数据总量的49.7%.此外,云量会显著降低测量不确定度,为了提高准确度,剔除云量大于25%的观测数据[24],该部分数据占白天数据总量的46.4%.由于剔除数据在空间上比较均匀,因此,该部分数据对插值结果的影响相对较小.为提高数据的空间表征能力,降低插值误差,将每月的日观测数据合并为月度数据集.对月度数据集进行盖帽处理去除异常高值,处理后的月均数据量在2万个左右,且空间分布均匀,具有较好的代表性.在此基础上,以温度作为协方差对月度数据集进行插值,得到京津冀及周边地区大气氨分布的空间连续数据,空间分辨率为3km,单位:mol/m2.插值结果的误差分布如图2所示,交叉验证结果表明95%插值结果的误差小于5%,且误差分布较为对称,误差较大的月份均出现在温度较低的季节,可能是由于插值结果对低温变化不敏感或冬季大气氨柱浓度的空间分布波动较大.总体而言,插值误差在可接受范围内,能够支撑本文的大气氨时空分布特征分析.
大气氨活性强、易分解,虽然大气氨日均柱浓度小于相应区域的氨排放量,但能够表征大气氨的时空分布特征,表征大气氨排放热点区域[8].
基于公式(1)计算不同时间尺度下的大气氨柱浓度(mol/m2):
式中:ρij代表某时段的大气氨平均柱浓度;ρij代表t时的大气氨柱浓度;i代表行政区划(i=1,2,…,5);j代表行政区划内的栅格单元.
基于公式(2)将大气氨柱浓度转换为大气氨柱总量(kg/km2):
式中:ρij代表转换后的大气氨柱总量;17.031是氨的摩尔质量.
本文假设大气氨的生命周期为1d,利用排放通量法核算不同时间尺度下各行政区划的大气氨柱总量(TNH3):
式中:Mi代表不同时间尺度下第i个行政区划的TNH3s代表栅格单元的面积.
大气氨日均排放强度是区域氨减排政策制定和减排效果评价的重要依据,利用公式(4)计算不同时间尺度下各行政区的大气氨日均排放强度(YNH3代表大气氨年均排放强度,QNH3代表大气氨季均排放强度,MNH3代表大气氨月均排放强度):
式中:代表不同时间尺度下第i个行政区的大气氨日均排放强度(分别为YNH3、QNH3和MNH3);Si代表行政区划的面积;T代表时间尺度.
复合年均增长率能够表征不同地区YNH3的相对变化速率[8,18],公式如下:
式中:R代表复合年均增长率,T代表时间跨度,代表第i个行政区第y年的YNH3代表第i个行政区基准年的YNH3.
利用产出规模系数衡量城市资源产出与城市经济比重的差异[25],判断城市的主导产业:
式中:Ci为产出规模系数,mii行政区的各产业增加值,M为对应的当年全国各产业增加值,gii行政区划当年的生产总值,G为对应的当年全国生产总值.Ci>1代表该产业具有对外供应能力.
大气氨分布主要受排放源影响,而排放主要来源于生产(第一、二、三产业)和生活(人体排泄物、生活垃圾、生活污水)[9,19].随机森林是基于回归树和分类树的预测树集合,它被集成到scikit-learn python库中,通过计算每棵树的平均值来预测结果,鲁棒性强、精度高[26].本研究以各地级市第一、二、三产业增加值和人口数量分别代表生产和生活,以各地级市TNH3代表大气氨排放总量,利用随机森林算法评价各因子对大气氨排放总量的显著性影响,明确主要贡献源,为制定大气氨减排政策提供方向.
2014~2022年,研究区的年均大气氨柱浓度如图3所示,大气氨柱浓度低值区分布在研究区外缘(北部山区、河北西部边缘、河南西部和南部、胶东半岛),NH3柱浓度高值区集中分布在区域中部,与图1中的耕地和人口分布高度一致,各地级市TNH3与耕地和人口的相关性分别为0.86和0.57,而与工业和服务业的相关性仅为0.10和0.18,表明耕地和人口是大气氨排放的重要影响因素.此外,大气氨柱浓度值呈现出削峰填谷的态势,高值区在空间上呈现由零星分布向集中连片分布的变化趋势.研究表明,除农业源外,生活源和交通源也是大气氨排放的重要来源[19].近年来,经济的快速发展缩小了地区间的生活水平差距,导致大气氨排放源中的生活源(生活垃圾、生活污水)和交通源(每百户汽车拥有量)排放强度提升,尤其是山东省和河南省.根据国家统计局公布的数据,山东省生活垃圾产生量比2014年增加了79.9%,河南省生活污水产生量比2014年增加了30.5%,河南省每百户汽车拥有量比2014年增加了162.6%,远高于北京的生活垃圾产生量增长率(0.9%)、生活污水产生量增长率(9.4%)和每百户汽车拥有量增长率(33.7%).沿海地区大气氨柱浓度较高,可能受环渤海一带生物质燃烧烟羽传输和水陆交界处气象条件差异较大的影响[20].
分析结果显示研究区TNH3呈增长趋势,由2014年的1169kt增长至2022年的1825kt.生活源是大气氨排放的重要来源,根据国家统计局公布的数据,与2014年相比,研究区2022年人均消费支出增长了63.9%,生活垃圾产生量增长了37.4%,生活污水产生量增加了22.7%,家禽出栏量增长了29.1%,民用汽车增长了93.2%,民用载客汽车增长了101.3%,民用载货汽车增长了60.1%.此外,根据国家青藏高原科学数据中心公布的数据,2022年平均温度比2014年升高了0.35℃.因此,生产生活强度的提高以及气候变暖可能是大气氨排放总量增长的重要原因.
基于卫星观测核算与清单法核算的氨排放量结果如表1所示,不同研究尺度下清单法核算结果与核算对象涵盖的类型有关,当研究中涵盖的大气氨排放源较为全面时,清单法核算结果大于或接近卫星监测结果,主要是由于大气氨性质不稳定,排放后可能在较短时间内分解,导致卫星监测结果偏低.与清单法核算结果相比,本研究中京津冀区域的卫星监测结果明显偏低,主要是由于清单法的核算对象不包括废弃物处理、人体排放、化工生产等大气氨排放源.整体来看,本文中卫星观测结果和清单核算结果较为接近(最大误差为42%),具有较好的可比性,可为大气氨热点监测提供依据.
2014~2022年,山东、河北、北京、天津和河南的YNH3分别为8.93,6.86,5.78,8.70,8.66kg/km2,YNH3复合年均增长率分别为6.53%、6.02%、5.68%、5.46%和4.68%.以2014~ 2022年研究区的大气氨日均排放强度(7.99kg/km2)和复合年均增长率(5.73%)为标准,将各城市的大气氨日均排放强度和复合年均增长率划分为低柱浓度低增长率、低柱浓度高增长率、高柱浓度低增长率和高柱浓度高增长率4种耦合类型.研究区各地级市的大气氨日均柱浓度、复合增长率和TNH3图4所示,空间分布特征与清单法核算结果一致[27].其中,低柱浓度低增长率耦合型地级市有5个,主要分布在冀北和豫南;低柱浓度高增长率耦合型地级市有8个,分布在豫西南、冀中和胶东半岛;高柱浓度低增长率(19个)和高柱浓度高增长率耦合型地级市(16个)集中分布在区域中南部和环渤海一带.整体上,大气氨日均排放强度低的地级市,土地利用类型呈现出耕地面积占比低、林草地面积占比高的特征.根据资源环境科学与数据平台公布的数据,在13个大气氨日均排放强度低的地级市中,9个地级市(承德、三门峡、北京、秦皇岛、洛阳、张家口、保定、南阳和莱芜)的林草地面积占比(高于30%)在研究区48个地级市的排名中居于前十位,8个地级市(承德、北京、三门峡、秦皇岛、洛阳、保定、张家口和莱芜)的耕地面积占比(低于50%)在研究区48个地级市的排名中居于后十位.
2014~2022年,研究区的YNH3从5.89kg/km2增长到9.20kg/km2.研究省级和地市级尺度上大气氨的时间变化特征有助于在纵向尺度上掌握大气氨的变化趋势和减排效果,在省级尺度上,以研究区的5个省和直辖市为代表;在地市级尺度上,利用公式(6)计算各地级市的规模产出系数,分别选取以服务业、加工制造业、农业、加工制造业和农业、加工制造业和服务业、农业和服务业为主的北京、淄博、聊城、安阳、烟台以及秦皇岛为代表.
各省及代表地级市的YNH3变化趋势如图5所示,YNH3在各省和代表地级市呈增长趋势,主要与气候变暖以及生产生活强度提升有关,2015年各省及代表地级市的YNH3增速较快可能与温度急剧上升(0.13℃)有关,2015年的年均温度增长值显著高于研究时段内温度上升的年均值(0.04℃).在省级尺度上,河南、山东和天津的YNH3较高,且增速较快.河南、山东YNH3的快速增长主要与农业活动和生活强度的提高有关,与2014年相比,2022年河南和山东的家禽出栏量分别增长28.6%和48.8%,显著高于北京(减少87.6%)和河北(13.6%);人均消费支出分别增长72.9%和69.9%,与河北基本持平(75.1%),但明显高于北京(37.2%);人均生活垃圾产生量分别增长27.6%和73.6%,高于北京(0.3%)和河北(20.4%).天津YNH3的快速增长主要与生活相关的经济因素快速发展有关,人均消费支出和人均生活垃圾产生量增加值分别为40.2%和50.1%.北京的YNH3相对低且增速较慢,主要是由于北京第一产业增加值的增幅(下降30.0%)明显低于河南(43.7%)、山东(35.0%)和河北(39.3%),且生活强度相关的指标增长幅度相对较小.在地级市尺度上,以农业为主的地级市(聊城、安阳)YNH3较高,而秦皇岛YNH3较低,主要与该市的林草地面积占比较高(48.5%)有关,进一步说明农业是大气氨排放的重要影响因素.
本文中,春季为3、4、5月,夏季为6、7、8月,秋季为9、10、11月,冬季为12、1、2月.为便于清晰展示,选取2021冬~2022秋的数据分析各省及代表地级市的QNH3季度变化特征(图6),QNH3在省级和地级市尺度上呈显著的周期性变化特征(倒“V”型),夏季为QNH3峰值季.本文的IASI卫星观测结果与北京325米气象观测塔和上海ALPHA被动采样器监测结果的时间变化规律一致,大气氨浓度峰值均出现在夏季[33-34].研究表明,夏季氨排放主要与挥发相关的排放源有关,冬季氨排放主要与燃烧相关的排放源有关[35].2014至2022年,研究区内春、夏、秋、冬年均气温分别为14.2℃、25.4℃、13.7℃和-1.0℃,夏季温度显著高于其它季节,从排放源来看,研究区夏季化肥施用量大,多因素综合作用导致挥发相关的畜禽粪污、人类排泄物和化肥等氨排放强度增加.根据近5年的热异常遥感监测数据,冬季生物质焚烧数量占全年的比重达到43.1%,QNH3在部分年份冬季出现的小高峰可能与燃烧相关的氨排放(生物质和化石燃料燃烧、工业氨逃逸、工业氨排放)叠加不利气象条件有关[10,35-36].
为便于清晰展示,选取2022年1~12月的数据分析各省及代表地级市的MNH3变化特征(图7),MNH3在省级和地市级尺度上呈显著的周期性变化特征(一低一高双峰型).7月是每年的MNH3峰值月,MNH3显著高于其它月份,原因可能包括:研究区内7月的温度是一年中最高的月份.研究时段内7月的平均气温为26.3℃,明显高于其它各月,且各年7月的月均温度均高于其它月份;研究区内7月降水量大,湿度高.研究时段内7月的月均降水量为175.2mm,明显高于其它月份;华北平原7月存在农作物撒施追肥的情况,多因素综合作用增加了农业氨挥发量.此外,根据近5年的热异常遥感监测数据,12月、1月和2月的秸秆焚烧数量占比高,且冬季气象扩散条件整体上较为不利,导致每年12月、1月或2月会出现MNH3小高峰[20,37].高温天气不仅会促进大气氨的排放,而且对其它污染物的生成也具有促进作用.北京市空气质量监测数据显示2022年臭氧超标日(52d)均出现在温度较高的4~9月,其中,6月臭氧超标天数最多(12d).进一步说明温度对大气污染物生成和排放的促进作用不可忽视.
理清各排放源对氨排放的影响程度,有助于提高政策制定的针对性.大气氨来源于生产(第一、二、三产业)和生活(人体排泄物、生活垃圾、生活污水)[19],生产和生活排放可以分别通过三次产业结构的增加值和人口表征.本研究基于随机森林算法研究三次产业结构和人口对TNH3的影响,R2为0.59,表明随机森林模型的预测性能较好,显著性结果如图8所示,第一产业和人口是氨排放的主要影响因子.总体来看,第一产业对氨排放的影响呈增长趋势,这可能是受全球变暖大背景的影响[38],2013~2022年研究区温度年均增长0.04℃,温度升高增加了农业生产过程中的氨挥发量.此外,第一产业对氨排放的影响在部分年份出现波动下降,可能是受农作物播种面积变化的影响(农作物播种面积变化如图8所示).2018年后,人口对大气氨的影响程度呈下降趋势,可能是由于农业对大气氨的影响程度上升,导致人口对TNH3的影响程度相对下降;从农村人居环境整治角度来看,生态环境部联合其它部委于2018年逐步印发《关于加快制定农村生活污水处理排放标准》、《农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放控制规范编制工作指南(试行)》等政策文件,推动了农村地区厕所下水管网和污水处理设施的完善,减少了人体排泄物、生活污水等氨源的大气氨排放量.目前,我国正在开展农业氨排放治理工作,建议通过深耕施肥、畜禽低蛋白日粮饲养、畜禽粪污清洁处理等多种措施降低农业生产过程中的氨排放.2020年和2022年,研究区工业增速均下降0.4%以上,显著低于其它年份的工业增速(2%以上),可能是这两年第二产业对TNH3显著降低的原因.
大气氨反演模型中的输入因子包括温度、水汽参数等,本研究在对大气氨反演结果进行协方差插值过程中仅选取了对大气氨柱浓度影响较大的温度,可能是冬季插值结果误差相对较大的原因,水汽、大气压等气象因素对插值结果的影响有待深入分析.由于缺乏站点监测数据开展精度评价,尚无法分析大气氨柱浓度数据与实际情况的偏差,与清单法研究结果相比,当核算对象涵盖的类型较全面时,绝对偏差最大为42%,虽然能够相对客观地反映大气氨的空间分布特征和时间变化规律,但大气氨热点网格位置的准确度仍有待进一步验证.本研究量化了三次产业结构及人口对大气氨的影响,能够为大气氨减排工作提供基本方向,但尚无法满足管理部门的精准减排需求.因此,仍需开展深入研究,分析不同排放源对大气氨浓度的影响.本文能够为大气氨减排提供数据支持,但环境管理的最终目的是降低大气环境中的PM2.5浓度,减排政策制定及实施的前提是厘清PM2.5的生成机理,分析多污染物协同减排对空气质量改善的影响,明确减排的关键时间及具体对象.基于本文大气氨的研究结果,结合SO2、NOx等大气污染物的监测数据,深入分析大气氨减排量对PM2.5浓度的影响,是未来值得研究的内容.
3.1 2014~2022年研究区大气氨的日均排放强度为7.99kg/km2,区域中部是YNH3高值区. 5个低柱浓度低增长率耦合型地级市分布在冀北和豫南,8个低柱浓度高增长率耦合型地级市分布在豫西南、冀中和胶东半岛,19个高柱浓度低增长率和16个高柱浓度高增长率耦合型地级市分布在区域中南部和环渤海一带.
3.2 2014~2022年,TNH3和YNH3在省级和地市级尺度上均呈增长趋势,京津冀及周边地区的TNH3由1169kt增长至1825kt,YNH3从5.89kg/km2增长到9.20kg/km2,复合年均增长率为5.73%.分季度来看,QNH3在省级和地市级尺度上呈周期性变化特征,夏季是QNH3排放峰值期.分月度来看,MNH3呈一低一高双峰型,7月和冬季的12月、1月或2月是MNH3峰值月.
3.3 夏季QNH3峰值可能主要受挥发相关的排放源影响,冬季QNH3峰值可能主要受燃烧相关的排放源影响.随机森林显著性分析结果表明农业源和生活源是最显著的氨减排因子.此外,增加工业活动强度可能会对氨排放量产生显著影响,需提高对工业源氨排放的关注度.
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-18
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    1.北京市生态环境监测中心,北京 100048
    2.大气颗粒物监测技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100048

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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