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More than 100 volatile organic compounds (including 36 carcinogens) were identified in the clothing-mediated thirdhand smoke (THS) by using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). Significant differences were found in the component and amount for the THS released from different clothing material. Specifically, the amount of THS released from polyester was significantly lower than that released from cotton. Furthermore, the amount of THS released from clothing exponentially decreased as increasing time, and the decrease ratio was more than 80% after 30 minutes, suggesting that the clothing-mediated THS pollution could be reduced if the smokers stay outdoors for more than 30 minutes after smoking cigarettes. This study provided a useful method for the investigations of clothing-mediated THS pollution, deepening the understanding on the release characteristics of THS pollution from clothing, which should have great significance in reducing the THS exposure for non-smokers.

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使用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF-MS)从衣服释放的三手烟(THS)中鉴定出100余种挥发性有机物(含36种致癌物),并发现不同衣服面料释放的THS成分和含量存在显著差异(涤纶释放的THS显著低于棉布).进一步发现,衣服中THS的可释放量随时间呈指数衰减趋势,持续释放30min后THS含量可降低80%以上,说明烟民吸烟后在室外停留30min以上有助于降低衣服介导的THS污染.本文为研究衣服介导的THS污染问题提供了一种有效手段,深化了对衣服中THS释放特性的认识,对降低不吸烟人群的THS暴露有重要意义.

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*责任作者,副教授,
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耿闯(1999-),男,河南信阳人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气质量.发表论文1篇..

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耿闯(1999-),男,河南信阳人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气质量.发表论文1篇..

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耿闯(1999-),男,河南信阳人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气质量.发表论文1篇..

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China Environmental Science202444(2):629-637., articleTitle=Modeling prediction of particle distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the winter atmosphere over Chongqing urban area, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241049984636875363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, awardId=51908563, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51908563), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241049984779481715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, awardId=2022A1515011142, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2022A1515011142), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241049969696764886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049969713542105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, companyId=1241049969696764886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049969721930713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, companyId=1241049969696764886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中山大学环境科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241049969898091488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049969902285793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, companyId=1241049969898091488, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Chemical Engineering Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241049969910674402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, companyId=1241049969898091488, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.新疆大学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241049980157358468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Photos of the self-made sample tube, figureFileSmall=/iG1KPGqR2fYI2nQx2MKOg==, figureFileBig=N2iaq7joAYgKP3d2LP1pgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049980589371797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=CN, label=图1, caption=自制样品管实物图, figureFileSmall=/iG1KPGqR2fYI2nQx2MKOg==, figureFileBig=N2iaq7joAYgKP3d2LP1pgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049980971053494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Statistical results of THS compositions released from different clothing material, figureFileSmall=FgSRBnuO3kLIJDxpL1cU3Q==, figureFileBig=XfZ6gNgfI7f3H/gbYckeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049981256266179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同面料衣服释放的THS成分统计结果, figureFileSmall=FgSRBnuO3kLIJDxpL1cU3Q==, figureFileBig=XfZ6gNgfI7f3H/gbYckeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049981382095314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Time dependence of THS amount released from clothing, figureFileSmall=tDeLs6QR/gAuJh06H8TEOw==, figureFileBig=nf+Gp6dRSKlHZCf1c1434w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049983017873889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=CN, label=图3, caption=衣服中THS可释放量随时间的变化规律, figureFileSmall=tDeLs6QR/gAuJh06H8TEOw==, figureFileBig=nf+Gp6dRSKlHZCf1c1434w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049983227589105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of temperature and relative humidity on THS release rate from clothing, figureFileSmall=qAIlt7J21++VmgWzr3/GDA==, figureFileBig=GY3MzXMqD3/6Etvaek+taQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049983554744836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=CN, label=图4, caption=环境温湿度对衣服中THS释放速率的影响规律, figureFileSmall=qAIlt7J21++VmgWzr3/GDA==, figureFileBig=GY3MzXMqD3/6Etvaek+taQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241049983793820184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Compositions and amount of THS pollutants released from clothing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
m/z分子式化合物名称物质分类致癌等级a总释放量(µg)
纱布(棉)棉布涤纶
27C2H2乙炔b脂肪烃0.070.070.03
28CHN氰化烃b其他化合物--0.02
31CH2O甲醛醛和酮10.14-0.35
33CH4O甲醇b醇和酚6.196.081.90
41C3H41,2-丙二烯b脂肪烃1.035.520.76
42C2H3N乙腈b其他化合物1.712.570.23
45C2H4O乙醛b醛和酮2B1.297.253.72
46C2H7N二甲胺b0.08--
54C3H3N丙烯腈b其他化合物2B0.120.150.16
55C4H61,3-丁二烯b脂肪烃10.392.510.43
57C3H4O丙烯醛b醛和酮30.240.410.13
59C3H6O丙酮醛和酮2.042.182.41
丙醛醛和酮
69C4H4O呋喃b杂环化合物2B1.5313.901.23
71C4H6O2-丁烯醛b醛和酮31.240.610.55
2-甲基-2-丙烯醛b醛和酮
3-丁烯-2-酮b醛和酮
73C4H8O丁酮b醛和酮0.3417.470.78
丁醛b醛和酮
异丁醛b醛和酮
75C2H6N2ON-亚硝基二甲胺b2A5.992.152.09
C3H6O21-羟基-2-丙酮b醛和酮
乙酸甲酯b其他化合物
76C2H5NO2硝基乙烷b其他化合物0.230.080.08
77C3H8O2丙二醇b醇和酚0.040.020.05
79C6H6芳香烃10.220.180.15
80C5H5N吡啶b杂环化合物2B1.70--
83C5H6O2-环戊烯-1-酮b醛和酮2.83-0.75
2-甲基呋喃b杂环化合物
85C6H121-乙烯b脂肪烃0.380.230.71
87C5H10O异戊醛醛和酮2.1812.990.84
戊醛醛和酮
2-戊酮醛和酮
3-戊酮醛和酮
89C3H8N2ON-亚硝基甲基乙基胺b2B0.690.300.18
93C7H8甲苯芳香烃3-0.160.25
94C6H7N苯胺31.63--
3-甲基吡啶杂环化合物
2-甲基吡啶杂环化合物
4-甲基吡啶杂环化合物
95C6H6O苯酚醇和酚32.15--
97C6H8O2,5-二甲基呋喃b杂环化合物11.761.46-
99C5H6O2糠醇醇和酚2B1.580.750.31
C7H141-康烯脂肪烃
101C5H8O22,4-戊二酮醛和酮0.370.430.15
C6H12O乙醛醛和酮
104C7H5N苯甲腈b其他化合物0.230.01-
105C8H8苯乙烯芳香烃2B0.400.07-
106C7H7N3-乙烯基吡啶b杂环化合物2.01--
107C8H10邻二甲苯芳香烃30.29--
对二甲苯芳香烃3
间二甲苯芳香烃3
乙基苯芳香烃2B
108C7H9N邻甲苯胺b11.27--
间甲苯胺b
对甲苯胺b
109C7H8O邻甲酚醇和酚0.75--
间甲酚醇和酚
对甲酚醇和酚
111C6H6O2对苯二酚b醇和酚34.570.61-
间苯二酚b醇和酚3
邻苯二酚b醇和酚2B
113C6H8O22-羟基-3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮b醛和酮0.740.500.25
115C5H10N2ON-亚硝基哌啶b其他化合物2B0.120.290.07
118C5H11NO21-硝基正戊烷b其他化合物0.13--
119C3H6N2O3N-亚硝基氨酸b其他化合物2B0.090.01-
121C9H12异丙苯芳香烃2B0.471.810.12
4-乙基甲苯芳香烃
2-乙基甲苯芳香烃
3-乙基甲苯芳香烃
1,3,5-三甲苯芳香烃
1,2,4-三甲苯芳香烃
1,2,3-三甲苯芳香烃
1-乙基-3-甲基苯芳香烃
丙基苯芳香烃
C8H8O苯乙酮醛和酮
对甲基苯甲醛醛和酮
间/邻甲基苯甲醛醛和酮
122C8H11N2,4-二甲基苯胺b30.19--
2,5-二甲基苯胺b3
2,6-二甲基苯胺b2B
2-乙基苯胺b
3-乙基苯胺b
4-乙基苯胺b
2,3-二甲基苯胺b
3,4-二甲基苯胺b
3,5-二甲基苯胺b
123C8H10O2,4-二甲基苯酚b醇和酚0.510.02-
对乙基苯酚b醇和酚
124C6H5NO2硝基苯b芳香烃2B0.130.02-
C7H9NO邻甲氧基苯胺b2B
125C7H8O22-甲氧基苯酚b醇和酚1.130.380.09
127C7H7Cl1-氯-4-甲基苯b芳香烃0.120.06-
C9H181-壬烯b脂肪烃
129C10H8芳香烃2B0.070.130.11
130C9H7N喹啉b杂环化合物0.04--
133C4H8N2O33-(N-亚硝基甲基氨基)丙酸b其他化合物0.11--
135C10H14对异丙基甲苯芳香烃0.210.05-
1-甲基-4-(1-甲基乙基)苯芳香烃
叔丁基苯芳香烃
丁基苯芳香烃
138C7H7NO22-硝基甲苯b芳香烃2A0.04--
3-硝基甲苯b芳香烃3
4-硝基甲苯b芳香烃3
139C8H10O22-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚b醇和酚0.400.200.04
143C11H101-甲基萘芳香烃-0.09-
2-甲基萘芳香烃
147C9H10N12麦斯明杂环化合物0.08--
149C9H12N2去甲尼古丁杂环化合物0.02--
153C12H8b芳香烃0.160.05-
157C12H122,6-二甲基萘芳香烃0.100.01-
致癌物总计26.5631.329.84
释放量总计62.5681.7618.94
), ArticleFig(id=1241049984011924008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

衣服释放的THS化合物种类及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
m/z分子式化合物名称物质分类致癌等级a总释放量(µg)
纱布(棉)棉布涤纶
27C2H2乙炔b脂肪烃0.070.070.03
28CHN氰化烃b其他化合物--0.02
31CH2O甲醛醛和酮10.14-0.35
33CH4O甲醇b醇和酚6.196.081.90
41C3H41,2-丙二烯b脂肪烃1.035.520.76
42C2H3N乙腈b其他化合物1.712.570.23
45C2H4O乙醛b醛和酮2B1.297.253.72
46C2H7N二甲胺b0.08--
54C3H3N丙烯腈b其他化合物2B0.120.150.16
55C4H61,3-丁二烯b脂肪烃10.392.510.43
57C3H4O丙烯醛b醛和酮30.240.410.13
59C3H6O丙酮醛和酮2.042.182.41
丙醛醛和酮
69C4H4O呋喃b杂环化合物2B1.5313.901.23
71C4H6O2-丁烯醛b醛和酮31.240.610.55
2-甲基-2-丙烯醛b醛和酮
3-丁烯-2-酮b醛和酮
73C4H8O丁酮b醛和酮0.3417.470.78
丁醛b醛和酮
异丁醛b醛和酮
75C2H6N2ON-亚硝基二甲胺b2A5.992.152.09
C3H6O21-羟基-2-丙酮b醛和酮
乙酸甲酯b其他化合物
76C2H5NO2硝基乙烷b其他化合物0.230.080.08
77C3H8O2丙二醇b醇和酚0.040.020.05
79C6H6芳香烃10.220.180.15
80C5H5N吡啶b杂环化合物2B1.70--
83C5H6O2-环戊烯-1-酮b醛和酮2.83-0.75
2-甲基呋喃b杂环化合物
85C6H121-乙烯b脂肪烃0.380.230.71
87C5H10O异戊醛醛和酮2.1812.990.84
戊醛醛和酮
2-戊酮醛和酮
3-戊酮醛和酮
89C3H8N2ON-亚硝基甲基乙基胺b2B0.690.300.18
93C7H8甲苯芳香烃3-0.160.25
94C6H7N苯胺31.63--
3-甲基吡啶杂环化合物
2-甲基吡啶杂环化合物
4-甲基吡啶杂环化合物
95C6H6O苯酚醇和酚32.15--
97C6H8O2,5-二甲基呋喃b杂环化合物11.761.46-
99C5H6O2糠醇醇和酚2B1.580.750.31
C7H141-康烯脂肪烃
101C5H8O22,4-戊二酮醛和酮0.370.430.15
C6H12O乙醛醛和酮
104C7H5N苯甲腈b其他化合物0.230.01-
105C8H8苯乙烯芳香烃2B0.400.07-
106C7H7N3-乙烯基吡啶b杂环化合物2.01--
107C8H10邻二甲苯芳香烃30.29--
对二甲苯芳香烃3
间二甲苯芳香烃3
乙基苯芳香烃2B
108C7H9N邻甲苯胺b11.27--
间甲苯胺b
对甲苯胺b
109C7H8O邻甲酚醇和酚0.75--
间甲酚醇和酚
对甲酚醇和酚
111C6H6O2对苯二酚b醇和酚34.570.61-
间苯二酚b醇和酚3
邻苯二酚b醇和酚2B
113C6H8O22-羟基-3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮b醛和酮0.740.500.25
115C5H10N2ON-亚硝基哌啶b其他化合物2B0.120.290.07
118C5H11NO21-硝基正戊烷b其他化合物0.13--
119C3H6N2O3N-亚硝基氨酸b其他化合物2B0.090.01-
121C9H12异丙苯芳香烃2B0.471.810.12
4-乙基甲苯芳香烃
2-乙基甲苯芳香烃
3-乙基甲苯芳香烃
1,3,5-三甲苯芳香烃
1,2,4-三甲苯芳香烃
1,2,3-三甲苯芳香烃
1-乙基-3-甲基苯芳香烃
丙基苯芳香烃
C8H8O苯乙酮醛和酮
对甲基苯甲醛醛和酮
间/邻甲基苯甲醛醛和酮
122C8H11N2,4-二甲基苯胺b30.19--
2,5-二甲基苯胺b3
2,6-二甲基苯胺b2B
2-乙基苯胺b
3-乙基苯胺b
4-乙基苯胺b
2,3-二甲基苯胺b
3,4-二甲基苯胺b
3,5-二甲基苯胺b
123C8H10O2,4-二甲基苯酚b醇和酚0.510.02-
对乙基苯酚b醇和酚
124C6H5NO2硝基苯b芳香烃2B0.130.02-
C7H9NO邻甲氧基苯胺b2B
125C7H8O22-甲氧基苯酚b醇和酚1.130.380.09
127C7H7Cl1-氯-4-甲基苯b芳香烃0.120.06-
C9H181-壬烯b脂肪烃
129C10H8芳香烃2B0.070.130.11
130C9H7N喹啉b杂环化合物0.04--
133C4H8N2O33-(N-亚硝基甲基氨基)丙酸b其他化合物0.11--
135C10H14对异丙基甲苯芳香烃0.210.05-
1-甲基-4-(1-甲基乙基)苯芳香烃
叔丁基苯芳香烃
丁基苯芳香烃
138C7H7NO22-硝基甲苯b芳香烃2A0.04--
3-硝基甲苯b芳香烃3
4-硝基甲苯b芳香烃3
139C8H10O22-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚b醇和酚0.400.200.04
143C11H101-甲基萘芳香烃-0.09-
2-甲基萘芳香烃
147C9H10N12麦斯明杂环化合物0.08--
149C9H12N2去甲尼古丁杂环化合物0.02--
153C12H8b芳香烃0.160.05-
157C12H122,6-二甲基萘芳香烃0.100.01-
致癌物总计26.5631.329.84
释放量总计62.5681.7618.94
), ArticleFig(id=1241049984154530364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting results for the time decreasing rates of representative THS compositions released from clothing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物室外纱布室外棉布室外涤纶室内涤纶类型
k(min-1)R2k(min-1)R2k(min-1)R2k(min-1)R2
乙腈(C2H3N)0.0910.9310.0860.9120.0970.9310.0250.810香烟标志物
呋喃(C4H4O)0.0480.8750.0810.9680.1040.8350.0450.990致癌物
苯(C6H6)0.2720.9560.2380.9202.8810.9940.0840.813致癌物,香烟标志物
吡啶(C5H5N)0.1250.7440.0600.8200.1750.9560.0270.843致癌物,香烟标志物
2,5-二甲基呋喃(C6H8O)0.2200.9890.1100.9680.2440.7830.0360.911香烟标志物
), ArticleFig(id=1241049984360051275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241049963728270215, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

衣服释放的代表性THS化合物的时间衰减速率拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物室外纱布室外棉布室外涤纶室内涤纶类型
k(min-1)R2k(min-1)R2k(min-1)R2k(min-1)R2
乙腈(C2H3N)0.0910.9310.0860.9120.0970.9310.0250.810香烟标志物
呋喃(C4H4O)0.0480.8750.0810.9680.1040.8350.0450.990致癌物
苯(C6H6)0.2720.9560.2380.9202.8810.9940.0840.813致癌物,香烟标志物
吡啶(C5H5N)0.1250.7440.0600.8200.1750.9560.0270.843致癌物,香烟标志物
2,5-二甲基呋喃(C6H8O)0.2200.9890.1100.9680.2440.7830.0360.911香烟标志物
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衣服中三手烟污染物的释放特性
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耿闯 1 , 刘璧源 1 , 盖浩南 1 , 张家瑞 1 , 朱雨晴 1 , 黄海保 1, 2 , 曹建平 1, *
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(1): 1-10
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(1): 1-10
衣服中三手烟污染物的释放特性
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耿闯1 , 刘璧源1, 盖浩南1, 张家瑞1, 朱雨晴1, 黄海保1, 2, 曹建平1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学环境科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 2.新疆大学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 耿闯(1999-),男,河南信阳人,中山大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为室内空气质量.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

*责任作者,副教授,
Release characteristics of thirdhand smoke pollutants from clothing
Chuang GENG1 , Bi-yuan LIU1, Hao-nan GE1, Jia-rui ZHANG1, Yu-qing ZHU1, Hai-bao HUANG1, 2, Jian-ping CAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2.Chemical Engineering Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20
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使用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF-MS)从衣服释放的三手烟(THS)中鉴定出100余种挥发性有机物(含36种致癌物),并发现不同衣服面料释放的THS成分和含量存在显著差异(涤纶释放的THS显著低于棉布).进一步发现,衣服中THS的可释放量随时间呈指数衰减趋势,持续释放30min后THS含量可降低80%以上,说明烟民吸烟后在室外停留30min以上有助于降低衣服介导的THS污染.本文为研究衣服介导的THS污染问题提供了一种有效手段,深化了对衣服中THS释放特性的认识,对降低不吸烟人群的THS暴露有重要意义.

三手烟(THS)  /  衣服  /  质子转移反应飞行时间质谱(PTR-TOF-MS)  /  挥发性有机物(VOCs)  /  室内空气质量

More than 100 volatile organic compounds (including 36 carcinogens) were identified in the clothing-mediated thirdhand smoke (THS) by using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). Significant differences were found in the component and amount for the THS released from different clothing material. Specifically, the amount of THS released from polyester was significantly lower than that released from cotton. Furthermore, the amount of THS released from clothing exponentially decreased as increasing time, and the decrease ratio was more than 80% after 30 minutes, suggesting that the clothing-mediated THS pollution could be reduced if the smokers stay outdoors for more than 30 minutes after smoking cigarettes. This study provided a useful method for the investigations of clothing-mediated THS pollution, deepening the understanding on the release characteristics of THS pollution from clothing, which should have great significance in reducing the THS exposure for non-smokers.

thirdhand smoke (THS)  /  clothing  /  proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS)  /  volatile organic compounds (VOCs)  /  indoor air quality
耿闯, 刘璧源, 盖浩南, 张家瑞, 朱雨晴, 黄海保, 曹建平. 衣服中三手烟污染物的释放特性. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 1 -10 .
Chuang GENG, Bi-yuan LIU, Hao-nan GE, Jia-rui ZHANG, Yu-qing ZHU, Hai-bao HUANG, Jian-ping CAO. Release characteristics of thirdhand smoke pollutants from clothing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (1) : 1 -10 .
烟草对人类健康的危害是当前最严重的公共卫生问题之一,烟草烟雾中约有4800种化合物,其中超过200种已被证实对人体有害[1-2].近几十年来,通过设立无烟区或吸烟室,非吸烟人群的二手烟暴露风险已得到有效控制,但一种全新的被动吸烟形式——“三手烟”逐渐引起公众及学界的关注[3].三手烟(THS)是指烟草烟雾消散后残留在衣服、地毯、墙壁、头发等物体表面的烟雾残留物[3].这些污染物可在吸烟结束后重新释放回空气中,对非吸烟人群的健康形成长期威胁.一种典型且常见的情况便是烟民的衣服在吸烟过程中会富集大量烟草烟雾,其中的挥发性成分会逐渐释放回空气中,不仅会产生令人不悦的气味,也可能会对周围人群的健康造成危害[4-6].因此,深入了解衣服释放的THS成分及其释放规律对于全面评估THS健康风险十分重要.
固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪(SPME-GC-MS)常被用于研究衣服释放的THS污染物[4-6].使用该方法,已有研究从衣服释放的THS中鉴定出60多种挥发性有机物(VOCs)[4-5],并发现衣服可在吸烟后的10min内持续释放这些VOCs[6].SPME-GC-MS法的关键步骤是借助SPME采样头对有机物的吸附作用以实现对THS的富集采样,但由于SPME采样头对小分子有机物的吸附能力很弱且不同有机物间存在竞争吸附,该方法难以实现对THS成分的全面鉴定,极大制约了对衣服中THS释放特性的深入研究.除此之外,已有研究仅借助实验舱测量了衣服释放的THS成分及总量,THS在真实场景下的释放特性(释放速率、持续时长、影响因素等)目前尚不清楚.
质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF- MS)具有检测限低、质量分辨率高、响应时间短等特点,可以实现对复杂气态混合物中各痕量成分的实时在线监测和定性定量分析,被视为目前最先进的质谱分析技术之一[7-10].相关研究[11-12]通过PTR-TOF-MS从烟民呼出气及无烟电影院空气中成功鉴定出多种烟草烟雾标识物,证实吸烟者衣服/身体是THS的重要传播源,并指出该途径可导致其他观影者吸入相当于1~10支香烟产生的二手烟.尽管PTR-TOF-MS已在不少烟草烟雾的相关研究中得到成功应用,但其在衣服中THS成分鉴定和定量分析方面的应用尚无研究报道.
鉴于此,本研究使用PTR-TOF-MS对衣服释放的THS进行实时监测,对THS成分进行定性和定量分析,并进一步探究衣服中THS的释放特性,旨在为深入研究衣服介导的THS污染问题提供有效手段和数据基础.
双喜牌香烟(广东中烟工业有限责任公司),用于产生烟草烟雾.
织物:纯棉纱布(医用纱布,克重70g/m2)、纯棉布片(纯棉T恤,克重130g/m2)、涤纶布片(涤纶T恤,克重90g/m2),均为白色面料,裁剪成8cm×10cm的尺寸.实验前布片置于80℃干燥箱中烘干4h以去除其中的水分.纯棉和涤纶分别是最常用的天然和化学纤维材料[13],选用这两类布料旨在探究面料材质的影响;此外,选用纯棉纱布(疏松)和纯棉T恤(致密)这两类纯棉布料旨在探究面料疏密程度的影响.
自制样品管:由50mL聚丙烯离心管(BS-500-MC,Biosharp)改装而成,待测布片置于离心管内.如图1所示,在管盖顶部钻取一个小孔,使一个3mm不锈钢两通的一端可以经管盖伸入管内,两通与管盖的接触处用橡胶垫圈密封,两通的另一端连接一根3mm气管.
PTR-TOF-MS(PTR-TOF 1000,奥地利Ionicon),用于分析衣服释放的THS成分和含量.PTR-TOF-MS的进样口连接至3mm气管的另一端,进样口自带的抽气泵可以将样品管内的空气以25mL/min的速率抽取出来进而进行检测分析.
在3m×3m×2.8m的房间内点燃一根香烟(温度:22.4~22.8℃,相对湿度:88.9%~91.2%,换气次数0.8h-1),将所有待测布片同时悬挂在房间内使其暴露于烟草烟雾中,香烟持续燃烧8min(期间,房间内烟雾颗粒物的质量浓度线性升高至(728±12)μg/m3).暴露8min后,将布片取出并放入样品管中,保持气管密闭并立即将样品管放置在37℃(模拟体温)恒温箱内平衡30min,然后将样品管取出并将气管连接至PTR-TOF-MS进行测试.为保证衣服释放的THS能被完全抽取至PTR-TOF-MS进样口,每个布片样品的检测时长均为5min,相当于PTR-TOF-MS需从样品管内抽取125mL气体(25mL/min×5min),远大于样品管体积(50mL).为保证PTR-TOF-MS能正常进样(避免管内真空),测样前需用金属针头在样品管底部开一小孔.
为研究衣服中THS可释放量随释放时间的变化规律,将暴露8min后的布片悬挂在通风良好的室外环境(温度:22.7~22.9℃,相对湿度:77.5%~ 77.9%)及无烟的室内环境中(室内温湿度可根据需要进行调控,室内体积25m3,换气次数0.8h-1),经过不同长度的释放时间后(5~60min)将布片放入样品管中,同样在37℃条件下平衡30min后用PTR-TOF-MS进行测试.为研究环境温湿度的影响,改变室内温湿度条件,重复上述实验.
待测化合物被送入仪器后,首先与底物离子(H3O+)发生质子转移反应,生成带正电的离子(捕获一个H+),最后被引入飞行时间质谱仪进行分析.一般而言,每种化合物的质子化形式在PTR-TOF-MS中具有特定的质荷比(m/z,对应化合物分子量+1)和飞行时间(TOF),据此可以进行成分鉴定(即定性分析,比对PTR-MS Viewer软件配套的数据库中已知化合物的质子化形式的m/z和TOF),再借助离子信号强度可以计算出化合物浓度(即定量分析).
Soleimani等[14]对过往研究中已鉴定出的烟草烟雾成分进行了全面总结,为本文的定性分析提供了有力参考:首先借助PTR-MS Viewer软件数据库确定Soleimani等[14]总结的各化合物的质子化形式的m/z及TOF,若PTR-TOF- MS结果中某质量峰的m/z及TOF与上述某化合物的质子化形式完全一致,则认为二者相对应.对于无法通过此方法确定相应化合物的质量峰,则借助软件对全数据库进行比对以鉴定成分.需要指出的是,PTR-TOF-MS本质是通过化合物分子量及TOF进行成分鉴定的,对于存在同分异构体的情况,同一质量峰可能对应多种潜在成分,此时本文暂无法确定该质量峰对应的确切化合物(如表1所示,m/z=59质量峰对应的THS成分可能是丙酮或丙醛),未来需协同其他仪器进行更精准的成分鉴定(如GC-MS).
对某一质量峰的所有离子计数进行积分以计算出峰面积,借助离子传输效率和PTR反应参数(二者数值直接从PTR-MS Viewer软件获取)将峰面积换算为该成分在样品管空气内的平均浓度(C,×10-9),再根据下式将C换算为衣服样品中该成分的释放量(M,μg),
式中:V为PTR-TOF-MS从样品管内抽取的空气体积(0.125L);MW为化合物分子量(g/mol);Vm为标准气体摩尔体积(22.4L/mol);10-3为单位换算系数.
根据仪器检测限,以上定性和定量分析过程仅考虑信号强度>1的质量峰,其余峰视为仪器背景峰.
其余数据分析和统计过程均使用OriginPro 2018C软件完成.
表1所列为3种面料释放的THS成分鉴定结果及定量结果.在PTR-TOF-MS的质谱图中共识别出64个信号强度>1的质量峰,对应鉴定出111种可能的化合物(由于存在同分异构体,化合物种类多于质量峰个数),包括30种芳香烃、23种醛/酮、17种胺、14种醇/酚、6种脂肪烃、11种杂环化合物、10种其他化合物,其中有36种为致癌物(4种1类致癌物、2种2A类致癌物、16种2B类致癌物、14种3类致癌物).相较于Chien等[4]和Borujeni等[5]借助SPME-GC-MS的测量结果,本研究在小分子化合物的鉴定上取得了更显著的效果:前两项研究分别仅鉴定出3种和2种分子量小于80的化合物,而本研究鉴定出超过20种小分子化合物.总体而言,本文使用PTR-TOF-MS从衣服释放的THS中多检测出40余种化合物,其中半数以上为小分子化合物(分子量<80),有效克服了已有研究中常用方法(SPME-GC-MS)在检测小分子化合物方面的局限性.但由于实验环境条件、香烟烟雾浓度、衣服材质等因素与已有研究均有所不同,上述结论可能存在一定偏差.
由于烟草烟雾没有安全暴露剂量[15],因此衣服介导的THS污染问题不容忽视,尤其是其中还含有40%左右的致癌物.由表1可知,衣服共可能释放36种致癌物,其中22种为本研究新检测出的致癌物.本次实验中所用衣服面积为80cm2,假设成人正常着装面积为1.6m2(长袖衫+长裤)[16]表1中的致癌物总释放量可换算为一名烟民吸烟后其衣物释放的致癌物总量:纯棉T恤和涤纶T恤可分别释放6.3和2.0mg致癌物(按成人着装面积1.6m2与实验布片面积80cm2的比例进行换算,即估算结果为实验测得的致癌物总释放量的200倍).在不止一名烟民聚集的场所(如车厢、影院等),烟民衣物释放的THS致癌物只会更多,这对周围非吸烟人群的健康将是一个巨大威胁.需要注意的是,PTR- TOF-MS的同一质量峰可能对应多种化合物,若该质量峰包含某种致癌物,本文在估算时便将其纳入致癌物总量中,这可能会导致对致癌物总释放量的过高估算.
表1可知,各面料释放的THS总量由高到低排序为:棉布>纱布>涤纶,与Chien等[4]的结论一致(天然面料的THS释放量高于人工面料).这表明,吸烟者穿着涤纶等人工面料衣服可以减少衣服介导的THS污染问题,进而降低THS对周围非吸烟人群带来的危害.下面对不同面料释放的THS化合物种类进行深入分析.
表1所列,本文将衣服释放的THS化合物分为6大类:脂肪烃、芳香烃、醛/酮、醇/酚、胺、杂环化合物(主要为含氮化合物)以及其他化合物.图2(a)所示为分类统计结果,可以看出不同面料衣服释放的化合物种类存在明显差异,但仍存在一些共性规律:1)醛/酮类化合物的占比总体更高,其为棉布和涤纶释放量最高的化合物,也是纱布释放量第二高的化合物,此类化合物通常为烟草成分(多糖、脂质和蜡等)的不完全燃烧产物[17-18];2)杂环化合物在棉质面料释放的THS中有很高占比,其为纱布释放量最高的一类化合物,在棉布释放的THS中占比第二高,此类化合物通常为含氮有机物在加热过程中形成的[19];3)芳香烃在不同面料样品释放的THS中占比均最低,这可能是由于芳香烃的分子量普遍较大而导致的(分子量普遍大于100,有机物的分子量越大通常越难挥发[20-21]).此外,棉布和涤纶释放的THS化合物种类非常集中(50%以上为醛/酮),而纱布则相对分散(杂环化合物、醛/酮、醇/酚均有20%以上占比).
若将释放量占比高于5%的化合物定义为主要化合物,图2(b)所示为这些主要化合物释放量的比例(某主要化合物释放量除以所有化合物的总释放量).从中可以发现,不同面料释放的主要化合物存在一定的偏向性:1)纱布释放的大分子化合物更多,主要为2,5-二甲基呋喃(简称2,5-DMF,C6H8O,分子量96,相对比例为19%),该物质常被用作烟草烟雾标志物[22];2)棉布释放量最大的是C4醛酮(C4H8O,分子量72,相对比例为21%),此外还有呋喃(C4H4O,分子量68,相对比例为17%)和C5醛酮(C5H10O,分子量86,相对比例为16%),总体以分子量<80的物质为主;3)涤纶释放的小分子化合物占比最高,主要为乙醛(C2H4O,分子量44,相对比例为20%)和C3醛酮(C3H6O,分子量58,相对比例为13%),其中乙醛不仅有强烈的刺激性臭味,还是2B类致癌物,需要重点关注.在所有面料样品中,甲醇(CH4O,分子量32)均为主要化合物,且释放量占比相对接近(7%~10%),是主要化合物中唯一的醇类物质.
以上结果表明面料材质对衣服释放的THS成分及含量均有显著影响,最明显的特点是纯棉面料释放的THS总量及种类均远多于涤纶面料,这可能是由于棉纤维表面存在较多褶皱且纤维之间有部分缠结,有利于香烟烟雾的富集;而涤纶纤维表面则较为光滑,不具备这样的吸附优势[23].另外,与涤纶相比,研究发现棉纤维表面还存在大量羟基官能团[23],这可能促进了棉纤维对极性化合物的吸附能力:如图2(a)所示,纱布和棉布中,醛/酮、醇/酚等化合物的释放量均显著高于涤纶.但总的来讲,面料材质对衣服释放的THS成分及含量的影响规律及其背后的原因仍需进一步研究.
衣服中THS的释放过程实质是化合物从衣服表面经对流传质重新释放回空气的过程,因此THS各成分的可释放量(M,μg)随时间的变化规律可用下列方程进行描述[24]
式中:t为衣服释放THS的时长,min,衣服停止吸附烟草烟雾的时刻记为t = 0;hm为对流传质系数,m/min;A为衣服单侧表面积,m2Cm为衣服表面空气侧的化合物浓度,μg/m3Ca为环境空气中的化合物浓度,μg/m3.由于脱附实验在足够大的空间内进行,THS成分的浓度均很低,故假设Ca等于0.
假设THS化合物在空气和衣服表面间存在瞬态平衡分配关系[24],则有,
式中:ms为THS化合物在单位面积衣服上的含量,等于M/A,μg/m2Ks为THS化合物的衣服-空气分配系数,m.
假设衣服中THS化合物的初始可释放量为M0,联立式(2)和(3)可得,
式中:k为THS可释放量的时间衰减速率,min-1.可以看出,衣服中THS可释放量理论上会随时间指数衰减.
若将衣服吸附烟草烟雾后立即放入样品管中分析得到的THS可释放量记为M0(即脱附时长为0的衣服样品的THS可释放量),则可对悬挂不同时长(5~60min)的衣服样品的THS可释放量做归一化处理(M/M0),进而可以分析实验结果与式(4)的吻合程度.图3(a)所示为典型烟草烟雾标志物(呋喃[25])的结果,可以看出实验结果与式(4)的拟合优度很高(拟合优度系数R2>0.8),其余衣服释放的主要VOCs与式(4)同样具有很高的拟合度(R2>0.7,结果详见表2),这表明式(4)可用于描述衣服中THS各VOC成分可释放量随时间的变化规律.
式(4)中的时间衰减速率k实际表示的是化合物从衣服表面的脱附速率:k值越大,脱附速率越快.由表2可知,衣服中脱附速率最快的是苯,借助式(4)及其k值估算可知在本研究的环境条件下3种衣服在室外悬挂5min后其可释放量均将衰减70%以上;呋喃(2B类致癌物)的脱附速率则慢许多,若要使其可释放量衰减70%,需将衣服在室外悬挂30min以上.上述结果表明衣服中THS各成分的释放规律存在显著差异,主要体现在时间衰减速率k因化合物而异.已有研究发现有机物在衣服与空气间的分配系数(Ks)随分子量升高而升高(即分子量越大,k越小)[26-29],但表2所列数据并不符合该规律:如呋喃的分子量仅为68,但它的k显著低于吡啶(分子量79)和2,5-二甲基呋喃(分子量96).时间衰减速率k与THS成分理化性质间的关系、其有哪些关键影响因素等问题仍需进一步研究.如2.2所述,不同面料材质衣服的表面微观结构和化学性质也不尽相同,从而可能导致衣服中THS的释放规律存在差异.由图3表2可知,相同释放条件下涤纶释放THS的速率明显快于纯棉面料,这可能是由于涤纶纤维表面更为光滑,THS更易从其中脱附.纱布释放THS的速率明显快于T恤,这可能是由于纱布更为疏松,结构较T恤更为简单,有利于THS分子从中逸出.图3表2还展示了室内外环境对THS释放速率的影响(以涤纶为研究对象):衣服在通风良好的室外环境释放THS的速率显著高于在气流速度明显更低的室内环境,室外环境中更高的气流速度有利于THS分子从衣服表面扩散至主流空气中.
图3(b)所示,对于THS总可释放量,式(4)预测结果则与实验结果存在较大偏差,特别是当释放时间较长时(30min后,式(4)预测结果显著低于实测结果).这主要是由于时间衰减速率k因化合物而异,式(4)仅适用于描述单种化合物的释放规律,而THS总可释放量为混合物,如何准确描述THS总可释放量随时间的变化规律仍需进一步研究.尽管如此,THS总可释放量仍随时间呈指数下降趋势:当衣服在室外悬挂5min后,THS总可释放量下降了20%以上;悬挂30min后,THS总可释放量下降至初始值的20%以下;而在30min之后,THS总可释放量的下降趋势变得非常缓慢.由此可知,若吸烟后在通风良好的室外停留30min以上,衣服介导的THS污染问题或许可以得到明显减缓.
温度和湿度作为两个重要的环境参数,对衣服中THS释放特性的影响不容忽视,故本文在温湿度可控的室内环境中测量了温湿度对THS释放速率的影响规律.图4(a)所示为温度对THS释放速率的影响(温度分别为(25.1±0.4)℃、(28.1±0.2)℃和(30.2±0.3)℃,相对湿度稳定在(87.3%±2.0%)):升高温度将促进衣服中THS的释放速率,这可能是由于随着温度的升高,分子热运动加剧,从而促进THS从衣物表面解吸并释放到空气中.由此可知,吸烟后可将衣物置于尽可能高温的环境中以促进THS的释放,从而在加快缓解衣服介导的THS污染.
图4(b)所示为相对湿度对THS释放速率的影响(相对湿度分别为(64.0%±4.3%)、(76.0%±3.1%)和(87.3%±2.0%),温度稳定在(30.0±0.5)℃):湿度对衣服中THS总释放速率的影响并不显著,但对某些极性化合物的释放速率仍有显著影响(如乙腈和呋喃的释放速率与相对湿度正相关),这可能是由于水蒸气的存在降低了衣服表面对极性化合物吸附亲和力(存在竞争吸附关系),从而加快极性化合物的脱附.总体而言,湿度对衣服释放THS速率的影响规律较为复杂,后续仍需开展深入研究.
3.1 使用PTR-TOF-MS从衣服释放的THS中鉴定出111种可能的化合物,包括36种致癌物、20种分子量低于80的小分子化合物,为进一步深入研究衣服中THS的释放特性提供了一种有效可行的新方法.
3.2 不同面料衣服释放的THS含量、成分及速率存在显著区别:THS释放量由高到低依次为纯棉T恤、纯棉纱布、涤纶T恤(天然面料高于人工面料);纱布释放的大分子量化合物更多,醛/酮、醇/酚及杂环化合物是其释放量最高的几类化合物;棉布及涤纶释放的小分子量化合物更多,其中50%以上为醛/酮类化合物;涤纶面料释放THS的速率显著快于棉质面料.
3.3 衣服中THS污染物的可释放量随时间呈指数衰减趋势,THS总可释放量及绝大多数THS成分的可释放量均可在30min后下降80%以上;升高温度可加快衣服中THS各成分的释放速率,升高湿度则仅可加快THS中极性化合物的释放速率.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51908563)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2022A1515011142)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-08
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51908563)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2022A1515011142)
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    1.中山大学环境科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510006
    2.新疆大学化工学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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