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The active manganese oxide (MnOx) filter media was found to exhibit efficient catalytic oxidation performance in removing ammonia nitrogen and manganese pollutants from water, but it was lacking in stability for the removal of bisphenol A(BPA), and the interaction mechanism with other inorganic pollutants remained unclear. In this study, sodium persulfate (NPS) was used to enhance the effect of the activated filter material (FM) on the removal of BPA. The experiment revealed that the removal rate could be increased to over 80% with the addition of just 0.1mmol/L of NPS, and the removal efficiency was further improved as the NPS concentration increased, ultimately reaching 100%. The addition of NH4+ and Mn2+ was found to increase the production of reactive species by promoting electron transfer and providing electrons, respectively, thus enhancing the removal efficiency of BPA. The cycling experiment demonstrated that, while the FM exhibited good stability, the removal rate dropped to 48% after 11consecutive uses; however, this rate could be maintained above 65% with the addition of NPS. Free radical quenching and EPR experiments, along with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, confirmed that the primary reactive species in the filter material/NPS system were SO4·−, ·OH, and 1O2, with Mn(III) playing a crucial role in the catalytic oxidation process for removing BPA. The addition of NPS facilitated the formation of Mn(III), thereby promoting the removal of BPA.

, correspAuthors=Ting-lin HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya CHENG, Xiao-xiao ZHANG, Guo-er QU-MU, Gang WEN, Ting-lin HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240689625711309234, articleId=1240689619352744024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=过硫酸钠强化活性锰氧化物滤料去除BPA:NH4+,Mn2+的影响, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

活性锰氧化物(MnOx)滤料在去除水中氨氮和锰污染物方面表现出高效催化氧化性能,但在去除双酚A(BPA)方面稳定性不足,且其与其他无机污染物相互作用机理尚不明确.采用过硫酸钠(NPS)增强活性滤料(FM)去除BPA,实验发现,0.1mmol/L NPS即可将去除率提升至80%以上,且随着NPS浓度增加,去除效率进一步提升,可达100%.NH4+和Mn2+的加入分别通过促进电子转移和提供电子,增加活性物质产生,从而提高BPA去除效率.循环实验显示,虽然FM稳定性较好,但连续使用11次后去除率降至48%,而加入NPS后去除率可维持在65%以上.自由基淬灭和EPR实验以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析证实,滤料/NPS体系中的主要活性物质为SO4·、·OH和1O2,Mn(Ⅲ)在催化氧化去除BPA过程中起关键作用,NPS的加入有助于Mn(Ⅲ)的形成,促进BPA去除.

, correspAuthors=黄廷林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*责任作者,教授,
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程亚(1990-),女,山东济宁人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微污染水源水处理.发表论文20余篇. .

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程亚(1990-),女,山东济宁人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微污染水源水处理.发表论文20余篇. .

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程亚(1990-),女,山东济宁人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微污染水源水处理.发表论文20余篇. .

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Applied Surface Science2016366:475-485., articleTitle=XPS determination of Mn oxidation states in Mn (hydr) oxides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240689640177464219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=316, issue=null, pageStart=151, pageEnd=158, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Tang J C, Huang Y, Gong Y Y, journalName=Journal of Hazardous Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang J CHuang YGong Y Y,et al. Preparation of a novel graphene oxide/Fe-Mn composite and its application for aqueous Hg(II) removal [J]. 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materials (a) original quartz sand filter material (b) active manganese oxide filter material, figureFileSmall=PggFBrlUzBj/PKngefL1mg==, figureFileBig=gUa6HJ2pdehZ2OIzl0jWpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689630438290101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, language=CN, label=图1, caption=两种滤料(a)原始石英砂滤料(b)活性锰氧化物滤料, figureFileSmall=PggFBrlUzBj/PKngefL1mg==, figureFileBig=gUa6HJ2pdehZ2OIzl0jWpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689630652199623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The removal efficiency of BPA in different systems, figureFileSmall=RYY8p0JnQMf8l+6HPppYQQ==, figureFileBig=FWfqigZWSlNed1XkTj8Nfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240689630736085704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同体系对BPA的去除效率, 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反应条件: [BPA]0=50umol/L, [NPS]0=0.5mmol/L, [NH4+]0=5mg/L, [Mn2+] =5mg/L

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反应条件: [BPA]0=50umol/L, [NPS]0=0.5mmol/L, [NH4+]0=5mg/L, [Mn2+] =5mg/L

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Water quality parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水质参数去离子水地下水
pH值7.7~7.97.8~8.3
温度(℃)18~2018~25
溶解氧(mg/L)8.5~9.56.0~8.0
NH4+(mg/L)<0.0010.05~0.18
NO2-(mg/L)<0.0010.002~0.007
NO3-(mg/L)<0.0010.053~0.096
Mn2+(mg/L)<0.0010.09~0.16
总铁(mg/L)<0.0010~0.135
Ca2+(mg/L)0.1111.09
Mg2+(mg/L)0.0114.68
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水质参数表

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水质参数去离子水地下水
pH值7.7~7.97.8~8.3
温度(℃)18~2018~25
溶解氧(mg/L)8.5~9.56.0~8.0
NH4+(mg/L)<0.0010.05~0.18
NO2-(mg/L)<0.0010.002~0.007
NO3-(mg/L)<0.0010.053~0.096
Mn2+(mg/L)<0.0010.09~0.16
总铁(mg/L)<0.0010~0.135
Ca2+(mg/L)0.1111.09
Mg2+(mg/L)0.0114.68
), ArticleFig(id=1240689632195703562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

HPLC set parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机物检测波长流速进样量流动相及比例
双酚A(BPA)275nm1mL/min20 µL25% 纯水
65% 甲醇
甲基苯基亚砜
(PMSO)
215nm1mL/min10 µL80% 纯水
20% 甲醇
甲基苯基砜
(PMSO2)
235nm1mL/min10 µL80% 纯水
20% 甲醇
), ArticleFig(id=1240689632367670029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HPLC的设定参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机物检测波长流速进样量流动相及比例
双酚A(BPA)275nm1mL/min20 µL25% 纯水
65% 甲醇
甲基苯基亚砜
(PMSO)
215nm1mL/min10 µL80% 纯水
20% 甲醇
甲基苯基砜
(PMSO2)
235nm1mL/min10 µL80% 纯水
20% 甲醇
), ArticleFig(id=1240689632443167506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Binding energy and surface manganese morphology of samples with different filtration media

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样品Mn(Ⅱ)Mn(Ⅲ)Mn(Ⅳ)
结合能(eV)含量(%)结合能(eV)含量(%)结合能(eV)含量(%)
滤料1641.1919.1642.4229.69643.551.21
滤料2640.772.46642.0547.64643.3349.9
滤料3640.99.19642.4251.12643.8639.69
), ArticleFig(id=1240689633940534037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1240689619352744024, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同过滤介质样品的结合能和表面锰形态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Mn(Ⅱ)Mn(Ⅲ)Mn(Ⅳ)
结合能(eV)含量(%)结合能(eV)含量(%)结合能(eV)含量(%)
滤料1641.1919.1642.4229.69643.551.21
滤料2640.772.46642.0547.64643.3349.9
滤料3640.99.19642.4251.12643.8639.69
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过硫酸钠强化活性锰氧化物滤料去除BPA:NH4+,Mn2+的影响
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程亚 1, 2, 3 , 张笑笑 1, 2, 3 , 曲木果洱 1, 2, 3 , 文刚 1, 2, 3 , 黄廷林 1, 2, 3, *
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(2): 1176-1184
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(2): 1176-1184
过硫酸钠强化活性锰氧化物滤料去除BPA:NH4+,Mn2+的影响
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程亚1, 2, 3 , 张笑笑1, 2, 3, 曲木果洱1, 2, 3, 文刚1, 2, 3, 黄廷林1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学,西北资源环境与生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.西安建筑科技大学,陕西省环境工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3.西安建筑科技大学,陕西省水污染控制与水质安全保障协同创新中心,陕西 西安 710055
  • 程亚(1990-),女,山东济宁人,副教授,博士,主要研究方向为微污染水源水处理.发表论文20余篇. .

通讯作者:

*责任作者,教授,
Sodium persulfate enhanced active manganese oxide filter material to remove BPA: influence of NH4+、Mn2+
Ya CHENG1, 2, 3 , Xiao-xiao ZHANG1, 2, 3, Guo-er QU-MU1, 2, 3, Gang WEN1, 2, 3, Ting-lin HUANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Northwest Key Laboratory of Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi 'an 710055, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi 'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi 'an 710055, China
  • 3.Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Safety, Xi 'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi 'an 710055, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20
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活性锰氧化物(MnOx)滤料在去除水中氨氮和锰污染物方面表现出高效催化氧化性能,但在去除双酚A(BPA)方面稳定性不足,且其与其他无机污染物相互作用机理尚不明确.采用过硫酸钠(NPS)增强活性滤料(FM)去除BPA,实验发现,0.1mmol/L NPS即可将去除率提升至80%以上,且随着NPS浓度增加,去除效率进一步提升,可达100%.NH4+和Mn2+的加入分别通过促进电子转移和提供电子,增加活性物质产生,从而提高BPA去除效率.循环实验显示,虽然FM稳定性较好,但连续使用11次后去除率降至48%,而加入NPS后去除率可维持在65%以上.自由基淬灭和EPR实验以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析证实,滤料/NPS体系中的主要活性物质为SO4·、·OH和1O2,Mn(Ⅲ)在催化氧化去除BPA过程中起关键作用,NPS的加入有助于Mn(Ⅲ)的形成,促进BPA去除.

过硫酸钠  /  氧化锰  /  BPA去除  /  滤料

The active manganese oxide (MnOx) filter media was found to exhibit efficient catalytic oxidation performance in removing ammonia nitrogen and manganese pollutants from water, but it was lacking in stability for the removal of bisphenol A(BPA), and the interaction mechanism with other inorganic pollutants remained unclear. In this study, sodium persulfate (NPS) was used to enhance the effect of the activated filter material (FM) on the removal of BPA. The experiment revealed that the removal rate could be increased to over 80% with the addition of just 0.1mmol/L of NPS, and the removal efficiency was further improved as the NPS concentration increased, ultimately reaching 100%. The addition of NH4+ and Mn2+ was found to increase the production of reactive species by promoting electron transfer and providing electrons, respectively, thus enhancing the removal efficiency of BPA. The cycling experiment demonstrated that, while the FM exhibited good stability, the removal rate dropped to 48% after 11consecutive uses; however, this rate could be maintained above 65% with the addition of NPS. Free radical quenching and EPR experiments, along with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, confirmed that the primary reactive species in the filter material/NPS system were SO4·−, ·OH, and 1O2, with Mn(III) playing a crucial role in the catalytic oxidation process for removing BPA. The addition of NPS facilitated the formation of Mn(III), thereby promoting the removal of BPA.

sodium persulfate  /  manganese oxide  /  BPA removal  /  filter material
程亚, 张笑笑, 曲木果洱, 文刚, 黄廷林. 过硫酸钠强化活性锰氧化物滤料去除BPA:NH4+,Mn2+的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1176 -1184 .
Ya CHENG, Xiao-xiao ZHANG, Guo-er QU-MU, Gang WEN, Ting-lin HUANG. Sodium persulfate enhanced active manganese oxide filter material to remove BPA: influence of NH4+、Mn2+[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1176 -1184 .
近年来,水资源环境问题日益严峻,其中新兴污染物,特别是BPA,2,2-二(4-羟基苯基)丙烷,作为一种典型的环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs),引起了广泛关注[1].BPA广泛用于塑料制品以提高其抗冲击性,尤其是在塑料和食品包装中,因此成为环境中常见的微污染物之一[2-3].BPA对人体健康具有潜在危害,可能导致内分泌失调,影响生长、发育和繁殖[4-5].因此,开发有效的BPA去除技术成为当务之急.
目前,去除水中BPA的方法主要包括吸附法、膜处理法、生物降解法和化学氧化法.吸附法因操作简便、成本低廉而受到重视[6-7],但存在吸附饱和以及二次污染等风险.膜技术具有占地面积小、出水水质稳定等优点[8],但膜污染问题限制了其应用[9].生物法通过微生物降解BPA[10],具有良好的净化效果和较低的处理成本,但微生物培育过程复杂、周期长[11],且对环境条件要求严格.化学氧化法,如光化学氧化、电化学氧化、臭氧氧化和催化氧化,能有效去除有机物且无二次污染[12-13],其中锰氧化物催化氧化法因其高效性和稳定性而备受关注[14-15].
先前研究表明,通过在进水中添加高锰酸钾和氯化锰,在石英砂滤料(FM)表面形成活性氧化锰(MnOx)膜,可高效去除氨、锰、铁等污染物[16].然而,对于BPA的去除效果有限,且易受其他无机污染物干扰.过硫酸钠(NPS)作为一种潜在的绿色水处理氧化剂,具有高稳定性和在酸碱性介质中的高还原潜力能够产生硫酸盐自由基(SO4·)、羟基自由基(.OH)和氧气(O2).过去的研究主要关注锰氧化物去除有机物[17-18],活化NPS单独降解BPA的情况[19-20],尚未将二者结合在NH4+、Mn2+存在下进行研究,想要实现水中BPA的高效去除,需深入了解其作用机制.
本文将活性锰氧化物的滤料的催化氧化性和NPS的强氧化性相结合,提高FM对BPA的去除效率和稳定性.重点研究了NPS对MnOx催化氧化BPA效率的提升作用,以及连续去除BPA的稳定性.同时,探讨了NH4+和Mn2+与BPA共存时的相互作用机理.通过FM的微观结构分析和反应体系中主要活性物质的鉴定,揭示了NPS增强MnOx对BPA去除的机理.
在本研究中,活性MnOx过滤介质是在西安市北郊的一家地下水厂中试过滤系统中制备的,该系统已挂膜成熟并运行超过1年.通过氧化还原法,将粒径为0.75~1.2mm的洁净、均匀石英砂滤料填充至滤柱内,并在进水中按一定比例加入高锰酸钾和氯化锰.随着滤柱反应的进行,产生MnOx并负载至石英砂表面,形成一层黑色、多孔的层状膜[21],如图1所示.实验中使用的BPA(化学式为(CH32C(C6H4OH)2)购自上海麦克林公司,色谱级乙腈(CH3CN)和甲醇(CH3OH)购自Thermo公司.超纯水作为溶剂,无水乙醇(EtOH)、叔丁醇(TBA,C4H10O)、糠醇(FFA)和氯仿(CHCl3)购自Kermel公司.所有实验溶剂均在超纯水中配制使用.
实验用水取自西安北郊某地下水厂进水,具体水质参数如表1所示.
实验在500mL烧杯中进行,反应体系为200mL.配置浓度为10mmol/L的BPA储备液,在烧杯中加入20g活性滤料和50µmol/LBPA,以对比不同氧化剂在相同浓度(0.1mmol/L、0.5mmol/L、1mmol/L)下对活性锰氧化物滤料去除BPA的效果.在取得较好的反应条件后,进一步在氧化剂浓度0.5mmol/L、BPA浓度50µmol/L、滤料质量20g体系下,进而研究单独氨氮或单独锰存在时和BPA的相互影响,反应过程中用搅拌器对溶液进行连续搅拌(200r/min),在设定的时间间隔(0、10、30、60、120、180、240、300min)取1mL的样,样品用0.22µm尼龙注射器过滤,并立即放入装有淬灭剂的液相小瓶中定量分析,最后使用高效液相色谱仪检测剩余BPA的浓度.
为了评估活性滤料(FM)去除有机物的可重复使用性,以及氧化剂对滤料重复利用性的影响,在500mL烧杯中,一组只加入20g滤料、50µmol/LBPA,另外一组额外加入0.5mmol/L过硫酸钠,重复上述实验11次.每次反应结束后,用超纯水重复洗涤活性滤料3次,回收的滤料在相同的实验条件下用于后续的催化氧化运行.在11个周期反应结束的滤料洗涤之后,进一步评估其去除NH4+、Mn2+污染物的能力.
实验过程中使用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC,U3000)检测有机物(BPA,PMSO,PMSO2)浓度.HPLC使用的色谱柱规格为C15(4.6mm×250mm,5µm),设置的详细信息如表2所示,用紫外-可见分光光度计定量测定NH4+,NO2-,NO3-和Mn2+.X射线光电子能谱(XPS,Thermo SCIENTIFIC ESCALAB Xi+)对样品的表面成分进行了研究.使用5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉N-氧化物(DMPO)捕获体系中羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的信号,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶酮(TEMP)作为捕获剂捕获单线态氧的信号,然后采用电子顺磁共振(EPR,jesfa200,JEOL)对自由基进行分析.
在BPA初始浓度为50 µmol/L的条件下,考察不同浓度的NPS(0.1mmol/L,0.5mmol/L,1.0mmol/L)对BPA的去除效果,结果如图2所示.在单独的NPS体系中,尽管加入1.0mmol/L的NPS,300min时对BPA的去除效率也仅达到10%左右.这是因为在常温常压下,NPS单独存在时并不足以活化产生足够的自由基参与污染物的降解过程[22].而单独滤料存在时对BPA的去除能到达60%左右,在之前的研究中已经证明过,活性滤料可以通过吸附与氧化的共同作用去除BPA[23],但对BPA的去除有限.加入NPS后,60min的去除率从30%上升到了70%,到120min时,3个体系中的去除率都趋于平稳.与单独使用FM相比,加入0.1mmol/L的NPS后对BPA的去除率就能到达80%以上,并且随着NPS浓度增加,BPA的去除效率也同样增加(83%、99.5%),远高于单独的活性滤料或单独的NPS体系.说明体系中的活性滤料能通过活化NPS,产生了新的活性物质,从而提高了对BPA的去除效率.已有研究证明,在锰氧化物活化PMS的体系中,由于MnOx中的强Mn-O键使得Mn离子的浸出量很小,因此活化NPS产生自由基的活性位点一般来源于催化剂表面的Mn(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅲ),而不是溶液中的Mn离子[22].虽然随着NPS的浓度增加会提高活性滤料对BPA的去除率,但是NPS浓度的增加也会引起硫酸根副产物的增多,考虑到硫酸根会影响饮用水口感以及会对管网产生腐蚀这一方面,所以在接下来的实验研究中均选用0.5mmol/L的NPS浓度.
为了探究氨污染物存在时对氧化剂强化活性锰氧化物滤料去除BPA的影响,研究不同初始NH4+浓度(0,2,5,10,20mg/L)对BPA(控制BPA的初始浓度为50µmol/L)去除的影响.如图3(a)所示,虽然经过300min的后,对BPA最终的去除率都能达到90%左右,但是加入20mg/L NH4+后反应30min时BPA的去除率达到81.1%,与空白(41.5%)相比,对BPA的去除率能提高40%左右.说明在一定范围内,滤料/NPS对BPA的去除率和去除速率会随着体系中NH4+浓度的增加而提高.已经证明氨氮与SO4·‑的反应活性非常弱,对SO4·‑降解有机物的影响极小[24],因此可以排除NH4+通过与NPS反应生成SO4·‑来促进BPA的降解.活性锰氧化物滤料催化氧化去除NH4+主要通过两个步骤,如公式(1)、(2),在此过程中能产生Mn(Ⅱ)和NO3-作为氧化还原产物[25].另外有研究表明,由于降解NO3-的过程中产生活性氧,会对有机物的降解产生意想不到的作用[21].因此猜测NH4+通过与活性锰氧化物滤料反应,加快不同价态锰之间的电子转移作用,促进NPS产生更多的活性物质,从而提高体系中BPA的去除效率.
与BPA的去除结果不同,在5mg/LNH4+浓度下,对比了单独NH4+图3(c))以及NH4+、BPA共存时(图3(d))活性锰氧化物滤料对NH4+的去除效果.可以看出加入BPA后,NH4+的去除率从34%下降到26%,NO3--N的转化也略有下降,而加入BPA后使NH4+去除率下降的现象与Zhuo等[26]的发现相似.已证明活性锰氧化物滤料对NH4+的去除主要由三个步骤组成[20]:(1)表面吸附,(2) MnOx的催化氧化作用,(3)反应产物的解吸[27].因此猜测NH4+去除率下降的原因是BPA与NH4+竞争活性锰氧化物滤料表面的吸附位点和活性物质,与Ca2+、Al3+等离子相互作用生成络合物,覆盖在活性滤料表面,占据NH4+的活性氧化位,从而导致NH4+的去除率下降.
为了进一步研究Mn2+在NPS/FM体系中的存在对BPA去除的影响,在初始BPA浓度为50 µmol/L时,比较不同Mn2+浓度(0,2,5,10和20mg/L)对滤料/NPS体系中去除BPA的影响.如图3(b)所示,随着Mn2+的浓度从0mg/L增加到5mg/L,反应30min时BPA的去除率从44%提高到66%,300min的去除率能达到100%.然而随着Mn2+浓度的进一步升高,BPA去除率下降,当加入20mg/L的Mn2+时,反应300min的去除率仅为74%.之前的研究已证明,在5mg/L Mn2+浓度下,由于2种污染物相互竞争活性位点,单独活性滤料对BPA的去除表现出抑制作用[28].然而在加入NPS后,这种抑制作用被削弱,这说明加入NPS有利于体系中产生更多的活性物质,对BPA有良好的降解效果.如式(3)和式(4)所示,加入的Mn2+可以向NPS提供电子,Mn(Ⅲ)提供额外的单电子活化NPS.随后,高价态的Mn被HSO5-还原,不同价态锰之间的氧化还原有利于催化活化NPS[29].但在高Mn2+浓度下,Mn2+会与BPA竞争NPS与活性滤料表面活性位点生成不溶性锰氧化物,因此高Mn2+浓度不利于体系中BPA的去除.由图3(e)可知,在有无BPA的条件下,活性滤料对Mn2+的去除并无明显变化,由此可知在NPS/滤料体系中BPA对Mn2+去除的影响较小.
在相同的实验条件下,连续运行11个循环,以检验FM在NPS系统中持续去除BPA的稳定性.结果如图4所示,通过比较存在和不存在NPS时两种体系对BPA的去除效果,可以看出经过5个循环后,空白滤料体系对BPA的去除率从81%下降到74%,滤料/NPS体系对BPA的去除率由98%下降到91%,两种体系对BPA的去除效率仅下降了7%左右,对BPA的去除仍保持良好的活性,说明活性氧化锰滤料具有优异的稳定性和可重复使用性.随着反应继续进行到第11次循环,两种体系的去除率分别下降到了48%和66%,表明NPS对BPA的去除率随着循环次数的增加而降低.一方面是由于活性滤料对BPA达到吸附饱和,而BPA被氧化后生成的物质堵塞了FM的孔隙结构,而这些降解产物在洗涤过程中难以被彻底清楚,从而导致滤料表面的活性位点减少;另一方面则是可以观察到在运行过程中部分氧化膜的脱落,以及在洗涤、过滤过程中不可避免的Mn离子的流失,造成活性物质的损失,从而降低了滤料对BPA的去除活性[30].另外还可以观察到,NPS/滤料体系去除率下降程度明显低于空白滤料.主要是因为加入NPS后会加快不同价态锰之间的循环,不断形成新的活性物质负载到活性滤料表面,减少滤料循环使用所造成的表面膜脱落,活性物质流失的问题.以上结果表明,在连续去除BPA的过程中,NPS的加入可以增强FM的稳定性,从而增加滤料去除BPA的重复使用性.
前期研究结果表明,活性锰氧化物滤料对NH4+/Mn2+的去除活性会受到储存方式及储存时间的影响,因此通过对比三种不同状态的滤料(滤料1:原始滤料;滤料2:空白滤料运行11周期,滤料3:滤料+NPS运行11个周期)对NH4+/Mn2+的去除效果,来进一步探究滤料循环去除BPA后对NH4+/Mn2+的影响.实验结果如图5(a)、(b)、(c)所示,对比不同体系的去除率可以看出,滤料1对氨氮的去除率和NO3-的转换率明显高于滤料2和滤料3.从活性滤料对NH4+的去除机理来看,导致NH4+去除率降低的原因主要是:BPA的氧化产物及不溶性中间产物覆盖到活性滤料表面,占据了NH4+的氧化活性位.因此滤料的循环使用对NH4+去除具有抑制作用,但观察滤料2、滤料3可以看到,是否加入NPS对这种抑制作用并未有大的变化.与氨氮不同的是,可以看出三种状态的滤料对Mn2+的去除几乎没有差异(图5(d)),反应60min后的去除率都在80%以上.
在高级氧化法中,通常有两种催化机理,一种是通过产生羟基自由基(·OH)和硫酸根自由基(SO4·‑),因为这两种自由基由于具有较高的氧化电位,所以可以通过电子转移等方式来降解有机污染物[31].另一种是通过产生非自由基如单线态氧(1O2),可以有效的去除含有富电子官能团的有机污染物[32-33].为了研究活性氧(ROS)在NPS/FM系统中加速BPA降解的作用,采用了自由基清除剂和EPR分析.活性氧主要有·O2、SO4·‑、·OH和1O2.首先通过加入叔丁醇(TBA)、甲醇(MeOH)来辨别体系中是否存在·OH与SO4·‑,因为TBA和MnOH都能充分淬灭·OH,且反应速率相似(k1=3.8-7.7×108M-1s-1k2=9.7×108M-1s-1[34-35];然而TBA对于SO4·‑的反应速率(k=4×105M-1s-1)要比MeOH低很多(k=2.5×107M-1s-1[34].说明MeOH可同时捕获反应体系中的·OH与SO4·‑,而TBA则更加针对·OH的淬灭.因此,通过比较加入TBA和MeOH后的BPA降解效率的差别,可以区分·OH与SO4·‑对反应体系的贡献.如图6(a),在加入过量TBA和MeOH后,与滤料/NPS体系相比去除效率分别降低了12%和24%,但高于单独滤料体系,然而随着反应进行到300min时,不同体系间去除率差别并不明显,仅有10%左右,说明滤料/NPS体系中同时含有·OH和SO4·‑,但同时还含有其他活性物质参与BPA的降解.在加入高浓度的三氯甲烷(CHCl3)淬灭·O2[36],对BPA的降解几乎没有影响,说明·O2不是滤料/NPS体系中的活跃物质.然而在使用糠醇(FFA)作为1O2的淬灭剂时[35],滤料/NPS体系对BPA的降解效率由97%下降到72%,并且略低于单独滤料体系(80%),这种现象说明1O2通过非自由基途径促进了BPA的降解.
采用EPR技术进一步确定催化过程中的活性物种,使用DMPO和TEMP作为探针化合物,确定体系中是否存在·OH、SO4·−1O2[35].如图6(c)所示,单独滤料和NPS/滤料中都明显检测到了三个强度为1:1:1的TEMP-1O2信号,并且在NPS/滤料中更明显,证实了上一节的研究结果,两个体系中都存在1O2,但NPS的加入提高了1O2的形成.加入DMPO的样品后单独的滤料和单独的NPS均不发生变化,只有NPS/滤料出现了明显的DMPO-X峰(图6(b)),这是DMPO在系统中被活性氧(ROS)氧化而出现的,SO4·−峰无法直接被识别可能是DMPO-SO4·−信号被转化成了DMPO-·OH.因此,根据该实验的结果得出以下信息:(1)滤料/NPS体系中同时含有·OH和SO4·−参与了BPA的降解;(2)1O2参与了所有体系的氧化过程.
使用XPS对不同滤料表面的元素组成和含量进行分析,首先对空白滤料和不同体系重复反应11个周期滤料的表面元素价态变化进行了表征分析.图7(a)显示了从不同反应器中收集的活性滤料的测量光谱,从中可以观察到分别位于C,O,Mn和Fe的峰.在710eV和642eV处观察到的峰归因于Fe和Mn.随着反应的进行,经过11个循环后,滤料2和滤料3中Mn的峰强度减小.
Mn(Ⅳ)、Mn(Ⅲ)、Mn(Ⅱ)和氧物种之间的氧化还原能力对BPA的去除起着重要作用.图7(b)为3种滤料的Mn 2p光谱图,光谱在大约642.4eV和653.9eV处出现了两个主峰,分别对应Mn 2p3/2和Mn 2p1/2.样品的Mn 2p3/2峰可以拟合为3个特征峰,分别对应于Mn(Ⅳ)、Mn(Ⅲ)和Mn(Ⅱ)[37-38].表3列出了各价态Mn的原子比率,值得注意的是,滤料2和滤料3的Mn 2p3/2峰强度明显低于滤料1,这是由于在循环反应的过程中,Mn离子的消耗和流失,因此导致了BPA的去除率降低,这与之前的猜测一致.同时滤料2(47.64%)和滤料3(51.12%)中Mn(Ⅲ)的比例明显高于滤料1(29.69%),但Mn(Ⅳ)和Mn(Ⅱ)的比例都有一定程度降低.这些研究现象表明活性锰氧化物滤料表面的Mn(Ⅳ)、Mn(Ⅲ)在活化NPS去除BPA的过程中发生了氧化还原反应.并且加入氧化剂体系中Mn(Ⅲ)的比例大于单独滤料体系,Mn(Ⅲ)在活性滤料催化氧化去除BPA的过程中发挥了关键的作用,而加入NPS可以加快不同价态Mn之间的电子转移,有利于Mn(Ⅲ)的形成,从而对BPA的去除有促进的作用.
3.1 在FM去除水中BPA过程中,加入NPS可使BPA的去除率达到80%以上,并且能够增强FM的循环使用性能.
3.2 NH4+/Mn2+与BPA共存时,NH4+有助于提升FM对BPA的去除,NPS能够削弱高浓度Mn2+对BPA降解的抑制作用.BPA的循环使用和FM的存在对Mn2+的影响不大,但降低了NH4+的去除效率.
3.3 EPR检测出滤料/NPS体系中的主要活性物质为SO4、⋅OH和1O2,前面两者参与了BPA的降解,后者参与了所有体系的氧化过程.
3.4 XRD表明活性物质通过攻击FM表面的Mn物种和活化NPS产生的活性物种,生成中间产物,从而促进BPA的矿化.这些发现为FM高效、持久地去除BPA提供了新的思路.
  • 国家自然科学基金(52000145)
  • 陕西省重点科技创新团队(2023-CX-TD-32)
  • 陕西省教育厅重点科学研究计划项目(22JY035)
  • 陕西省高校科协青年人才托举计划项目(20230447)
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  • 接收时间:2024-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(52000145)
陕西省重点科技创新团队(2023-CX-TD-32)
陕西省教育厅重点科学研究计划项目(22JY035)
陕西省高校科协青年人才托举计划项目(20230447)
作者信息
    1.西安建筑科技大学,西北资源环境与生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    2.西安建筑科技大学,陕西省环境工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    3.西安建筑科技大学,陕西省水污染控制与水质安全保障协同创新中心,陕西 西安 710055

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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